CA2206188A1 - A conical crusher having one piece crushing members - Google Patents
A conical crusher having one piece crushing membersInfo
- Publication number
- CA2206188A1 CA2206188A1 CA 2206188 CA2206188A CA2206188A1 CA 2206188 A1 CA2206188 A1 CA 2206188A1 CA 2206188 CA2206188 CA 2206188 CA 2206188 A CA2206188 A CA 2206188A CA 2206188 A1 CA2206188 A1 CA 2206188A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- crushing member
- crushing
- main support
- crusher
- base plate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C2/00—Crushing or disintegrating by gyratory or cone crushers
- B02C2/005—Lining
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C2/00—Crushing or disintegrating by gyratory or cone crushers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C2/00—Crushing or disintegrating by gyratory or cone crushers
- B02C2/02—Crushing or disintegrating by gyratory or cone crushers eccentrically moved
- B02C2/04—Crushing or disintegrating by gyratory or cone crushers eccentrically moved with vertical axis
- B02C2/047—Crushing or disintegrating by gyratory or cone crushers eccentrically moved with vertical axis and with head adjusting or controlling mechanisms
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Crushing And Grinding (AREA)
Abstract
A conical crusher having a rigidly supported outer frustoconically shaped crushing member and an inner conical crushing member supported on a wobble mechanism which is in turn supported by air bellows. The air pressure in the air bellows is regulated to adjust the spacing between the inner and outer crushing members, and therefore the particle size of the crushed material. The inner and outer crushing members are readily replaceable.
The inner crushing member serves as a single piece crushing head/mantle attachment. The outer crushing member is a single piece bowl/bowl liner component.
The inner crushing member serves as a single piece crushing head/mantle attachment. The outer crushing member is a single piece bowl/bowl liner component.
Description
CONICAL CRUS~ XAVING ON2 PIECE CRUS~ING ~E~B~S
FIE~D O~ TE2 ~v~h~lON
The present in~ention generally relates t~t a coni_al c~ushe-. ~ore pa~-~icularl~, the present invention relz~-s to z ~ock c_~s~e_ of si3~liCied cons~- c~ion znd supe-ior ooe_ztional erflciency. ~he rock crushe- czn be use~ ~or size ~eduction of low s.reng~h, easy to crush ~ate-ials such as rocks and ~inerzls and for light duty shaping-type cr~chin~ operations.
B~C~O~ND OF T~ v~:~oN
Conica} crushe-s ha~ing nead asse~rtties wni~;.z~e caused to yrzte by an eccentric ~ec;~anis~, dri~en b~
varicus ~o~a_y power sou~ces, are co~onty avzilaDle znd have been the subject of nu3erous p ior Fa~ents. A conic2l crus;~er typ~cally has an annular sn~ll zr.d a central ~.u~ ~O
,; whic;~ an anr.ula~ rin~ is ~ounted 'cr ~e~ticzl ~oVe~en--The c tsne~ ~owl and line- are ~ou~~2d c.~ e 2nnul2~ -i.~5-The nea~ asse~ v inclu~es z !ine~ ,hi_;- is 30~nt,e~
30ve en. .h-oush a ~ea_in~ ~echanis~, di~ect_y to Z
s~a- onarv sha-t within the hub. Gyration of the h~ d re~~lve to the bowl assembly is provided by an eCcer~ c ma -~ed for ~ovement about ~he stationary shaft. ~ith res_ect to rotation abcut the shaft, the eccentric is dvna~ically balanced about its center of rotatiOn by a co~.~er weight. The bowl of the crusher is provided ~~ith an ~pper liner and the head member is provided ~~i~h a repLaceable mantle.
~lternatively, another type of conical crusr.er 10 canclude a shaft which is moved by a hydraulic piston ar-angement attached to the bottom end of the shaft. The bow~ liner can be fixed to a mechanical adjust~ent device.
In _oth types of cone crushers, the gap between the bowl lir.e- and crushinq head can be manipulated to prc-~ide pa_~ cular sized crushed product. Both of these tvpes or roc.~. crushers have proven most satisfactory in heavy-duty cr_shing o~erations, par~.icularly when the coacting c_ushing sur_~ces, which are subject to wear, are provided ~ith replaceable liners for extending the life of the crusher.
However, for certain crushing and shapins ope-Jtions, a less robust crusher, of simpler and ligr.ter we ~-.t construction and greater operational ef'iciencf, is des ~able. For instance, it is not necessary to use a hea~;-duty crusher, such as set forth in the zbove-men- oned patents, for low strength, easy to crush -~cks and minerals such as coal and non-metallic minerals, and for light duty shaping type crushing applications. Thus, the_e is a need for a rock crusher which does not ut~lize massive support structures. Further, there is an economic nee~ 'or a light duty crusher which can be easily adJ~sted fo~ ~~ushing various sizes of crushed materials. The~e is fu :er a need for a light duty crusher which only rec~ .es a or~e piece mantle/crushing head or inner crushing me~ e~.
8~XX~RY OF T~E Lhv~ILON
The present invention relates to a c~ s;~er mou~ d on a foundation. The crusher includes a ~ain suo_~~t memDer for securing to the foundation, a Dc~om CA 02206188 1997-0~-27 plate fixed to the main support member, a one piece generally conically shaped, downwardly spreading~ inner crushing member supported on said bottom plate, and a generally frustoconically shaped, downwardly Spreading~
outer crushing member supported on said main Support member in a spaced relationship to said conically shaped inner crushing m~her. The inner and outer crusher members are spaced apart so that material passing between the inner crushing member and the outer crushing member is crushed.
The present in~ention additionally relates to a single piece inner- crushing mem~er for use in a crusher including a wobble mechanism, a plate, a support member, and a generally conically shaped outer crushing m~her.
The outer cr~shin~ member is supported by the main support member. The main support member includes an outer rim, the wobble mechanism is located within the outer rim of the main support member and provides a wobble motion with respect to the main support member and the outer crushing member. The plate is secured to the wobble ~ech~nism and receives the wobble motion. Material is fed between the outer crushing member and the inner crushing member to be crushed. The single piece inner crushing member includes a generally conically shaped, downward}y spreading, outer crushing wall. The wall has a top end and a ~ottom end.
The bottom end of the wall is configured for engagement with the plate.
The present invention still further relates to a crusher mounted on a foundation. The crusher includes a main support member, a wobble mechanism, a single piece conically shaped, downwardly spreading, inner crushing member, and a single piece frustoconically shaped outer crushing member. The main support member has at least one aperture. The wobble mechanism is disposed within the aperture. The inner crushing member is coupled to the wobble mechanism and supported by the main support member.
The inner crushing member has an inside surface and an outside surface. The outside surface is a crushing surface of the crusher.
CA 02206188 1997-0~-27 -3a-T.-- ~resent inventi 3n further relates to a crusher for comminu_i-.g minerals, characterized by a main SUpport member for securing the crusher to a foundation; a base plate fixed to the main support member; a genera ly conically shaped, downwardly spreading, inner crushing member supported on the base plate; a generally frustoconically shaped, downwardly spreading, outer crush-ng member supported on the -main support member in a spaced relationshi~ to said conically shaped inner crushing me~Der lo such that ma-erial passing between the inner crushing me~ber and the out-_ crushing member is crushed; and at least cne of the inne- crushing me~ber and the outer crushing mem~r is made of one piece.
Th~ present in~ention also relates to a crusher mounted on a foundation. The crusher includes a main sup?crt mem~-r for securing .o the foundation, a genera ly conically -haped, downwardly spreading, inner crush-ng member suppc-ted within the main support member, and a cne piece, gen~rally frustoconically shaped, downwarGly spreading outer crushing member. The outer crushing mem'rer is supporte~ on an annular rim of the main support mem~_r in a space~ relationship to the conically shaped ir--r crushing merier such that material passing between the ir-er crushing member and the outer crushing member is crushed.
In one exemplary aspect of the present inventionr a single piece inner crushing ~mh~r is mounted on a plate within an aperture of a mainframe. The single piece inner crushing ~ember serves as a crushing head/mantle and S includes interior and exterior surfaces- The exterior surface serves as a crushing surface, and the interior surface generally surrounds a rod which is fixed to a plate. The bottom end of the inner crushing me~ber is confisured to receive the plate.
The present invention still further relates to a conically shaped downwardly spreading inner crushing member which is supported upon a bottom plate which is secured to the top surface of the upper member of the wobble mechanism. A frustoconically shaped downwardly spreading outer crusher member is a single piece and is supported in a fixed position surrounding the inner crushing me~ber.
The ~~obble ~h~nism, and therefor the inner crushing member, is supported so as to be vertically adjustable with respect to the base of the crusher. By adjusting the vertical position of the inner crushing member, its posit on with respect to the outer crushing member is adjusted. In a preferred embodiment, the inner crushing member is adjustably supported-on the base of the crusher by a~air bellows assembly. By regulating the air pressure in the air bellows, the relative height of the inner crushing member with respect to the base of the crusher may be adjusted.
BRIE~ DE8CRIPTION OY T~E DRA~ING8 FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of a conical crusher constructed in accordance with this inventioni FIGURE 2 is a cross-sectional view of the conical crusher of this invention as shown in FIG. 1;
FIGURE 2a is a partial cross-sectional view o, an alternate construction for a portion of the conical crusher as shown in FIG. 2;
FIGURE 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional vie~ of the support and drive mechanism for the inner crushing memker of the conical crusher of this invention as shor~n in FIG. 1;
FIGURE 4 is a perspective view of an alternztive embodiment of the outer crushing member of the conical crusher shown in FIG. 1,.which is provided with a Support rib cage; and FIGURE 5 is a perspective view of a support rib cage for the inner crushing m~mh~r of the conical crusher sho~n in FIG. 1.
D~T~IT-~n D~8CRIPTION OF TE~ PR~FERR~D E~BODIMENT
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a crushing system or conical crusher 10 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown supported on four.dation pillars 12. The crusher is asse~bled on a ~ain support member or bottom plate 14. The bottom plate 14 is secured to the foundation pillars 12 by anchoring means such as bolts 16. While the crusher is shown supported on pillars 12, it may be supported in any other suitable manner, such as on a cylindrical base having opening therein for removal of the crushed material and servicing of the crusher.
The crusher includes a frustoconically shaped downwardly spreading outer crushing member 18 and a conically shaped downwardly spreading inner crushing me~ber 20. The inner crushing member 20, which is commonly referred to as a-mantle, is supported along its lower edge on a bottom plate 22. Bottom plate 22 can include a.
retaining me~ber or retaining ring 21 to help secure me3~er ? j ~,." ~
20. A hole 24 is provided in the apex of the crus;ning member 20 through which passes a securing device 26 in the form of a rod which is secured at its lower end to the base plate 22 and is provided with a threaded portion 28 at its upper end. A fastener 30, in the form of a nut, engages the threaded portion 28 and presses on the top edge of the crusr,ing me~ber 20 to secure it to the bottom plate 22.
Fastener 30 can be protected by a suitable wearing memDer disposed over it.
, .
Referring to .-IGS. 2 and 3, the conically sAaped inner crushing member 20 is supported on a wobble mechani5 which includes a lower cylindrical member 32 and an uppe-cylindrical mem~er 34. The upper cylindrical member 34 is secured to the base plate 22 by a fastener such as bolts 36. A bearing arrangement 38, sh~wn as radially extending roller bearings, is interposed between the upper surface of lower member 32 and the lower surface of upper member 34 to per~it the upper and lower member to rotate with respect to each other. Alternatively, bearing arrangement 38 can be a plurality of vertically disposed rollers located at an oute~ edge of members 32 and 34. Fur~her still, bearing arrangement 38 can be a vertically disposed sleeve bearing system or a horizontally disposed thrust bearing system.
As shown in ~IG. 3, the bearing assembly 38 includes a lower bearing race 40, an upper bearing race 42, and -ollers 44. The lower bearing race 40 is secured to lower member 32 by clamps 46, and the upper bearing race 42 is secured to upper ~e~h~r 34 by clamps 48. The lower member 32 is secured to and supported on the upper end of a shaft 50 for rotation therewith. Generally, any mechanism can be used to rotate, gyrate, move or woDble inner crushing member including, but not limited to an eccentric mechanism (not shown). The upper surface of the lower member 32 is in a plane which is not perpendicular to the central axis of the shaft 50. Thus, as the shaft 50 rotates, the upper member 34, which is prevented 'rom rotating, as will hereinafter be described, is caused to wobble as alternately a higher and a lower portion of the upper surface of the lower member 32 passes under a f xed location on the upper member 34. The upper surface o. the lower member 32 may be located in a plane which is not perpendicular to the central axis of the shaft 50 by forming the lower member 32 as a wedge shaped member, or by weld~g a uniformly thick lower member 32 to the end of ~he shaf. 50 which has been cut in a plane which is not perpendicular to its cen~ral axis.
The shaft 50 passes through an aperture 52 f5r~ed in the bottom plate 14 and is supported for rotatiOn therein by a bearing 54. The shaft 50 is surrounded by a cylindrical sleeve 56 which slides vertically with respect to the inner race of the bearing 54. The sleeve 56, ~hich is secured to shaft 50, is formed of a material which will reduce the sliding friction between the inner race of the bearing 54 and shaft 50. The shaft 50, lower member 32 and upper member 34 of the wobble mec-h~n; sr, as well as the inner crushing member 20, are supported on the bottom plate 14 by a fluid bellow assembly such as air bellow asse~bly 58 which is illustrated as three ring shaped bellows stacked one on top of the other. The bellows 60, 62 and 64 are secured to each other, and the lower surface of the lower bellow 60 is secured to the bottom plate 14 by securing devices such as pins. A ring like bearing assembly 66 is interposed between the top surface of the bellow 64 and the lower surface of the lower member 32.
While not shown in detail, ring-like bearing assembly 66 could be similar in construction to bearing 38, with an upper bearing race secured to the lower surface of lower memDer 32, and a lower bearing race secured to the top of beliows 64. Bearing 54 can be a horizontally or vertically disposed sleeve bearing, roller bearing or thrust bearing.
The height of the lower member 32 with respect to the bottom plate 14 is adjusted by regulating the air pressure in the ring shaped bellows 60, 62 and 64. As sho-~n in FIG. 2, air may be supplied from a compressor 68 through a regulator 70 to the bellows 60, 62 and 64.
Should it be desirable to reduce the air pressure in bellows 60, 62, and 64, air may be discharged through valve 72.
The inner crushing member 20 is prevented from rotatinq by a fluid bellow assembly shown as a stack of air bellows 74, 76, 78 and 80. The bellows are secured to each other, and the upper surface of bellow 74 is secured to base plate 22 and the lower surface of lower bellow 80 is secured to the bottom plate 14. As in the case of the CA 02206188 1997-0~-27 bellows 60, 62 and 64, a regulated supply of air is provided to the bellows 74, 76, 78 and 80 from air co~pressor 68 through a regulator 82. The regulated air pressure supplied to the bellows 74, 76, 78, and 80 is Such that it permits wobbling of the base plate 22, and does not tend to lift the base plate 22, such that it would not be fully supported by the bellows 60, 62 and 64- Should it be desirable to reduce the air pressure in bellows 74, 76, 78, and 80, air may be discharged through valve 84. Not only do ~he bellows 74, 76, 78, and 80 prevent the inner crushing member 20 f-rom turning, but they also provide a seal to prevent crushed material, and dust therefrom, from reaching the bearings 38 and 66. Similarly, bellows 58 further prevents the crushed material and dust from reaching the upper surface of bearing 54.
The shaft 50 is provided with a splinted bore 86 whicn receives an externally splined shaft 88. The shaft 88 is held in a fixed vertical position by an increased diameter portion 90, the lower edge of which rests on the inner race 92 of a bearing assembly 94. Outer race 96, of the bearing assembly 94, is secured to a support bracket 98 by clamps 100 and fasteners 102. Attached to the lower end of the shaft 88 is a pulley 104. The pulley 104 is driven by a belt 106 which engages a pulley 108 driven by a prime mover 110, such as an electric motor. While a pulley and belt drive system is shown, other types of drive systems could be used, such as a hydraulic drive or a conventional gear and pinion shaft drive. Bearing assembly 94 can also be a horizontally or vertically disposed roller, sleeve or thrust bearing system.
The outer crushing member 18 is supported 'rom the bottom plate 14 by a cylindrical wall member 112 wnich is welded at its lower end 114 to the bottom plate 14 and is provided with a flange 116 at the top. The flange 116 is provided with an apertures 118 therein, located to coincide with apertures formed in the upper crushing me~Der 18, to receive bolts such as 120 to secure the up~er crushing member 18 to the cylindrical wall 112.
Turning to the operation of the crusher, material to be crushed is deposited in a hopper 122 through which it enters into a conical gap 124 between the outer crushing member 18 and the inner crushing member 20. As the inner crushing member 20 wobbles within the outer crushing member 18, the material falls in the area where the crushing members are more widely spaced and is thereafter crushed as the inner and outer members move together. By increasing the air pressure in bellows 60, 62, and 64, the inner crushing member 20 may be raised, moving its outer surface closer to the outer crUch;nq member 18, thereby resulting in finer crushing of the material being crushed.
While in heavier duty crushers such as those set forth in the above-mentioned patents, replaceable wear members, usually called liners, are provided on the inner and outer crushing parts, in the conical crusher of "his inven'ion, the replaceable wear liners are not provided.
However, members 18 and 20 can be replaced when worn.
Rather, the inner crushing member or mantle and the outer or upper crushing member are formed of a suitable wear resistance material. Suitable materials for particular applications are manganese, air quenched and tempered chromium steel, and a low cost steel with wear resistance studs provided on the crushing surface. While the inner crushing member or mantle 20 and the outer crushing me~ber 18 may be made of suitable wear resistant material, their strength may not be sufficient to prevent deformation in certain applications. To prevent deformation, the outer crushing member 18 may be provided with ribs. Or, a separate ri~ cage including ribs 126 (shown in FIG. 4) may be provided and can be secured over the outer crushing member 18. Similarly, a rib cage 128, as shown in FIG. 5, may be provided to fit under the mantle or inner crushing memke~ 20 so as to reinforce it.
System parameters and design criteria can effect the size and shape of inner crushing member 20. crushing membe- 20 can have generally parallel interior and exterior surface. The exterior surface of member 20 advan~ageoUslY
- -se~es as crushing surface for crusher 10- Member 20 can have various steps, angled surfaces or other formations and still be considered generally conical and to have generally parallel surfaces.
Referring to FIG. 2a, in an alternate embodi~ent of _his invention the air bellow assembly 58 sUpporting the inner crushing m~her 20 on the bottom plate 14 is replaced by several hydraulic cylinders, one of which 136 is shown.
Hydraulic pressure is supplied to the cylinders ~y 2 pllmp 138. To provide the bearing 54 with the same protection from crushed material and dust as is provided by the bellows 58, a flexib~le cylindrical wall 140 is secured to the bottom surface of lower cylindrica} member 32 and bott~m plate 14.
lS Bellow assembly 58 and air bellows 74, 76, 78, and 30 can be replaced by other support devices. System parz~eters and design criteria can affect the embodiment of eit.~er support device. For example, the support device bet-~een plate 20 and plate 14 preferably provides suf.icient force to counteract crushing forces and yet does not substantially lift plate 22 with respect to plate 14.
The support device allows wobbling of inner crushing ~P~hPr 20 ar.d yet prevents inner crushing rPmhPr 20 from turr.ing.
The support device preferably also seals bearing 38 -rom the czushed material in crusher 10. The support device can be a spring assembly, a cable tension assembly, a piston asse3bly, or other apparatus for providing an appropriate level of tension and force between member 20 and bottom plate 14.
30To prolong the life of the bearings 38, 54, 66, and 34, a lubrication system 130 is provided whe-eby lubrication may be supplied to the bearings while the crus;.er is in operation. The lubrication system inclldes a pressurized source of lubricant 132, and a piping sys~em 35134 connecting each of the bearings to the source 132.
When comparing a conical crusher constrUctc~ in acco-~ance with this invention as set forth above, -~ith - -CA 02206188 1997-0~-27 those shown in the prior art patents set forth above, it will be noted that the following advantages are offered 1. Fewer parts.
FIE~D O~ TE2 ~v~h~lON
The present in~ention generally relates t~t a coni_al c~ushe-. ~ore pa~-~icularl~, the present invention relz~-s to z ~ock c_~s~e_ of si3~liCied cons~- c~ion znd supe-ior ooe_ztional erflciency. ~he rock crushe- czn be use~ ~or size ~eduction of low s.reng~h, easy to crush ~ate-ials such as rocks and ~inerzls and for light duty shaping-type cr~chin~ operations.
B~C~O~ND OF T~ v~:~oN
Conica} crushe-s ha~ing nead asse~rtties wni~;.z~e caused to yrzte by an eccentric ~ec;~anis~, dri~en b~
varicus ~o~a_y power sou~ces, are co~onty avzilaDle znd have been the subject of nu3erous p ior Fa~ents. A conic2l crus;~er typ~cally has an annular sn~ll zr.d a central ~.u~ ~O
,; whic;~ an anr.ula~ rin~ is ~ounted 'cr ~e~ticzl ~oVe~en--The c tsne~ ~owl and line- are ~ou~~2d c.~ e 2nnul2~ -i.~5-The nea~ asse~ v inclu~es z !ine~ ,hi_;- is 30~nt,e~
30ve en. .h-oush a ~ea_in~ ~echanis~, di~ect_y to Z
s~a- onarv sha-t within the hub. Gyration of the h~ d re~~lve to the bowl assembly is provided by an eCcer~ c ma -~ed for ~ovement about ~he stationary shaft. ~ith res_ect to rotation abcut the shaft, the eccentric is dvna~ically balanced about its center of rotatiOn by a co~.~er weight. The bowl of the crusher is provided ~~ith an ~pper liner and the head member is provided ~~i~h a repLaceable mantle.
~lternatively, another type of conical crusr.er 10 canclude a shaft which is moved by a hydraulic piston ar-angement attached to the bottom end of the shaft. The bow~ liner can be fixed to a mechanical adjust~ent device.
In _oth types of cone crushers, the gap between the bowl lir.e- and crushinq head can be manipulated to prc-~ide pa_~ cular sized crushed product. Both of these tvpes or roc.~. crushers have proven most satisfactory in heavy-duty cr_shing o~erations, par~.icularly when the coacting c_ushing sur_~ces, which are subject to wear, are provided ~ith replaceable liners for extending the life of the crusher.
However, for certain crushing and shapins ope-Jtions, a less robust crusher, of simpler and ligr.ter we ~-.t construction and greater operational ef'iciencf, is des ~able. For instance, it is not necessary to use a hea~;-duty crusher, such as set forth in the zbove-men- oned patents, for low strength, easy to crush -~cks and minerals such as coal and non-metallic minerals, and for light duty shaping type crushing applications. Thus, the_e is a need for a rock crusher which does not ut~lize massive support structures. Further, there is an economic nee~ 'or a light duty crusher which can be easily adJ~sted fo~ ~~ushing various sizes of crushed materials. The~e is fu :er a need for a light duty crusher which only rec~ .es a or~e piece mantle/crushing head or inner crushing me~ e~.
8~XX~RY OF T~E Lhv~ILON
The present invention relates to a c~ s;~er mou~ d on a foundation. The crusher includes a ~ain suo_~~t memDer for securing to the foundation, a Dc~om CA 02206188 1997-0~-27 plate fixed to the main support member, a one piece generally conically shaped, downwardly spreading~ inner crushing member supported on said bottom plate, and a generally frustoconically shaped, downwardly Spreading~
outer crushing member supported on said main Support member in a spaced relationship to said conically shaped inner crushing m~her. The inner and outer crusher members are spaced apart so that material passing between the inner crushing member and the outer crushing member is crushed.
The present in~ention additionally relates to a single piece inner- crushing mem~er for use in a crusher including a wobble mechanism, a plate, a support member, and a generally conically shaped outer crushing m~her.
The outer cr~shin~ member is supported by the main support member. The main support member includes an outer rim, the wobble mechanism is located within the outer rim of the main support member and provides a wobble motion with respect to the main support member and the outer crushing member. The plate is secured to the wobble ~ech~nism and receives the wobble motion. Material is fed between the outer crushing member and the inner crushing member to be crushed. The single piece inner crushing member includes a generally conically shaped, downward}y spreading, outer crushing wall. The wall has a top end and a ~ottom end.
The bottom end of the wall is configured for engagement with the plate.
The present invention still further relates to a crusher mounted on a foundation. The crusher includes a main support member, a wobble mechanism, a single piece conically shaped, downwardly spreading, inner crushing member, and a single piece frustoconically shaped outer crushing member. The main support member has at least one aperture. The wobble mechanism is disposed within the aperture. The inner crushing member is coupled to the wobble mechanism and supported by the main support member.
The inner crushing member has an inside surface and an outside surface. The outside surface is a crushing surface of the crusher.
CA 02206188 1997-0~-27 -3a-T.-- ~resent inventi 3n further relates to a crusher for comminu_i-.g minerals, characterized by a main SUpport member for securing the crusher to a foundation; a base plate fixed to the main support member; a genera ly conically shaped, downwardly spreading, inner crushing member supported on the base plate; a generally frustoconically shaped, downwardly spreading, outer crush-ng member supported on the -main support member in a spaced relationshi~ to said conically shaped inner crushing me~Der lo such that ma-erial passing between the inner crushing me~ber and the out-_ crushing member is crushed; and at least cne of the inne- crushing me~ber and the outer crushing mem~r is made of one piece.
Th~ present in~ention also relates to a crusher mounted on a foundation. The crusher includes a main sup?crt mem~-r for securing .o the foundation, a genera ly conically -haped, downwardly spreading, inner crush-ng member suppc-ted within the main support member, and a cne piece, gen~rally frustoconically shaped, downwarGly spreading outer crushing member. The outer crushing mem'rer is supporte~ on an annular rim of the main support mem~_r in a space~ relationship to the conically shaped ir--r crushing merier such that material passing between the ir-er crushing member and the outer crushing member is crushed.
In one exemplary aspect of the present inventionr a single piece inner crushing ~mh~r is mounted on a plate within an aperture of a mainframe. The single piece inner crushing ~ember serves as a crushing head/mantle and S includes interior and exterior surfaces- The exterior surface serves as a crushing surface, and the interior surface generally surrounds a rod which is fixed to a plate. The bottom end of the inner crushing me~ber is confisured to receive the plate.
The present invention still further relates to a conically shaped downwardly spreading inner crushing member which is supported upon a bottom plate which is secured to the top surface of the upper member of the wobble mechanism. A frustoconically shaped downwardly spreading outer crusher member is a single piece and is supported in a fixed position surrounding the inner crushing me~ber.
The ~~obble ~h~nism, and therefor the inner crushing member, is supported so as to be vertically adjustable with respect to the base of the crusher. By adjusting the vertical position of the inner crushing member, its posit on with respect to the outer crushing member is adjusted. In a preferred embodiment, the inner crushing member is adjustably supported-on the base of the crusher by a~air bellows assembly. By regulating the air pressure in the air bellows, the relative height of the inner crushing member with respect to the base of the crusher may be adjusted.
BRIE~ DE8CRIPTION OY T~E DRA~ING8 FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of a conical crusher constructed in accordance with this inventioni FIGURE 2 is a cross-sectional view of the conical crusher of this invention as shown in FIG. 1;
FIGURE 2a is a partial cross-sectional view o, an alternate construction for a portion of the conical crusher as shown in FIG. 2;
FIGURE 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional vie~ of the support and drive mechanism for the inner crushing memker of the conical crusher of this invention as shor~n in FIG. 1;
FIGURE 4 is a perspective view of an alternztive embodiment of the outer crushing member of the conical crusher shown in FIG. 1,.which is provided with a Support rib cage; and FIGURE 5 is a perspective view of a support rib cage for the inner crushing m~mh~r of the conical crusher sho~n in FIG. 1.
D~T~IT-~n D~8CRIPTION OF TE~ PR~FERR~D E~BODIMENT
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a crushing system or conical crusher 10 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown supported on four.dation pillars 12. The crusher is asse~bled on a ~ain support member or bottom plate 14. The bottom plate 14 is secured to the foundation pillars 12 by anchoring means such as bolts 16. While the crusher is shown supported on pillars 12, it may be supported in any other suitable manner, such as on a cylindrical base having opening therein for removal of the crushed material and servicing of the crusher.
The crusher includes a frustoconically shaped downwardly spreading outer crushing member 18 and a conically shaped downwardly spreading inner crushing me~ber 20. The inner crushing member 20, which is commonly referred to as a-mantle, is supported along its lower edge on a bottom plate 22. Bottom plate 22 can include a.
retaining me~ber or retaining ring 21 to help secure me3~er ? j ~,." ~
20. A hole 24 is provided in the apex of the crus;ning member 20 through which passes a securing device 26 in the form of a rod which is secured at its lower end to the base plate 22 and is provided with a threaded portion 28 at its upper end. A fastener 30, in the form of a nut, engages the threaded portion 28 and presses on the top edge of the crusr,ing me~ber 20 to secure it to the bottom plate 22.
Fastener 30 can be protected by a suitable wearing memDer disposed over it.
, .
Referring to .-IGS. 2 and 3, the conically sAaped inner crushing member 20 is supported on a wobble mechani5 which includes a lower cylindrical member 32 and an uppe-cylindrical mem~er 34. The upper cylindrical member 34 is secured to the base plate 22 by a fastener such as bolts 36. A bearing arrangement 38, sh~wn as radially extending roller bearings, is interposed between the upper surface of lower member 32 and the lower surface of upper member 34 to per~it the upper and lower member to rotate with respect to each other. Alternatively, bearing arrangement 38 can be a plurality of vertically disposed rollers located at an oute~ edge of members 32 and 34. Fur~her still, bearing arrangement 38 can be a vertically disposed sleeve bearing system or a horizontally disposed thrust bearing system.
As shown in ~IG. 3, the bearing assembly 38 includes a lower bearing race 40, an upper bearing race 42, and -ollers 44. The lower bearing race 40 is secured to lower member 32 by clamps 46, and the upper bearing race 42 is secured to upper ~e~h~r 34 by clamps 48. The lower member 32 is secured to and supported on the upper end of a shaft 50 for rotation therewith. Generally, any mechanism can be used to rotate, gyrate, move or woDble inner crushing member including, but not limited to an eccentric mechanism (not shown). The upper surface of the lower member 32 is in a plane which is not perpendicular to the central axis of the shaft 50. Thus, as the shaft 50 rotates, the upper member 34, which is prevented 'rom rotating, as will hereinafter be described, is caused to wobble as alternately a higher and a lower portion of the upper surface of the lower member 32 passes under a f xed location on the upper member 34. The upper surface o. the lower member 32 may be located in a plane which is not perpendicular to the central axis of the shaft 50 by forming the lower member 32 as a wedge shaped member, or by weld~g a uniformly thick lower member 32 to the end of ~he shaf. 50 which has been cut in a plane which is not perpendicular to its cen~ral axis.
The shaft 50 passes through an aperture 52 f5r~ed in the bottom plate 14 and is supported for rotatiOn therein by a bearing 54. The shaft 50 is surrounded by a cylindrical sleeve 56 which slides vertically with respect to the inner race of the bearing 54. The sleeve 56, ~hich is secured to shaft 50, is formed of a material which will reduce the sliding friction between the inner race of the bearing 54 and shaft 50. The shaft 50, lower member 32 and upper member 34 of the wobble mec-h~n; sr, as well as the inner crushing member 20, are supported on the bottom plate 14 by a fluid bellow assembly such as air bellow asse~bly 58 which is illustrated as three ring shaped bellows stacked one on top of the other. The bellows 60, 62 and 64 are secured to each other, and the lower surface of the lower bellow 60 is secured to the bottom plate 14 by securing devices such as pins. A ring like bearing assembly 66 is interposed between the top surface of the bellow 64 and the lower surface of the lower member 32.
While not shown in detail, ring-like bearing assembly 66 could be similar in construction to bearing 38, with an upper bearing race secured to the lower surface of lower memDer 32, and a lower bearing race secured to the top of beliows 64. Bearing 54 can be a horizontally or vertically disposed sleeve bearing, roller bearing or thrust bearing.
The height of the lower member 32 with respect to the bottom plate 14 is adjusted by regulating the air pressure in the ring shaped bellows 60, 62 and 64. As sho-~n in FIG. 2, air may be supplied from a compressor 68 through a regulator 70 to the bellows 60, 62 and 64.
Should it be desirable to reduce the air pressure in bellows 60, 62, and 64, air may be discharged through valve 72.
The inner crushing member 20 is prevented from rotatinq by a fluid bellow assembly shown as a stack of air bellows 74, 76, 78 and 80. The bellows are secured to each other, and the upper surface of bellow 74 is secured to base plate 22 and the lower surface of lower bellow 80 is secured to the bottom plate 14. As in the case of the CA 02206188 1997-0~-27 bellows 60, 62 and 64, a regulated supply of air is provided to the bellows 74, 76, 78 and 80 from air co~pressor 68 through a regulator 82. The regulated air pressure supplied to the bellows 74, 76, 78, and 80 is Such that it permits wobbling of the base plate 22, and does not tend to lift the base plate 22, such that it would not be fully supported by the bellows 60, 62 and 64- Should it be desirable to reduce the air pressure in bellows 74, 76, 78, and 80, air may be discharged through valve 84. Not only do ~he bellows 74, 76, 78, and 80 prevent the inner crushing member 20 f-rom turning, but they also provide a seal to prevent crushed material, and dust therefrom, from reaching the bearings 38 and 66. Similarly, bellows 58 further prevents the crushed material and dust from reaching the upper surface of bearing 54.
The shaft 50 is provided with a splinted bore 86 whicn receives an externally splined shaft 88. The shaft 88 is held in a fixed vertical position by an increased diameter portion 90, the lower edge of which rests on the inner race 92 of a bearing assembly 94. Outer race 96, of the bearing assembly 94, is secured to a support bracket 98 by clamps 100 and fasteners 102. Attached to the lower end of the shaft 88 is a pulley 104. The pulley 104 is driven by a belt 106 which engages a pulley 108 driven by a prime mover 110, such as an electric motor. While a pulley and belt drive system is shown, other types of drive systems could be used, such as a hydraulic drive or a conventional gear and pinion shaft drive. Bearing assembly 94 can also be a horizontally or vertically disposed roller, sleeve or thrust bearing system.
The outer crushing member 18 is supported 'rom the bottom plate 14 by a cylindrical wall member 112 wnich is welded at its lower end 114 to the bottom plate 14 and is provided with a flange 116 at the top. The flange 116 is provided with an apertures 118 therein, located to coincide with apertures formed in the upper crushing me~Der 18, to receive bolts such as 120 to secure the up~er crushing member 18 to the cylindrical wall 112.
Turning to the operation of the crusher, material to be crushed is deposited in a hopper 122 through which it enters into a conical gap 124 between the outer crushing member 18 and the inner crushing member 20. As the inner crushing member 20 wobbles within the outer crushing member 18, the material falls in the area where the crushing members are more widely spaced and is thereafter crushed as the inner and outer members move together. By increasing the air pressure in bellows 60, 62, and 64, the inner crushing member 20 may be raised, moving its outer surface closer to the outer crUch;nq member 18, thereby resulting in finer crushing of the material being crushed.
While in heavier duty crushers such as those set forth in the above-mentioned patents, replaceable wear members, usually called liners, are provided on the inner and outer crushing parts, in the conical crusher of "his inven'ion, the replaceable wear liners are not provided.
However, members 18 and 20 can be replaced when worn.
Rather, the inner crushing member or mantle and the outer or upper crushing member are formed of a suitable wear resistance material. Suitable materials for particular applications are manganese, air quenched and tempered chromium steel, and a low cost steel with wear resistance studs provided on the crushing surface. While the inner crushing member or mantle 20 and the outer crushing me~ber 18 may be made of suitable wear resistant material, their strength may not be sufficient to prevent deformation in certain applications. To prevent deformation, the outer crushing member 18 may be provided with ribs. Or, a separate ri~ cage including ribs 126 (shown in FIG. 4) may be provided and can be secured over the outer crushing member 18. Similarly, a rib cage 128, as shown in FIG. 5, may be provided to fit under the mantle or inner crushing memke~ 20 so as to reinforce it.
System parameters and design criteria can effect the size and shape of inner crushing member 20. crushing membe- 20 can have generally parallel interior and exterior surface. The exterior surface of member 20 advan~ageoUslY
- -se~es as crushing surface for crusher 10- Member 20 can have various steps, angled surfaces or other formations and still be considered generally conical and to have generally parallel surfaces.
Referring to FIG. 2a, in an alternate embodi~ent of _his invention the air bellow assembly 58 sUpporting the inner crushing m~her 20 on the bottom plate 14 is replaced by several hydraulic cylinders, one of which 136 is shown.
Hydraulic pressure is supplied to the cylinders ~y 2 pllmp 138. To provide the bearing 54 with the same protection from crushed material and dust as is provided by the bellows 58, a flexib~le cylindrical wall 140 is secured to the bottom surface of lower cylindrica} member 32 and bott~m plate 14.
lS Bellow assembly 58 and air bellows 74, 76, 78, and 30 can be replaced by other support devices. System parz~eters and design criteria can affect the embodiment of eit.~er support device. For example, the support device bet-~een plate 20 and plate 14 preferably provides suf.icient force to counteract crushing forces and yet does not substantially lift plate 22 with respect to plate 14.
The support device allows wobbling of inner crushing ~P~hPr 20 ar.d yet prevents inner crushing rPmhPr 20 from turr.ing.
The support device preferably also seals bearing 38 -rom the czushed material in crusher 10. The support device can be a spring assembly, a cable tension assembly, a piston asse3bly, or other apparatus for providing an appropriate level of tension and force between member 20 and bottom plate 14.
30To prolong the life of the bearings 38, 54, 66, and 34, a lubrication system 130 is provided whe-eby lubrication may be supplied to the bearings while the crus;.er is in operation. The lubrication system inclldes a pressurized source of lubricant 132, and a piping sys~em 35134 connecting each of the bearings to the source 132.
When comparing a conical crusher constrUctc~ in acco-~ance with this invention as set forth above, -~ith - -CA 02206188 1997-0~-27 those shown in the prior art patents set forth above, it will be noted that the following advantages are offered 1. Fewer parts.
2. Simplified manufacturing and fabrication.
3. Lower cost.
4. Increase energy efficiency.
5. Will operate with the material to be crushed being either wet or dry.
6. Lower operating cost per ton of product crushed.
7. Better quality control of the ground product through the ready adjustment provided by the bellows support system for the inner crushing member.
8. Ease of operation, maintenance and repair.
For instance, while replaceable liners are not provided, worn inner and outer crushing members can be readily replaced wherein they are attached to the crusher by readily engageable and disengageable fastening means shown as nuts and bolts.
It should be noted that if tramp material becomes wedged between the inner and outer grinding members, the ~ -air pressure in the bellows supporting the inner grinding member may be reduced, thereby permitting the inner grinding member to drop away from the outer grinding me~ber 2S so as to free the tramp material from between the grinding surfaces. Since the crushing gap between the inner and outer members is readily adjusted and controlled by the bellows support system, the particle size of the crushed material may be readily adjusted.
While one embodiment, and component variations of the invention have been shown, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that what has been described is considered at present to be a preferred embodiment of the conical crusher of this invention. In accordance with the Patent Statute, changes may be made in the conical crusher without actually departing from the true spirit and scope of this invention. The appended claims are intended to - - -cover all such changes and modification which fall in the true spirit and scope of this invention.
For instance, while replaceable liners are not provided, worn inner and outer crushing members can be readily replaced wherein they are attached to the crusher by readily engageable and disengageable fastening means shown as nuts and bolts.
It should be noted that if tramp material becomes wedged between the inner and outer grinding members, the ~ -air pressure in the bellows supporting the inner grinding member may be reduced, thereby permitting the inner grinding member to drop away from the outer grinding me~ber 2S so as to free the tramp material from between the grinding surfaces. Since the crushing gap between the inner and outer members is readily adjusted and controlled by the bellows support system, the particle size of the crushed material may be readily adjusted.
While one embodiment, and component variations of the invention have been shown, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that what has been described is considered at present to be a preferred embodiment of the conical crusher of this invention. In accordance with the Patent Statute, changes may be made in the conical crusher without actually departing from the true spirit and scope of this invention. The appended claims are intended to - - -cover all such changes and modification which fall in the true spirit and scope of this invention.
Claims (10)
1. A crusher for comminuting minerals, characterized by:
a main support member for securing the crusher to a foundation;
a base plate fixed to the main support member;
a generally conically shaped, downwardly spreading, inner crushing member supported on said base plate;
a generally frustoconically shaped, downwardly spreading, outer crushing member supported on said main support member in a spaced relationship to said conically shaped inner crushing member such that material passing between said inner crushing member and said outer crushing member is crushed; and at least one of said inner crushing member and said outer crushing member is made of one piece.
a main support member for securing the crusher to a foundation;
a base plate fixed to the main support member;
a generally conically shaped, downwardly spreading, inner crushing member supported on said base plate;
a generally frustoconically shaped, downwardly spreading, outer crushing member supported on said main support member in a spaced relationship to said conically shaped inner crushing member such that material passing between said inner crushing member and said outer crushing member is crushed; and at least one of said inner crushing member and said outer crushing member is made of one piece.
2. The crusher of claim 1, wherein said inner crushing member has a lower peripheral edge, and a hole at its apex, said lower peripheral edge engaging and supported on said base plate, said inner crushing member having a securing device extending from said base plate and passing through said hole, and a fastener which engages said securing device and said inner crushing member at its apex to secure said inner crushing member to said base plate.
3. The crusher of claim 1, wherein each said one piece member is formed of a wear resistant material.
4. The crusher of claim 1, further including a conically shaped, downwardly spreading rib cage fastened on said base plate, and said conically shaped, downwardly spreading, inner crushing member is placed over said rib cage to be supported thereby.
5. The crusher of claim 1 further including a bellows assembly disposed between said base plate and said main support member for providing tramp release and for adjustably maintaining the distance between said inner and outer crushing members.
6. An inner crushing member for use in a crusher including a wobble mechanism, a base plate, a main support member and a generally conically shaped outer crushing member supported by the main support member, the main support member including an outer rim, the wobble mechanism being located within the outer rim of the main support member and providing a wobbling motion to the inner crushing memberwith respect to the main support member and said outer crushing member, the base plate being secured to the wobble mechanism and receiving the wobble motion, whereby material is fed between the outer crushing member and the inner crushing member to be crushed, said inner crushing member characterized by:
a one piece, generally conically shaped, downwardly spreading, outer crushing wall, the wall having a top end and a bottom end;
said bottom end of said wall being configured for engagement with the base plate.
a one piece, generally conically shaped, downwardly spreading, outer crushing wall, the wall having a top end and a bottom end;
said bottom end of said wall being configured for engagement with the base plate.
7. The inner crushing member of claim 6 further comprising an opening at the apex of said wall, said opening configured for accommodating a support rod for securing said crushing member to said base plate.
8. The inner crushing member of claim 6 further including a ribbed support cage disposed underneath said inner crushing member.
9. An outer crushing member for use in a crusher including a feed hopper, a main support member and a generally conically shaped, downwardly spreading, inner crushing member supported by the main support member, the main support member including an outer rim with a generally cylindrical wall, the inner crushing member being configured for gyrating with respect to the main support member, whereby material is fed through the feed hopper and is crushed between the outer crushing member and the inner crushing member, said outer crushing member characterized by:
a one piece, generally frustoconically shaped, downwardly spreading, crushing wall, the wall having a top end and a bottom end;
a first flange integrally formed at said top end of said wall, said first flange being configured for engagement with the feed hopper, and a second flange integrally formed at said bottom end of said wall, said second flange being configured for engagement with the generally cylindrical wall of the outer rim of the main support member.
a one piece, generally frustoconically shaped, downwardly spreading, crushing wall, the wall having a top end and a bottom end;
a first flange integrally formed at said top end of said wall, said first flange being configured for engagement with the feed hopper, and a second flange integrally formed at said bottom end of said wall, said second flange being configured for engagement with the generally cylindrical wall of the outer rim of the main support member.
10. The outer crushing member of claim 9 further including a plurality of cage-like support ribs provided on an outer surface of said crushing member.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/658,366 US5820045A (en) | 1996-06-05 | 1996-06-05 | Conical Crusher having a single piece outer crushing member |
| US08/658,366 | 1996-06-05 | ||
| US08/658,353 US5738288A (en) | 1996-06-05 | 1996-06-05 | Conical crusher having a single piece inner crushing member |
| US08/658,353 | 1996-06-05 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2206188A1 true CA2206188A1 (en) | 1997-12-05 |
Family
ID=27097609
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2206188 Abandoned CA2206188A1 (en) | 1996-06-05 | 1997-05-27 | A conical crusher having one piece crushing members |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0811425A3 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1176849A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2367297A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2206188A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6065698A (en) * | 1996-11-22 | 2000-05-23 | Nordberg Incorporated | Anti-spin method and apparatus for conical/gyratory crushers |
| EP2382047B1 (en) | 2009-01-29 | 2015-01-28 | Metso Minerals, Inc. | A fastening device, a cone crusher and a method for fastening a mantel to a head of a cone crusher |
| CN113635440B (en) * | 2021-07-15 | 2022-08-30 | 新沂市锡沂高新材料产业技术研究院有限公司 | Agitating unit is smashed to mud for pottery |
| CN115350791B (en) * | 2022-08-22 | 2023-10-03 | 上海华愚农业发展有限公司 | Preparation facilities of microorganism fungus agent with chitin |
| CN115193514B (en) * | 2022-09-13 | 2022-11-25 | 河南省擎动新能源科技有限公司 | Catalyst preparation equipment for fuel |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2423033A (en) * | 1944-07-24 | 1947-06-24 | Midwest Rubber Reclaiming Comp | Reclaiming synthetic rubbers with a fatty acid and live steam |
| US2858083A (en) * | 1953-04-15 | 1958-10-28 | Nat Paint | Dispersion apparatus |
| US3130927A (en) * | 1961-04-17 | 1964-04-28 | Warren H F Schmieding | Pepper-corn grinder |
| GB2116876B (en) * | 1979-08-15 | 1984-03-21 | Litton Systems Inc | Fabricated frame for a cone crusher |
| AUPM739294A0 (en) * | 1994-08-12 | 1994-09-01 | Ledger Engineering Pty Ltd | Head anti-rotational and sealing system for a gyratory crusher |
-
1997
- 1997-05-27 CA CA 2206188 patent/CA2206188A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-05-28 AU AU23672/97A patent/AU2367297A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-06-05 CN CN 97114898 patent/CN1176849A/en active Pending
- 1997-06-05 EP EP97401262A patent/EP0811425A3/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2367297A (en) | 1997-12-11 |
| EP0811425A2 (en) | 1997-12-10 |
| EP0811425A3 (en) | 1998-10-07 |
| CN1176849A (en) | 1998-03-25 |
| MX9704146A (en) | 1998-06-28 |
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