CA1150166A - Storage device for warm water and method of manufacture - Google Patents
Storage device for warm water and method of manufactureInfo
- Publication number
- CA1150166A CA1150166A CA000371157A CA371157A CA1150166A CA 1150166 A CA1150166 A CA 1150166A CA 000371157 A CA000371157 A CA 000371157A CA 371157 A CA371157 A CA 371157A CA 1150166 A CA1150166 A CA 1150166A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- container
- storage device
- warm water
- storage
- water according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/18—Water-storage heaters
- F24H1/20—Water-storage heaters with immersed heating elements, e.g. electric elements or furnace tubes
- F24H1/201—Water-storage heaters with immersed heating elements, e.g. electric elements or furnace tubes using electric energy supply
- F24H1/202—Water-storage heaters with immersed heating elements, e.g. electric elements or furnace tubes using electric energy supply with resistances
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/18—Water-storage heaters
- F24H1/181—Construction of the tank
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Thermal Insulation (AREA)
- Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
Abstract
STORAGE DEVICE FOR WARM WATER
AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
ABSTRACT
A hot-water storage device comprises a blow-molded storage container formed of thermoplastic synthetic material and the greatest dimensions of which are differ-ent in its three mutually orthogonal axes, and a plastic foam outer insulation enclosing the container and conform-ing to the outside shape thereof.
AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
ABSTRACT
A hot-water storage device comprises a blow-molded storage container formed of thermoplastic synthetic material and the greatest dimensions of which are differ-ent in its three mutually orthogonal axes, and a plastic foam outer insulation enclosing the container and conform-ing to the outside shape thereof.
Description
Sl~-660~
~L~5~61~
STORAGE DEVICE FOR I~A~ WATER
AND M~T~OD OF M~NU~ACTURE
SP~CIFICATION
The present invention relates to a storage device for hot water, especially adapted for use in the modern home field and w'nich may also incorporate a water heater, and to a method of manuacturing SUCil a device.
In particular, the invention relates to a hot water stor-~ age device employing a water storage container formed of a ;;~ synthetic material WitlQ its three largest dimensions, in tne three mutually orthogonal axes thereof, of different ` magnitude, and having an insulation covering thereon of a plastic foam material.
; BACKGROUND
Water heating and storage devices such as so-`~ called hot water heaters or tanks, which are used as such either without pressure or under pressure, are mainly made out of metallic materials. Since these hot watex heaters or stora~e containers have to possess a sufficient corro-`-~ sion protection, their production is relatively expensive - and costly. Furthermore, they`require an extensive heat .~ insulatiGn because the T,letallic ma~terials are good conduc-tc,rs of heat. Other disactvantag2s of the known metallic :~ hot water 'neaters or storage tanks,which are all built as cylindrical containers, are to be seen in their relatively high weight and their unfavorable dimensions. For the use of these known cylindrical ;lOt water storage containers or heaters in the modern home and industrial fields, as for instance for heating systems and hot water provision, only cylindrical containers with a maximum size of around 1,~00 liters ordinarily can be employed since otherwise the installation of the container is impossible in the base-ments or other rooms of the building due to their exces-sive size. Because of present energy shortage conditions, however, there presently exists a need for hot water heat-ers and storage containers with larger storage capacities, e.g., with a storage volume of at least several thousand liters, for purposes such as long-term hot water storage de~ices and heaters for solar systems, heat pumps, and night-time storage of hot water electrically heated at S~-6608 L6~
night during the low electrical power peak loadings w'nich normally occur at such time. The economical use of these systems depends mostly on the cost of the hot water heater or storage container.
Tnere are already known, also, hot water heaters and storage devices having storage containers made out of synthetic material, generally in tlle form of a square-formed blow-molded storage container to which an outer heat-insulating covering is applied at the place of instal-lation of the water heater or storage device. This heat insulation generally consists of a self-standing insula-, tion body of which the six wall panels or sides are assem-bled together into a box-like structure, using angle-plates, frame parts, etc., the box-like st.ructure covering or enveloping the free-standing synthetic material hot water storage container. The wall panels oE the insula-tion body generally consist of polyurethane hard-foamed plates or panels which on their inside are provided with a heat-reflecting aluminum foil and on their outside with a stable, synthetic rnaterial-coated hard-fibre plate.
The use of synthetic material for hot water heat-ers or storage containers has several advantages owing to its chemical inertness, h~gh heat-insulation properties~
and also its limited specific weight. Thus, corrosion-resistant hot water storage containers can be made of syn-thetic material which has a lirllited transportation weight despite the large storage volume capacity necessary for heating purposes or for hot water preparation in the home and industrial building fields. On the other hand, how-ever, the synthetic materials have the disadvantage that they have much less strength compared to the metallic materials heretofore generally employed for hot water heat-ers or storage containers, and they are especially sensi-tive to bending stresses. Furthermore, the strength of the syntnetic r.laterial is very m~lch temperature-dependent so that permanent deformations can result at the operating temperatures employed for the 'not water heater or storage container.
~ : .
~5~166 The invention provides for an insulated storage device for warm water comprising a blow-molded storage container of a thermoplastic synthetic material and of ralatively high self-shape stability, and the greatest dimensions of which in the three mutually orthogonal axes thereo are different, and further comprising a molded plastic foam outer insulation covering enclosing the said container, characterized by: said container having partially cylindrical and/or ball-shaped walls;
, . .
~- said foam insulation covering having an inner contour corres-,. .
. . .
ponding to the outside shape o the container whereby said ~` foam insulation covering encloses said container in a form-closed manner; said foam insulation covering, which is an inte-grated and inseparable component of said container, having an outside shape which is appro~timately of quadra-shaped form having a substantially flat bottom stand surface.
The invention also provides for a method of producing : , ': . I
a storage device for warm water incorporating a blow-molded ~;; preformed storage container of a thermoplastic synthetic ~ material, comprising the steps of: inserting the said preformed 7 '~ 20 storage container in an enclosing mold in spaced relation to ~`
~: the walls thereof~ and foaming a plastic foam-producing material ; in said mold to form a plastic foam insulation covering on, ~:, and form-closed around the said container.
The present invention provides an especially economi-cal and low production cost hot water heater or storage device having a storage container made out of a synthetic material and , ; characterized by a high form stability and also good heat-insulating properties, and further meeting all of the other .,.
~ requirements such as limited or comparatively low transportation :
weight along with the required high storage volume capacity, and ' simple and quick installation and assembly of the device at the ~;.
place of installation. The invention also provides an economical ~ ~ , ::~
31.~L5;C~66 method for producing a hot water heater or storage device having a storage container made out of a synthetic material.
The hot water heater or storage device according to the invention is characterized by having its synthetic material storage container provided with cylindrically formed and/or ball-shaped container walls, and by being provided with a plas-tic foam heat-insulation covering having an internal shape which corresponds to or matches the outside coniguration of, and surrounds and envelops the s~ynthetic material storage con-tainer in its form.
: The hot water heater or storage device according to th.e invention therefore comprises a synthetic material storage :~ container which, instead of the unfavorable cylindrical shape of the prior art devices is, in its basic form, of rectangular ~; or quadrate sh.ape, at least in its principal over-all outer .
dimensions, so that along w;th the demanded high storage volume capacities of at least 500 liters, preferably 1,000 to 2,000 liters and more, the devi.ce can be installed in basements or other rooms of the building, and at the same time provided with cylindrical and/or ball-shaped container walls, so that the result is a container of high form stability and the bending stresses to wh.ich it is. subjected, such as could cause damaging permanent deformations of the container, will be suppressed.
I the synthetic material storage container is shaped in the preferred fi.nal form in which it has practically in all horizon-tal and vertical sections, circular ~all shapes the radii of .
which are smaller than the width o the container and preferably correspond to around ~ , .
, - 3a -.:
:'' ~
~., S~l-6608 ~L~S~L6~
half of the container widtll, there will not appear practi-cally any bending stress in and damaging permanent deforma-tions to tlle container, even at higher temperatures. The material expansions which occur at the operating tempera-tures because of the tensions will disappear because of the elasticity behavior of the synthetic materials at lower temperatures.
Because the foam heat-insulation covering of the storage container furthermore has an internal form which conforms to the outside shape of the synthetic material storage container, the storage container thus is tig'ntly enclosed by the insulation covering on all sides, which is advantageous in many respects. With this construction, an excellent heat insulation of the synthetic material stor-age con~ainer may be obtained, avoiding heat bridges and insulation gaps, and at t'ne same time the production of the foam heat-insulation covering or coat can be simpli-~;~ fied. There is especially the possi.bility of making the arrangement in such a way that the foam heat-insulation 0 covering is a unitary part and an inseparable component of ~ the synthetic material storage container. In this way, `~ the roam heat-insulation covering or coat can be united witn the synthetic material storage container in an effl-. cient and economical way in the factory, so that there is :
~ 25 no need to have a complicated assembly or application of -~ the heat-insulation covering to tne storage container at the place of installation of the hot water heater or stor-age device.
The production of tne plastic foam heat-, 30 insulation covering or coat on the storage container can be performed in a favorable and economical way by using a conventional plastic foam forming process. To this end, the prefabricated synthetic material storage container is positioned as an insert or core in a closed plastic foam-shaping mold, and the heat-insulation covering or coat ~; then foamed in place, preferably all at one time, by heat-ing a heat expandable plastic foam-producing material in the mold. The resulting foam pressures and the reaction heat would normally deform the storage container which is made of thermoplastic synthetic material. But since the . ___, , ~ . _ . _ .. .. , .... ,~ . .. . ...
S~i-660 storage container has a strong self-stabil~ty due to its shaping in accordance with the invention, there are no deformations of the container during the foam insulation applying process. As a result, there can be obtained a S hot water heater or storage device where t'ne enclosing - ~ foam insulation covering or coat is connected with the syn-thetic material storage container prac~ically without any surface a~hesion and only by Eorm closure therearound. To fix the storage container in the foam insulation ap-plying , 10 mold exactly in proper position spaced from the mold walls, .~; it is reconmlended to provide it wit'n spacer or holder me ~ bers at least some of which are arranged at the abutting -~ edges of the blow-molded storage container, in which case the spacer members consist of narrow synthetic material ~`~ 15 pads or something similar. It is better to arrange more ` spacer members at the largest dimension side walls of the basic form of t'ne quadra-shape~ synthetic material storage container, which spacer rmembers are inserted in the blow-.` mold and embedded in the walls of and integrated with the container during the ensuing blow-molding thereof. Fur-thermore, the arranged or integrated spacer members cause an advantageous local fastening of the foam insulation cov-ering to tAe synthetic material, i.e., polyurethane, con-stituted storage container. Preferably, the foam insula-tion covering or coat will be a semi-hard or hard plastic foam.
During t'ne above-mentioned foam insulation apply-3 ~ ing process, it is also possible in a teclmically simple ,~r~' ~ way to form the foam insulation covering or coat with a predetermined favorable outside shape. Preferably, the foam material insulation covering is formed with a flat bottom or base to afford a standing surface for the hot water storage device. It is advisable to form the outside shape of the foam heat-insulation covering into a quadra-shape or quadrate, which is also favorable to the trans-portation and the placement of the not water heater or :" storage device in basements or other rooms of the building.
Above all, t'nere is the possibility with the quadra-shaped heat-insulation covering to place several similarly shaped ~ 40 hot water heaters or storage devices side by side to form !j ~ a battery of such devices.
i' ~:r 'r In an adaitional development of the invention, the hot water heater or storage device according to the invention can be provided with a protective outside cover-ing or coat which covers the foam ;leat-insulation covering at leas~ partly, preferably completely or at least the largest surfaces thereof. This o-utsiae covering provides protection against shocks and protects against darnage, especially during the transportation of the storage device.
Further~ore, the protective outside covering also can con-veniently împart, in certain instances, a~.ple stability to the hot water heater or storage device. ~ne protective outside covering is preferably formed of a foil, especially a foil of synthetic material which is in firm surface adherence with the foam heat-insulation covering. The pro-tective outside covering or foil of synthetic material is applied by placing the foil into the foam insulation-forming mold be:Eore the foam-forming process is initiated.
A firm sur~ace ad~nesion of the foil with the subseq~ently forr.1ed foam insulation covering is thereby o~tained.
As a special advantage, the hot water heater or storage device according to the invention is provided with a synthetic material storage container which is, in its basic form, at least approximately quadra-shaped and which is cylindrically shaped at bot'n of its smaller pairs of surfaces, i.e., its end surfaces and top and bottom sur-~aces, and ~hich at each of its two opposite largest or side surfaces, respectively, is provided with a surface recess which becomes narrower toward the inside of t'ne con-~; tainer, these wall recesses being connected with eaci~
other at the inner regions opposite their larger outer regions, i.e., in t'neir deepest regions, preferably in the center plane of the container. Advantageously, the stor-age container walls at the wall recesses are shaped gener-ally cylindrically, In addition, the quadra-shaped syn-3~ tnetic material storage container is appropriately formed in its corner areas at its opposite ends with ball-shaped roundings with a radius of curvature approximately equal to one-llalf the storage container width. Such a shaped synthetic material storage container is characterized by ~ 40 an especially hig'n self-stability together with dimensions , ~
..~
, . . .
6:6 S~-6608 which are suitable for the transportation of the device.
Also, it can be produced economically with a blow-molding process.
Furthermore, a sinuous or wavy-shaped synthetic material storage container can be employed in the hot , water heater or storage device according to the invention, ;~ comprised of a closely-convoluted sinuous-shaped or wavy-like pipe member of circular cross-section and the convo-lutions o which are disposed in one co~non plane. T'nis sinuous-shaped storage container also has an approximately s~ quadra-shaped over-all dimension formation and a high form stability. It is desirable to interconnect t'ne convolu-~- tions of the sinuous-shaped pipe member in the area of tneir turns or reverse bends with formed straps. Each end of the sinuous-shaped pipe member is provided with a con-~i` tainer opening. Such sinuous-shaped synthetic material ? j ~ storage containers also can be produced by a blow-molding ,i ~
process.
According to a further embodiment of the inven-tion, tlle synthetic materlal storage container of the hot water heater or storage device may comprise several cylin-~; drically shaped individual container members formed of ~ .
' synthetic material and the interiors of which are con-nected. Preferably, the cylindrical container members are arranged parallel to each other in close side-by-side rela-,~ tionship, and are provided with hemispherical-shaped ends.
It is desirable to connect t'ne cylindrical container mern-~ ~ bers with several connections having circular cross-section s ~ passageways, the connections being spaced apart in the direction of the longltudinal axes of the containers in ,: order to provide, in consideration of the desired high form stability of the storage container, large connection : cross-sections between the container members.
The synthetic material storage container formed ; 35 according to the invention is preferably used Eor hot water storage without pressure, though it also can be used , as a pressure storage container because of the provided ~ shape. The blow-molding process which is especially .;~i adapted for the production of such synthetic material stor-;~ 40 age containers permits the economical production of these containers with wall thicknesses up to around lO mm. Tne ;~ .
i".:"
:
Sl~-660 wavy or sinuous-shaped synthetic material storage con-tainer referred to previously is especially adapted ~or use as a pressure storage container, in which case its pipe member should nave a maximum diameter or 200 mm.
S The hot water heater or storage device according to the invention is mainly intended for heat stora~e in the modern engineered private 'nome field, especially for heating and hot water preparation, although it is also usable in the industrial fiel~ and for other heat storage.
purposes. Generally, the storage device has a storage volume of a minimum of 500 liters, preferably of around 1,000 to 2,000 liters and more. By combining several of the hot water heaters or storage devices according to the invention in the form of a battery thereof, the storage volume can be multiplied and adapted to any requirement.
Preferably, the hot water heater or storage device will be used in such a way that the water which is used for lleat storage always remains in the storage device.
The supply of heat to the hot water heater or storage device, and the heat using thereof, is provided by 'neat exchangers which are arranged inside tlle storage con-tainer of tlle device. It ls desirable to arrange at least one heat-exchanger inside the blow-molded synthetic mater-:~ ial storage container, which heat-exchanger is ~irmly sup-ported in place by the storage container in the center plane thereof. The center plane is the separation surface `~ ~ of the mold halves of the blow-molding mold for the stor-age container. It is possible to insert the heat-exchanger as a special insert or core in the blow mold prior to the r.lolding of the synthetic material storage container therein, so that it is firmly anchored in and supported by the syn-thetic material storage container during tne ensuing blow-molding thereof. It is preferable to use plate-like form heat-exchangers for this procedure. Heat-exchangers made : 35 out of synthetic material are very well adapted for this purpose as they can be formed easily during the blow-moldlng procedure. Synthetic material hea-t-exchangers are characterized not only be a relatively low weight but also by chemical inertness! They are used especially in those cases where these qualities are mainly important, for instance, for the heat-recovery out of active sewage, etc.
"' `
, ~ ~
, .
~ 5~ S~-6608 . g _ The connections to the inlet and o~tlet of the heat-exchanger can be located at any place in the syn-thetic material storage container. Usually, they are led out in the area of the abutting joined edges of the blow-molded storage container which extend therearound.
~ DRAWINGS
; In the following specification~ the invention will be explained more precisely in connection with pre-ferred embodiments shown in the drawings which are a part .
-` 10 hereof and wherein:
`~ FIGURE 1 is a side view of a hot water heater or storage device illustrating a preferred embodiment o the ~;~ inven~ion;
FIGUR~ 2 is a front view of the storage devic~
~` 15 shown in FIGURE l;
~`~ FIGURE 3 is a plan view of the storage device shown in FIGURES 1 and 2;
:~ FIGURE 4 is a side view of an alternative embodi-; laent of a storage device according to the invention with
~L~5~61~
STORAGE DEVICE FOR I~A~ WATER
AND M~T~OD OF M~NU~ACTURE
SP~CIFICATION
The present invention relates to a storage device for hot water, especially adapted for use in the modern home field and w'nich may also incorporate a water heater, and to a method of manuacturing SUCil a device.
In particular, the invention relates to a hot water stor-~ age device employing a water storage container formed of a ;;~ synthetic material WitlQ its three largest dimensions, in tne three mutually orthogonal axes thereof, of different ` magnitude, and having an insulation covering thereon of a plastic foam material.
; BACKGROUND
Water heating and storage devices such as so-`~ called hot water heaters or tanks, which are used as such either without pressure or under pressure, are mainly made out of metallic materials. Since these hot watex heaters or stora~e containers have to possess a sufficient corro-`-~ sion protection, their production is relatively expensive - and costly. Furthermore, they`require an extensive heat .~ insulatiGn because the T,letallic ma~terials are good conduc-tc,rs of heat. Other disactvantag2s of the known metallic :~ hot water 'neaters or storage tanks,which are all built as cylindrical containers, are to be seen in their relatively high weight and their unfavorable dimensions. For the use of these known cylindrical ;lOt water storage containers or heaters in the modern home and industrial fields, as for instance for heating systems and hot water provision, only cylindrical containers with a maximum size of around 1,~00 liters ordinarily can be employed since otherwise the installation of the container is impossible in the base-ments or other rooms of the building due to their exces-sive size. Because of present energy shortage conditions, however, there presently exists a need for hot water heat-ers and storage containers with larger storage capacities, e.g., with a storage volume of at least several thousand liters, for purposes such as long-term hot water storage de~ices and heaters for solar systems, heat pumps, and night-time storage of hot water electrically heated at S~-6608 L6~
night during the low electrical power peak loadings w'nich normally occur at such time. The economical use of these systems depends mostly on the cost of the hot water heater or storage container.
Tnere are already known, also, hot water heaters and storage devices having storage containers made out of synthetic material, generally in tlle form of a square-formed blow-molded storage container to which an outer heat-insulating covering is applied at the place of instal-lation of the water heater or storage device. This heat insulation generally consists of a self-standing insula-, tion body of which the six wall panels or sides are assem-bled together into a box-like structure, using angle-plates, frame parts, etc., the box-like st.ructure covering or enveloping the free-standing synthetic material hot water storage container. The wall panels oE the insula-tion body generally consist of polyurethane hard-foamed plates or panels which on their inside are provided with a heat-reflecting aluminum foil and on their outside with a stable, synthetic rnaterial-coated hard-fibre plate.
The use of synthetic material for hot water heat-ers or storage containers has several advantages owing to its chemical inertness, h~gh heat-insulation properties~
and also its limited specific weight. Thus, corrosion-resistant hot water storage containers can be made of syn-thetic material which has a lirllited transportation weight despite the large storage volume capacity necessary for heating purposes or for hot water preparation in the home and industrial building fields. On the other hand, how-ever, the synthetic materials have the disadvantage that they have much less strength compared to the metallic materials heretofore generally employed for hot water heat-ers or storage containers, and they are especially sensi-tive to bending stresses. Furthermore, the strength of the syntnetic r.laterial is very m~lch temperature-dependent so that permanent deformations can result at the operating temperatures employed for the 'not water heater or storage container.
~ : .
~5~166 The invention provides for an insulated storage device for warm water comprising a blow-molded storage container of a thermoplastic synthetic material and of ralatively high self-shape stability, and the greatest dimensions of which in the three mutually orthogonal axes thereo are different, and further comprising a molded plastic foam outer insulation covering enclosing the said container, characterized by: said container having partially cylindrical and/or ball-shaped walls;
, . .
~- said foam insulation covering having an inner contour corres-,. .
. . .
ponding to the outside shape o the container whereby said ~` foam insulation covering encloses said container in a form-closed manner; said foam insulation covering, which is an inte-grated and inseparable component of said container, having an outside shape which is appro~timately of quadra-shaped form having a substantially flat bottom stand surface.
The invention also provides for a method of producing : , ': . I
a storage device for warm water incorporating a blow-molded ~;; preformed storage container of a thermoplastic synthetic ~ material, comprising the steps of: inserting the said preformed 7 '~ 20 storage container in an enclosing mold in spaced relation to ~`
~: the walls thereof~ and foaming a plastic foam-producing material ; in said mold to form a plastic foam insulation covering on, ~:, and form-closed around the said container.
The present invention provides an especially economi-cal and low production cost hot water heater or storage device having a storage container made out of a synthetic material and , ; characterized by a high form stability and also good heat-insulating properties, and further meeting all of the other .,.
~ requirements such as limited or comparatively low transportation :
weight along with the required high storage volume capacity, and ' simple and quick installation and assembly of the device at the ~;.
place of installation. The invention also provides an economical ~ ~ , ::~
31.~L5;C~66 method for producing a hot water heater or storage device having a storage container made out of a synthetic material.
The hot water heater or storage device according to the invention is characterized by having its synthetic material storage container provided with cylindrically formed and/or ball-shaped container walls, and by being provided with a plas-tic foam heat-insulation covering having an internal shape which corresponds to or matches the outside coniguration of, and surrounds and envelops the s~ynthetic material storage con-tainer in its form.
: The hot water heater or storage device according to th.e invention therefore comprises a synthetic material storage :~ container which, instead of the unfavorable cylindrical shape of the prior art devices is, in its basic form, of rectangular ~; or quadrate sh.ape, at least in its principal over-all outer .
dimensions, so that along w;th the demanded high storage volume capacities of at least 500 liters, preferably 1,000 to 2,000 liters and more, the devi.ce can be installed in basements or other rooms of the building, and at the same time provided with cylindrical and/or ball-shaped container walls, so that the result is a container of high form stability and the bending stresses to wh.ich it is. subjected, such as could cause damaging permanent deformations of the container, will be suppressed.
I the synthetic material storage container is shaped in the preferred fi.nal form in which it has practically in all horizon-tal and vertical sections, circular ~all shapes the radii of .
which are smaller than the width o the container and preferably correspond to around ~ , .
, - 3a -.:
:'' ~
~., S~l-6608 ~L~S~L6~
half of the container widtll, there will not appear practi-cally any bending stress in and damaging permanent deforma-tions to tlle container, even at higher temperatures. The material expansions which occur at the operating tempera-tures because of the tensions will disappear because of the elasticity behavior of the synthetic materials at lower temperatures.
Because the foam heat-insulation covering of the storage container furthermore has an internal form which conforms to the outside shape of the synthetic material storage container, the storage container thus is tig'ntly enclosed by the insulation covering on all sides, which is advantageous in many respects. With this construction, an excellent heat insulation of the synthetic material stor-age con~ainer may be obtained, avoiding heat bridges and insulation gaps, and at t'ne same time the production of the foam heat-insulation covering or coat can be simpli-~;~ fied. There is especially the possi.bility of making the arrangement in such a way that the foam heat-insulation 0 covering is a unitary part and an inseparable component of ~ the synthetic material storage container. In this way, `~ the roam heat-insulation covering or coat can be united witn the synthetic material storage container in an effl-. cient and economical way in the factory, so that there is :
~ 25 no need to have a complicated assembly or application of -~ the heat-insulation covering to tne storage container at the place of installation of the hot water heater or stor-age device.
The production of tne plastic foam heat-, 30 insulation covering or coat on the storage container can be performed in a favorable and economical way by using a conventional plastic foam forming process. To this end, the prefabricated synthetic material storage container is positioned as an insert or core in a closed plastic foam-shaping mold, and the heat-insulation covering or coat ~; then foamed in place, preferably all at one time, by heat-ing a heat expandable plastic foam-producing material in the mold. The resulting foam pressures and the reaction heat would normally deform the storage container which is made of thermoplastic synthetic material. But since the . ___, , ~ . _ . _ .. .. , .... ,~ . .. . ...
S~i-660 storage container has a strong self-stabil~ty due to its shaping in accordance with the invention, there are no deformations of the container during the foam insulation applying process. As a result, there can be obtained a S hot water heater or storage device where t'ne enclosing - ~ foam insulation covering or coat is connected with the syn-thetic material storage container prac~ically without any surface a~hesion and only by Eorm closure therearound. To fix the storage container in the foam insulation ap-plying , 10 mold exactly in proper position spaced from the mold walls, .~; it is reconmlended to provide it wit'n spacer or holder me ~ bers at least some of which are arranged at the abutting -~ edges of the blow-molded storage container, in which case the spacer members consist of narrow synthetic material ~`~ 15 pads or something similar. It is better to arrange more ` spacer members at the largest dimension side walls of the basic form of t'ne quadra-shape~ synthetic material storage container, which spacer rmembers are inserted in the blow-.` mold and embedded in the walls of and integrated with the container during the ensuing blow-molding thereof. Fur-thermore, the arranged or integrated spacer members cause an advantageous local fastening of the foam insulation cov-ering to tAe synthetic material, i.e., polyurethane, con-stituted storage container. Preferably, the foam insula-tion covering or coat will be a semi-hard or hard plastic foam.
During t'ne above-mentioned foam insulation apply-3 ~ ing process, it is also possible in a teclmically simple ,~r~' ~ way to form the foam insulation covering or coat with a predetermined favorable outside shape. Preferably, the foam material insulation covering is formed with a flat bottom or base to afford a standing surface for the hot water storage device. It is advisable to form the outside shape of the foam heat-insulation covering into a quadra-shape or quadrate, which is also favorable to the trans-portation and the placement of the not water heater or :" storage device in basements or other rooms of the building.
Above all, t'nere is the possibility with the quadra-shaped heat-insulation covering to place several similarly shaped ~ 40 hot water heaters or storage devices side by side to form !j ~ a battery of such devices.
i' ~:r 'r In an adaitional development of the invention, the hot water heater or storage device according to the invention can be provided with a protective outside cover-ing or coat which covers the foam ;leat-insulation covering at leas~ partly, preferably completely or at least the largest surfaces thereof. This o-utsiae covering provides protection against shocks and protects against darnage, especially during the transportation of the storage device.
Further~ore, the protective outside covering also can con-veniently împart, in certain instances, a~.ple stability to the hot water heater or storage device. ~ne protective outside covering is preferably formed of a foil, especially a foil of synthetic material which is in firm surface adherence with the foam heat-insulation covering. The pro-tective outside covering or foil of synthetic material is applied by placing the foil into the foam insulation-forming mold be:Eore the foam-forming process is initiated.
A firm sur~ace ad~nesion of the foil with the subseq~ently forr.1ed foam insulation covering is thereby o~tained.
As a special advantage, the hot water heater or storage device according to the invention is provided with a synthetic material storage container which is, in its basic form, at least approximately quadra-shaped and which is cylindrically shaped at bot'n of its smaller pairs of surfaces, i.e., its end surfaces and top and bottom sur-~aces, and ~hich at each of its two opposite largest or side surfaces, respectively, is provided with a surface recess which becomes narrower toward the inside of t'ne con-~; tainer, these wall recesses being connected with eaci~
other at the inner regions opposite their larger outer regions, i.e., in t'neir deepest regions, preferably in the center plane of the container. Advantageously, the stor-age container walls at the wall recesses are shaped gener-ally cylindrically, In addition, the quadra-shaped syn-3~ tnetic material storage container is appropriately formed in its corner areas at its opposite ends with ball-shaped roundings with a radius of curvature approximately equal to one-llalf the storage container width. Such a shaped synthetic material storage container is characterized by ~ 40 an especially hig'n self-stability together with dimensions , ~
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, . . .
6:6 S~-6608 which are suitable for the transportation of the device.
Also, it can be produced economically with a blow-molding process.
Furthermore, a sinuous or wavy-shaped synthetic material storage container can be employed in the hot , water heater or storage device according to the invention, ;~ comprised of a closely-convoluted sinuous-shaped or wavy-like pipe member of circular cross-section and the convo-lutions o which are disposed in one co~non plane. T'nis sinuous-shaped storage container also has an approximately s~ quadra-shaped over-all dimension formation and a high form stability. It is desirable to interconnect t'ne convolu-~- tions of the sinuous-shaped pipe member in the area of tneir turns or reverse bends with formed straps. Each end of the sinuous-shaped pipe member is provided with a con-~i` tainer opening. Such sinuous-shaped synthetic material ? j ~ storage containers also can be produced by a blow-molding ,i ~
process.
According to a further embodiment of the inven-tion, tlle synthetic materlal storage container of the hot water heater or storage device may comprise several cylin-~; drically shaped individual container members formed of ~ .
' synthetic material and the interiors of which are con-nected. Preferably, the cylindrical container members are arranged parallel to each other in close side-by-side rela-,~ tionship, and are provided with hemispherical-shaped ends.
It is desirable to connect t'ne cylindrical container mern-~ ~ bers with several connections having circular cross-section s ~ passageways, the connections being spaced apart in the direction of the longltudinal axes of the containers in ,: order to provide, in consideration of the desired high form stability of the storage container, large connection : cross-sections between the container members.
The synthetic material storage container formed ; 35 according to the invention is preferably used Eor hot water storage without pressure, though it also can be used , as a pressure storage container because of the provided ~ shape. The blow-molding process which is especially .;~i adapted for the production of such synthetic material stor-;~ 40 age containers permits the economical production of these containers with wall thicknesses up to around lO mm. Tne ;~ .
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Sl~-660 wavy or sinuous-shaped synthetic material storage con-tainer referred to previously is especially adapted ~or use as a pressure storage container, in which case its pipe member should nave a maximum diameter or 200 mm.
S The hot water heater or storage device according to the invention is mainly intended for heat stora~e in the modern engineered private 'nome field, especially for heating and hot water preparation, although it is also usable in the industrial fiel~ and for other heat storage.
purposes. Generally, the storage device has a storage volume of a minimum of 500 liters, preferably of around 1,000 to 2,000 liters and more. By combining several of the hot water heaters or storage devices according to the invention in the form of a battery thereof, the storage volume can be multiplied and adapted to any requirement.
Preferably, the hot water heater or storage device will be used in such a way that the water which is used for lleat storage always remains in the storage device.
The supply of heat to the hot water heater or storage device, and the heat using thereof, is provided by 'neat exchangers which are arranged inside tlle storage con-tainer of tlle device. It ls desirable to arrange at least one heat-exchanger inside the blow-molded synthetic mater-:~ ial storage container, which heat-exchanger is ~irmly sup-ported in place by the storage container in the center plane thereof. The center plane is the separation surface `~ ~ of the mold halves of the blow-molding mold for the stor-age container. It is possible to insert the heat-exchanger as a special insert or core in the blow mold prior to the r.lolding of the synthetic material storage container therein, so that it is firmly anchored in and supported by the syn-thetic material storage container during tne ensuing blow-molding thereof. It is preferable to use plate-like form heat-exchangers for this procedure. Heat-exchangers made : 35 out of synthetic material are very well adapted for this purpose as they can be formed easily during the blow-moldlng procedure. Synthetic material hea-t-exchangers are characterized not only be a relatively low weight but also by chemical inertness! They are used especially in those cases where these qualities are mainly important, for instance, for the heat-recovery out of active sewage, etc.
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~ 5~ S~-6608 . g _ The connections to the inlet and o~tlet of the heat-exchanger can be located at any place in the syn-thetic material storage container. Usually, they are led out in the area of the abutting joined edges of the blow-molded storage container which extend therearound.
~ DRAWINGS
; In the following specification~ the invention will be explained more precisely in connection with pre-ferred embodiments shown in the drawings which are a part .
-` 10 hereof and wherein:
`~ FIGURE 1 is a side view of a hot water heater or storage device illustrating a preferred embodiment o the ~;~ inven~ion;
FIGUR~ 2 is a front view of the storage devic~
~` 15 shown in FIGURE l;
~`~ FIGURE 3 is a plan view of the storage device shown in FIGURES 1 and 2;
:~ FIGURE 4 is a side view of an alternative embodi-; laent of a storage device according to the invention with
2~ the foam insulation cover:ing thereof omi.tted for the pur-~` poses of clarity;
:` FIGURE 5 is a sectional view-of the storage con-tainer of the device shown in F~GU~ 4;
FIGURE 6 is a side view of the storage container . 25 of FIGUR~S 4 and 5 with the heat-exchanger thereof shown in dash-dot lines;
FIGURES 7 and ~ are side views of two other . ,~
alternative embodiments of a hot water heater or storage device according to the invention; and, FIGURES 9 and 10 are side and front views of the embo~iments shown in FIGURES 7 and ~, respectively.
PP~FERRED Ei~ODIl~NTS
The hot water heater or storage device shown in FIGURES 1, 2 and 3 comprises a storage container 10 which is blow-molded out of a thermoplastic synthetic rnaterial, for instance, polyethylene, and a plastic foam heat-insulation covering or coat 11 which surrounds or envelops the storage container 10 on all sides and which is consti-tuted o a semi-hard to hard form of plastic ~oam material, preferably polyurethane. Tne s~orage container 10 has ,~;''~
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, '" - 10 -, ., .i~ approximately the basic form of a quadrate. Its len~th . and hei~ht are several times greater than its widtn w,lich ;' should not be greater than 700 to 800 mm because of the need to move the llOt water heater or storage device into buildings, for example, into the basement of a house. The ~ largest surfaces of the storage container 10 are the side ;~ walls 12. The two opposite front sides are indicated at :.; 13 and the opposite top and bottom or ground sides at 14.
All three sides 12, 13 and 14 are cylindrically shaped.
The top 15 and tne bottom 16 of the storage container 10 each have the form of a nalf-cylinder of which the circu-ar radius Rl or R2 is equal to half of the container .' wdith B, with the central point of the respective circle ~$ situated in the ver~ical longitudinal center plane of the ;' 15 storage container (F~GURE 2). The facing front or end ~ walls 13 oE the storage container 10 are likewise in the ;~;' form of a half-cylinder 17 of which the radius R3 is also equal to half of the container width ~, with the central .i,:,,~ point of the respective circle situated in the vertical ~ 0 mid-plane of the container (FIGUR~ 3). The corner areas .i of the storage container 10 at t'ne opposing fron-t or end walls 13 thereof are in the form of ball-shaped roundin~s ~: 18 (FIGURE 1). The radius of these ball-shape~ roundings ;~` or segments 18 also correspond to half of the container width B. The two opposite side walls 12 of ~he storage container 10 which constitute the largest surfaces t'nereof . ,,~ .
~ are each formed with two side~by-side wall recesses 19 .`:.~ spaced horizontally of the respective wall 12, tne con-.:; tours of which recesses 19 are indicated in dotted lines in FIGURES 2 and 3. These wall recesses 19 become nar-'! rower toward the inside of the container 10 in a funnel shape, and they connect with one another at their smallest ~ or innermost points at the center plane of the container, . as s'nown at 20. The container side walls 12, in the areas , 35 of their wall recesses 19, are cylindrically formed in ~: both their horizontal and vertical sections, as indicated ~:: by the dotted lines 21 in FIGURES 2 and 3. The central points of the surfaces 21, which are defined by circular .?~ arches, are also situated in the vertical center plane of :. 40 the storage container 10. The radius of curvature of the :.-:.
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:~SC3 ~L66 cylindrically formed surfaces ~1 likewise correspond to half of the container width. With the above-described shape, a storage container 10 is created which has, in practically all horizontal and vertical sections, approxi-mately circle-shaped, curved wall contours, with the arc-surfaces having the same radius of curvature corresponding to 'nalf of the width of the storage container. As men-tioned, the wall recesses 19 at the opposite side walls 12 of t'he container 10 are connected two by two in the verti-- 10 cal center plane of the container, and their surfaces are i also formed in a way such that they are bounded by circu-lar arches. Such a synthetic material storage container is cnaracterized by an enormously high form stability, which is a very advantageous feature where the storage con-tainer is to be used for a temperature-stressed hot water heater or s torage devîce .
At the top of the storage container 10, two `~- spaced container openings 22 are formed in the center plane of the container for the entrance and exit of the water or other liquid to be stored therein. The storage container 10 is also provided in its vertical center plane, ~` which corresponds to the squeezing or abutting plane of the two halves of the container blow-molcling tool, with ; spacer members or holders 23 whi ch consist of thin syn-thetic material tabs or something similar which penetrates - ~ the foam insulation covering or coat 11. Other such spacer members or holders 24 are located on t'ne side wall surfaces 12. The bolt-like spacer members or holders 24 can be inserted into the blow mold for the storage container 10 , 30 as a special insert or core, so that they can be united with the storage container during the moldin~; of the same.
For the manufacture of the plastic foam heat-insulation covering 11, the storage container 10 is placed in a foam-shaping mold and held in proper position therein spaced from the wall thereof by means of the spacer or holder members 23, 24. Afterwards, the storage container '~ 10 is foanled in the mold from all sides under application of a plastic foam reaction nliX in the mold, especially polyurethane foam. Because of the great self-stability of the storage container 10, there will not be any deforma-,: ~
~ :, ,. .~:., ` 1~5~66 S~-6608 tion o the storage container resulting from the foam pres-sures and reaction heat which are produced in the mold dur-ing the foaming process. During the progress of the foam-forming operation, the foam adapts itself to the outside contour of the storage container 10. Consequently, a foam `~ insulation covering or coat 11 is formed of which the inner contour corresponds to the outside form or configura-; tion of the syntnetic storage container 10 and which com-. pletely encloses or envelops the container at all sides in its form. Thus, the foam insulation covering or coat 11 - forms a unitary part of and an inseparable component of the synthetic material storage container 10, and it is con-; nected ~hereto without surface adhesion and only by its ; orm enclosure instead.
., ~ 15 By forming the foam insulation covering or coat `~ 11 in the above-descrlbed manner in a foam-shaping mold,it may be formed with the desired rectangular or quadrate , exterior shape as is shown in FIGURES 1 to 3. Also, a ~' ~ flat bottom or standing surEace 25 for the storage device ` 20 may be formed on the foam insulation covering 11.
`~ It is deslrable to cover the foam insulation covering 11 at its outside surfaces, preferably at all such suraces, with an outside covering or coat (not shown) ; which serves as a protection coating or covering for the ~; 25 foarll insulation covering 11 and mainly as a shoc~ pro-~ tec~or. But ad~itionally, however, the exterior protec-'~ tive covering or coat can also be useful as a means for ,- imparting further rigidity and stability to the hot water heater or storage device. Preferably, the foam insulation covering or coat 11 is covered or enveloped on the outside with a foil (not shown) of synthetic material. This foil of synthetic material can be applied during the previously described foam insulation applying process by introducing it into the foam-shaping mold before the foaming of the foaln insulation ll around the storage container, and then :; foaming the foam-producing material in the mold in the ,~ space therein between the storage container and the sur-rounding foil. In this way, the foil of synthetic material .` becomes firmly attached to the surface of the foam insula-;. -:
tion covering 11.
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FIGURES 4 to 6 illustrate a modifie~ form of syn-thetic material storage container 30 according to the . invention w~ich, in its all-embracing dimensions, is ~- approximately quadra-shaped or in which the three -mutually S othogonal axes thereof are different from each other. rrhe foam insulation covering 11 is not shown in tnese figures, ; but it can correspond to the covering 11 in the embodi,nent of FIGURES 1 to 3 in formation, shape and production.
The synthetic material storage container 30 in FIGURES 4 to 6 is in the form of a closely-convoluted sinuous-like or wavy-like shaped pipe member of circular transverse cross-sec~ion, the convolutions 31 of which are disposed in one plane, as s7nown in FIGURE 5. The convolu-tions 31 of the tubular pipe member are connected near their reversely bent ends or roundings 32 by formed flat ; straps 33, At each end o~ the sinuous-like pipe member 30 a container opening 34 or 35 is provided. The pipe ` diameter of the sinuous-shaped pipe member corresponds to tne wi.dth of the container 30 which is much smaller than the length and height of the same. The storage container 30 is also blow-molded. Into the dividing plane of the two 'nalves of the container-forming blow mold is posi-tioned a plate-like heat-exchanger 36 which in this way is : ; situated in the center plane of the sinuous-shaped pipe member or storage container 30 (F~GURE 5) during the ensu-~ ;; ing mol~ing thereof. Tlle plate-like heat-exchanger 36 is : thus anchored in place in the center plane of the storage ,~,, ,~ container 30, i.e., in the circumference of its tubular : ~; pipe convolutions 31, whereby its plate-plane coincides : ~ 30 with the center plane of the sinuous shaped storage con-.i ~ tainer 30. The heat-exchanger 36 consists of a tubular ,~ pipe system comprised of a plurality of parallel-arranged :~ and interfitting sinuous-like or wavy-like pipes 3, to 40 '~ which are connected with each other as a unit and the con-i ~ 35 volutions of which follow those of tne sinuous-shaped pipe member forming the container 30. The pipe convolutions 37 ', to 40 are connected two by two at their one ends 41, and ~ at their other ends to special inlet-outlet connections 42 . or 43 located in the center plane of the pipe system. The .i ~ 40 sinuous-like pipes 37, 38 and 39, 40 form in each case a separate heat-exchanger whereby, through the pipe system .~. -, . , , :i.:
t S~-6608 - ` 3L15~L6~i 37, 38 the heat can be conducted to the storage medium .. ~ (water) which is in the storage container 30, and through `~ the pipe system 39, 40 the lleat can be led out of the storage container 30.
In the embodiment shown in FIGURES 4 to G, the entire heat-exchanger 36 consists of a one-part synthetic `~ material formed unit which is inserted into the sinuous-shaped blow mold for.the storage container 30 and becomes firmly anchored within and supported by the synthetic-material storage container 30 ~uring the following blow-molding process forming such container. If the hot water heater or storage device of F~GURES 4 to 6 is to be used as such with internal pressures, then it is preferable in such case that the diameter of the sinuous-shaped pipe ~; 15 member 30 be not more than 2~0 null.
will be ~vident tha~ the storage container 30 in FIGURES 4 to 6 also is practically defined, in all hori-zontal and vertical section planes, by arc-like wall con-~ ~ tours whereby a container of higil form stability is obtained.
:~ 20 The heat-excllanger 36 in the container 30 is especially adapted for the heat-recovery out of active sewage, etc.
FIGURE 7 illustrates a furtner modified form of ~, `~ hot water heater or storage device according to the~inven-tion, the syntlletic material storage container 50 of which is also blow-molded and is comprised of two unitarily con-nected cylindrical container pipes or members 51 and 52 ; which are arranged parallel to each other and in close ;~ side-by-side relation with the~r longitudinal axes para-llel to each other. The ends 53 and 54 of the cylindrical container members 51, 52 are approximately hemispherically snaped with their radius of curvature corresponding to half of the diame~er of the cylindrical container members.
Both o~ the container members 51, 52 have their interior chambers connected with each other by a plurality of con-nections 55 spaced apart in the direction of the container axes and having circular passageways. Each of the cylin-drical container members 51, 52 has a container opening 56 at its upper end. The plastic foam neat-insulation cover-ing or coat 11 corresponds to the same in FIGURES 1 to 3 in its formation and production.
The modified form of hot water heater or storage device 50A shown in FIGURE 8 differs from the one shown in FIGURE 7 mainly in that the two cylindrical container pipes or members 51, 52 are arranged horizontally one above the other instead of in vertical side-by-side rela-tion as in FIGURE 7, and that the container openings 56 are both located at the upper side of the uppermost con-tainer member 51. In both cases also, the radius of curva-ture of the cylindrical or ball-shaped walls of the syn-thetic material storage containers 51, 52 are smaller than its width and correspond to half of the width of the stor-age container. In addition, the storage containers 50 and 50A, in FIGURE 7 and 8 both have circular wall contours, respectively, in all horizontal and vertical section planes.
The modified hot water heater or storage device shown in FIGURES 9 and 10 corresponds essentially to that shown in FIGURES 1 to 3, the only substantial difference being in that the blow-molded synthetic material storage container 60 has only one wall recess 19 arranged in the center of each of the opposite side wall surfaces 12.
It will be obvious that with the embodiments of the invention shown in FIGURES 1 to 3 and 9 and 10, heat-exchangers can be arranged in the inside of the synthetic material storage container. The heat-exchangers can be either inserted through the container openings of the stor-age container or, as previously mentioned, anchored in place therein during the blow-molding of the container, which is especially advantageous when synthetic material heat-exchangers are employed.
The above-described hot water heater or storage devices can be modified in many respects without departing from the concept of the invention. Thus, the plastic foam heat-insulation covering or coat 11 can be produced, as described, preferably by foaming a plastic foam-producing material around the blow-molded synthetic material storage containers in a foam insulation-forming mold to produce the form-closed insulation covering 11 enveloping the con-tainer. Although this manner of production of the foam insulation covering 11 is preferably employed, other ways S~-6608 ~ 1 5~ ~ 6 of producing SUCil insulation covering ll are possible.
For example, the foam insulation covering 11 could consist of two preformed molded half sections ~he irmer contours ~? of which, when the two half sections are placed around and against the container from opposite sides and joined or fastened together, conform to the outside shape of the storage container. From the above description of the invention, therefore, especially as it is shown in the drawings, it will be apparent that there has been provided a novel form~stabilized syntnetic Tllaterial storage con-tainer for hot water heaters and storage devices.
, ~
:` FIGURE 5 is a sectional view-of the storage con-tainer of the device shown in F~GU~ 4;
FIGURE 6 is a side view of the storage container . 25 of FIGUR~S 4 and 5 with the heat-exchanger thereof shown in dash-dot lines;
FIGURES 7 and ~ are side views of two other . ,~
alternative embodiments of a hot water heater or storage device according to the invention; and, FIGURES 9 and 10 are side and front views of the embo~iments shown in FIGURES 7 and ~, respectively.
PP~FERRED Ei~ODIl~NTS
The hot water heater or storage device shown in FIGURES 1, 2 and 3 comprises a storage container 10 which is blow-molded out of a thermoplastic synthetic rnaterial, for instance, polyethylene, and a plastic foam heat-insulation covering or coat 11 which surrounds or envelops the storage container 10 on all sides and which is consti-tuted o a semi-hard to hard form of plastic ~oam material, preferably polyurethane. Tne s~orage container 10 has ,~;''~
:.
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~S~;6 s~l- 660~
, '" - 10 -, ., .i~ approximately the basic form of a quadrate. Its len~th . and hei~ht are several times greater than its widtn w,lich ;' should not be greater than 700 to 800 mm because of the need to move the llOt water heater or storage device into buildings, for example, into the basement of a house. The ~ largest surfaces of the storage container 10 are the side ;~ walls 12. The two opposite front sides are indicated at :.; 13 and the opposite top and bottom or ground sides at 14.
All three sides 12, 13 and 14 are cylindrically shaped.
The top 15 and tne bottom 16 of the storage container 10 each have the form of a nalf-cylinder of which the circu-ar radius Rl or R2 is equal to half of the container .' wdith B, with the central point of the respective circle ~$ situated in the ver~ical longitudinal center plane of the ;' 15 storage container (F~GURE 2). The facing front or end ~ walls 13 oE the storage container 10 are likewise in the ;~;' form of a half-cylinder 17 of which the radius R3 is also equal to half of the container width ~, with the central .i,:,,~ point of the respective circle situated in the vertical ~ 0 mid-plane of the container (FIGUR~ 3). The corner areas .i of the storage container 10 at t'ne opposing fron-t or end walls 13 thereof are in the form of ball-shaped roundin~s ~: 18 (FIGURE 1). The radius of these ball-shape~ roundings ;~` or segments 18 also correspond to half of the container width B. The two opposite side walls 12 of ~he storage container 10 which constitute the largest surfaces t'nereof . ,,~ .
~ are each formed with two side~by-side wall recesses 19 .`:.~ spaced horizontally of the respective wall 12, tne con-.:; tours of which recesses 19 are indicated in dotted lines in FIGURES 2 and 3. These wall recesses 19 become nar-'! rower toward the inside of the container 10 in a funnel shape, and they connect with one another at their smallest ~ or innermost points at the center plane of the container, . as s'nown at 20. The container side walls 12, in the areas , 35 of their wall recesses 19, are cylindrically formed in ~: both their horizontal and vertical sections, as indicated ~:: by the dotted lines 21 in FIGURES 2 and 3. The central points of the surfaces 21, which are defined by circular .?~ arches, are also situated in the vertical center plane of :. 40 the storage container 10. The radius of curvature of the :.-:.
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:~SC3 ~L66 cylindrically formed surfaces ~1 likewise correspond to half of the container width. With the above-described shape, a storage container 10 is created which has, in practically all horizontal and vertical sections, approxi-mately circle-shaped, curved wall contours, with the arc-surfaces having the same radius of curvature corresponding to 'nalf of the width of the storage container. As men-tioned, the wall recesses 19 at the opposite side walls 12 of t'he container 10 are connected two by two in the verti-- 10 cal center plane of the container, and their surfaces are i also formed in a way such that they are bounded by circu-lar arches. Such a synthetic material storage container is cnaracterized by an enormously high form stability, which is a very advantageous feature where the storage con-tainer is to be used for a temperature-stressed hot water heater or s torage devîce .
At the top of the storage container 10, two `~- spaced container openings 22 are formed in the center plane of the container for the entrance and exit of the water or other liquid to be stored therein. The storage container 10 is also provided in its vertical center plane, ~` which corresponds to the squeezing or abutting plane of the two halves of the container blow-molcling tool, with ; spacer members or holders 23 whi ch consist of thin syn-thetic material tabs or something similar which penetrates - ~ the foam insulation covering or coat 11. Other such spacer members or holders 24 are located on t'ne side wall surfaces 12. The bolt-like spacer members or holders 24 can be inserted into the blow mold for the storage container 10 , 30 as a special insert or core, so that they can be united with the storage container during the moldin~; of the same.
For the manufacture of the plastic foam heat-insulation covering 11, the storage container 10 is placed in a foam-shaping mold and held in proper position therein spaced from the wall thereof by means of the spacer or holder members 23, 24. Afterwards, the storage container '~ 10 is foanled in the mold from all sides under application of a plastic foam reaction nliX in the mold, especially polyurethane foam. Because of the great self-stability of the storage container 10, there will not be any deforma-,: ~
~ :, ,. .~:., ` 1~5~66 S~-6608 tion o the storage container resulting from the foam pres-sures and reaction heat which are produced in the mold dur-ing the foaming process. During the progress of the foam-forming operation, the foam adapts itself to the outside contour of the storage container 10. Consequently, a foam `~ insulation covering or coat 11 is formed of which the inner contour corresponds to the outside form or configura-; tion of the syntnetic storage container 10 and which com-. pletely encloses or envelops the container at all sides in its form. Thus, the foam insulation covering or coat 11 - forms a unitary part of and an inseparable component of the synthetic material storage container 10, and it is con-; nected ~hereto without surface adhesion and only by its ; orm enclosure instead.
., ~ 15 By forming the foam insulation covering or coat `~ 11 in the above-descrlbed manner in a foam-shaping mold,it may be formed with the desired rectangular or quadrate , exterior shape as is shown in FIGURES 1 to 3. Also, a ~' ~ flat bottom or standing surEace 25 for the storage device ` 20 may be formed on the foam insulation covering 11.
`~ It is deslrable to cover the foam insulation covering 11 at its outside surfaces, preferably at all such suraces, with an outside covering or coat (not shown) ; which serves as a protection coating or covering for the ~; 25 foarll insulation covering 11 and mainly as a shoc~ pro-~ tec~or. But ad~itionally, however, the exterior protec-'~ tive covering or coat can also be useful as a means for ,- imparting further rigidity and stability to the hot water heater or storage device. Preferably, the foam insulation covering or coat 11 is covered or enveloped on the outside with a foil (not shown) of synthetic material. This foil of synthetic material can be applied during the previously described foam insulation applying process by introducing it into the foam-shaping mold before the foaming of the foaln insulation ll around the storage container, and then :; foaming the foam-producing material in the mold in the ,~ space therein between the storage container and the sur-rounding foil. In this way, the foil of synthetic material .` becomes firmly attached to the surface of the foam insula-;. -:
tion covering 11.
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.
FIGURES 4 to 6 illustrate a modifie~ form of syn-thetic material storage container 30 according to the . invention w~ich, in its all-embracing dimensions, is ~- approximately quadra-shaped or in which the three -mutually S othogonal axes thereof are different from each other. rrhe foam insulation covering 11 is not shown in tnese figures, ; but it can correspond to the covering 11 in the embodi,nent of FIGURES 1 to 3 in formation, shape and production.
The synthetic material storage container 30 in FIGURES 4 to 6 is in the form of a closely-convoluted sinuous-like or wavy-like shaped pipe member of circular transverse cross-sec~ion, the convolutions 31 of which are disposed in one plane, as s7nown in FIGURE 5. The convolu-tions 31 of the tubular pipe member are connected near their reversely bent ends or roundings 32 by formed flat ; straps 33, At each end o~ the sinuous-like pipe member 30 a container opening 34 or 35 is provided. The pipe ` diameter of the sinuous-shaped pipe member corresponds to tne wi.dth of the container 30 which is much smaller than the length and height of the same. The storage container 30 is also blow-molded. Into the dividing plane of the two 'nalves of the container-forming blow mold is posi-tioned a plate-like heat-exchanger 36 which in this way is : ; situated in the center plane of the sinuous-shaped pipe member or storage container 30 (F~GURE 5) during the ensu-~ ;; ing mol~ing thereof. Tlle plate-like heat-exchanger 36 is : thus anchored in place in the center plane of the storage ,~,, ,~ container 30, i.e., in the circumference of its tubular : ~; pipe convolutions 31, whereby its plate-plane coincides : ~ 30 with the center plane of the sinuous shaped storage con-.i ~ tainer 30. The heat-exchanger 36 consists of a tubular ,~ pipe system comprised of a plurality of parallel-arranged :~ and interfitting sinuous-like or wavy-like pipes 3, to 40 '~ which are connected with each other as a unit and the con-i ~ 35 volutions of which follow those of tne sinuous-shaped pipe member forming the container 30. The pipe convolutions 37 ', to 40 are connected two by two at their one ends 41, and ~ at their other ends to special inlet-outlet connections 42 . or 43 located in the center plane of the pipe system. The .i ~ 40 sinuous-like pipes 37, 38 and 39, 40 form in each case a separate heat-exchanger whereby, through the pipe system .~. -, . , , :i.:
t S~-6608 - ` 3L15~L6~i 37, 38 the heat can be conducted to the storage medium .. ~ (water) which is in the storage container 30, and through `~ the pipe system 39, 40 the lleat can be led out of the storage container 30.
In the embodiment shown in FIGURES 4 to G, the entire heat-exchanger 36 consists of a one-part synthetic `~ material formed unit which is inserted into the sinuous-shaped blow mold for.the storage container 30 and becomes firmly anchored within and supported by the synthetic-material storage container 30 ~uring the following blow-molding process forming such container. If the hot water heater or storage device of F~GURES 4 to 6 is to be used as such with internal pressures, then it is preferable in such case that the diameter of the sinuous-shaped pipe ~; 15 member 30 be not more than 2~0 null.
will be ~vident tha~ the storage container 30 in FIGURES 4 to 6 also is practically defined, in all hori-zontal and vertical section planes, by arc-like wall con-~ ~ tours whereby a container of higil form stability is obtained.
:~ 20 The heat-excllanger 36 in the container 30 is especially adapted for the heat-recovery out of active sewage, etc.
FIGURE 7 illustrates a furtner modified form of ~, `~ hot water heater or storage device according to the~inven-tion, the syntlletic material storage container 50 of which is also blow-molded and is comprised of two unitarily con-nected cylindrical container pipes or members 51 and 52 ; which are arranged parallel to each other and in close ;~ side-by-side relation with the~r longitudinal axes para-llel to each other. The ends 53 and 54 of the cylindrical container members 51, 52 are approximately hemispherically snaped with their radius of curvature corresponding to half of the diame~er of the cylindrical container members.
Both o~ the container members 51, 52 have their interior chambers connected with each other by a plurality of con-nections 55 spaced apart in the direction of the container axes and having circular passageways. Each of the cylin-drical container members 51, 52 has a container opening 56 at its upper end. The plastic foam neat-insulation cover-ing or coat 11 corresponds to the same in FIGURES 1 to 3 in its formation and production.
The modified form of hot water heater or storage device 50A shown in FIGURE 8 differs from the one shown in FIGURE 7 mainly in that the two cylindrical container pipes or members 51, 52 are arranged horizontally one above the other instead of in vertical side-by-side rela-tion as in FIGURE 7, and that the container openings 56 are both located at the upper side of the uppermost con-tainer member 51. In both cases also, the radius of curva-ture of the cylindrical or ball-shaped walls of the syn-thetic material storage containers 51, 52 are smaller than its width and correspond to half of the width of the stor-age container. In addition, the storage containers 50 and 50A, in FIGURE 7 and 8 both have circular wall contours, respectively, in all horizontal and vertical section planes.
The modified hot water heater or storage device shown in FIGURES 9 and 10 corresponds essentially to that shown in FIGURES 1 to 3, the only substantial difference being in that the blow-molded synthetic material storage container 60 has only one wall recess 19 arranged in the center of each of the opposite side wall surfaces 12.
It will be obvious that with the embodiments of the invention shown in FIGURES 1 to 3 and 9 and 10, heat-exchangers can be arranged in the inside of the synthetic material storage container. The heat-exchangers can be either inserted through the container openings of the stor-age container or, as previously mentioned, anchored in place therein during the blow-molding of the container, which is especially advantageous when synthetic material heat-exchangers are employed.
The above-described hot water heater or storage devices can be modified in many respects without departing from the concept of the invention. Thus, the plastic foam heat-insulation covering or coat 11 can be produced, as described, preferably by foaming a plastic foam-producing material around the blow-molded synthetic material storage containers in a foam insulation-forming mold to produce the form-closed insulation covering 11 enveloping the con-tainer. Although this manner of production of the foam insulation covering 11 is preferably employed, other ways S~-6608 ~ 1 5~ ~ 6 of producing SUCil insulation covering ll are possible.
For example, the foam insulation covering 11 could consist of two preformed molded half sections ~he irmer contours ~? of which, when the two half sections are placed around and against the container from opposite sides and joined or fastened together, conform to the outside shape of the storage container. From the above description of the invention, therefore, especially as it is shown in the drawings, it will be apparent that there has been provided a novel form~stabilized syntnetic Tllaterial storage con-tainer for hot water heaters and storage devices.
, ~
Claims (24)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An insulated storage device for warm water comprising a blow-molded storage container of a thermoplastic synthetic material and of relatively high self-shape stability, and the greatest dimensions of which in the three mutually orthogonal axes thereof are different, and further comprising a molded plastic foam outer insulation covering enclosing the said con-tainer, characterized by: said container having partially cylindrical and/or ball-shaped walls; said foam insulation covering having an inner contour corresponding to the outside shape of the container whereby said foam insulation covering encloses said container in a form-closed manner; said foam insulation covering, which is an integrated and inseparable component of said container, having an outside shape which is approximately of quadra-shaped form having a substantially flat bottom stand surface.
2. A storage device for warm water according to claim 1 wherein the said foam insulation covering is non-adherent to the surface of the said container and attached thereto only by its form closure therearound.
3. A storage device for warm water according to claim 1 wherein the said molded foam insulation covering is provided with a protective exterior covering comprising a synthetic foil firmly attached to the said foam insulation covering.
4. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the radii of curvature of the said cylindri-cal and/or ball-shaped walls of the said container correspond approximately to half or less the width thereof.
5. A storage device for warm water according to either claim I or 3 wherein the radii of curvature of the said cylin-drical and/or ball-shaped walls of the said container corres-pond approximately to half or less the width thereof, and the container having, in all horizontal and vertical section planes thereof, circular arch-shaped wall contours having approximately the same radius of curvature.
6. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the walls of the said container are engaged with spacer holders for the container projecting out-wardly from the said container walls and embedded in the said foam insulation covering.
7. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the said blow-molded storage container is formed of separate sections having squeezing edges which are squeezed together to form the container and wherein the walls of the said container are engaged with spacer holders for the container comprising narrow tabs of synthetic material embedded in the said squeezing edges of said container sections and in the said foam insulation covering.
8. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the said container is of approximately quadra-shape and the walls of the said container are engaged with spacer holders for the container projecting outwardly from the largest side walls thereof and embedded in the said foam insulation covering.
9. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the said container is of approximately quadra-shape and is formed cylindrically at the two smaller ends and top surfaces thereof, and wherein the two facing largest surfaces thereof are respectively provided with at least one wall recess which narrows down inwardly of the con-tainer, said recesses being connected with each other at their deepest inward region in the center-plane of the container.
10. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the said container is of approximately quadra-shape and is formed cylindrically at the two smaller ends and top surfaces thereof, and wherein the two facing larg-est surfaces thereof are respectively provided with at least one wall recess which narrows down inwardly of the container, said recesses being connected with each other at their deepest in-ward region in the center-plane of the container, said container walls being approximately cylindrically shaped because of said recesses.
11. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the said container is of approximately quadra-shape and is formed cylindrically at the two smaller ends and top surfaces thereof, and wherein the two facing largest surfaces thereof are respectively provided with at least one wall recess which narrows down inwardly of the con-tainer, said recesses being connected with each other at their deepest inward regions in the center-plane of the container, and the said approximately quadra-shaped container having, in its corner areas, ball-shaped roundings with a radius of curva-ture corresponding to approximately half the container width.
12. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the said storage container is in the form of a closely-convoluted sinuous-shaped pipe member of circular cross-section the convolutions of which are disposed in one plane.
13. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the said storage container is in the form of a closely-convoluted sinuous-shaped pipe member of circular cross-section the convolutions of which are disposed in one plane and interconnected by formed straps in the area of their turns.
14. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the said storage container is in the form of a closely-convoluted sinuous-shaped pipe member of circular cross-section the convolutions of which are disposed in one plane, each end of said pipe member being provided with a con-tainer opening.
15. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the said storage container comprises a plurality of cylindrical container members arranged in close side-by-side parallel relationship and connected together as a unitary assembly, with the interior chambers of the adjacent .
container members connected to one another.
container members connected to one another.
16. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the said storage container comprises a plurality of cylindrical container members arranged in close side-by-side parallel relationship and connected together as a unitary assembly, with the interior chambers of the adjacent container members connected to one another, said container mem-bers having hemispherical shaped ends.
17. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein the said storage container comprises a plurality of cylindrical container members arranged in close side-by-side parallel relationship and connected together as a unitary assembly, with the interior chambers of the adjacent container members connected to one another by a plurality of connections having circular cross-section passageways and spaced apart in the direction of the container axes.
18. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein at least one heat-exchanger is arranged within the interior of and firmly supported by the said storage container in the center-plane thereof.
19. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein at least one heat-exchanger of plate-like shape is arranged within the interior of and firmly supported by the said storage container in the center-plane thereof.
20. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein at least one heat-exchanger is arranged within the interior of and firmly supported by the said storage container in the center-plane thereof, said heat-exchanger being constituted of a synthetic material.
21. A storage device for warm water according to either claim 1 or 3 wherein at least one heat-exchanger of plate-like shape is arranged within the interior of and firmly supported by the said storage container in the center-plane thereof, said heat-exchanger consisting of a sinuous-shaped pipe system com-posed of a plurality of sinuous-shaped pipes disposed in a common plane coinciding with the center plane of the said con-tainer and arranged with their convolutions in interfitting spaced relation with one another.
22. A method of producing a storage device for warm water incorporating a blow-molded preformed storage container of a thermoplastic synthetic material, comprising the steps of: inserting the said preformed storage container in an enclosing mold in spaced relation to the walls thereof, and foaming a plastic foam-producing material in said mold to form a plastic foam insulation covering on, and form-closed around the said container.
23. A method according to claim 22 wherein a protective covering is applied to the outside of the said foam insulation covering by inserting a foil of synthetic material in the said mold and enveloping said container prior to the said foaming of the said foam-producing material in said mold between the said container and said foil.
24. A method according to claim 22 of producing the storage device having a heat-exchanger supported therein, which comprises the additional step of inserting the said heat-exchanger as an insert in the blow-mold for the said container, prior to the blow-molding thereof, to firmly anchor the said heat-exchanger in the container during the ensuing blow-molding thereof.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19803011426 DE3011426A1 (en) | 1980-03-25 | 1980-03-25 | PLASTIC HEAT STORAGE, ESPECIALLY FOR HOT WATER STORAGE IN THE HOUSEHOLD TECHNICAL AREA AND THE LIKE, AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| DEP3011426.2 | 1980-03-25 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1150166A true CA1150166A (en) | 1983-07-19 |
Family
ID=6098232
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000371157A Expired CA1150166A (en) | 1980-03-25 | 1981-02-18 | Storage device for warm water and method of manufacture |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AT (1) | AT386069B (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1150166A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH651920A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3011426A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2479429A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4116375A1 (en) * | 1991-05-18 | 1992-03-12 | Georg Haase | Long-term hot water storage unit - has polyethylene body with flanged connections to heat exchangers and also to similar energy storage units |
| DE4140223A1 (en) * | 1991-12-06 | 1993-06-09 | Thomas Dipl.-Phys. 8132 Tutzing De Neuerburg | Plastic container for heat store - comprising container of hot water made of integral polypropylene@ with barrier layer of highly insulating material |
| IT1261870B (en) * | 1993-09-17 | 1996-06-03 | Romano Nardi | SELF-SUPPORTING WATER HEATER, SUITABLE TO BE CONSTITUTED IN PLASTIC MATERIAL. |
| AT402853B (en) * | 1993-12-13 | 1997-09-25 | Vaillant Gmbh | GAS HEATED WATER HEATER |
| DE4438970A1 (en) * | 1994-10-31 | 1996-05-02 | Consolar Energiespeicher Und R | Thermal accumulator of modular construction with a single, sectional thermal insulation jacket |
| EP0805316B1 (en) | 1996-05-03 | 2001-10-24 | Franz Kaldewei GmbH & Co.KG | Hot water accumulator with an inner container |
| NL1014628C2 (en) * | 2000-03-13 | 2001-09-14 | Inventum B V | Pressure vessel. |
| DE102009054345B4 (en) | 2009-09-30 | 2018-11-22 | Etimex Technical Components Gmbh | A fluid processing domestic appliance having a heat exchanger with two or more tanks and methods of operation |
| DE202010006492U1 (en) | 2010-05-05 | 2010-08-05 | Verbundwerkstoff- und Kunststoffanwendungstechnik GmbH Schönbrunn | Heat accumulator made of composite materials |
| IT202000009331A1 (en) * | 2020-04-29 | 2021-10-29 | Ariston S P A | FLAT WATER HEATER EQUIPPED WITH TANKS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1288279C2 (en) * | 1963-08-13 | 1973-02-01 | Siemens Ag | Water tank for electric hot water heaters |
| BE642367A (en) * | 1964-01-10 | 1964-07-10 | ||
| FR1392708A (en) * | 1964-02-13 | 1965-03-19 | Siemens Elektrogeraete Gmbh | Water container for electric water heaters |
| FR1406533A (en) * | 1964-05-29 | 1965-07-23 | Siemens Elektrogeraete Gmbh | Water tank for overflow electric water heater |
| FR1415217A (en) * | 1964-11-25 | 1965-10-22 | Pressure tank, especially for water heaters | |
| AT255710B (en) * | 1965-04-01 | 1967-07-25 | Vogel & Noot Ag | Pressure vessels, in particular for boilers |
| DE6604807U (en) * | 1967-05-11 | 1970-02-12 | Junkers & Co | HEAT EXCHANGER WITH EXTERNAL INSULATION, IN PARTICULAR FOR A GAS-HEATED CIRCULATION WATER HEATER. |
| AT332949B (en) * | 1973-09-21 | 1976-10-25 | Tirolia Werke Heiss J & Co Kg | HOT WATER TANK OR BOILER, ESPECIALLY IN FLAT CONSTRUCTION |
| DE2503759C3 (en) * | 1975-01-30 | 1979-03-08 | Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co Kg, 3450 Holzminden | Liquid container for a water heater |
| NL168326C (en) * | 1976-02-10 | 1982-03-16 | Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co Kg | WATER VESSEL, ESPECIALLY FOR PREPARING HOT WATER. |
| AT345942B (en) * | 1976-10-13 | 1978-10-10 | Reisner & Wolff Maschf | HOT WATER TANK |
| DE2715138B2 (en) * | 1977-04-05 | 1980-02-07 | Forbach Gmbh & Co Kg, 8740 Bad Neustadt | Plastic water tank for a water heater |
| DE3009367A1 (en) * | 1980-03-12 | 1981-09-17 | Roth Werke Gmbh, 3563 Dautphetal | Water heater with horizontal container - consists of two cylindrical sections with connection chamber |
-
1980
- 1980-03-25 DE DE19803011426 patent/DE3011426A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1980-12-05 AT AT595580A patent/AT386069B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-12-18 CH CH935080A patent/CH651920A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-12-31 FR FR8027979A patent/FR2479429A1/en active Granted
-
1981
- 1981-02-18 CA CA000371157A patent/CA1150166A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CH651920A5 (en) | 1985-10-15 |
| AT386069B (en) | 1988-06-27 |
| FR2479429B1 (en) | 1984-03-02 |
| FR2479429A1 (en) | 1981-10-02 |
| DE3011426A1 (en) | 1981-10-01 |
| ATA595580A (en) | 1987-11-15 |
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