CA1043865A - Galvanic cell with anode of light metal, non-aqueous electrolyte, and cathode with pb3o4 as active material - Google Patents
Galvanic cell with anode of light metal, non-aqueous electrolyte, and cathode with pb3o4 as active materialInfo
- Publication number
- CA1043865A CA1043865A CA256,048A CA256048A CA1043865A CA 1043865 A CA1043865 A CA 1043865A CA 256048 A CA256048 A CA 256048A CA 1043865 A CA1043865 A CA 1043865A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- pb3o4
- percent
- weight
- lithium
- aqueous electrolyte
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 title 1
- XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II,IV) oxide Inorganic materials O1[Pb]O[Pb]11O[Pb]O1 XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940032159 propylene carbonate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N divanadium pentaoxide Chemical compound O=[V](=O)O[V](=O)=O GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- -1 lithium hexafluorphosphate Chemical compound 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NJVHJTQSGGRHGP-UHFFFAOYSA-K [Li].[Al+3].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-] Chemical compound [Li].[Al+3].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-] NJVHJTQSGGRHGP-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDUPRNVPXOHWIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl sulfite Chemical compound COS(=O)OC BDUPRNVPXOHWIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011532 electronic conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052811 halogen oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- NVBMUOYFLVUZJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1,2-diol;sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O.CC(O)CO NVBMUOYFLVUZJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/56—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of lead
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Primary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure Pb3O4 is the electrochemically reducible ingredient of the positive electrode mass in a galvanic element having a light metal negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
Description
The inven~ion relates to a galvanic element having a negative elec-rode of light metal, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a positive metal oxide electrode.
Because of their low equivalent weight and high standard potential, light metals have exceptionally high energy density when used as the electrode materials in galvanic cells. From this standpoint, lithium is particularly suitable as the electrode material.
The high chemical reactivity of light metals requires on the one hand, the use of non-aqueous electrolyte while, on the other hand, it places special requirements upon the selection of the material for the positive electrode. Mbst materials are too readily soluble in the electrolyte, which causes the useful capacity of such an electrolyte to seriously decline during storage. For other materials, the current producing electrochemical reaction is so strongly impeded that discharge at higher current densities becomes im- -practical. -By way of illustration, German Patent 2,010,989 discloses a galvanic element having a negative lithium electrode and a positive metal halogen or metal oxide electrode and an electrolyte which contains a lithium-hexafluorar- ~-senate dissolved in a metal ester of a fatty acid with few carbon atoms. As solvent, there is used the methyl ester of formic acid. The positive electrode may consist, for example of vanadium pentoxide.
In German Offenlegungsschrift 2,363,386 an element is disclosed having ~
a positive electrode of molybdenum trioxide and a negative lithium electrode. ~ , ;
These known electrochemical systems, however, have various disadvan-tages attributable in part to an insufficiently high energy density and in part to the high cost of the cathode material. In addition, the materials of the positive electrodes frequently also exhibit a non-negligible solubility in the organic electrolyte and this seriously impairs their shelf life. Moreover, a cell such as one having a negative lithium electrode and a positive vanadium pentoxide electrode exhibits a relatively high discharge potential so that it ~ ;~
'' ' '-- 1 - .:
' ' ,: ' ~3~ ~
is not interchangeable with conventional cells of the Leclanché type.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an electro-chemical cell of the above identified type with a light metal electrode and an organic electrolyte and having an energy density which is high relative to its volume, which has good shelf life, and whose raw material costs are low.
These objects and otherswhich will appear are achieved in accordance with the present invention by making the electrochemically reducible component of the positive electrode mass of Pb304.
Pb304 is particularly desirable as the positive electrode material because it has high capacity per unit volume. This amounts to 2,840 Ah/l.
Moreover, Pb304 is practically insoluble in electrolyte solutions as, for example, in a one molar solution of lithium perchlorate in a mixture of 40 percent by volume of propylene carbonate and 60 percent by volume of 1,2-dimethoxy ethane, or in a one molar solution of lithium perchlorate in a mix-ture of 40 percent by volume of butyrolacton and 60 percent by volume of 1,2-dimethoxi ethane. For these reasons the cell has good shelf life. It also has the additional advantage that the ingredients of which it is composed are very inexpensive. Still an additional advantage arises when the Pb304 elec-trode is combined with a lithium electrode as the negative electrode. The tischarge potential of this combination corresponds to the potential of the conventional Leclanché cell and therefore it makes possible its interchange-ability with conventional primary elements.
In addition to the above-mentioned preferred solutions, the electro-lyte may also consist of solutions of lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluorar-senate, lithium hexafluorphosphate, lithium aluminum chloride, lithium bromide or lithium borfluoride in the solvents tetrahydrofuran, dioxolan, dimethyl sul-fite, propylene glycol sulfite, methyl formiate, methyl acetate, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane, butyrolacton, dimethyl carbonate, or propylene carbonate. Also mix-tures of these solvents may be utilized.
Cells embodying the invention may be produced, for example, as
Because of their low equivalent weight and high standard potential, light metals have exceptionally high energy density when used as the electrode materials in galvanic cells. From this standpoint, lithium is particularly suitable as the electrode material.
The high chemical reactivity of light metals requires on the one hand, the use of non-aqueous electrolyte while, on the other hand, it places special requirements upon the selection of the material for the positive electrode. Mbst materials are too readily soluble in the electrolyte, which causes the useful capacity of such an electrolyte to seriously decline during storage. For other materials, the current producing electrochemical reaction is so strongly impeded that discharge at higher current densities becomes im- -practical. -By way of illustration, German Patent 2,010,989 discloses a galvanic element having a negative lithium electrode and a positive metal halogen or metal oxide electrode and an electrolyte which contains a lithium-hexafluorar- ~-senate dissolved in a metal ester of a fatty acid with few carbon atoms. As solvent, there is used the methyl ester of formic acid. The positive electrode may consist, for example of vanadium pentoxide.
In German Offenlegungsschrift 2,363,386 an element is disclosed having ~
a positive electrode of molybdenum trioxide and a negative lithium electrode. ~ , ;
These known electrochemical systems, however, have various disadvan-tages attributable in part to an insufficiently high energy density and in part to the high cost of the cathode material. In addition, the materials of the positive electrodes frequently also exhibit a non-negligible solubility in the organic electrolyte and this seriously impairs their shelf life. Moreover, a cell such as one having a negative lithium electrode and a positive vanadium pentoxide electrode exhibits a relatively high discharge potential so that it ~ ;~
'' ' '-- 1 - .:
' ' ,: ' ~3~ ~
is not interchangeable with conventional cells of the Leclanché type.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an electro-chemical cell of the above identified type with a light metal electrode and an organic electrolyte and having an energy density which is high relative to its volume, which has good shelf life, and whose raw material costs are low.
These objects and otherswhich will appear are achieved in accordance with the present invention by making the electrochemically reducible component of the positive electrode mass of Pb304.
Pb304 is particularly desirable as the positive electrode material because it has high capacity per unit volume. This amounts to 2,840 Ah/l.
Moreover, Pb304 is practically insoluble in electrolyte solutions as, for example, in a one molar solution of lithium perchlorate in a mixture of 40 percent by volume of propylene carbonate and 60 percent by volume of 1,2-dimethoxy ethane, or in a one molar solution of lithium perchlorate in a mix-ture of 40 percent by volume of butyrolacton and 60 percent by volume of 1,2-dimethoxi ethane. For these reasons the cell has good shelf life. It also has the additional advantage that the ingredients of which it is composed are very inexpensive. Still an additional advantage arises when the Pb304 elec-trode is combined with a lithium electrode as the negative electrode. The tischarge potential of this combination corresponds to the potential of the conventional Leclanché cell and therefore it makes possible its interchange-ability with conventional primary elements.
In addition to the above-mentioned preferred solutions, the electro-lyte may also consist of solutions of lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluorar-senate, lithium hexafluorphosphate, lithium aluminum chloride, lithium bromide or lithium borfluoride in the solvents tetrahydrofuran, dioxolan, dimethyl sul-fite, propylene glycol sulfite, methyl formiate, methyl acetate, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane, butyrolacton, dimethyl carbonate, or propylene carbonate. Also mix-tures of these solvents may be utilized.
Cells embodying the invention may be produced, for example, as
- 2 - -i, follows. Finally divided Pb304 is thoroughly mixed with about 1 to 10 percent by weight and preferably about 4 percent by weight of graphite as electronic conductor and with abou~ 0,3 to 1.0 percent by weight and preferably about 0.5 percent by weight of a binder such as polytetrafluorethylene, and then pressed into the shape of an electrode pellet. These pellets are either pressed directly into the bottom of a button shaped cell container, or else they are surrounded with a small mesh nickel net and then placed in the bottom of the cell receptacle and at about l.S mm thick separator of polypropylene or glass matting is placed upon the tablet. Upon the separator, the electrolyte solu-tion may be dripped. A lithium leaf of appropriate thickness forming the negative electrode is pressed into a piece of nickel expanded metal which is attached by spot welding to the inside of the cell cover. The cells are then closed in conventional manner.
As electrolyte there is preferably added a one molar solution of lithium perchlorate in about 40 percent by volume of butyrolacton, or propy-lene carbonate and about 60 percent by weight of 1,2-dimethoxy ethane.
The open circuit potential of the cell is 2.1 V, the discharge poten- j ;
tial 1.5 V. At a current density of 1 mA/cm2 the cell can be discharged for about 350 hours at constant potential, as appears from the discharge curve shown in the accompanying drawing. It is surprising that no potential step occurs during discharge, even though this might have been expected due to the various values of the lead in the active positive substance. The energy den-sity of these cells exceeds 600 Wh/l.
In addition to lithium, magnesium and calcium are also suitable as the light metals for this type of cell construction.
_ 3 -
As electrolyte there is preferably added a one molar solution of lithium perchlorate in about 40 percent by volume of butyrolacton, or propy-lene carbonate and about 60 percent by weight of 1,2-dimethoxy ethane.
The open circuit potential of the cell is 2.1 V, the discharge poten- j ;
tial 1.5 V. At a current density of 1 mA/cm2 the cell can be discharged for about 350 hours at constant potential, as appears from the discharge curve shown in the accompanying drawing. It is surprising that no potential step occurs during discharge, even though this might have been expected due to the various values of the lead in the active positive substance. The energy den-sity of these cells exceeds 600 Wh/l.
In addition to lithium, magnesium and calcium are also suitable as the light metals for this type of cell construction.
_ 3 -
Claims (7)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A galvanic element comprising: a negative electrode of light metal, a non-aqueous electrolyte; and a positive electrode of metal oxide, the elec-trochemically reducible ingredient of the positive electrode mass being Pb3O4.
2. The element of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is a 1-molar solu-tion of lithium perchlorate in a mixture of butyrolacton or propylene car-bonate and 1,2-dimethoxy ethane in volumetric proportions of about 40 to 60.
3. The element of claim 1 wherein the Pb3O4 is in mixture with about 1 to 10 percent by weight of graphite and about 0.3 to 1.0 percent by weight of a binder.
4. The element of claim 3, wherein the Pb3O4 positive electrode mass is in mixture with about 4 percent by weight of graphite and about 0.5 percent by weight of a binder.
5. The element of claim 4, wherein the binder is polytetrafluorethy-lene.
6. The element of claim 1, wherein the negative electrode is selected from the group of lithium, magnesium or calcium.
7. The element of claim 6, wherein the negative electrode is of lithi-um.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2535468A DE2535468C3 (en) | 1975-08-08 | 1975-08-08 | Galvanic element with a negative electrode made of light metal, a non-aqueous electrolyte and a positive metal oxide electrode with Pb 3 O4 as an electrochemically reducible component |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1043865A true CA1043865A (en) | 1978-12-05 |
Family
ID=5953582
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA256,048A Expired CA1043865A (en) | 1975-08-08 | 1976-06-30 | Galvanic cell with anode of light metal, non-aqueous electrolyte, and cathode with pb3o4 as active material |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5221623A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1043865A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH600591A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2535468C3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2320640A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1499626A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL107460B1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2404313A1 (en) * | 1977-09-23 | 1979-04-20 | Accumulateurs Fixes | SPECIFIC HIGH ENERGY ELECTROCHEMICAL GENERATOR CONTAINING AN IMPROVED POSITIVE ACTIVE MATERIAL |
| DE3129634A1 (en) * | 1980-09-06 | 1982-04-15 | Varta Batterie Ag, 3000 Hannover | Galvanic element |
| FR2508240A1 (en) * | 1981-06-17 | 1982-12-24 | Gipelec | Electrochemical cell with cation conductive vitreous electrolyte - formed by powder compaction on cathode with lithium disc superimposed |
| JPH02256543A (en) * | 1989-03-30 | 1990-10-17 | Aisin Seiki Co Ltd | Seat having seat belt for vehicle |
| US5286073A (en) * | 1990-06-20 | 1994-02-15 | Kabushiki Kaisha Komatsu Seisakusho | Device for fastening ajar door |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3532543A (en) * | 1968-02-21 | 1970-10-06 | Aerojet General Co | Battery employing lithium - sulphur electrodes with non-aqueous electrolyte |
-
1975
- 1975-08-08 DE DE2535468A patent/DE2535468C3/en not_active Expired
-
1976
- 1976-04-09 CH CH455676A patent/CH600591A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-06-30 CA CA256,048A patent/CA1043865A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-08 PL PL1976191017A patent/PL107460B1/en unknown
- 1976-07-21 FR FR7622260A patent/FR2320640A1/en active Granted
- 1976-07-29 GB GB31738/76A patent/GB1499626A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-08-09 JP JP51094725A patent/JPS5221623A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5221623A (en) | 1977-02-18 |
| FR2320640A1 (en) | 1977-03-04 |
| FR2320640B1 (en) | 1979-06-22 |
| DE2535468C3 (en) | 1980-12-11 |
| DE2535468A1 (en) | 1977-02-17 |
| GB1499626A (en) | 1978-02-01 |
| CH600591A5 (en) | 1978-06-30 |
| DE2535468B2 (en) | 1980-04-24 |
| PL107460B1 (en) | 1980-02-29 |
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