CA1239774A - Process of producing water permeable cement concrete constructions - Google Patents
Process of producing water permeable cement concrete constructionsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1239774A CA1239774A CA000453846A CA453846A CA1239774A CA 1239774 A CA1239774 A CA 1239774A CA 000453846 A CA000453846 A CA 000453846A CA 453846 A CA453846 A CA 453846A CA 1239774 A CA1239774 A CA 1239774A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cement
- weight
- water
- cement concrete
- mixture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C11/00—Details of pavings
- E01C11/22—Gutters; Kerbs ; Surface drainage of streets, roads or like traffic areas
- E01C11/224—Surface drainage of streets
- E01C11/225—Paving specially adapted for through-the-surfacing drainage, e.g. perforated, porous; Preformed paving elements comprising, or adapted to form, passageways for carrying off drainage
- E01C11/226—Coherent pavings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00241—Physical properties of the materials not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00284—Materials permeable to liquids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/30—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation in transportation, e.g. on roads, waterways or railways
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A cement concrete construction having high water permeability and strength is obtained by kneading a cement concrete mixture composed of portland cement, a binder, and an aggregate having particle sizes in a specific range and hardening the kneaded mixture.
The water permeability attained by the process of this invention is in the order of 10-1 to 10-4 cm/sec.
or in the order of 10-1 to 10° cm/sec. The hardened product has sufficient strength for use in sidewalk pave-ment, parking place.
A cement concrete construction having high water permeability and strength is obtained by kneading a cement concrete mixture composed of portland cement, a binder, and an aggregate having particle sizes in a specific range and hardening the kneaded mixture.
The water permeability attained by the process of this invention is in the order of 10-1 to 10-4 cm/sec.
or in the order of 10-1 to 10° cm/sec. The hardened product has sufficient strength for use in sidewalk pave-ment, parking place.
Description
~23~
PROCESS OF PRODUCING WATER-PERMEABLE
CEMENT CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS
This invention relates to a process of producing water-permeable cement concrete constructions and, more particular-lye to cement concrete constructions having excellent water-permeability and strength suitable for use as, for example, road surfaces.
With the recent progress of city planning, evil influences by city planning have become remarkable in various fields.
One of these evil influences is the interruption of permeation owe water through the surface of the earth by asphalt pavements, concrete pavements, and various buildings and constructions. That is, hitherto, rain water naturally permeates into the earth but the permeation of rain water it inhibited by the foregoing causes, which causes the abrupt reduction of subterranean water, the subsidence of ground caused by the reduction of subterranean water, the delay of the growth of trees, the ecological adaptation of living things in the earth, and flooding of rivers by concentrated heavy rains occurring in various districts , ~23~
almost every year. These accidents and troubles now become big objects of public concern and the settlement of these troubles has been urgent need.
Accordingly, the development of pavements having water permeability has been strongly desired and water-permeable asphalt has hitherto been known as one of such counter plans. However, a water permeable asphalt pavement is not always satisfactory since the asphalt is poor in water permeability and water retentivity, the asphalt is melted by the sunlight to cause clogging, whereby the water permeability of the asphalt pavement is reduced, and the strength of the asphalt pavement changes with the passage of time.
On the other hand, it has hitherto been considered that a water-permeable concrete using cement concrete cannot make constructions having sufficient water permeability and strength sod a water-permeable concrete for practical use has not yet been known.
A road structure made by using a synthetic binder and an aggregate without using cement is known as shown in Japanese Patent Publication No. 14,855/'78 but such a structure is unsuitable for practical use in construe-lion work and cost. A process of producing a water-permeable concrete block composed ox two concrete layers containing relatively fine macadam and relatively coarse macadam, respectively is disclosed in Japanese Patent I,.
_ Publication (Unexamined) Nos. 10,620/'78 and 30,628/'78.
However, these concrete blocks are not always satisfactory in the point of water permeability as well as the unswept-ability for executing a large scale construction on the spot.
As the result of various investigations for obtaining cement concrete constructions having excellent water permeability and capable of being used as practical road surfaces, the inventor has discovered that a cement concrete construction made of specific compounded materials has excellent water-permeability and strength and shows very less change of the water permeability and strength with the passage of time, and based on the discovery, the inventor has succeeded in attaining this invention. It can be said that the discovery is utterly unexpected in view of that the production of a satisfactory water permeable concrete has hitherto been considered to be difficult.
Thus, accordirlg to the first embodiment of this invention, there is provided a process of producing a water-permeable cement concrete, which comprises kneading a mixture of 300 to 400 kg of port land cement per my of the cement concrete mixture and 0.008 to 0.04 part by weight (as solid component) of a binder and 0.3 to -- 3 .
0.45 part by weight of water per one part by weight of the port land cement, the rest being an aggregate sand and I macadam in a weight ratio of 5 . 95 to 20 : 80;
flowing or casting the kneaded mixture thus obtained, and hardening the mixture.
Also, according to the second embodiment of this invention, there is provided a process of producing a water-permeable cement concrete construction, which comprises kneading a cement concrete mixture of 300 to 400 kg of port land cement per my of the cement concrete mixture and 0.005 to 0.1 parts by weight, preferably 0.008 to 0.04 part by weight, of a binder and 0.35 to 0.45 part by weight of water per one part by weight of the cement, the rest being an aggregate; said aggregate having the particle size distribution that the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 5 mm sieve is 50 to 100~, the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 2.5 mm sieve is 8 to 25%, preferably 8 to 18%
when a water/cement weight ratio is 0.35 to 0.43 and is 0 to 18%, preferably 5 to 15% when a cement/water weigh ratio is 0.43 exclusive to 0.45, and the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 1.2 mm sieve is 0 to 6%; flowing or casting the kneaded mixture thus obtained; and hardening the mixture.
I
The accompanying figure is a graph showing the particle distributions of aggregates used in the examples of this invention and comparison examples.
The first embodiment of the invention provides a process of producing a water-permeable cement concrete construction by kneading a mixture of 300 to 400 kg of port land cement per m of the cement concrete mixture and 0.008 to 0.04 part by weight of a binder and 0.3 to 0.45 part by weight of water per one part by weight of the cement, the rest being an aggregate comprising sand and #7 macadam in a weight of S : 95 to 20 : 80;
flowing or casing the kneaded mixture thus obtained;
and hardening the mixture The term I macadam means macadam which passes through 5 mm sieve but does not pass through a 2.5 mm sieve Also, the expression "per my of the cement concrete mixture" is concerned with a so-called theoretic eel density of the mixture calculated excluding the void in the mixture.
In the first embodiment of this invention, the Sunday macadam weight ratio in the aggregate comprising sand and I macadam must be 5 : 95 to 20 : 80. If the proportion TV
. ,:, .
~3~7~
of sand is low, the strength of the concrete tends to be reduced and hence a sand/macadam weight ratio of 5 95 is suitable for a sidewalk pavement and a sand/macadam weight ratio of higher than 10 90 is usually employed for a light traffic road pavement. When the weight ratio of sand/macadam is 15 : 85, the compressive strength I of 115 kg/cm2 is typically obtained On the other hand 7 if the proportion of sand is increased over the foregoing upper limit, the water permeability of the cement concrete construction becomes poor. also, a part of the above-described aggregate can be replaced with #6 macadam (having particle sizes of 13 mm to 5 mm) in an amount of, preferably, 10 to 30% by weight. This case is preferred in the point that the compressive strength increases to some extend I = 125-140 kg/cm2) but is accompanied by a disadvantage that the appearance of the concrete is not good owing to the presence of the large I macadam together with the I macadam.
The amount of port land cement in this invention is 300 to 400 kg, preferably 320 to 370 kg per m of the whole cement concrete mixture including water. If the amount of the cement is over 400 kg, the strength of the concrete is increased but the water permeability thereof is reduced, which is unsuitable for the object of this invention. On the other hand, if the amount - ..~
,, .
, " i ` ' , . .
I
of the cement is less than 300 kg, the strength of the concrete becomes insufficient.
Also, a binder is added to the cement mixture in an amount of 0.008 to 0.040 part by weight, preferably 0.015 to 0.03 part by weight per one part by weight of the cement. As the binder, any binder which is ordinary known as an additive for cement mortar can be used in this invention. Examples of the binder which can be used in this invention are natural or synthesis rubbers such as styrene-butadiene rubber SIR nitril-butadiene rubber (NOR), acrylic resins, epoxy resins, etc.
The binder is usually added as an emulsion thereof.
The foregoing amount of the binder indicates the amount of the resin in the emulsion as solid component. When, for example, a commercially available SIR series latex binder (JAR Tomahawk Super I ~æ~ made by Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd.; solid component of 45%) is used in the above-described range, the improvement of the bending strength of about lo Jo 60% is obtained.
If the binder is used over the above-describèd range, the water permeability of the concrete is greatly reduced, which is not preferred in this invention. Also, when an acrylic binder (X-5142, trade name, made by ARC Co., Ltd.) is used, the improvement of the bending strength of 60 to 90% is obtained. In the case of using an epoxy Yore Jerk I
series binder, the improvement of the bending strength of 20 to 40% is obtained but there is a disadvantage that the epoxy series binder does not generally show good workability.
The amount of water which is used in this invention is 0.30 to 0.45 part by weight, preferably 0~35 to 0.40 part by weight per one part by weight of the port land cement. If the amount of water is over the upper limit, the water permeability of the concrete it reduced, while if the amount of water is below the lower limit, it becomes impossible to perform sufficient kneading of the cement mixture.
Furthermore, in addition to the above-described essential components in this invention, other additives conventionally added to the cement concrete, such as red oxide for coloring, etc., can be added thereto in an amount of 3 to 5%.
The cement concrete construction in this invention includes, in general, cement concrete constructions which are required to have water permeability, such as pavements for sidewalk, parking place, etc., permeable concrete layers constructed under top soil for improving drainage, and cast blocks used for the aforesaid purposes.
The feature of the water permeable cement concrete constructions produced by the process of this invention is its large void age. That is, a water permeable cement concrete construction having a void age of 10 to 30%, preferably 15 to 25% can be obtained according to the process of this invention Therefore, the cement concrete construction in this invention is superior Jo a water permeable asphalt pavement in the points that the cement concrete in this invention temporarily retains water in the voids and thereafter the water permeates very quickly through the concrete. Moreover, the water permeable cement concrete construction produced by the process of this invention has the advantages of not causing clogging, change ox strength and water permeability thereof with the passage of time, and melting at high temperature US encountered in water permeable asphalt pavements.
Still further when small earth and sand carried by shoes and tires of cars accumulate on the surface of the cement concrete construction of this invention, they flow away through the voids of the concrete by a rain and hence cleaning of such earth and sand is unnecessary.
As to the water permeability coefficient, a water permeable cement concrete construction having the water permeability coefficient of the order of 10 1 to 10 cm/sec., typically the order of 10 1 to 10 3 cm/sec. is obtained by the process of this invention. A void age of 20~ eon-responds to the water permeability coefficient of the order of 10 1 cm/sec. and a void age of 15% corresponds .,,~ .
,~, I
to the water permeability coefficient of the order of cm/sec.
It must be especially mentioned that the water permeable cement concrete construction produced by the process of this invention has a sufficient strength for enduring practical use while the concrete construction shows the large void age and an excellent water permeability as described above. According to the process of this invention, a water permeable cement concrete pavement having a compressive strength of 200 to 300 kg/cm to weeks strength, cured in water maintained at 20C) and a bending strength of 20 to 30 kg/cm2 (4 whelks strength, cured in water maintained at 20C) are obtained.
A preferred example of the compounding ratio of the cement concrete mixture in this invention is as follows;
weight ratio of sand : I macadam: 15 : 85, cement: 350 kg/m3, binder: 0.04 part by weight as a 45% emulsion, based on the cement, and water: 0.4 part by weight including water contained in the emulsion, based on the cement.
Then, according to the second embodiment of this invention, there is provided a process of producing a cement concrete construction having the water permeability coefficient of the order of 10 1 to 10 cm/sec. Considering that a concrete having the water permeability coefficient I, ~3~7~
of the order of 10 1 to 10 cmJsec. has not hitherto been known and the production of such a concrete has been considered to be difficult, the above-described advantage of this invention is utterly astonishing.
That is, according to the second embodiment ox this invention there is provided a process ox producing a water permeable cement concrete construction, which comprises kneading a cement concrete mixture of 300 to 400 kg of port land cement per my of the cement Concrete mixture and 0.005 to 0.1 part by weight, preferably 0.008 to 0.04 part by weight of a binder and 0.35 to 0.45 part by weight of water per one part by weight of the cement, the rest being an aggregate; said aggregate having the particle size distribution that the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 5 mm sieve is 50 to 100%, preferably 75 to 100%, the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 2.5 mm sieve is 8 to 25%, preferably 8 to 18% when the water/cement weight ratio is 0.35 Tao and 0 to 18%, preferably 5 to 15%
when the water/cement weight ratio is 0.~3 (exclusive) to 0.45, end the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 1.2 mm sieve is 0 to 6%; flowing or casing the kneaded mixture thus obtained, and hardening the mixture. In this embodiment, the term "per my of the cement concrete mixture" is also concerned with a 50-called theoretical density calculated excluding the voids in .
I
the mixture.
The cement concrete constructions prepared according to the second embodiment of the process of this invention has excellent water permeability and sufficient strength and show very less change of the water permeability and strength wit~lthe passage of time.
In this embodiment, the water/cement weight ratio must be 0.35 to 0.45 and such an aggregate must be used that has the particle size distribution that the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 5 mm sieve is 50 to 100%, the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 2.5 mm sieve is 8 to 25%, and the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 1.2 mm sieve is 0 to 6% when the water/cement weight ratio is 0.35 to 0.43 or the particle size distribution that the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 5 mm sieve is 50 to 100%, the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 2.5 mm sieve is I 18%' and the weight percentage ox the particles passing through a 1.2 mm sieve is 0 to 6% when the water/cement weight ratio is 0.43 (exclusive) to 0.45. The aggregate which is used in this invention may contain larger macadam although the presence of the larger macadam reduces the appearance of the cement concrete product produced by the process of this invention. It is preferred in .
.
I
this embodiment of this invention that the weight percentage of particles passing through a 0.6 mm sieve be 0 to 3%. The size of the sieve employed in this specification is a nominal size. In the embodiment of this invention, by employing of the aggregate having the particle size distribution as very strictly defined as described above and the relation of the water/cement weight ratio as described above, the water permeability coefficient of the order as high as 10 l to 10 cm/sec. can be obtained and further a sufficiently high strength can be imparted to the cement concrete.
It is utterly astonishing that a cement concrete construction having a very high water permeability that has never been expected is obtained using the materials each known as a material for a cement concrete mixture and by defining and combining the components for the cement concrete mixture as described above according to this invention.
The lower limit of the particle size (the percentage of particles passing through each sieve) of the aggregate is determined mainly by the requirement for the water permeability For increasing the water permeability of the cement concrete construction, it is necessary to strictly control the proportion of the macadam having fine particle sizes. Since a macadam usually used in the field contain a considerable amount of fine sands :' I
in addition to the macadam of the nominal particle size range, in the case of defining the particle size range in the second embodiment of this invention, it is necessary to include these sands for the calculation. Accordingly, it is necessary to previously determine the proportion of the fine sands by separating the fine sands by washing the macadam and measuring the amount of the fine sands thus separated.
On the other hand, the upper limit of the particle size range (the percentage of particles passing through each sieve) of the aggregate is determined mainly by the requirement for the strength of the cement concrete construe-lion. From the viewpoint of the practical use, the investiga-lion was performed by paying attention to the 4 weeks bending strength keyword in water kept at 20C), to obtain a sufficient strength of higher than 20 kg/cm2, preferably higher than 25 kg/cm2 while attaining a high water permeability.
The amount of the port land cement in the second embodiment of the process of this invention is 300 to 400 kg, preferably 320 to 370 kg per my of the whole cement concrete mixture.
If the amount of the cement is larger than 400 kg, the strength is increased by the water permeability being reduced, which is unsuitable for the object of this invention.
On the other hand, if the amount of the cement is less than 300 kg, the strength becomes insufficient.
I
Furthermore, in this embodiment, a binder is added to the cement concrete mixture in an amount of 0.005 to 0.1 by weight, preferably 0.00~ to 0.04 part by weight per one part by weight of the cement. The binders as described in relation to the first embodiment of this invention can be used in the second embodiment.
The proportion of water in this embodiment of the invention is 0.35 to 0.45 part by weight per one part by weight of the cement. If water is used over the upper limit, the water permeability of the cement concrete is reduced, while if water is below the lower limit, it becomes difficult to perform surf fishnet kneading.
It must also be especially mentioned that the water permeable cement concrete construction produced by the second embodiment of the process of this invention has the sufficient strength while the cement Crusoe a sufficiently large void age and an excellent water permeability as described above. Accordingly to the second embodiment of this invention, a water permeable cement concrete pavement having a bending strength of higher than 25 kg/cm2 to weeks strength, I) is obtained. The pavements cured in water kept at 20 produced by the process of this invention can be used for a sidewalks, parking places, playgrounds, etc., as well as can sufficiently endure the use for a light traffic.
The invention will further be explained in the case of applying the invention to pavements.
~23~'7~
It is necessary to determine the depth of the cement concrete pavement in consideration of rainfall, rain Starr, load applied to the surface of the pavement, water retaining faculty of the pavement, supporting power of the roadbed, water permeability of the roadbed 9 etch In general, the depth of the pavement is about 10 cm for side-walk portion, about 15 cm for parking places, play fields, and about 15 cm to about 20 cm for light traffic roads.
Also, for reinforcing the pavement, ropes having high tensile strength (e. g., glass fiber nets) may be installed on the selection of the pavement.
At the execution of the water permeable cement concrete construction according to this-invention, the above described cement concrete mixture is mixed in a concrete plant equipped with a conventional installation, transported to the spot by means of a truck mixer or a damp truck, and is spread uniformly and flatly on the surface of road or the roadbed at a definite thickness by means of a finisher.
Then, the invention will be further explained by the following examples.
Examples 1 and 2 and Comparison Examples 1 and 20 Using each of the aggregates having the particle size distributions shown in Table 1, each cement concrete mixture composed of 350 kg of port land cement per my (theoretical) of the cement concrete mixture, 132.3 kg (excluding water I
contained in the following emulsion) of water, and 14 kg of a binder emulsion (JAR Tomahawk Super, solid content 6.3 kg), the rest being the aggregate, was kneaded and after casting the mixture, the mixture thus formed was hardened.
In each case the water/cement weight ratio was 0.40. The water permeability coefficient and the 4 weeks bending strength of each hardened product are shown in Table 1.
:
, Table l ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ \ Weight of macadam (A) (B) (C) . . \ passing through sieve .
\ 13 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1.2 mm __ __ __ Example 1 lo 85 15 4 O . 40 8YlO-l 26.3 Comparison Example l 100 85 4 -- 4 0.40 8.5xlO 1 19.0 Example 2 lo 85 20 4 0.40 1.3xlO 1 28.8 _. _ , _ ._ Comparison . -3 Example 2 lo 85 20 15 0.40 9.1xlO 30.5 _ , Jo _____ _ _ . . .
(A): Water/cement weight ratio (B): water permeability coefficient (cm/sec) (C): Bending strength (kg/cm2) As is clear from the results shown in Table 1, the samples in Examples l and 2 show an excellent water permeability coughs-en and bending strength but the samples in Comparison Examples 1 and 2 are inferior in bending strength and/or water permeability.
Jo ,, Example 3 and Comparison Example 3.
Using each of the aggregate having the particle size distribution shown in Table 2, each cement concrete mixture composed of 350 kg of port land cement per my (theoretical) of the cement concrete mixture and 148.8 kg of water (excluding water contained in the following binder emulsion and 15.8 kg of a binder emulsion (solid component 7.1 kg), the rest being the aggregate, was kneaded, costed, and hardened. Thus, the water/cement weight ratio was 0.45 in each case. The water permeability co-efficient and the 4 weeks bending strength of each hardened are shown in Table 2.
- 19 - .
., I
Table 2 - . ;
\ Weight % of macadam (A) (B) (C) \ passing through sieve \ 13 mm 5 mm¦ 2.5 mm 1.2 mm . .__~ _. _ .__ _ Example 3 100 85 10 4 0.45 4~5xlO 1 27.0 . _ .. _ __ Example 3 100 35 25 4 1 0.45 1.5~10 3 32.0 _ (A), (B) and (C) in Table 2 have the same meaning as in Table 1.
As is clear from the results shown in Table 2, the sample in Example 3 has an excellent water permeable coefficient and bending strength as compared with the sample in Comparison example 3.
PROCESS OF PRODUCING WATER-PERMEABLE
CEMENT CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS
This invention relates to a process of producing water-permeable cement concrete constructions and, more particular-lye to cement concrete constructions having excellent water-permeability and strength suitable for use as, for example, road surfaces.
With the recent progress of city planning, evil influences by city planning have become remarkable in various fields.
One of these evil influences is the interruption of permeation owe water through the surface of the earth by asphalt pavements, concrete pavements, and various buildings and constructions. That is, hitherto, rain water naturally permeates into the earth but the permeation of rain water it inhibited by the foregoing causes, which causes the abrupt reduction of subterranean water, the subsidence of ground caused by the reduction of subterranean water, the delay of the growth of trees, the ecological adaptation of living things in the earth, and flooding of rivers by concentrated heavy rains occurring in various districts , ~23~
almost every year. These accidents and troubles now become big objects of public concern and the settlement of these troubles has been urgent need.
Accordingly, the development of pavements having water permeability has been strongly desired and water-permeable asphalt has hitherto been known as one of such counter plans. However, a water permeable asphalt pavement is not always satisfactory since the asphalt is poor in water permeability and water retentivity, the asphalt is melted by the sunlight to cause clogging, whereby the water permeability of the asphalt pavement is reduced, and the strength of the asphalt pavement changes with the passage of time.
On the other hand, it has hitherto been considered that a water-permeable concrete using cement concrete cannot make constructions having sufficient water permeability and strength sod a water-permeable concrete for practical use has not yet been known.
A road structure made by using a synthetic binder and an aggregate without using cement is known as shown in Japanese Patent Publication No. 14,855/'78 but such a structure is unsuitable for practical use in construe-lion work and cost. A process of producing a water-permeable concrete block composed ox two concrete layers containing relatively fine macadam and relatively coarse macadam, respectively is disclosed in Japanese Patent I,.
_ Publication (Unexamined) Nos. 10,620/'78 and 30,628/'78.
However, these concrete blocks are not always satisfactory in the point of water permeability as well as the unswept-ability for executing a large scale construction on the spot.
As the result of various investigations for obtaining cement concrete constructions having excellent water permeability and capable of being used as practical road surfaces, the inventor has discovered that a cement concrete construction made of specific compounded materials has excellent water-permeability and strength and shows very less change of the water permeability and strength with the passage of time, and based on the discovery, the inventor has succeeded in attaining this invention. It can be said that the discovery is utterly unexpected in view of that the production of a satisfactory water permeable concrete has hitherto been considered to be difficult.
Thus, accordirlg to the first embodiment of this invention, there is provided a process of producing a water-permeable cement concrete, which comprises kneading a mixture of 300 to 400 kg of port land cement per my of the cement concrete mixture and 0.008 to 0.04 part by weight (as solid component) of a binder and 0.3 to -- 3 .
0.45 part by weight of water per one part by weight of the port land cement, the rest being an aggregate sand and I macadam in a weight ratio of 5 . 95 to 20 : 80;
flowing or casting the kneaded mixture thus obtained, and hardening the mixture.
Also, according to the second embodiment of this invention, there is provided a process of producing a water-permeable cement concrete construction, which comprises kneading a cement concrete mixture of 300 to 400 kg of port land cement per my of the cement concrete mixture and 0.005 to 0.1 parts by weight, preferably 0.008 to 0.04 part by weight, of a binder and 0.35 to 0.45 part by weight of water per one part by weight of the cement, the rest being an aggregate; said aggregate having the particle size distribution that the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 5 mm sieve is 50 to 100~, the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 2.5 mm sieve is 8 to 25%, preferably 8 to 18%
when a water/cement weight ratio is 0.35 to 0.43 and is 0 to 18%, preferably 5 to 15% when a cement/water weigh ratio is 0.43 exclusive to 0.45, and the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 1.2 mm sieve is 0 to 6%; flowing or casting the kneaded mixture thus obtained; and hardening the mixture.
I
The accompanying figure is a graph showing the particle distributions of aggregates used in the examples of this invention and comparison examples.
The first embodiment of the invention provides a process of producing a water-permeable cement concrete construction by kneading a mixture of 300 to 400 kg of port land cement per m of the cement concrete mixture and 0.008 to 0.04 part by weight of a binder and 0.3 to 0.45 part by weight of water per one part by weight of the cement, the rest being an aggregate comprising sand and #7 macadam in a weight of S : 95 to 20 : 80;
flowing or casing the kneaded mixture thus obtained;
and hardening the mixture The term I macadam means macadam which passes through 5 mm sieve but does not pass through a 2.5 mm sieve Also, the expression "per my of the cement concrete mixture" is concerned with a so-called theoretic eel density of the mixture calculated excluding the void in the mixture.
In the first embodiment of this invention, the Sunday macadam weight ratio in the aggregate comprising sand and I macadam must be 5 : 95 to 20 : 80. If the proportion TV
. ,:, .
~3~7~
of sand is low, the strength of the concrete tends to be reduced and hence a sand/macadam weight ratio of 5 95 is suitable for a sidewalk pavement and a sand/macadam weight ratio of higher than 10 90 is usually employed for a light traffic road pavement. When the weight ratio of sand/macadam is 15 : 85, the compressive strength I of 115 kg/cm2 is typically obtained On the other hand 7 if the proportion of sand is increased over the foregoing upper limit, the water permeability of the cement concrete construction becomes poor. also, a part of the above-described aggregate can be replaced with #6 macadam (having particle sizes of 13 mm to 5 mm) in an amount of, preferably, 10 to 30% by weight. This case is preferred in the point that the compressive strength increases to some extend I = 125-140 kg/cm2) but is accompanied by a disadvantage that the appearance of the concrete is not good owing to the presence of the large I macadam together with the I macadam.
The amount of port land cement in this invention is 300 to 400 kg, preferably 320 to 370 kg per m of the whole cement concrete mixture including water. If the amount of the cement is over 400 kg, the strength of the concrete is increased but the water permeability thereof is reduced, which is unsuitable for the object of this invention. On the other hand, if the amount - ..~
,, .
, " i ` ' , . .
I
of the cement is less than 300 kg, the strength of the concrete becomes insufficient.
Also, a binder is added to the cement mixture in an amount of 0.008 to 0.040 part by weight, preferably 0.015 to 0.03 part by weight per one part by weight of the cement. As the binder, any binder which is ordinary known as an additive for cement mortar can be used in this invention. Examples of the binder which can be used in this invention are natural or synthesis rubbers such as styrene-butadiene rubber SIR nitril-butadiene rubber (NOR), acrylic resins, epoxy resins, etc.
The binder is usually added as an emulsion thereof.
The foregoing amount of the binder indicates the amount of the resin in the emulsion as solid component. When, for example, a commercially available SIR series latex binder (JAR Tomahawk Super I ~æ~ made by Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd.; solid component of 45%) is used in the above-described range, the improvement of the bending strength of about lo Jo 60% is obtained.
If the binder is used over the above-describèd range, the water permeability of the concrete is greatly reduced, which is not preferred in this invention. Also, when an acrylic binder (X-5142, trade name, made by ARC Co., Ltd.) is used, the improvement of the bending strength of 60 to 90% is obtained. In the case of using an epoxy Yore Jerk I
series binder, the improvement of the bending strength of 20 to 40% is obtained but there is a disadvantage that the epoxy series binder does not generally show good workability.
The amount of water which is used in this invention is 0.30 to 0.45 part by weight, preferably 0~35 to 0.40 part by weight per one part by weight of the port land cement. If the amount of water is over the upper limit, the water permeability of the concrete it reduced, while if the amount of water is below the lower limit, it becomes impossible to perform sufficient kneading of the cement mixture.
Furthermore, in addition to the above-described essential components in this invention, other additives conventionally added to the cement concrete, such as red oxide for coloring, etc., can be added thereto in an amount of 3 to 5%.
The cement concrete construction in this invention includes, in general, cement concrete constructions which are required to have water permeability, such as pavements for sidewalk, parking place, etc., permeable concrete layers constructed under top soil for improving drainage, and cast blocks used for the aforesaid purposes.
The feature of the water permeable cement concrete constructions produced by the process of this invention is its large void age. That is, a water permeable cement concrete construction having a void age of 10 to 30%, preferably 15 to 25% can be obtained according to the process of this invention Therefore, the cement concrete construction in this invention is superior Jo a water permeable asphalt pavement in the points that the cement concrete in this invention temporarily retains water in the voids and thereafter the water permeates very quickly through the concrete. Moreover, the water permeable cement concrete construction produced by the process of this invention has the advantages of not causing clogging, change ox strength and water permeability thereof with the passage of time, and melting at high temperature US encountered in water permeable asphalt pavements.
Still further when small earth and sand carried by shoes and tires of cars accumulate on the surface of the cement concrete construction of this invention, they flow away through the voids of the concrete by a rain and hence cleaning of such earth and sand is unnecessary.
As to the water permeability coefficient, a water permeable cement concrete construction having the water permeability coefficient of the order of 10 1 to 10 cm/sec., typically the order of 10 1 to 10 3 cm/sec. is obtained by the process of this invention. A void age of 20~ eon-responds to the water permeability coefficient of the order of 10 1 cm/sec. and a void age of 15% corresponds .,,~ .
,~, I
to the water permeability coefficient of the order of cm/sec.
It must be especially mentioned that the water permeable cement concrete construction produced by the process of this invention has a sufficient strength for enduring practical use while the concrete construction shows the large void age and an excellent water permeability as described above. According to the process of this invention, a water permeable cement concrete pavement having a compressive strength of 200 to 300 kg/cm to weeks strength, cured in water maintained at 20C) and a bending strength of 20 to 30 kg/cm2 (4 whelks strength, cured in water maintained at 20C) are obtained.
A preferred example of the compounding ratio of the cement concrete mixture in this invention is as follows;
weight ratio of sand : I macadam: 15 : 85, cement: 350 kg/m3, binder: 0.04 part by weight as a 45% emulsion, based on the cement, and water: 0.4 part by weight including water contained in the emulsion, based on the cement.
Then, according to the second embodiment of this invention, there is provided a process of producing a cement concrete construction having the water permeability coefficient of the order of 10 1 to 10 cm/sec. Considering that a concrete having the water permeability coefficient I, ~3~7~
of the order of 10 1 to 10 cmJsec. has not hitherto been known and the production of such a concrete has been considered to be difficult, the above-described advantage of this invention is utterly astonishing.
That is, according to the second embodiment ox this invention there is provided a process ox producing a water permeable cement concrete construction, which comprises kneading a cement concrete mixture of 300 to 400 kg of port land cement per my of the cement Concrete mixture and 0.005 to 0.1 part by weight, preferably 0.008 to 0.04 part by weight of a binder and 0.35 to 0.45 part by weight of water per one part by weight of the cement, the rest being an aggregate; said aggregate having the particle size distribution that the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 5 mm sieve is 50 to 100%, preferably 75 to 100%, the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 2.5 mm sieve is 8 to 25%, preferably 8 to 18% when the water/cement weight ratio is 0.35 Tao and 0 to 18%, preferably 5 to 15%
when the water/cement weight ratio is 0.~3 (exclusive) to 0.45, end the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 1.2 mm sieve is 0 to 6%; flowing or casing the kneaded mixture thus obtained, and hardening the mixture. In this embodiment, the term "per my of the cement concrete mixture" is also concerned with a 50-called theoretical density calculated excluding the voids in .
I
the mixture.
The cement concrete constructions prepared according to the second embodiment of the process of this invention has excellent water permeability and sufficient strength and show very less change of the water permeability and strength wit~lthe passage of time.
In this embodiment, the water/cement weight ratio must be 0.35 to 0.45 and such an aggregate must be used that has the particle size distribution that the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 5 mm sieve is 50 to 100%, the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 2.5 mm sieve is 8 to 25%, and the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 1.2 mm sieve is 0 to 6% when the water/cement weight ratio is 0.35 to 0.43 or the particle size distribution that the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 5 mm sieve is 50 to 100%, the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 2.5 mm sieve is I 18%' and the weight percentage ox the particles passing through a 1.2 mm sieve is 0 to 6% when the water/cement weight ratio is 0.43 (exclusive) to 0.45. The aggregate which is used in this invention may contain larger macadam although the presence of the larger macadam reduces the appearance of the cement concrete product produced by the process of this invention. It is preferred in .
.
I
this embodiment of this invention that the weight percentage of particles passing through a 0.6 mm sieve be 0 to 3%. The size of the sieve employed in this specification is a nominal size. In the embodiment of this invention, by employing of the aggregate having the particle size distribution as very strictly defined as described above and the relation of the water/cement weight ratio as described above, the water permeability coefficient of the order as high as 10 l to 10 cm/sec. can be obtained and further a sufficiently high strength can be imparted to the cement concrete.
It is utterly astonishing that a cement concrete construction having a very high water permeability that has never been expected is obtained using the materials each known as a material for a cement concrete mixture and by defining and combining the components for the cement concrete mixture as described above according to this invention.
The lower limit of the particle size (the percentage of particles passing through each sieve) of the aggregate is determined mainly by the requirement for the water permeability For increasing the water permeability of the cement concrete construction, it is necessary to strictly control the proportion of the macadam having fine particle sizes. Since a macadam usually used in the field contain a considerable amount of fine sands :' I
in addition to the macadam of the nominal particle size range, in the case of defining the particle size range in the second embodiment of this invention, it is necessary to include these sands for the calculation. Accordingly, it is necessary to previously determine the proportion of the fine sands by separating the fine sands by washing the macadam and measuring the amount of the fine sands thus separated.
On the other hand, the upper limit of the particle size range (the percentage of particles passing through each sieve) of the aggregate is determined mainly by the requirement for the strength of the cement concrete construe-lion. From the viewpoint of the practical use, the investiga-lion was performed by paying attention to the 4 weeks bending strength keyword in water kept at 20C), to obtain a sufficient strength of higher than 20 kg/cm2, preferably higher than 25 kg/cm2 while attaining a high water permeability.
The amount of the port land cement in the second embodiment of the process of this invention is 300 to 400 kg, preferably 320 to 370 kg per my of the whole cement concrete mixture.
If the amount of the cement is larger than 400 kg, the strength is increased by the water permeability being reduced, which is unsuitable for the object of this invention.
On the other hand, if the amount of the cement is less than 300 kg, the strength becomes insufficient.
I
Furthermore, in this embodiment, a binder is added to the cement concrete mixture in an amount of 0.005 to 0.1 by weight, preferably 0.00~ to 0.04 part by weight per one part by weight of the cement. The binders as described in relation to the first embodiment of this invention can be used in the second embodiment.
The proportion of water in this embodiment of the invention is 0.35 to 0.45 part by weight per one part by weight of the cement. If water is used over the upper limit, the water permeability of the cement concrete is reduced, while if water is below the lower limit, it becomes difficult to perform surf fishnet kneading.
It must also be especially mentioned that the water permeable cement concrete construction produced by the second embodiment of the process of this invention has the sufficient strength while the cement Crusoe a sufficiently large void age and an excellent water permeability as described above. Accordingly to the second embodiment of this invention, a water permeable cement concrete pavement having a bending strength of higher than 25 kg/cm2 to weeks strength, I) is obtained. The pavements cured in water kept at 20 produced by the process of this invention can be used for a sidewalks, parking places, playgrounds, etc., as well as can sufficiently endure the use for a light traffic.
The invention will further be explained in the case of applying the invention to pavements.
~23~'7~
It is necessary to determine the depth of the cement concrete pavement in consideration of rainfall, rain Starr, load applied to the surface of the pavement, water retaining faculty of the pavement, supporting power of the roadbed, water permeability of the roadbed 9 etch In general, the depth of the pavement is about 10 cm for side-walk portion, about 15 cm for parking places, play fields, and about 15 cm to about 20 cm for light traffic roads.
Also, for reinforcing the pavement, ropes having high tensile strength (e. g., glass fiber nets) may be installed on the selection of the pavement.
At the execution of the water permeable cement concrete construction according to this-invention, the above described cement concrete mixture is mixed in a concrete plant equipped with a conventional installation, transported to the spot by means of a truck mixer or a damp truck, and is spread uniformly and flatly on the surface of road or the roadbed at a definite thickness by means of a finisher.
Then, the invention will be further explained by the following examples.
Examples 1 and 2 and Comparison Examples 1 and 20 Using each of the aggregates having the particle size distributions shown in Table 1, each cement concrete mixture composed of 350 kg of port land cement per my (theoretical) of the cement concrete mixture, 132.3 kg (excluding water I
contained in the following emulsion) of water, and 14 kg of a binder emulsion (JAR Tomahawk Super, solid content 6.3 kg), the rest being the aggregate, was kneaded and after casting the mixture, the mixture thus formed was hardened.
In each case the water/cement weight ratio was 0.40. The water permeability coefficient and the 4 weeks bending strength of each hardened product are shown in Table 1.
:
, Table l ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ \ Weight of macadam (A) (B) (C) . . \ passing through sieve .
\ 13 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 1.2 mm __ __ __ Example 1 lo 85 15 4 O . 40 8YlO-l 26.3 Comparison Example l 100 85 4 -- 4 0.40 8.5xlO 1 19.0 Example 2 lo 85 20 4 0.40 1.3xlO 1 28.8 _. _ , _ ._ Comparison . -3 Example 2 lo 85 20 15 0.40 9.1xlO 30.5 _ , Jo _____ _ _ . . .
(A): Water/cement weight ratio (B): water permeability coefficient (cm/sec) (C): Bending strength (kg/cm2) As is clear from the results shown in Table 1, the samples in Examples l and 2 show an excellent water permeability coughs-en and bending strength but the samples in Comparison Examples 1 and 2 are inferior in bending strength and/or water permeability.
Jo ,, Example 3 and Comparison Example 3.
Using each of the aggregate having the particle size distribution shown in Table 2, each cement concrete mixture composed of 350 kg of port land cement per my (theoretical) of the cement concrete mixture and 148.8 kg of water (excluding water contained in the following binder emulsion and 15.8 kg of a binder emulsion (solid component 7.1 kg), the rest being the aggregate, was kneaded, costed, and hardened. Thus, the water/cement weight ratio was 0.45 in each case. The water permeability co-efficient and the 4 weeks bending strength of each hardened are shown in Table 2.
- 19 - .
., I
Table 2 - . ;
\ Weight % of macadam (A) (B) (C) \ passing through sieve \ 13 mm 5 mm¦ 2.5 mm 1.2 mm . .__~ _. _ .__ _ Example 3 100 85 10 4 0.45 4~5xlO 1 27.0 . _ .. _ __ Example 3 100 35 25 4 1 0.45 1.5~10 3 32.0 _ (A), (B) and (C) in Table 2 have the same meaning as in Table 1.
As is clear from the results shown in Table 2, the sample in Example 3 has an excellent water permeable coefficient and bending strength as compared with the sample in Comparison example 3.
Claims (9)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A process of producing a water permeable cement concrete construction, which comprises kneading a mixture of 300 to 400 kg of port land cement per m3 of the cement concrete mixture and 0.008 to 0.04 part by weight of a binder and 0.3 to 0.45 part by weight of water per one part by weight of the cement, the rest being an aggregate comprising sand and #7 macadam in a weight ratio of 5 : 95 to 20 : 80; flowing or casting the kneaded mixture thus obtained;
and hardening the mixture.
and hardening the mixture.
2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of sand to #7 macadam is 10 : 90 to 15 : 85.
3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proportion of the binder in the cement concrete mixture is 0.015 to 0.03 part by weight per one part by weight of the cement.
4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proportion of water in the cement concrete mixture is 0.35 to 0.40 part by weight per one part by weight of the cement.
5. The process as claimed in claim l, wherein the proportion of portland cement is 320 to 370 kg per m3 of the cement concrete mixture.
6. A process of producing a water permeable cement concrete construction, which comprises kneading a cement concrete mixture of 300 to 400 kg of portland cement per m3 of the cement concrete mixture and 0.005 to 0.1 part by weight of a binder and 0.35 to 0.45 part by weight of water per one part by weight of the cement, the rest being an aggregate; said aggregate having the particle size distribution that the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 5 mm sieve is 50 to 100%, the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 2.5 mm sieve is 8 to 25% when a water/cement weight ratio is 0.35 to 0.43 and is 0 to 18% when a water/cement weight ratio is 0.43 (exclusive) to 0.45%, and the weight percentage of the particles passing through a 1.2 mm sieve is 0 to 6%; flowing or casting the kneaded mixture thus obtained; and hardening the mixture.
7. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the weight percentage of the aggregate passing through a 0.6 mm sieve is 0 to 3%.
8. The process as claimed in claim 6 or 7, wherein the proportion of the binder in the cement concrete mixture is 0.015 to 0.03 part by weight per one part by weight of the cement.
9. The process as claimed in claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the proportion of the cement in the cement concrete mixture it 320 to 370 kg per m3 of the mixture.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP58-80063 | 1983-05-10 | ||
| JP58080063A JPH0799002B2 (en) | 1983-05-10 | 1983-05-10 | Method for manufacturing permeable cement concrete construct |
| JP59-67441 | 1984-04-06 | ||
| JP59067441A JPS60215565A (en) | 1984-04-06 | 1984-04-06 | Manufacture of cement concrete product with high water permeability |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1239774A true CA1239774A (en) | 1988-08-02 |
Family
ID=26408656
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000453846A Expired CA1239774A (en) | 1983-05-10 | 1984-05-08 | Process of producing water permeable cement concrete constructions |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1239774A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3417024A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2545819B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2142329B (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2613356A1 (en) * | 1987-04-06 | 1988-10-07 | Jean Andre | Process for the manufacture of a cellular material of high permeability, material obtained |
| JPH02157302A (en) * | 1988-12-08 | 1990-06-18 | Sato Doro Kk | Permeable cement concrete board |
| JP2529801B2 (en) * | 1992-03-11 | 1996-09-04 | 佐藤道路株式会社 | Method for manufacturing improved permeable concrete pavement |
| AT1445U1 (en) * | 1996-03-18 | 1997-05-26 | Karl Oberhofer | SCREED AND METHOD AND A DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| US7341661B2 (en) | 2000-11-16 | 2008-03-11 | Unit Process Technologies, L.L.C. | Clarification and sorptive-filtration system for the capture of constituents and particulate matter in liquids and gases |
| IT1405234B1 (en) * | 2011-02-21 | 2014-01-03 | Betonrossi Spa | DRAINING CEMENTITIOUS CONGLOMERATE MIXTURE |
| CN105622132B (en) * | 2015-12-30 | 2017-07-07 | 中城投集团第八工程局有限公司 | A kind of sponge urban environmental protection regeneration aggregate pervious concrete and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB588934A (en) * | 1944-12-15 | 1947-06-06 | John Stanley Morgan | Improvements in or relating to the building of concrete structures |
| GB808785A (en) * | 1956-10-16 | 1959-02-11 | Pleun Keyzer | A method of manufacturing a filler for asphaltic bitumen |
| CH528452A (en) * | 1967-11-04 | 1972-09-30 | Dyckerhoff Zementwerke Ag | Prodn of mortar contng methylcellulose and vinyl |
| GB1260469A (en) * | 1968-04-03 | 1972-01-19 | English Clays Lovering Pochin | Artificial roadstones, and bituminous compositions containing the same for use in roads, airfield runways and the like |
| CH572007A5 (en) * | 1972-10-24 | 1976-01-30 | Oleag Ag | Liq. plastic-cement coatings for asphalt-concrete - contg. vinyl polymers, has good resistance to wear, weather and fuels |
| US4108813A (en) * | 1973-12-17 | 1978-08-22 | Albert Lee Roberts | Cementitious flooring composition containing mixture of intermeshing particles of substantially spherical quartz sand |
-
1984
- 1984-05-08 CA CA000453846A patent/CA1239774A/en not_active Expired
- 1984-05-09 DE DE19843417024 patent/DE3417024A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1984-05-09 FR FR8407131A patent/FR2545819B1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-05-09 GB GB08411748A patent/GB2142329B/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2545819A1 (en) | 1984-11-16 |
| GB8411748D0 (en) | 1984-06-13 |
| FR2545819B1 (en) | 1987-06-12 |
| DE3417024A1 (en) | 1984-11-29 |
| GB2142329A (en) | 1985-01-16 |
| GB2142329B (en) | 1986-09-17 |
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