BG113131A - Reef planto - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a facility for increasing and exploiting the biodiversity and bioproductivity of marine waters and will find application in maritime business, mariculture, fishing, veined rapa whelk hunting and other activities. The reef planto consists of three structures arranged at a distance from the bottom, one above the other, with a square cross section of the load-bearing structures: artificial reef, mussel plantation and artificial island, whereby the vertical (1, 21 and 39) and the connecting horizontal (3, 4 and 5, 22 and 24, 40 and 43) beams step on top of each other and are connected by fixed connections between the respective horizontal beams and planes (14-23, 25-41 and 43-38), as the body of the artificial reef consists of several floors with square premises as high labyrinths, flow and permeability, and the main element of the mussel plantation are the collector beams (24, 26, 27 and 29) bearing two rows of collectors (31), therefore the integration of the three facilities reduces the bottom area used and the cost of construction and operation and ensures full implementation of their useful functions and adaptation to the specific marine environment conditions and societal requirements.

Description

Georgi Dimitrov Perlichev

RHIPHOPLANTOS

FIELD OF APPLICATION

The invention relates to a marine hydrotechnical facility for the protection, enhancement and sustainable exploitation of the biodiversity, bioproductivity and ecological status of marine water areas and will find application in the field of marine business, marine hydrobiology, ecology and archaeology, mariculture (marine aquaculture), fishing, rapanoal fishing , recreation, coastal protection, the employment of unskilled labor along the coast, the development of a national marine environmental protection-exploitation strategy and the countermeasures against climate change.

PRIOR ART

A French prefabricated artificial reef (1) is known, built of several modular boards with round holes, providing high labyrinthineness (internal complexity), horizontal and vertical flowability of the floors and good living conditions for the hydrobionts inhabiting it. In its form immediately on the bottom, however, it is completely unsuitable for the conditions of the coastal zone and the shelf of the Bulgarian Black Sea, due to the rapid destruction of the mussels on it by the rapans, and also of the reefs themselves from the bottom trawls with heavy damage to the latter as well.

A Bulgarian metal plant for growing mussels (2) is known, consisting of three vertical supports connected by upper and lower horizontal profile beams, between which collector ropes for mussels are stretched by means of upper and lower double hooks. Disadvantages of the construction are the too limited number of collector ropes and the difficulties and inconveniences in dehumidifying them.

The technology widely used on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast for catching cultivated mussels of the "long lines" type is known - long ropes close to and parallel to the shore with anchors at both ends, supported to the surface by buoys every few meters, below which hang collector ropes for mussels . Disadvantages of the technology are the vast areas of the plantations unusable for other purposes, the slowness and labor-intensiveness of the desiccation process and the relatively limited catches.

A Bulgarian vertical reef in the sea of the Varna company "Sea Harmony" (3) is known, representing a vertical, floating, openwork, plastic structure, secured by a heavy anchor to the bottom, the upper part of which is at a depth of more than 4.5 m below sea level level. It combines the qualities of an artificial reef with those of a mussel plantation, but its construction, although original, does not allow the qualities of the reef or the plantation to be fully expressed (the annual catch is up to 4 tons of mussels). In addition, it creates great difficulties in dehumidification and practically does not improve over time.

It is known that in the sea in front of the resort "St. St. Constantine and Elena" the construction of an artificial island is designed as an "anti-erosion and coastal fortification facility with an increased beach area, which will also have a marina" (4). The construction of three more similar islands in the north up to and including Golden Sands resort is planned. A disadvantage of these islands will be the fact that they will be built in the same way that the dams and dams were built so far, ie. will destroy part of the bottom and pelagic.

Unemployment among fishermen along our Black Sea coast is well-known due to the large decline in catches of fish and other marine products, as well as the large surplus of unskilled labor.

The severe problems of the Varna breakwater related to its sinking during strong waves are known, as well as the attempt to save it through the so-called "berm" (5, 6). The disadvantage of this dam is actually the BGN 100 million for its construction and the high probability that it will increase the sinking of the breakwater instead of preventing it.

The unsuccessful attempts of a number of Western companies ("Carbon Engineering" - Canada, "Climeworks" - Switzerland, etc.) to find a satisfactory solution to the issue of direct absorption of CO2 from water and air, which is considered the main cause of global warming, are known. Earth (7).

TECHNICAL ESSENCE

The tasks of the invention are: 1. to create a simple, strong and bottom-resistant structure made of polypropylene or other sufficiently hard and non-corrosive plastic in the marine environment, which combines to the maximum extent the qualities of an artificial reef (IR) with those of a shellfish plantation ( IM) and on an artificial island (IO) in one construction - reef-plantation-island - reefoplantos (RPO); 2. all three structures should be above the bottom and the clams on them inaccessible to rapans; 3. The PM should ensure the maximum catch of mussels for its volume, which would demonstrate the possibility of free absorption of significant amounts of CO2 from the water and air; 4. PM to allow rapid disassembly from the IR, hoisting aboard the floating crane, rapid degassing and rapid installation back on the reef; 5. the reef plantation (RP) should have a security system against bottom trawls, which, without causing damage to them, creates a mini-reserve under and around the structure; 6. if necessary, the PM should be upgraded by a second PM, or instead of them, a horizontal platform above the water level should be installed - an IO with supports resting on the IR so that this IO can increase in area and be used as an underwater breakwater; 7. in connection with this IR/IO, to propose a remote approach to save the Varna Breakwater; 8. the interior of the IR should be accessible to medical divers - for research, sampling, photo documentation, etc.; 9. the elements of the same type of the different constructions of the RPO should be unified with a view to minimal costs of labor, materials and energy in their serial production and easy replaceability of the damaged elements; 10. the integration of IR/PM/IO in RPO to ensure maximum operational results at minimum costs compared to their autonomous use; 11. the various options of the RPO meet to the maximum extent both the ecological requirements for the protection of the marine environment in each specific section, and the claims of the specific coastal society or the owners of the facilities to satisfy their needs.

These tasks are solved by an RPO facility composed of IR, PM and/or IO.

The load-bearing structure of the IR consists of four vertical beams at the corners of a prism with a square cross-section, resting on square, open bottom prisms and interconnected by horizontal lower, middle and upper beams. The body of the IR is included between the middle and upper beams and is made of several floors, separated by horizontal plates with large circular openings standing one above the other on the plates of the different floors. The space between the slabs is demarcated by vertical, intersecting walls at right angles, forming square rooms. The walls of the rooms on each floor have openings of the same or different shape for the different floors, so that each room has six openings, ensuring the great labyrinthineness, flowability and vertical permeability of the reef, and thus good living conditions for hydrobionts. A hoop-tube divided into hollow sectors is fixed by means of corner and middle holders at the level of the middle beams at a certain horizontal distance from the heels of the IR. A similar, smaller hoop is attached to the upper outer corners of the vertical beams at the level of the upper horizontal beams of the IR.

The PM is constructed of four vertical hollow beams with the same square cross-section as those of the IR, interconnected by lower and upper hollow horizontal beams. The extensions of the lower and upper horizontal beams outside their squares form lower braces and upper girders, with a beam or a girder parallel to them with a support beam between every two parallel upper girders. On two of the opposite upper beams of the upper square lie the ends of several parallel collector beams, whose two-way extensions outside the square are the same number of parallel shorter collector beams. Outside the square and parallel to the collector beams in it, two more collector beams are attached to the supports on both sides. All collector beams carry two rows of vertical collector slats (collectors with a square cross-section), grouped in fours. A hoop-tube of hollow sections is carried by the outer upper corners of the upper beam girders, the upper outer ends of the girders with supports between them, and two of the short collector girders.

If necessary, an IO (square horizontal fishing platform) above sea level can be installed on the IR or on the PM above it, supported by four vertical supports in its corners, resting on the vertical beams of the IR or PM and connected to each other by lower and upper horizontal beams.

DESCRIPTIVE ATTACHED FIGURES:

Fig. 1 - General type of IR

Fig. 2 - Horizontal plate and vertical walls between the floors of the IR

Fig. 3 - Plan outlines of the IR

Fig. 4 - General type of PM (option 1)

Fig. 5 - Plan outline of the PM (option 2)

Fig. 6 - Collector beam with clam collectors

Fig. 7 - IO on IR

Fig. 8 - Plan outlines of the EO

Fig. 9 - Option for remote geoprotection of the Varna breakwater through IR/IO

IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLES

The supporting structure of the artificial reef (Fig. 1) is a vertically elongated square prism, in the corners of which there are four vertical supporting beams 1 with a square cross-section, standing on square, prismatic steps 2 open from below and connected to each other by horizontal lower 3, middle 4 and top 5 beams. The body of the reef is included between beams 4 and 5. It is made up of several floors, separated by horizontal plates 6 with corner notches 7 and large circular openings 8 standing one above the other on the plates of the different floors (Fig. 2). The lowest plate 6 rests with its ends on beams 4 and is supported from below by one or two invisible parallel beams in the square of beams 4. Plates 6 on the different floors are fastened one above the other by intersecting at right angles by mortises 9 vertical plates: front 10 (four pieces), bottom 11 (three pieces) and top 12 (three pieces), forming square rooms. The walls of all rooms have holes 13, of the same or different shape for the different floors, where each room has six holes (two holes 8 and four holes 13), ensuring the great labyrinthineness, flowability and vertical permeability of the reef for light divers, fishing rods and jigs . Short bilateral extensions-braces 14 of beams 5 outside their square and soldered to beams 5 (one or two at each corner if necessary) additional fasteners 15 allow to increase the connections of the IRs supported next to each other. A large hoop-tube 16 of hollow sectors is fixed by means of corner double holders 17 and middle triple holders 18 (Fig. 3) at the level of beams 4 at a certain horizontal distance from the steps 2. A similar smaller hoop 19 is fixedly fixed from the upper outer corners of beams 1 (or braces 14) and from the ends of middle double holders 20.

The mussel plantation (Fig. 4) is supported by four hollow vertical beams 21 of the same square cross-section with beams 1, interconnected by four hollow horizontal lower beams 22 with two shorter 23 and two longer extensions-fasteners 23 =25 and with four hollow horizontal upper beams 24 with longer support extensions 25. In small wells of two opposite beams 24 lie the ends of several internal, parallel collector beams 26. Direct extensions of beams 26 on both sides outside the square of beams 24 are the same number of short parallel collector beams 27 between girders 25, the outer ends of which rest on support crossbeams 28, two beams 27 projecting outwards from crossbeams 28.

Parallel to beams 26, on their two sides outside the square of beams 24, two collector beams 29 are placed, the ends of which lie in wells on supports 25, and their middles are supported by middle supports with supports 30.

Sometimes circumstances require the replacement of beams 27 by beams 29 (fig. 4 var.2).

Under all beams 26, 27 and 29, as well as under the two beams 24 (with their extensions 25) parallel to beams 26 and 29, two rows of vertical manifold slats 31 with a square cross-section, grouped in rectangular fours, are fixed immovably with the most unfavorable combination wave front/current direction - 90 □ - fig. 6). In its middle and lower part, collectors 31 are connected by transverse 32 and longitudinal 33 connections forming the quads on the beam, by longitudinal connections 34 between adjacent quads on the same and by transverse movable connections 35 between adjacent beams. Several connections 35 connect through one the collector connections 33 of the adjacent beams. Ties 35 make collectors 31 stationary despite the absence of lower supports (except for the two beams 24 with supports 25, whose collectors 31 are immovably fixed to the upper surface of beams 22, whose brackets 23=25 are the length of supports 25). A middle beam 36 in each square of beams 24 passes perpendicularly under the middles of beams 26. Under it, connections 34 are movable so that the corresponding beam 26 can be removed if necessary.

The ends of all the supports 25, the ends of the two beams 27 projecting outward from the beams with supports 28 and the ends of the two middle supports with supports 30, support in a horizontal position a ring-tube 37 of hollow sectors (fig. 5, 6).

As a rule, exactly the same second PM will be mounted on top of this PM.

Directly on the IR itself or on the lower PM, a horizontal platform 38 can be installed several meters above sea level (Fig. 7, 8), supported by four vertical beams 39 similar to beams 1 and beams 21, connected by four lower horizontal beams 40 with braces 41, four middle 42 and four upper horizontal beams 43 with braces 44 equal to braces 41 and 23. Platform 38 is carried by beams 43, extended to the ends of their braces 44, if necessary also with braces 15. Short corner beam 45 for gripping one of the hooks of the crane, increases the resistance of fasteners 15 under pressure and tension, when connecting with the adjacent platforms 38. Small holes 46 in the latter will facilitate anglers for fishing in the IR itself through holes 8.

APPLICATION OF THE INVENTION

IR and PM will be built quickly from ready-made elements of the same type - beams, boards, steps, collectors, etc., riveted or soldered immovably to each other. They are loaded onto a floating crane, which lowers them to the bottom in a pre-selected area at a certain depth (preferably on a flat, sandy or muddy bottom). The IR is placed first (in the coastal zone with the edge towards the wave front, on the shelf - with the edge towards the prevailing current), and on it with the help of light divers, the PM and/or the above-water horizontal platform 38 - IO is installed.

Fixing the PM and IO on the IR is elementary - when installing the PM on the IR, fasteners 23 and 23=25 lie on fasteners 14 of the IR. Fastening between the two closely abutting beams is done by bolts and nuts or by external fasteners - eight in total, two for each corner. However, when a single platform 38 is permanently installed over the IR, it is quite possible to double the same fasteners by means of fasteners 15, and also to make strong connections between closely abutting beams 5 and 40.

When the PM is taken out after a year on board the floating crane, light divers are used again - to attach the four hooks of the lifting rope, and when descending back onto the IR - to detach them, as well as to attach the PM to the IR.

Due to the hundreds of collectors, their dehumidification requires the use of dozens of low-skilled workers. To save ship time, the exported upper PM starts to be degassed immediately, followed by the lower one. The desiccated upper PM returns to the IR, now as a lower one, and the lower one after it becomes upper. Hoop 37 at the upper PM performs two functions: protective - against trawls and collector of clams. At the lower PM, it performs only its second function.

IR, whether used alone or in combination with PM, always carries hoop 19 in addition to hoop 16, because there is no guarantee that there will always be a PM with her hoop 37 above her. In its absence, hoop 19 comes into play.

As it approaches the RP or IR, the bottom trawl line successively meets hoops 16 and 19 (or vice versa) and slides along them, bypassing them without touching steps 2. Probably most often, the rappers do not realize that they have bypassed the IR or RP as trawl movement will not be delayed or impeded.

The proposed IR, if implemented on a large scale, will create conditions for a sharp increase in fish resources (experiments are needed for a relatively accurate estimate of catches around each IR). A multiple increase in the catch can also be achieved by increasing the number of horizontal beams 4 and the number of stacks of floors between them. This will require the extension of the IR vertically, or the mounting of the IR on top of each other, and to preserve their stability and their expansion by adding adjacent IR and IO, to which they are connected by fixed or elastic connections in three points - steps 2, anchorages 14 and 15 with anchorages 41 and 15 and platforms 38 with anchorages 44 and 15. In this way, it will be possible to build IR/IO in front of our coast and at a depth of 20 - 50 m. It is clear that these IR will be pelagic , which will increase the amount of fish resources and we can expect their retention along our Black Sea coast instead of periodic migrations to the south, where they greatly decrease due to intensive Turkish fishing.

In addition to other types of research, this type of IR also allows ethological research (besides the differences of openings 13, there will be changes in the interior of the floors), with a view to fish preferences to build IRs for different fish species.

Both IR and PM and IO are built separately from a limited number of identical ones, i.e. serially produced elements that are quickly assembled and fixed immovably to each other. This strengthens the structures, facilitates their joint use, makes production cheaper and facilitates the replacement of damaged elements. For example, if necessary, it is possible to thin or thicken the collector beams depending on the specifics of the specific marine environment in order to increase catches. For better adaptation to the conditions, all the beams of one PM can be replaced by beams with another variant of arrangement and density of the collectors, increasing catches.

The benefit of the integration of IR, PM and IO is illustrated by the following circumstances. 1. The RPO will allow for example only 200 square meters of the seabed to be leased instead of the 600 square meters required so far, which will triple the opportunities of small and medium-sized maritime businesses. 2. IR is a basic element of RPO and a support of PM and IO - without it, useless supports for the marine environment must be built for them (here we omit the description of the biological and ecological importance of IR, there is a whole doctrine about IR). 3. the implementation of this type of IR will lead to a sharp increase in the fish resources of our Black Sea coast, and in the future possibly to the termination of their annual migration to the south due to the improved living conditions on our shelf. 4. IR can be used independently up to 100 m depth and as supporting supports of the protective systems of archaeological and other types of underwater reserves. 5. The IR/IO combination allows IO to fish not only around, but also in the IR itself - through holes 46 on sites 38 and holes 8 with fishing rods and cheparits, also spearfishing and rapanolling (the fish is concentrated in and around IR), for stationary studies of the created artificial ecosystems, etc. 6. Several IR/IOs in front of the resort complexes would diversify the lives of vacationers - they will also be used for swimming competitions and regattas, diving, a base for lifeguards to bathers, etc. Several IR/PMs in front of each resort complex will provide constantly clean from the neighboring waters and will increase its ecological prestige. 7. The IR/PM combination will ensure a constant "rainfall" of mussels on the bottom of the mini-reserve (over 170 sq.m.), where the rapans await them. When IR/PM become abundant, environmentally friendly rapano fishing (via light divers) from the mini-reserves will provide such quantities of rapano that it will render costly and bottom ecosystem-destructive industrial rapano fishing (via trawls) meaningless. This will inevitably restore ecosystems, which will increase catches of fish and other hydrobionts not only from the benthic, but up the food chain and from the pelagic. 8. This "rainfall" will cover the dead mud flats in front of our coast with flat shelly elevations around the RPO inhabited by microorganisms. 9. The large number of PM collectors will dramatically increase shellfish catches. This would allow for the hire of floating machinery, but would also require quick de-commissioning to save ship time. Which will require the use of a large number of low-skilled, but well-paid de-mediators, people for the processing and placement of the finished product, and also more medical divers. 10. With the current catch of about 3 - 4000 tonnes/year, the mass implementation of IR/PM will provide the country with no more than 20000 tonnes/year. mussels, as it is assumed now, but at least up to 200,000 t/year. 11. It is possible that the Varna breakwater will be protected not by the already started huge dam ("berm") for BGN 100 million (6), but by remote protection (allowing a wave of less than 1 m to reach it - completely safe), at costs up to BGN 33 million. On account of this, Varna will have 30-40 IR/IO (type "atolls", fig. 9) and fishing 300 - 400 m in front of the breakwater (depth 12 - 13 m.) , spearfishing and fishing, which will supply her daily with fresh fish. 12. Large IR/IO in the form of square atolls with an edge to the east at 12 km. east of Galata n. (depth 20 m.), from which you can see the coast from Kaliakra n. to the mouth of Rezovska reka and 30 km away. east of Burgas (depth 40 m), from which the coast from the village of Kamen Bryag to the Rezovska River will be visible, will become a destination for international tourism and all water sports. 13. It is not possible to develop a realistic nature protection-exploitation strategy of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast without taking into account the changes that the implementation of the RPO will cause in the practice of all the activities listed at the beginning of its application. 14. For the proposed PM, a relatively accurate estimate of the expected catch of mussels is possible - by the number of collectors and - about 36 t/year. (at market prices BGN 72,000). Of these, 18 tons are CaCO3 insoluble mussel shells, of which 8 tons are CO2 extracted through seawater from the air above it. For comparison: companies like "Climeworks" - Switzerland, "KagOp Engineering" - Canada, etc. absorb CO2 from the air at a cost of more than 600 dollars per ton, without solving the issue of neutralization or use of the resulting already poisonous CO2. The proposed MP solves both of these issues for free, as the funds will only be spent on industrial shellfishing facilities (7). The massive implementation of RPO and other similar facilities in the marine business will turn the fight against global warming from the most losing one at the moment (and therefore the most sabotaged at all levels) into the most profitable human activity, which in the end can determine the outcome of it.

LITERATURE:

1. FR 2 855 370 A1//2003.

2. BG 62466 B1//1994.

3. Denkov St. 2019. They make unique vertical mussel reefs in the sea. 28.01.2019, "Black Sea", Varna.

4. Varna, "Narodno delo" village, 08/06/2019.

5. Perlichev D„ S. Stoykov. 2014. The bio-geoecological catastrophe of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and its outcome. - Problems of geography, Sofia, Academic ed. "Prof. M. Drinov", vol. 3-4, pp. 11-22.

6. Perlichev D. 2016. Dams and dams - a huge and irreparable evil. - "Ecology 21", vol. 1-2, 36-39.

7. Perlichev D. 2018. Method for reducing CO2 from water and air. - Problems of geography, vol. 3-4, pp. 157 - 162.

Claims (7)

1. Rifoplantos, being a vertical prismatic and tiered construction, characterized by the fact that it consists of an artificial reef, a mussel plantation and an artificial island with a square cross-section, placed on top of each other, carried above the surface of the bottom by means of vertical beams 1 in the corners of the square, stepped on steps 2 open from below and connected to each other by lower 3, middle 4 and upper 5 horizontal beams, and between beams 4 and 5 is located the body of the artificial reef, consisting of horizontal plates 6, the floors between which are occupied by vertical planes 10, 11 and 12 forming square rooms, and is protected by hoops 16 and 19, and the mussel plantation above the reef consists of vertical beams 21 resting on beams 1 and interconnected by lower 22 and upper 24 horizontal beams with girders 25 on which collector beams 26, 27, 29 and 24 are arranged parallel to each other, which carry collectors 27, all of them protected by a hoop 37, as above the artificial reef or pla the mussel station stands a horizontal platform 38 above the water level, supported by vertical beams 39 resting on beams 1 or 21 and interconnected by lower 40, middle 42 and upper 43 horizontal beams. 2. Horizontal beams 5 according to claim 1, characterized by short bilateral extensions-fasteners 14 outside their square, serving to fasten to the reef of the above located clam plantation or artificial island and additional fastnesses 15 immovably fixed thereto, serving to fasten to adjacent artificial reefs. 3. Horizontal plates 6 according to claim 1, characterized by round openings 8 distinguish the floors built by intersecting vertical plates 10, 11 and 12 at right angles, forming square rooms with the same or different shaped openings 13 on the walls of the different floors, as holes 8 are in the middle of the ceiling and floor of each room. 4. A large protective hoop 16 and smaller hoops 19 and 37 according to claim 1, characterized in that they are rods or tubes composed of hollow sectors, the hoop 16 at the level of beams 4 being carried by corner supports 17 and middle triples girders 18, hoop 19 is carried from the outer upper corners of beams 1 or from the outer upper corners of braces 14 and the outer ends of middle double girders 20, and the hoop 37 is carried from the corners of girders 25, middle girders with supports 30 and two beams 27. 5. Vertical beams 21 and connecting them lower 22 and upper 24 horizontal beams according to claim 1, characterized in that the beams 21 have stepped on the beams 1, and the extension-fasteners 23 and 23=25 of the beams 22 are attached to the fasteners 14 of the artificial reef by known methods of fastening, while upper horizontal beams 24 with extension supports 25 serve both to fasten the overlying clam plantation or artificial island, and together with transverse beams with supports 28 and middle beams with supports 30 to fasten the ends of collector beams 26, 27 and 29. 6. Collector beams 26, 27, 29 and 24 according to claim 1, characterized by two rows of collector slats 31 fixed to them with a square transverse profile, connected in their middle and lower part with short transverse 32 and longitudinal 33 connections forming quadrilaterals and longer longitudinal ties 34 along the beam, and the rows of adjacent beams are connected by movable transverse ties 35. 7. Square overwater platform 38 according to claim 1, characterized in that it is supported by vertical beams 39 stepping on beams 1 or 21, connected by horizontal lower beams 40 with two-sided short brackets 41 and 15 and horizontal upper beams 43 with brackets 44 and 15, wherein the pad 38 is extended to the boundaries of the brackets 44 and 15.