CA2038719C - Culture soil for raising plants - Google Patents
Culture soil for raising plantsInfo
- Publication number
- CA2038719C CA2038719C CA 2038719 CA2038719A CA2038719C CA 2038719 C CA2038719 C CA 2038719C CA 2038719 CA2038719 CA 2038719 CA 2038719 A CA2038719 A CA 2038719A CA 2038719 C CA2038719 C CA 2038719C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- culture soil
- granulates
- rockwool
- volume
- grains
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
A culture soil for raising plants comprising rockwool granulates and peat-moss as the major components wherein granular pumice and/or granular vermiculite, optionally together with a pH-adjustor, are blended is disclosed. This culture soil is excellent in both of water holding property and air permeability. Further, it is effective in preventing excess moisture and the pH value thereof is maintained within a range suitable for the growth of plants.
Description
-i 20387~ 9 CULlT~JRE SOIL FOR R~ISING PLANTS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a culture soil for raising plants. More particularly, it relates to an improved culture soil for raising plants which comprises rockwool granulates and peat-moss as the major components.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There has been proposed a culture soil which is obtained by mixing rockwool granulates and peat-moss as the major components. This culture soil has been put into practical use as an artificial culture soil for raising plants.
In the above-mentioned mixed culture soil, the high porosity of the rock wool is efficiently utilized so as to achieve a good water holding property. As a result, the frequency of watering can be cut down, which considerably saves the labor. In addition, the mixed culture soil is highly air-permeable and the rock wool, which is the major component thereof, is sterile. Thus the culture soil is scarcely contaminated with harmful bacteria as the whole. Furthermore, the peat-moss used therein, which is a natural leaf mould, continuously controls the pH value of the culture soil within a range suitable for the growth of plants and makes the properties of the culture soil to resemble those of natural soil. Therefore, the mixed culture soil can be used in nursery beds, plastic greenhouses, planters and pots, similar to natural soil. The apparent specific gravity of the mixed ~ =lr 203~719 e culture soil corresponds tQ approximately 1/3 of that of natural soil, which facilitates procedures including soil transportation, ploughing~ fertilization and shifting of seedlings.
Although the mixed culture soil comprising rockwool granulates and peat-moss has a number of advantages as described above, it is disadvantageous in the water holding property. That is to say, it would hold a large amount of water, which would sometimes cause excess moisture.
In order to inhibit the above-mentioned excess moisture, attempts have been made to control the water holding property by using a mixture of water repellent granulates and hydrophilic granulates as the rockwool granulates. However it is difficult to necessarily inhibit the excess moisture thereby.
Furthermore, the mixed culture soil comprising rockwool granulates and peat-moss is disadvantageous in that the water absorption property thereof is deteriorated once dried. This problem is brought about mainly by the properties of the peat-moss.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a useful culture soil for raising plants whereby the above-mentioned disadvantages of the conventional culture soil comprising rockwool granulates and peat-moss as the major components, including the excess moisture and the deterioration ~ ~ 3 8 7 ~ ~
in the water absorption property after drying, can be solved at once.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the present invention provides a culture soil for raising plants comprising rockwool granulates and peat-moss as the major components wherein granular pumice and/or granular vermiculite are blended.
Furthermore, the present invention provides a culture soil for raising plants comprising rockwool granulates and peat-moss as the major components wherein granular pumice and/or granular vermiculite and a pH-adjustor are b~ended.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a culture soil for raising plants comprising: rockwool granulates: 20-60% by volume, peat-moss: 20-70% by volume, and granular pumice and/or vermiculite: 10-40% by volume, wherein the rockwool granulates are small sized granulates of water repellent rockwool.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a culture soil for raising plants comprising: rockwool granulates: 20-60% by volume, peat-moss: 20-70% by volume, and granular pumice and/or vermiculite: 10-40% by volume, wherein the rockwool granulates comprise small sized granulates of hydrophilic rockwool and small sized granulates of water repellent rockwool.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the culture soil for raising plants of the above-mentioned composition, the granular pumice or granular vermiculite controls the amount of water hold in the culture soil so as to prevent the excess moisture. Further, the deterioration in the water absorption property once dried can be improved thereby.
Furthermore, the addition of the pH-adjustor makes it possible to control the pH value of the culture soil within a range suitable for the growth of plants.
As the rockwool granulates which is one of the major components of the culture soil for raising plants of the present invention, surface-treated hydrophilic small sized granulates, surface-treated hydrophilic fine sized granulates, small sized granulates of low water repellency and water - 3a -'~
. *....
'~ 2038719 .~.
repellent small sized granul,ates treated with silicone may be used.
It is preferable that the above-mentioned small sized granulates is the one wherein 50 to 100 % of grains can pass through 2.38 mm to 4.75 mm of meshes of a shaking sieve (JIS
Z8801~987) and 50 to 0 9~ of the grains in the residue are larger than 4.75 mm in size. On the other hand, it is preferable that the above-mentioned fine-sized granulates is the one wherein 50 to 100 ~ of grains can pass through 0.5 mm to 2.38 mm of meshes of a shaking sieve (JIS Z8801l987) and 50 to 0 % of the grains in the residue are larger than 2.38 mm in size.
As the peat-moss (pH 3 to 4) which is another major component of the culture soil for raising plants of the present invention, ground sphagnum sediment may be used.
The pumice to be mixed with the major components (namely, rockwool granulates and peat-moss pieces) is preferably divided into small grains (having average grain diameter of from 4 to 8 mm) and medium grains (having average grain diameter of from 8 to 12 mm). The ratio of the small grains to the medium grains is preferably 50:50. The vermiculite No. 2 (which has grain diameter of 2.5 to 0.6 mm as defined in JIS
A5009l972) may be used in the manner almost the same as that of the pumice for the purposes of adjusting the water holding property in the culture soil (i.e., preventing the excess moisture) and improving the water absorption property after dried.
~ 2038719 ,, ,~
Examples of the pH-adjustor include slaked lime and organic lime.
In addition, the culture soil may further contain nitrogen fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers and potassium fertilizers, either as a straight fertilizer or a compound one, depending on the purpose. Further, BM calcium phosphate may be used as one of fertilizer components.
Furthermore, the culture soil for raising plants of the present invention may contain grains of an organic synthetic foamed material (for example, hard urethane) in order to improve the air permeability.
When the above-mentioned peat-moss is used in a hydrophilic state, an activator may be added.
The above-mentioned rockwool granulates and peat-moss (i.e., the major components) may be blended with the pumice (or vermiculite), pH-adjustor and fertilizer at an optimum ratio, depending on the purpose and culture method, to thereby give the culture soil. It is preferable to use 20 to 60 % by volume of the rockwool granulates, 20 to 70 % by volume of the peat-moss, 10 to 40 % by volume of the pumice (or vermiculite), 0.05 to 0.2 % by volume of the pH-adjustor and 0.1 to 2.0 % by volume of the fertilizer.
When hydrophilic small sized granulates and water repellent small sized granulates are used as the rockwool granulates in the above-mentioned culture soil, the water holding property of the culture soil can be widely varied.
20~8719 ~, When hydrophilic fine-sized granulates of a small grain size is employed, the sedimentation of seeds can be effectively prevented. The pumice (or vermiculite) contained in the culture soil is effective not only for maintaining the culture soil highly air-permeable but also for absorbing the moisture in the culture soil to thereby prevent excess moisture. A
mixture merely comprising the rockwool granulates and peat-moss suffers from a decrease in water absorptivity once dried, which is broucht about mainly by the properties of the peat-moss. In contrast, a culture soil comprising pumice never suffers from such a problem as described above, since the pumice can absorb the moisture.
The pH-adjustor used in the culture soil is effective for controlling the pH value of the culture soil to a level which is seem ngly suitable for the growth of many plants (i.e., pH
5.5 to 6.5) or around it and, furthermore, for making the propert es and nutrients of the culture soil to resemble those of natu-al soil as far as possible.
The fertilizer to be added to the culture soil is not particularly restricted, though BM calcium phosphate is effective on root taking.
The following table summarizes examples of the embodiment of the present invention in the cultivation of cyclamen.
~- 2038719 ._ .
Component Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 small-sized grains of surface-treated hydrophilic rock wool 480 1 480 1 240 1240 1 fine-sized grains of hydrophilic rockwool small-sized grains of water repellent rock-wool (low water repellency) - - 240 1 240 1 small-sized grains of silicone-treated water repellent rockwool - - 120 1 120 1 small pieces of peat moss (pH 3 to 4, sphagnum sediment) 420 1420 1 420 1 420 1 small grains (4 to 8 mm) of pumice 75 1 75 1 60 1 60 1 medium grains (8 to 12 mm) of pumice 75 1 75 1 60 1 60 1 vermiculite No. 2 BM calcium phosphate (i.e., calcium phos-phate containing 400 g 400 g400 g 400 g boron, manganese and magnesium) (granular) organic lime (powder) 700 g 700 g700 g 700 g slow-acting fertilizer - 3000 g - 3000 g fast-acting fertilizer Total volume 1050 1 1050 11140 1 1140 1 - -- 203g719 ",,, -Component Ex. 5 small-sized grains of surface-treated hydrophilic rockwool fine-sized grains of hydrophilic rockwool 450 1 small-sized grains of water repellent rock-wool (low water repellency) small-sized grains of silicone-treated water repellent rockwool small pieces of peat moss (pH 3 to 4, sphagnum sediment) 560 1 small grains (4 to 8 mm) of pumice medium grains (8 to 12 mm) of pumice vermiculite No. 2 280 1 BM calcium phosphate (i.e., calcium phos-phate containing 400 g boron, manganese and magnesium) (granular) organic lime (powder) 700 g slow-acting fertilizer fast-acting fertilizer 1200 g Total volume 1290 1 '~- 2038~ 9 As described above, the culture soil for raising plants of the present invention, wherein rockwool granulates and peat-moss are used as the major components together with granular pumice and/or granular vermiculite and a pH-adjustor, is excellent in both of water holding property and air permeability. Further, it is effective in preventinq excess moisture and the pH value thereof is maintained within a range suitable for the growth of plants. Thus it is an excellent artificial culture soil from a practical viewpoint.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a culture soil for raising plants. More particularly, it relates to an improved culture soil for raising plants which comprises rockwool granulates and peat-moss as the major components.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There has been proposed a culture soil which is obtained by mixing rockwool granulates and peat-moss as the major components. This culture soil has been put into practical use as an artificial culture soil for raising plants.
In the above-mentioned mixed culture soil, the high porosity of the rock wool is efficiently utilized so as to achieve a good water holding property. As a result, the frequency of watering can be cut down, which considerably saves the labor. In addition, the mixed culture soil is highly air-permeable and the rock wool, which is the major component thereof, is sterile. Thus the culture soil is scarcely contaminated with harmful bacteria as the whole. Furthermore, the peat-moss used therein, which is a natural leaf mould, continuously controls the pH value of the culture soil within a range suitable for the growth of plants and makes the properties of the culture soil to resemble those of natural soil. Therefore, the mixed culture soil can be used in nursery beds, plastic greenhouses, planters and pots, similar to natural soil. The apparent specific gravity of the mixed ~ =lr 203~719 e culture soil corresponds tQ approximately 1/3 of that of natural soil, which facilitates procedures including soil transportation, ploughing~ fertilization and shifting of seedlings.
Although the mixed culture soil comprising rockwool granulates and peat-moss has a number of advantages as described above, it is disadvantageous in the water holding property. That is to say, it would hold a large amount of water, which would sometimes cause excess moisture.
In order to inhibit the above-mentioned excess moisture, attempts have been made to control the water holding property by using a mixture of water repellent granulates and hydrophilic granulates as the rockwool granulates. However it is difficult to necessarily inhibit the excess moisture thereby.
Furthermore, the mixed culture soil comprising rockwool granulates and peat-moss is disadvantageous in that the water absorption property thereof is deteriorated once dried. This problem is brought about mainly by the properties of the peat-moss.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a useful culture soil for raising plants whereby the above-mentioned disadvantages of the conventional culture soil comprising rockwool granulates and peat-moss as the major components, including the excess moisture and the deterioration ~ ~ 3 8 7 ~ ~
in the water absorption property after drying, can be solved at once.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the present invention provides a culture soil for raising plants comprising rockwool granulates and peat-moss as the major components wherein granular pumice and/or granular vermiculite are blended.
Furthermore, the present invention provides a culture soil for raising plants comprising rockwool granulates and peat-moss as the major components wherein granular pumice and/or granular vermiculite and a pH-adjustor are b~ended.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a culture soil for raising plants comprising: rockwool granulates: 20-60% by volume, peat-moss: 20-70% by volume, and granular pumice and/or vermiculite: 10-40% by volume, wherein the rockwool granulates are small sized granulates of water repellent rockwool.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a culture soil for raising plants comprising: rockwool granulates: 20-60% by volume, peat-moss: 20-70% by volume, and granular pumice and/or vermiculite: 10-40% by volume, wherein the rockwool granulates comprise small sized granulates of hydrophilic rockwool and small sized granulates of water repellent rockwool.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the culture soil for raising plants of the above-mentioned composition, the granular pumice or granular vermiculite controls the amount of water hold in the culture soil so as to prevent the excess moisture. Further, the deterioration in the water absorption property once dried can be improved thereby.
Furthermore, the addition of the pH-adjustor makes it possible to control the pH value of the culture soil within a range suitable for the growth of plants.
As the rockwool granulates which is one of the major components of the culture soil for raising plants of the present invention, surface-treated hydrophilic small sized granulates, surface-treated hydrophilic fine sized granulates, small sized granulates of low water repellency and water - 3a -'~
. *....
'~ 2038719 .~.
repellent small sized granul,ates treated with silicone may be used.
It is preferable that the above-mentioned small sized granulates is the one wherein 50 to 100 % of grains can pass through 2.38 mm to 4.75 mm of meshes of a shaking sieve (JIS
Z8801~987) and 50 to 0 9~ of the grains in the residue are larger than 4.75 mm in size. On the other hand, it is preferable that the above-mentioned fine-sized granulates is the one wherein 50 to 100 ~ of grains can pass through 0.5 mm to 2.38 mm of meshes of a shaking sieve (JIS Z8801l987) and 50 to 0 % of the grains in the residue are larger than 2.38 mm in size.
As the peat-moss (pH 3 to 4) which is another major component of the culture soil for raising plants of the present invention, ground sphagnum sediment may be used.
The pumice to be mixed with the major components (namely, rockwool granulates and peat-moss pieces) is preferably divided into small grains (having average grain diameter of from 4 to 8 mm) and medium grains (having average grain diameter of from 8 to 12 mm). The ratio of the small grains to the medium grains is preferably 50:50. The vermiculite No. 2 (which has grain diameter of 2.5 to 0.6 mm as defined in JIS
A5009l972) may be used in the manner almost the same as that of the pumice for the purposes of adjusting the water holding property in the culture soil (i.e., preventing the excess moisture) and improving the water absorption property after dried.
~ 2038719 ,, ,~
Examples of the pH-adjustor include slaked lime and organic lime.
In addition, the culture soil may further contain nitrogen fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers and potassium fertilizers, either as a straight fertilizer or a compound one, depending on the purpose. Further, BM calcium phosphate may be used as one of fertilizer components.
Furthermore, the culture soil for raising plants of the present invention may contain grains of an organic synthetic foamed material (for example, hard urethane) in order to improve the air permeability.
When the above-mentioned peat-moss is used in a hydrophilic state, an activator may be added.
The above-mentioned rockwool granulates and peat-moss (i.e., the major components) may be blended with the pumice (or vermiculite), pH-adjustor and fertilizer at an optimum ratio, depending on the purpose and culture method, to thereby give the culture soil. It is preferable to use 20 to 60 % by volume of the rockwool granulates, 20 to 70 % by volume of the peat-moss, 10 to 40 % by volume of the pumice (or vermiculite), 0.05 to 0.2 % by volume of the pH-adjustor and 0.1 to 2.0 % by volume of the fertilizer.
When hydrophilic small sized granulates and water repellent small sized granulates are used as the rockwool granulates in the above-mentioned culture soil, the water holding property of the culture soil can be widely varied.
20~8719 ~, When hydrophilic fine-sized granulates of a small grain size is employed, the sedimentation of seeds can be effectively prevented. The pumice (or vermiculite) contained in the culture soil is effective not only for maintaining the culture soil highly air-permeable but also for absorbing the moisture in the culture soil to thereby prevent excess moisture. A
mixture merely comprising the rockwool granulates and peat-moss suffers from a decrease in water absorptivity once dried, which is broucht about mainly by the properties of the peat-moss. In contrast, a culture soil comprising pumice never suffers from such a problem as described above, since the pumice can absorb the moisture.
The pH-adjustor used in the culture soil is effective for controlling the pH value of the culture soil to a level which is seem ngly suitable for the growth of many plants (i.e., pH
5.5 to 6.5) or around it and, furthermore, for making the propert es and nutrients of the culture soil to resemble those of natu-al soil as far as possible.
The fertilizer to be added to the culture soil is not particularly restricted, though BM calcium phosphate is effective on root taking.
The following table summarizes examples of the embodiment of the present invention in the cultivation of cyclamen.
~- 2038719 ._ .
Component Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 small-sized grains of surface-treated hydrophilic rock wool 480 1 480 1 240 1240 1 fine-sized grains of hydrophilic rockwool small-sized grains of water repellent rock-wool (low water repellency) - - 240 1 240 1 small-sized grains of silicone-treated water repellent rockwool - - 120 1 120 1 small pieces of peat moss (pH 3 to 4, sphagnum sediment) 420 1420 1 420 1 420 1 small grains (4 to 8 mm) of pumice 75 1 75 1 60 1 60 1 medium grains (8 to 12 mm) of pumice 75 1 75 1 60 1 60 1 vermiculite No. 2 BM calcium phosphate (i.e., calcium phos-phate containing 400 g 400 g400 g 400 g boron, manganese and magnesium) (granular) organic lime (powder) 700 g 700 g700 g 700 g slow-acting fertilizer - 3000 g - 3000 g fast-acting fertilizer Total volume 1050 1 1050 11140 1 1140 1 - -- 203g719 ",,, -Component Ex. 5 small-sized grains of surface-treated hydrophilic rockwool fine-sized grains of hydrophilic rockwool 450 1 small-sized grains of water repellent rock-wool (low water repellency) small-sized grains of silicone-treated water repellent rockwool small pieces of peat moss (pH 3 to 4, sphagnum sediment) 560 1 small grains (4 to 8 mm) of pumice medium grains (8 to 12 mm) of pumice vermiculite No. 2 280 1 BM calcium phosphate (i.e., calcium phos-phate containing 400 g boron, manganese and magnesium) (granular) organic lime (powder) 700 g slow-acting fertilizer fast-acting fertilizer 1200 g Total volume 1290 1 '~- 2038~ 9 As described above, the culture soil for raising plants of the present invention, wherein rockwool granulates and peat-moss are used as the major components together with granular pumice and/or granular vermiculite and a pH-adjustor, is excellent in both of water holding property and air permeability. Further, it is effective in preventinq excess moisture and the pH value thereof is maintained within a range suitable for the growth of plants. Thus it is an excellent artificial culture soil from a practical viewpoint.
Claims (6)
1. A culture soil for raising plants comprising:
rockwool granulates: 20-60% by volume, peat-moss: 20-70% by volume, and granular pumice and/or vermiculite: 10-40% by volume, wherein the rockwool granulates are small sized granulates of water repellent rockwool.
rockwool granulates: 20-60% by volume, peat-moss: 20-70% by volume, and granular pumice and/or vermiculite: 10-40% by volume, wherein the rockwool granulates are small sized granulates of water repellent rockwool.
2. The culture soil for raising plants of claim 1, wherein the small sized granulates are those where 50 to 100% of grains can pass through 2.38 mm to 4.75 mm of meshes of a shaking sieve of JIS Z8801 and 50 to 0% of the grains in the residue are larger than 4.75 mm in size.
3. A culture soil for raising plants comprising:
rockwool granulates: 20-60% by volume, peat-moss: 20-70% by volume, and granular pumice and/or vermiculite: 10-40% by volume, wherein the rockwool granulates comprise small sized granulates of hydrophilic rockwool and small sized granulates of water repellent rockwool.
rockwool granulates: 20-60% by volume, peat-moss: 20-70% by volume, and granular pumice and/or vermiculite: 10-40% by volume, wherein the rockwool granulates comprise small sized granulates of hydrophilic rockwool and small sized granulates of water repellent rockwool.
4. The culture soil for raising plants of claim 3, wherein the small sized granulates are those where 50 to 100% of grains can pass through 2.38 mm to 4.75 mm of meshes of a shaking sieve of JIS Z8801 and 50 to 0% of the grains in the residue are larger than 4.75 mm in size.
5. The culture soil for raising plants of any one of claims 1 to 4, which further comprises a pH adjustor.
6. The culture soil for raising plants of claim 5, wherein the pH-adjustor is present in the culture soil in an amount of 0.05 to 0.2% by volume.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2074553A JPH0638723B2 (en) | 1990-03-23 | 1990-03-23 | Soil for growing plants |
| JP2-74553 | 1990-03-23 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2038719A1 CA2038719A1 (en) | 1991-09-24 |
| CA2038719C true CA2038719C (en) | 1999-04-20 |
Family
ID=13550547
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2038719 Expired - Fee Related CA2038719C (en) | 1990-03-23 | 1991-03-20 | Culture soil for raising plants |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0638723B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2038719C (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MXJL04000001A (en) * | 2004-01-09 | 2005-07-12 | Ravelero Vazquez Adan | Organic soil composition and production method thereof. |
| JP6218460B2 (en) * | 2013-07-02 | 2017-10-25 | 東日本旅客鉄道株式会社 | Planting base |
| CN109479431A (en) * | 2018-12-21 | 2019-03-19 | 孙建国 | A kind of northeast rice seedling raising soil and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5027465Y2 (en) * | 1973-04-12 | 1975-08-15 | ||
| JPS61227710A (en) * | 1985-04-03 | 1986-10-09 | 株式会社 木村研究所 | Multilayered type culture medium |
| US4803803A (en) * | 1986-04-24 | 1989-02-14 | Moffet Jr Frank W | Growing medium for plants |
| JPS63301721A (en) * | 1987-01-14 | 1988-12-08 | Kyodo Shiryo Kk | Plant growth medium |
| JPH01218521A (en) * | 1988-02-26 | 1989-08-31 | Kondoumatsutarou Shoten:Kk | Granular moulding |
| JPH01312933A (en) * | 1988-06-10 | 1989-12-18 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Paddy rice seedling cultivation soil |
-
1990
- 1990-03-23 JP JP2074553A patent/JPH0638723B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1991
- 1991-03-20 CA CA 2038719 patent/CA2038719C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2038719A1 (en) | 1991-09-24 |
| JPH0638723B2 (en) | 1994-05-25 |
| JPH03277215A (en) | 1991-12-09 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |