CA1230855A - Ground anode prepacked with backfill in a flexible structure for cathode protection with impressed currents - Google Patents
Ground anode prepacked with backfill in a flexible structure for cathode protection with impressed currentsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1230855A CA1230855A CA000452543A CA452543A CA1230855A CA 1230855 A CA1230855 A CA 1230855A CA 000452543 A CA000452543 A CA 000452543A CA 452543 A CA452543 A CA 452543A CA 1230855 A CA1230855 A CA 1230855A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- flexible
- anodic
- backfill
- elements
- external casing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002008 calcined petroleum coke Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000599 Cr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004210 cathodic protection Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000788 chromium alloy Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000282320 Panthera leo Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001415849 Strigiformes Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241001077262 Conga Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020289 caffè mocha Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
- C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
- Primary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract:
"Ground anode prepacked with backfill in a flexible structure for cathode protection with impressed currents"
Flexible ground anode prepacked with backfill for cathode protection with impressed currents, made up by a flexible anodic conductor (1), surrounded by backfill and coaxially centered as to the flexible external casing (2) by means of spacers (3), which function also as current distributors to the casing itself, and supporting the anodic elements (4). The flexible casing (2) and elements (3) are constituted by metallic materials corrodable by the current.
"Ground anode prepacked with backfill in a flexible structure for cathode protection with impressed currents"
Flexible ground anode prepacked with backfill for cathode protection with impressed currents, made up by a flexible anodic conductor (1), surrounded by backfill and coaxially centered as to the flexible external casing (2) by means of spacers (3), which function also as current distributors to the casing itself, and supporting the anodic elements (4). The flexible casing (2) and elements (3) are constituted by metallic materials corrodable by the current.
Description
"Ground anode repacked with backfill in a flexible structure for cathode protection with impressed currents"
This invention relates to a ground anode repacked with backfill in a flexible structure for cathode protection with impressed currents, comprising an anodic conductor held by means of special spacers in a substantially co-axial way inside a flexible casing made of corrodablemetallic material filled with a conductive carbon back-fill in loose form. The anode of this invention is therefore particularly useful for the electro-chemical protection of pipelines such as oil pipelines and gas pipelines, drilling platforms and, in general, any other type of metallic structure located in special natural environments.
The known types of ground anodes (see for example US patent 4,279,729, EPIC 0084875 published August 10, 1983 and EPIC 129886 published January 2, 1985 of the applicant, and JOY. Jacobs in Material Performances, 1981, PP. 17, 23) are usually installed according to the deep well technique or the horizontal ground-bed technique. The first technique calls or a hole in the soil near the structures to be protected, of the appropriate depth (usually 50 to 150 meters) and a diameter of ten or more centimeters. One pro-coeds then to lower the anodic chain in the above mentioned hole and to pump in backfill mixed with I' lZ3(~35~
water from the bottom of the hole. Once filled, the hole is closed, still leaving a means for the anodic gas to escape.
The problems connected with the deep well technic 5 qua come from the difficulty of pumping the backfill, which must be used in an extremely subdivided form and, therefore, does not generally favor the easy elimination of gases together with the necessity to free the hole of drilling mud before pumping.
10 It is necessary, moreover, to evaluate the level of backfill, calculating the volume pumped, or through resistance measurements on the anodes of the chain. Lastly, in the frequent case of well cawing recovery, the compactness of the backfill is negate-15 very influenced or disturbed.
In surface embedding, it is necessary to have trench which is first initially filled with back-fill; after the installation of the anodes which are spaced from one another together with complex 20 lion of the electric connections between the various anodes and linking cable to the rectifier, the iron-ah is filled with a second amount of backfill which may be compacted.
In surface installation, on the other hand, I-25 zeable quantities of backfill must be used wicker not strictly necessary for a low ground resis~an go. The above is made more difficult by the square, rather than circular, cross section of the trench, by the difficulties of achieving a good compactness of I, the backfill and by the possibility of bed discontinuity because of trench covering.
Both techniques, therefore, suffer from obvious practical and operative difficulties which have been sought to be remedied by repacked anodes in special con-trainers or rigid cartridges (see US patent n. 4,400,259, 3,725,699 and "Design and construction of replaceable deep anode ground beds JO Datum Thea. Into Conga. Metallic Corrosion (Thea ICMC), Main, W. Germany, Sept. 1981).
The use of such repacked electrodes overcomes specific problems relating to the backfilling of the well and trench, but leaves unsolved the logistic convenience use problems including installation. Also, a rigid structure of significant length in meters involves severe problems in transport and site installation.
The aim of the present invention, as defined in the claim, to to overcome the above mentioned problems.
The anodic structure, which is the subject matter of the present application, is such that it retains or keeps captive the external geometrical characteristics and the compactness of the backfill until the cathode protection plant is started.
The invention in its broadest aspect relates to a ground anode repacked with backfill for cathodic pro-section against impressed currents comprising: (a) acorrodable and flexible entirely metallic external casing;
(b) a flexible conductor coccal centered as to said .' owls - pa -external casing; (c) one or more anodic elements sun-rounding said flexible conductor, said one or more anodic elements being of such length and spaced at such intervals along said cable so as to maintain said conductor and anodic elements in a flexible condition; (d) one or more spacers connected at lengthwise intervals between the flexible external casing and said anodic elements, said spacers functioning to hold said anodic elements coaxial relative to said external casing; (e) repacked backfill compacted within said external casing and surrounding said anodic elements and flexible conductor; and (f) sealing elements at each end of the casing.
Commencing with the supply of current one has, the metallic parts which define the external flex-isle casing and the spacers which hold the anodicconductor coccal to the flexible and corrodible .' so casing and which, at the same time, contribute to the distribution of current on the external casing. Once the external casing is corroded to exhaustion the anode will be homogeneously surrounded by backfill and will provide an ideal output. Another advantage of this anode system is that of eliminating pumping and covering, a procedure which is often time consuming and inconvenient. This system on the contrary, offers an easy and quick install lotion means thanks to the flexibility of the structure, lo a characteristic which is particularly adaptable for transport. The correct backfill compaction during in-stallation is obtained by means of an elastic continued pressure generated by elements (screen, bands, etc.) of a suitable material positioned at intervals and at the ends of the anodic assembly. Thus an excessive crumb-lying of the particles of backfill is avoided during the above mentioned stages.
The following illustrates in greater detail the in-mention referring to the illustrations which represents an example of execution.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal view of the anode subject matter of the present invention, while Figure 2 is a cross section view. Reference 1 indicates the flexible anodic conductor, as a non limiting example produced in accordance with the EPIC 129886, centered coccal as to the external casing 2 by the spacer 3. The latter may So have the form of perorated disk to allow filling with coke, and is sufficiently elastic to permit electric contact between the central anode and the external casing.
The reference 4 indicate the anodic elements in the form of cable and wire between segments of tug best Element 5 represents a screen of appropriate material capable of providing an elastic thrust to the backfill 6. The end piece 7 is constituted of the appropriate plastic material (polypropylene, PVC, reinforced polyester) and both ends are fitted with a cable clamp 8 which blocks the cable.
The anodic conductor 1 consists of an electric cable with a rubber-covered copper core to which the anodic elements 4 are connected, which may be in the form of wire, tube, extruded cable, rod, etc.
The spacing between the various elements and the length of these guarantee the flexibility of the con doctor 1. The anodic materials which can be convey neonatal used include natural graphite or graphite treated with organic substances, Fe So or alloys Fe So Or, Platinum plated Titanium, Niobium or Tantalum, with or without a copper conducting core, possibly activated by means of metal oxide conductors and/or ceramic coverings.
The flexible external casing 2 and the spacers 3 are, instead, made of an electro-corrodable metallic material, for example galvanized iron, Fe, Al, Cut or alloys of these. The casing 2 is flexible, mocha Nikolai resistant and extensible.
The backfill is, lastly, appropriately constituted of graphite, metallurgical coke or calcined petroleum coke, in lose form or fixed with no more than that 10% of organic glue or a fluidizing agent.
The backfill, the particles of which will prefer-by have a diameter no greater than 10 mm, is compact ted by vibration inside the casing 2 and therefore subjected to an elastic thrust by means of element S.
The dimensions of the anodic structure of the invent lion, in themselves not critical, will normally be between 1 and 10 meters in length and from 10 to 500 mm in diameter, preferably from 100 to 300 mm. Mario us units can be joined together in series to achieve the desired total length, up to 100 meters for exam-pie. The current produced, as will be obvious to the expert of the field, will be a function of the type of backfill, its compaction, etc. and will normally be between Owls A/m and 8 A/ , though this range would not be considered as a limit. It is moreover obvious that many changes of form, materials, dime sons, etc.) can be made to the anodic structure sub jet matter of this invention, without deviating from inventive concept of this invention.
This invention relates to a ground anode repacked with backfill in a flexible structure for cathode protection with impressed currents, comprising an anodic conductor held by means of special spacers in a substantially co-axial way inside a flexible casing made of corrodablemetallic material filled with a conductive carbon back-fill in loose form. The anode of this invention is therefore particularly useful for the electro-chemical protection of pipelines such as oil pipelines and gas pipelines, drilling platforms and, in general, any other type of metallic structure located in special natural environments.
The known types of ground anodes (see for example US patent 4,279,729, EPIC 0084875 published August 10, 1983 and EPIC 129886 published January 2, 1985 of the applicant, and JOY. Jacobs in Material Performances, 1981, PP. 17, 23) are usually installed according to the deep well technique or the horizontal ground-bed technique. The first technique calls or a hole in the soil near the structures to be protected, of the appropriate depth (usually 50 to 150 meters) and a diameter of ten or more centimeters. One pro-coeds then to lower the anodic chain in the above mentioned hole and to pump in backfill mixed with I' lZ3(~35~
water from the bottom of the hole. Once filled, the hole is closed, still leaving a means for the anodic gas to escape.
The problems connected with the deep well technic 5 qua come from the difficulty of pumping the backfill, which must be used in an extremely subdivided form and, therefore, does not generally favor the easy elimination of gases together with the necessity to free the hole of drilling mud before pumping.
10 It is necessary, moreover, to evaluate the level of backfill, calculating the volume pumped, or through resistance measurements on the anodes of the chain. Lastly, in the frequent case of well cawing recovery, the compactness of the backfill is negate-15 very influenced or disturbed.
In surface embedding, it is necessary to have trench which is first initially filled with back-fill; after the installation of the anodes which are spaced from one another together with complex 20 lion of the electric connections between the various anodes and linking cable to the rectifier, the iron-ah is filled with a second amount of backfill which may be compacted.
In surface installation, on the other hand, I-25 zeable quantities of backfill must be used wicker not strictly necessary for a low ground resis~an go. The above is made more difficult by the square, rather than circular, cross section of the trench, by the difficulties of achieving a good compactness of I, the backfill and by the possibility of bed discontinuity because of trench covering.
Both techniques, therefore, suffer from obvious practical and operative difficulties which have been sought to be remedied by repacked anodes in special con-trainers or rigid cartridges (see US patent n. 4,400,259, 3,725,699 and "Design and construction of replaceable deep anode ground beds JO Datum Thea. Into Conga. Metallic Corrosion (Thea ICMC), Main, W. Germany, Sept. 1981).
The use of such repacked electrodes overcomes specific problems relating to the backfilling of the well and trench, but leaves unsolved the logistic convenience use problems including installation. Also, a rigid structure of significant length in meters involves severe problems in transport and site installation.
The aim of the present invention, as defined in the claim, to to overcome the above mentioned problems.
The anodic structure, which is the subject matter of the present application, is such that it retains or keeps captive the external geometrical characteristics and the compactness of the backfill until the cathode protection plant is started.
The invention in its broadest aspect relates to a ground anode repacked with backfill for cathodic pro-section against impressed currents comprising: (a) acorrodable and flexible entirely metallic external casing;
(b) a flexible conductor coccal centered as to said .' owls - pa -external casing; (c) one or more anodic elements sun-rounding said flexible conductor, said one or more anodic elements being of such length and spaced at such intervals along said cable so as to maintain said conductor and anodic elements in a flexible condition; (d) one or more spacers connected at lengthwise intervals between the flexible external casing and said anodic elements, said spacers functioning to hold said anodic elements coaxial relative to said external casing; (e) repacked backfill compacted within said external casing and surrounding said anodic elements and flexible conductor; and (f) sealing elements at each end of the casing.
Commencing with the supply of current one has, the metallic parts which define the external flex-isle casing and the spacers which hold the anodicconductor coccal to the flexible and corrodible .' so casing and which, at the same time, contribute to the distribution of current on the external casing. Once the external casing is corroded to exhaustion the anode will be homogeneously surrounded by backfill and will provide an ideal output. Another advantage of this anode system is that of eliminating pumping and covering, a procedure which is often time consuming and inconvenient. This system on the contrary, offers an easy and quick install lotion means thanks to the flexibility of the structure, lo a characteristic which is particularly adaptable for transport. The correct backfill compaction during in-stallation is obtained by means of an elastic continued pressure generated by elements (screen, bands, etc.) of a suitable material positioned at intervals and at the ends of the anodic assembly. Thus an excessive crumb-lying of the particles of backfill is avoided during the above mentioned stages.
The following illustrates in greater detail the in-mention referring to the illustrations which represents an example of execution.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal view of the anode subject matter of the present invention, while Figure 2 is a cross section view. Reference 1 indicates the flexible anodic conductor, as a non limiting example produced in accordance with the EPIC 129886, centered coccal as to the external casing 2 by the spacer 3. The latter may So have the form of perorated disk to allow filling with coke, and is sufficiently elastic to permit electric contact between the central anode and the external casing.
The reference 4 indicate the anodic elements in the form of cable and wire between segments of tug best Element 5 represents a screen of appropriate material capable of providing an elastic thrust to the backfill 6. The end piece 7 is constituted of the appropriate plastic material (polypropylene, PVC, reinforced polyester) and both ends are fitted with a cable clamp 8 which blocks the cable.
The anodic conductor 1 consists of an electric cable with a rubber-covered copper core to which the anodic elements 4 are connected, which may be in the form of wire, tube, extruded cable, rod, etc.
The spacing between the various elements and the length of these guarantee the flexibility of the con doctor 1. The anodic materials which can be convey neonatal used include natural graphite or graphite treated with organic substances, Fe So or alloys Fe So Or, Platinum plated Titanium, Niobium or Tantalum, with or without a copper conducting core, possibly activated by means of metal oxide conductors and/or ceramic coverings.
The flexible external casing 2 and the spacers 3 are, instead, made of an electro-corrodable metallic material, for example galvanized iron, Fe, Al, Cut or alloys of these. The casing 2 is flexible, mocha Nikolai resistant and extensible.
The backfill is, lastly, appropriately constituted of graphite, metallurgical coke or calcined petroleum coke, in lose form or fixed with no more than that 10% of organic glue or a fluidizing agent.
The backfill, the particles of which will prefer-by have a diameter no greater than 10 mm, is compact ted by vibration inside the casing 2 and therefore subjected to an elastic thrust by means of element S.
The dimensions of the anodic structure of the invent lion, in themselves not critical, will normally be between 1 and 10 meters in length and from 10 to 500 mm in diameter, preferably from 100 to 300 mm. Mario us units can be joined together in series to achieve the desired total length, up to 100 meters for exam-pie. The current produced, as will be obvious to the expert of the field, will be a function of the type of backfill, its compaction, etc. and will normally be between Owls A/m and 8 A/ , though this range would not be considered as a limit. It is moreover obvious that many changes of form, materials, dime sons, etc.) can be made to the anodic structure sub jet matter of this invention, without deviating from inventive concept of this invention.
Claims (8)
1. A ground anode prepacked with backfill for cathodic protection against impressed currents comprising:
(a) a corrodable and flexible entirely metallic external casing;
(b) a flexible conductor coaxially centered as to said external casing;
(c) one or more anodic elements surrounding said flexible conductor, said one or more anodic elements being of such length and spaced at such intervals along said cable so as to maintain said conductor and anodic elements in a flexible condition;
(d) one or more spacers connected at lengthwise intervals between the flexible external casing and said anodic elements, said spacers functioning to hold said ano-dic elements coaxial relative to said external casing;
(e) prepacked backfill compacted within said external casing and surrounding said anodic elements and flexible conductor; and (f) sealing elements at each end of the casing.
(a) a corrodable and flexible entirely metallic external casing;
(b) a flexible conductor coaxially centered as to said external casing;
(c) one or more anodic elements surrounding said flexible conductor, said one or more anodic elements being of such length and spaced at such intervals along said cable so as to maintain said conductor and anodic elements in a flexible condition;
(d) one or more spacers connected at lengthwise intervals between the flexible external casing and said anodic elements, said spacers functioning to hold said ano-dic elements coaxial relative to said external casing;
(e) prepacked backfill compacted within said external casing and surrounding said anodic elements and flexible conductor; and (f) sealing elements at each end of the casing.
2. The ground anode as defined in claim 1, further comprising one or more elastomeric screens at intervals along said flexible external casing to compress said backfill.
3. A ground anode according to claim 1, wherein said external casing is made from corrodable materials from the group consisting of iron, galvanized iron, aluminum, copper, and alloys thereof.
4. A ground anode according to claim 1, wherein the backfill is composed of materials from the group consist-ing of graphite, metallurgical coke, calcined petroleum coke and mixtures thereof, in loose form or held together with no more than 10% of organic glue or a fluiding agent, with particle diameter less than, or equal to, 10 mm.
5. A ground anode according to claim 1, wherein the anodic elements are composed of materials from the group consisting of natural graphite or graphite treated with organic substances, iron and silicon or iron and silicon and chromium alloys or platinum plated titanium, niobium or tantalum with or without a copper conducting core.
6. A ground anode according to claim 1, wherein the length of the anode is between 1 and 10 meters and a diameter of between 10 and 500 mm.
7. A ground anode according to claim 1, wherein several units are joined together in series to achieve the total length desired up to 100 meters.
8. A cathode protection process for metallic structures subject to electrochemical corrosion comprising:
(a) connecting the metallic structure to the negative pole of an electric current source;
(b) constructing an anodic structure by coaxially center-ing one or more flexible anodic elements surrounding a flexible conductor within a corrodable flexible entirely metallic external casing by using one or more spacers between said one or more flexible anodic elements and said flexible entirely metallic casing;
(c) packing said anodic structure with backfill between said external casing and said one or more flexible anodic elements;
(d) sealing said anodic structure; and (e) connecting said anodic structure to the positive pole of said electric current source.
(a) connecting the metallic structure to the negative pole of an electric current source;
(b) constructing an anodic structure by coaxially center-ing one or more flexible anodic elements surrounding a flexible conductor within a corrodable flexible entirely metallic external casing by using one or more spacers between said one or more flexible anodic elements and said flexible entirely metallic casing;
(c) packing said anodic structure with backfill between said external casing and said one or more flexible anodic elements;
(d) sealing said anodic structure; and (e) connecting said anodic structure to the positive pole of said electric current source.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT24356/83A IT1170053B (en) | 1983-12-23 | 1983-12-23 | PRE-PACKED DISPERSER ANODE WITH BACKFILL IN FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION WITH IMPRESSED CURRENTS |
| IT24356A/83 | 1983-12-23 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1230855A true CA1230855A (en) | 1987-12-29 |
Family
ID=11213239
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000452543A Expired CA1230855A (en) | 1983-12-23 | 1984-04-19 | Ground anode prepacked with backfill in a flexible structure for cathode protection with impressed currents |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4544464A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0147505B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS60136183A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE39368T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1230855A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3475722D1 (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1170053B (en) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9413855B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2016-08-09 | International Business Machines Corporation | Expanding an answer key to verify a question and answer system |
| US9607035B2 (en) | 2014-05-21 | 2017-03-28 | International Business Machines Corporation | Extensible validation framework for question and answer systems |
Families Citing this family (30)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3541845C1 (en) * | 1985-11-27 | 1987-01-08 | Heraeus Elektroden | Tubular electrode for electrolytic processes |
| GB8804859D0 (en) * | 1988-03-01 | 1988-03-30 | Ici Plc | Electrode & construction thereof |
| US5080773A (en) * | 1990-05-11 | 1992-01-14 | Cathodic Engineering Equipment Co., Inc. | Ground electrode backfill |
| AU661822B2 (en) * | 1991-04-15 | 1995-08-10 | N.V. Raychem S.A. | Method for electric protection of metal object, grounding electrode for implementing the method and composition for grounding electrode |
| GB9116114D0 (en) * | 1991-07-25 | 1991-09-11 | Raychem Ltd | Corrosion protection system |
| GB9221706D0 (en) * | 1992-10-15 | 1992-12-02 | Raychem Sa Nv | Repair of damaged electrode in impressed current corrosion protection system |
| US5547311A (en) * | 1993-10-01 | 1996-08-20 | Kenda; William P. | Cathodic protection, leak detection, and thermal remediation system |
| US5948218A (en) * | 1994-04-21 | 1999-09-07 | N.V. Raychem S.A. | Corrosion protection system |
| US6121543A (en) * | 1998-07-06 | 2000-09-19 | Hallmark; Clayton L. | Groundbed electrode with graphite containing cement |
| WO2001037377A2 (en) * | 1999-10-11 | 2001-05-25 | Ashok Tripathy | Safe earthing electrode |
| US6508349B1 (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2003-01-21 | Scott J. Lewin | Parking meter with electric grounding arrangement for corrosion reduction |
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| KR20020019941A (en) * | 2002-01-28 | 2002-03-13 | 조옥현 | Ground |
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| WO2009145994A1 (en) * | 2008-03-31 | 2009-12-03 | Michael Steven Georgia | Polymeric, non-corrosive cathodic protection anode |
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| US4279729A (en) * | 1979-02-12 | 1981-07-21 | Harco Corporation | Anode and method of construction |
| US4268371A (en) * | 1980-03-13 | 1981-05-19 | The Duriron Company, Inc. | Cable guide for a tubular anode |
| US4400259A (en) * | 1981-08-18 | 1983-08-23 | Matcor, Inc. | Deep anode assembly |
| IT1150124B (en) * | 1982-01-21 | 1986-12-10 | Oronzio De Nora Impianti | ANODIC STRUCTURE FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION |
-
1983
- 1983-12-23 IT IT24356/83A patent/IT1170053B/en active
-
1984
- 1984-04-19 CA CA000452543A patent/CA1230855A/en not_active Expired
- 1984-04-23 US US06/602,819 patent/US4544464A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1984-04-24 AT AT84104591T patent/ATE39368T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-04-24 DE DE8484104591T patent/DE3475722D1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-04-24 EP EP84104591A patent/EP0147505B1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-05-21 JP JP59103541A patent/JPS60136183A/en active Granted
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9413855B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2016-08-09 | International Business Machines Corporation | Expanding an answer key to verify a question and answer system |
| US10567552B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2020-02-18 | International Business Machines Corporation | Expanding an answer key to verify a question and answer system |
| US9607035B2 (en) | 2014-05-21 | 2017-03-28 | International Business Machines Corporation | Extensible validation framework for question and answer systems |
| US11042794B2 (en) | 2014-05-21 | 2021-06-22 | International Business Machines Corporation | Extensible validation framework for question and answer systems |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT8324356A0 (en) | 1983-12-23 |
| DE3475722D1 (en) | 1989-01-26 |
| ATE39368T1 (en) | 1989-01-15 |
| US4544464A (en) | 1985-10-01 |
| EP0147505B1 (en) | 1988-12-21 |
| JPS60136183A (en) | 1985-07-19 |
| EP0147505A1 (en) | 1985-07-10 |
| IT1170053B (en) | 1987-06-03 |
| JPS624835B2 (en) | 1987-02-02 |
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