AU602924B2 - Hydrophobic inorganic structures - Google Patents
Hydrophobic inorganic structures Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU602924B2 AU602924B2 AU79595/87A AU7959587A AU602924B2 AU 602924 B2 AU602924 B2 AU 602924B2 AU 79595/87 A AU79595/87 A AU 79595/87A AU 7959587 A AU7959587 A AU 7959587A AU 602924 B2 AU602924 B2 AU 602924B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- cavities
- range
- inorganic
- silylating agent
- diameters
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007764 o/w emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 siloxanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006884 silylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 241000031708 Saprospiraceae Species 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethyldisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C UQEAIHBTYFGYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229940073561 hexamethyldisiloxane Drugs 0.000 description 14
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000503 Na-aluminosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJEAMHAFPYZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[S] Chemical compound [C].[S] GJEAMHAFPYZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000429 sodium aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012217 sodium aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/0022—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof obtained by a chemical conversion or reaction other than those relating to the setting or hardening of cement-like material or to the formation of a sol or a gel, e.g. by carbonising or pyrolysing preformed cellular materials based on polymers, organo-metallic or organo-silicon precursors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2111/27—Water resistance, i.e. waterproof or water-repellent materials
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Silicon Polymers (AREA)
- Porous Artificial Stone Or Porous Ceramic Products (AREA)
- Materials Applied To Surfaces To Minimize Adherence Of Mist Or Water (AREA)
- Processing Or Creating Images (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8624872 | 1986-10-16 | ||
| GB08624872A GB2199541A (en) | 1986-10-16 | 1986-10-16 | Production of engineering drawings |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU7959587A AU7959587A (en) | 1988-04-21 |
| AU602924B2 true AU602924B2 (en) | 1990-11-01 |
Family
ID=10605875
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU79595/87A Ceased AU602924B2 (en) | 1986-10-16 | 1987-10-13 | Hydrophobic inorganic structures |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4888309A (OSRAM) |
| EP (1) | EP0264268B1 (OSRAM) |
| JP (1) | JPS63190774A (OSRAM) |
| AT (1) | ATE76633T1 (OSRAM) |
| AU (1) | AU602924B2 (OSRAM) |
| CA (1) | CA1270498A (OSRAM) |
| DE (1) | DE3779393D1 (OSRAM) |
| ES (1) | ES2033320T3 (OSRAM) |
| GB (1) | GB2199541A (OSRAM) |
| GR (1) | GR3005514T3 (OSRAM) |
| ZA (1) | ZA877796B (OSRAM) |
Families Citing this family (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8511048D0 (en) * | 1985-05-01 | 1985-06-12 | Unilever Plc | Inorganic structures |
| GB2199541A (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1988-07-13 | Rig Design Services | Production of engineering drawings |
| US5171720A (en) * | 1988-09-20 | 1992-12-15 | Asahi Kogaku Kogyo K.K. | Porous ceramic sinter and process for producing same |
| GB9122481D0 (en) * | 1991-10-23 | 1991-12-04 | Roberts Robert G | Method and apparatus for representing articles of furniture |
| DE69304695T2 (de) * | 1992-05-20 | 1997-03-20 | Du Pont | Verfahren zur herstellung anorganischer gele |
| GB2287459B (en) * | 1992-06-02 | 1996-02-14 | British Gas Plc | Porous amorphous silica-alumina refractory oxides,their preparation and use as separation membranes |
| US5871646A (en) * | 1992-06-02 | 1999-02-16 | British Gas Plc | Porous amorphous silica-alumina refractory oxides, their preparation and use as separation membranes |
| DK0711261T3 (da) * | 1993-07-28 | 2002-08-12 | Univ Monash | Zirconiumoxidpartikler |
| JP2580537B2 (ja) * | 1994-06-27 | 1997-02-12 | 工業技術院長 | シリカ球状粒子からなる三次元網状構造体 |
| DE19648798C2 (de) * | 1996-11-26 | 1998-11-19 | Hoechst Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von organisch modifizierten Aerogelen durch Oberflächenmodifikation des wäßrigen Gels (ohne vorherigen Lösungsmitteltausch) und anschließender Trocknung |
| WO1998052869A1 (en) * | 1997-05-22 | 1998-11-26 | Trustees Of Princeton University | Lyotropic liquid crystalline l3 phase silicated nanoporous monolithic composites and their production |
| US6048908A (en) | 1997-06-27 | 2000-04-11 | Biopore Corporation | Hydrophilic polymeric material |
| US7247379B2 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2007-07-24 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles, and processes for the production thereof |
| US7002728B2 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2006-02-21 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles, and processes for the production thereof |
| DE59811774D1 (de) * | 1998-06-05 | 2004-09-09 | Cabot Corp | Nanoporöse interpenetrierende organisch-anorganische netzwerke |
| JP4198999B2 (ja) | 2001-03-13 | 2008-12-17 | イー インク コーポレイション | 図面を表示するための装置 |
| US7230750B2 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2007-06-12 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic media and processes for the production thereof |
| US6580545B2 (en) * | 2001-04-19 | 2003-06-17 | E Ink Corporation | Electrochromic-nanoparticle displays |
| EP1393122B1 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2018-03-28 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles |
| ITTO20120753A1 (it) | 2012-08-30 | 2014-03-01 | St Microelectronics Srl | Dispositivo incapsulato esposto all'aria ambiente e a liquidi e relativo processo di fabbricazione |
| ITUB20153550A1 (it) * | 2015-09-11 | 2017-03-11 | Signa Labs S R L | Materiale, uso e metodo di realizzazione di tale materiale |
| WO2017214531A1 (en) | 2016-06-10 | 2017-12-14 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Hydrophobic adsorbents and mercury removal processes therewith |
| FR3065651B1 (fr) | 2017-04-28 | 2020-05-29 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede de preparation d'un monolithe a porosite multimodale |
| FR3065649B1 (fr) | 2017-04-28 | 2020-05-29 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Monolithe poreux contenant du tio2 et son procede de preparation |
| JP7391667B2 (ja) * | 2017-06-15 | 2023-12-05 | サソール（ユーエスエイ）コーポレーシヨン | 疎水性表面改質アルミナ及びその製造方法 |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU567006B2 (en) * | 1985-05-01 | 1987-11-05 | Unilever Plc | Three dimensional inorganic oxide structures |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1326386A (fr) * | 1962-01-30 | 1963-05-10 | Pechiney Saint Gobain | Nouveaux produits poreux à base d'alumine |
| US3301635A (en) * | 1965-07-01 | 1967-01-31 | Du Pont | Molded amorphous silica bodies and molding powders for manufacture of same |
| FR1583791A (OSRAM) * | 1968-03-29 | 1969-12-05 | ||
| DE2155045B2 (de) * | 1971-11-05 | 1976-05-06 | Sebestian, Imrich, Dr., 6000 Frankfurt; Halasz, Istvan, Prof. Dr., 6600 Saarbrücken | Verfahren zur herstellung von kugelfoermigen poroesen sio tief 2-teilchen |
| US3892580A (en) * | 1973-03-26 | 1975-07-01 | Corning Glass Works | Method of making porous inorganic bodies |
| JPS51115298A (en) * | 1975-04-03 | 1976-10-09 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | Process for production of spherical silica gel |
| US4011096A (en) * | 1975-06-10 | 1977-03-08 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Vesiculated silica microspheres |
| US4190457A (en) * | 1978-06-09 | 1980-02-26 | Phillips Petroleum Co. | Preparation of inorganic xerogels |
| DE3151374A1 (de) * | 1981-12-24 | 1983-07-14 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Waessrige zubereitung und ihre verwendung bei der herstellung keramischer massen |
| US4654314A (en) * | 1983-07-09 | 1987-03-31 | Sumitomo Cement Co., Ltd. | Porous ceramic material and processes for preparing same |
| GB2199541A (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1988-07-13 | Rig Design Services | Production of engineering drawings |
-
1986
- 1986-10-16 GB GB08624872A patent/GB2199541A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1987
- 1987-10-13 AU AU79595/87A patent/AU602924B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-10-14 ES ES198787309066T patent/ES2033320T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-14 AT AT87309066T patent/ATE76633T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-14 EP EP19870309066 patent/EP0264268B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-14 DE DE8787309066T patent/DE3779393D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-14 CA CA000549299A patent/CA1270498A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-10-15 JP JP62260740A patent/JPS63190774A/ja active Pending
- 1987-10-16 US US07/109,179 patent/US4888309A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-16 ZA ZA877796A patent/ZA877796B/xx unknown
-
1992
- 1992-08-25 GR GR920401859T patent/GR3005514T3/el unknown
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU567006B2 (en) * | 1985-05-01 | 1987-11-05 | Unilever Plc | Three dimensional inorganic oxide structures |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS63190774A (ja) | 1988-08-08 |
| GB8624872D0 (en) | 1986-11-19 |
| CA1270498A (en) | 1990-06-19 |
| ATE76633T1 (de) | 1992-06-15 |
| EP0264268A2 (en) | 1988-04-20 |
| DE3779393D1 (de) | 1992-07-02 |
| GB2199541A (en) | 1988-07-13 |
| US4888309A (en) | 1989-12-19 |
| EP0264268A3 (en) | 1989-07-19 |
| ES2033320T3 (es) | 1993-03-16 |
| AU7959587A (en) | 1988-04-21 |
| ZA877796B (en) | 1989-06-28 |
| EP0264268B1 (en) | 1992-05-27 |
| GR3005514T3 (OSRAM) | 1993-06-07 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| AU602924B2 (en) | Hydrophobic inorganic structures | |
| US4112032A (en) | Silica-containing porous bodies of controlled pore size | |
| US5354548A (en) | Porous three-dimensional inorganic oxide structure with myriad cavities interconnected by holes | |
| CN1043537C (zh) | 胶体颗粒的水悬浮液及其制备和应用 | |
| Li et al. | The effect of adding PDMS-OH and silica nanoparticles on sol–gel properties and effectiveness in stone protection | |
| CN100335567C (zh) | CaCO3/SiO2·nH2O纳米复合颗粒和空心SiO2·nH2O纳米材料及其制备方法 | |
| Nakanishi et al. | Formation of hierarchical pore structure in silica gel | |
| Mosquera et al. | Surfactant-synthesized ormosils with application to stone restoration | |
| JP5973569B2 (ja) | 担持され且つ分散されているＴｉＯ２粒子を含む添加剤を調製する方法 | |
| US4102703A (en) | Water-repellent coating compositions and method for their preparation | |
| CN1986403A (zh) | 热解法二氧化硅 | |
| ZA200400931B (en) | Catalyst featuring silicone dioxide based support material for the purification of exhaust gases | |
| DE102017221195B4 (de) | Funktionalisierte, bimodale periodische mesoporöse Organosilikate (PMOs) und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung mittels pseudomorpher Transformation, optischer Sensor und Verwendung | |
| RU2003137233A (ru) | Высокоэффективный фотолюминесцентный материал и способ его производства | |
| US20060088470A1 (en) | Inorganic beads with hierarchical pore structures | |
| Haranath et al. | Influence of DCCAs on optical transmittance and porosity properties of TMOS silica aerogels | |
| CN108892144A (zh) | 一种功能化多孔粒径单分散二氧化硅球形材料的制备方法 | |
| CN103083192A (zh) | 可固化弹性体印模材料 | |
| CN113060739A (zh) | 氧化硅气凝胶微球及其制备方法和应用 | |
| US3057744A (en) | Film forming composition | |
| Glasser et al. | Experiences with the method of trimethylsilylation for the study of soluble silicates | |
| DE4038109C2 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Formkörpern mit poröser Oberfläche und enger Oberflächenporenradienverteilung, nach dem Verfahren hergestellte Formkörper und Verwendung dieser Formkörper | |
| Boday | Silica aerogel-polymer nanocomposites and new nanoparticle syntheses | |
| CN111232991A (zh) | 特殊结构的二氧化硅气凝胶球形粉体及其制备方法 | |
| WO2020212357A1 (de) | Hydrophobierungsmittel für mineralische materialien |