BR112016028715B1 - Processo de preparação de um gel de alumina com índice de dispersibilidade elevado - Google Patents
Processo de preparação de um gel de alumina com índice de dispersibilidade elevado Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- BR112016028715B1 BR112016028715B1 BR112016028715-0A BR112016028715A BR112016028715B1 BR 112016028715 B1 BR112016028715 B1 BR 112016028715B1 BR 112016028715 A BR112016028715 A BR 112016028715A BR 112016028715 B1 BR112016028715 B1 BR 112016028715B1
- Authority
- BR
- Brazil
- Prior art keywords
- precipitation
- alumina
- acid
- aluminum
- basic
- Prior art date
Links
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 178
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 36
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 121
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 95
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 67
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 55
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 17
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012431 aqueous reaction media Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- WPUINVXKIPAAHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;potassium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[K+] WPUINVXKIPAAHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 81
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 7
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 5
- -1 aluminum compound Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- ZZBAGJPKGRJIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7h-purine-2-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=NC=C2NC=NC2=N1 ZZBAGJPKGRJIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 4
- KVOIJEARBNBHHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [K+].[O-][Al]=O KVOIJEARBNBHHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000005070 ripening Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013213 extrapolation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002795 fluorescence method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- FLDSMVTWEZKONL-AWEZNQCLSA-N 5,5-dimethyl-N-[(3S)-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzoxazepin-3-yl]-1,4,7,8-tetrahydrooxepino[4,5-c]pyrazole-3-carboxamide Chemical compound CC1(CC2=C(NN=C2C(=O)N[C@@H]2C(N(C3=C(OC2)C=CC=C3)C)=O)CCO1)C FLDSMVTWEZKONL-AWEZNQCLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006259 organic additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H dialuminum;trisulfate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002523 gelfiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010335 hydrothermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/0052—Preparation of gels
- B01J13/0056—Preparation of gels containing inorganic material and water
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/04—Preparation of alkali metal aluminates; Aluminium oxide or hydroxide therefrom
- C01F7/14—Aluminium oxide or hydroxide from alkali metal aluminates
- C01F7/141—Aluminium oxide or hydroxide from alkali metal aluminates from aqueous aluminate solutions by neutralisation with an acidic agent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/34—Preparation of aluminium hydroxide by precipitation from solutions containing aluminium salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/44—Dehydration of aluminium oxide or hydroxide, i.e. all conversions of one form into another involving a loss of water
- C01F7/441—Dehydration of aluminium oxide or hydroxide, i.e. all conversions of one form into another involving a loss of water by calcination
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/60—Compounds characterised by their crystallite size
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/22—Rheological behaviour as dispersion, e.g. viscosity, sedimentation stability
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1455421A FR3022235B1 (fr) | 2014-06-13 | 2014-06-13 | Gel haute dispersibilite et son procede de preparation |
| FR1455421 | 2014-06-13 | ||
| PCT/EP2015/062829 WO2015189203A1 (fr) | 2014-06-13 | 2015-06-09 | Gel haute dispersibilite et son procede de preparation |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| BR112016028715A2 BR112016028715A2 (pt) | 2017-08-22 |
| BR112016028715B1 true BR112016028715B1 (pt) | 2022-09-06 |
Family
ID=51688185
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| BR112016028715-0A BR112016028715B1 (pt) | 2014-06-13 | 2015-06-09 | Processo de preparação de um gel de alumina com índice de dispersibilidade elevado |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US20170121181A1 (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP3154908B1 (https=) |
| JP (2) | JP2017521343A (https=) |
| CN (1) | CN106687412B (https=) |
| BR (1) | BR112016028715B1 (https=) |
| DK (1) | DK3154908T3 (https=) |
| FR (1) | FR3022235B1 (https=) |
| RU (1) | RU2694751C2 (https=) |
| WO (1) | WO2015189203A1 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3047238B1 (fr) * | 2016-01-29 | 2021-07-16 | Ifp Energies Now | Procede de preparation d'un gel d'alumine presentant une haute dispersibilite et une taille de cristallite specifique |
| CN111320194B (zh) * | 2020-04-24 | 2022-08-19 | 山东中科天泽净水材料有限公司 | 一种铝胶及聚合氯化铝的制备方法 |
| FR3112540A1 (fr) | 2020-07-20 | 2022-01-21 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procédé de préparation d'un gel d'alumine haute dispersibilité |
| FR3112496A1 (fr) | 2020-07-20 | 2022-01-21 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procédé de lavage d'une suspension d'oxydes métalliques |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1603461A (en) * | 1977-03-25 | 1981-11-25 | Grace W R & Co | Process for preparing crystalline allumina |
| GB2123804B (en) * | 1982-06-23 | 1985-08-07 | Grace W R & Co | Dispersible alpha-aluminate monohydrate |
| CA1207630A (en) * | 1983-12-22 | 1986-07-15 | Alan Pearson | Continuous process for neutralization of aluminate solution to form gels and apparatus therefor |
| SU1787941A1 (ru) * | 1991-03-07 | 1993-01-15 | Inst Chimii Tech Redkik | Способ получения гидроксида алюминия |
| CN1120129C (zh) * | 1996-03-05 | 2003-09-03 | 佐藤护郎 | 氧化铝溶胶的制备方法 |
| KR100588323B1 (ko) * | 1998-07-06 | 2006-06-13 | 앵스띠뛰 프랑세 뒤 뻬뜨롤 | 신규의 분산성 알루미늄 수화물, 그 제조 방법 및 이것을촉매 제조에 사용하는 방법 |
| US6312619B1 (en) * | 1999-06-10 | 2001-11-06 | Condea Vista Company | Method for producing water-dispersible alpha-alumina monohydrate |
| JP4054183B2 (ja) * | 2001-09-27 | 2008-02-27 | 触媒化成工業株式会社 | アルミナ製造装置 |
| US7422730B2 (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2008-09-09 | Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. | Nanoporous ultrafine α-alumina powders and sol-gel process of preparing same |
| RU2376059C2 (ru) * | 2003-09-17 | 2009-12-20 | Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. | Способ и катализатор гидроконверсии тяжелого углеводородного исходного сырья |
| TW200846286A (en) * | 2007-05-22 | 2008-12-01 | Grace W R & Co | Alumina particles and methods of making the same |
| RU2409519C1 (ru) * | 2009-07-08 | 2011-01-20 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Центр инновационных керамических нанотехнологий Нанокомпозит" | Способ получения нанопорошка альфа-оксида алюминия с узким распределением частиц по размерам |
| JP5610842B2 (ja) * | 2010-05-20 | 2014-10-22 | 日揮触媒化成株式会社 | アルミナ水和物微粒子、アルミナ水和物微粒子の製造方法、結合剤およびセラミック成型体 |
| CN101928029A (zh) * | 2010-09-08 | 2010-12-29 | 苏州创元投资发展(集团)有限公司 | 一种氧化铝溶胶的制备方法 |
| CN102180497B (zh) * | 2011-03-15 | 2012-09-26 | 宣城晶瑞新材料有限公司 | 高分散性纳米氧化铝的非水溶胶凝胶制备方法 |
| CN103288114A (zh) * | 2013-05-29 | 2013-09-11 | 如皋市乐恒化工有限公司 | 一种高纯度氧化铝的制备方法 |
-
2014
- 2014-06-13 FR FR1455421A patent/FR3022235B1/fr active Active
-
2015
- 2015-06-09 US US15/318,582 patent/US20170121181A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-06-09 WO PCT/EP2015/062829 patent/WO2015189203A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2015-06-09 CN CN201580031667.0A patent/CN106687412B/zh active Active
- 2015-06-09 EP EP15727663.5A patent/EP3154908B1/fr active Active
- 2015-06-09 DK DK15727663.5T patent/DK3154908T3/da active
- 2015-06-09 JP JP2016572481A patent/JP2017521343A/ja active Pending
- 2015-06-09 RU RU2017100950A patent/RU2694751C2/ru active
- 2015-06-09 BR BR112016028715-0A patent/BR112016028715B1/pt active IP Right Grant
-
2018
- 2018-07-25 US US16/045,118 patent/US10858262B2/en active Active
-
2019
- 2019-10-01 JP JP2019181423A patent/JP6789360B2/ja active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN106687412A (zh) | 2017-05-17 |
| DK3154908T3 (da) | 2020-04-20 |
| FR3022235A1 (fr) | 2015-12-18 |
| JP2017521343A (ja) | 2017-08-03 |
| JP2020073429A (ja) | 2020-05-14 |
| US20180334391A1 (en) | 2018-11-22 |
| WO2015189203A1 (fr) | 2015-12-17 |
| EP3154908B1 (fr) | 2020-01-08 |
| US20170121181A1 (en) | 2017-05-04 |
| CN106687412B (zh) | 2018-03-13 |
| RU2694751C2 (ru) | 2019-07-16 |
| FR3022235B1 (fr) | 2021-05-07 |
| JP6789360B2 (ja) | 2020-11-25 |
| RU2017100950A (ru) | 2018-07-13 |
| US10858262B2 (en) | 2020-12-08 |
| RU2017100950A3 (https=) | 2019-02-28 |
| EP3154908A1 (fr) | 2017-04-19 |
| BR112016028715A2 (pt) | 2017-08-22 |
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