AU598693B2 - Liquid level sensing apparatus - Google Patents
Liquid level sensing apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU598693B2 AU598693B2 AU21326/88A AU2132688A AU598693B2 AU 598693 B2 AU598693 B2 AU 598693B2 AU 21326/88 A AU21326/88 A AU 21326/88A AU 2132688 A AU2132688 A AU 2132688A AU 598693 B2 AU598693 B2 AU 598693B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- output
- frequency
- oscillator means
- control signal
- oscillator
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims description 61
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims description 71
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 101000860173 Myxococcus xanthus C-factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/10—Devices for transferring samples or any liquids to, in, or from, the analysis apparatus, e.g. suction devices, injection devices
- G01N35/1009—Characterised by arrangements for controlling the aspiration or dispense of liquids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
- G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
- G01F23/26—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields
- G01F23/263—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields by measuring variations in capacitance of capacitors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
- G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
- G01F23/26—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields
- G01F23/263—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields by measuring variations in capacitance of capacitors
- G01F23/266—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of capacity or inductance of capacitors or inductors arising from the presence of liquid or fluent solid material in the electric or electromagnetic fields by measuring variations in capacitance of capacitors measuring circuits therefor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/10—Devices for transferring samples or any liquids to, in, or from, the analysis apparatus, e.g. suction devices, injection devices
- G01N35/1009—Characterised by arrangements for controlling the aspiration or dispense of liquids
- G01N2035/1025—Fluid level sensing
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Measurement Of Levels Of Liquids Or Fluent Solid Materials (AREA)
- Containers And Plastic Fillers For Packaging (AREA)
- Collation Of Sheets And Webs (AREA)
- Folding Of Thin Sheet-Like Materials, Special Discharging Devices, And Others (AREA)
- Level Indicators Using A Float (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US067183 | 1987-06-26 | ||
| US07/067,183 US4912976A (en) | 1987-06-26 | 1987-06-26 | Liquid level sensing apparatus |
| PCT/US1988/001987 WO1988010412A1 (en) | 1987-06-26 | 1988-06-09 | Liquid level sensing apparatus |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU2132688A AU2132688A (en) | 1989-01-19 |
| AU598693B2 true AU598693B2 (en) | 1990-06-28 |
Family
ID=22074259
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU21326/88A Ceased AU598693B2 (en) | 1987-06-26 | 1988-06-09 | Liquid level sensing apparatus |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4912976A (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP0319573B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPH0641140Y2 (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU598693B2 (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE3871738T2 (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES2009298A6 (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO1988010412A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (55)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5083470A (en) * | 1990-01-18 | 1992-01-28 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Capacitive liquid level sensor |
| US5159962A (en) * | 1991-04-05 | 1992-11-03 | Harcros Pigments, Inc. | Container filling machine, particularly for concentrated liquid pigment |
| JPH04319624A (ja) * | 1991-04-18 | 1992-11-10 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | 液面検知装置 |
| WO1992022801A1 (en) * | 1991-06-13 | 1992-12-23 | Abbott Laboratories | Automated specimen analyzing apparatus and method |
| JPH0697246B2 (ja) * | 1991-07-25 | 1994-11-30 | 株式会社ジャルコ | Pll回路を用いた浮遊容量の変化検出方法 |
| DE4203638A1 (de) * | 1992-02-08 | 1993-08-12 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Fluessigkeitstransfereinrichtung fuer ein analysegeraet |
| AU670449B2 (en) * | 1992-06-08 | 1996-07-18 | Behring Diagnostics Inc. | Liquid dispensing system |
| US5365783A (en) * | 1993-04-30 | 1994-11-22 | Packard Instrument Company, Inc. | Capacitive sensing system and technique |
| US5493922A (en) * | 1993-07-09 | 1996-02-27 | Akzo N.V. | Liquid level sensing probe and control circuit |
| CA2166804A1 (en) * | 1993-07-09 | 1995-01-19 | B. Edward Ramey | Memory control device for an assay apparatus |
| US5416448A (en) * | 1993-08-18 | 1995-05-16 | Sandia Corporation | Oscillator circuit for use with high loss quartz resonator sensors |
| US5602333A (en) * | 1994-06-17 | 1997-02-11 | Smiths Industries | Apparatus for measuring the level of a liquid in a tank |
| DE69525570T2 (de) * | 1994-07-28 | 2002-08-22 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Probensammler für flüssige Proben |
| NL9500217A (nl) * | 1995-02-06 | 1996-09-02 | Meridian Instr Bv | Capacitieve meetinrichting. |
| US6378435B1 (en) * | 1995-04-03 | 2002-04-30 | General Dynamics Decision Systems, Inc. | Variable target transition detection capability and method therefor |
| US5623252A (en) * | 1995-05-22 | 1997-04-22 | Cacciola; John A. | Liquid level detector using audio frequencies |
| US5641006A (en) * | 1995-07-13 | 1997-06-24 | Chiron Diagnostics Corporation | Liquid supply apparatus and method of operation |
| US6158269A (en) * | 1995-07-13 | 2000-12-12 | Bayer Corporation | Method and apparatus for aspirating and dispensing sample fluids |
| US5750881A (en) * | 1995-07-13 | 1998-05-12 | Chiron Diagnostics Corporation | Method and apparatus for aspirating and dispensing sample fluids |
| US5866426A (en) * | 1996-12-17 | 1999-02-02 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Device and method for determining liquid-probe contact |
| DE69835795T2 (de) | 1997-11-19 | 2007-09-13 | Grifols, S.A. | Vorrichtung zur automatischen Durchführung von Laboratoriumprüfungen |
| ES2132034B1 (es) * | 1997-11-19 | 2000-03-01 | Grifols Grupo Sa | Dispositivo para la manipulacion y deteccion de nivel de liquidos. |
| DE19919305A1 (de) | 1999-04-28 | 2000-11-02 | Roche Diagnostics Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Flüssigkeitstransfer mit einem Analysegerät |
| JP4497637B2 (ja) * | 1999-11-01 | 2010-07-07 | 株式会社ノーケン | 静電容量式検知装置 |
| CA2342023C (en) * | 2000-04-10 | 2007-07-03 | Randox Laboratories Ltd. | Paramagnetic particle detection |
| US6581461B1 (en) | 2000-05-25 | 2003-06-24 | Trn Business Trust | Electro-optic sensor for levelmeter providing output signal with frequency modulated by surface level |
| US6762679B1 (en) | 2000-11-06 | 2004-07-13 | Trn Business Trust | Remote monitoring adapter for levelmeter |
| US20020106308A1 (en) * | 2001-02-02 | 2002-08-08 | Zweifel Ronald A. | Microdrop dispensing apparatus |
| US6606906B2 (en) | 2001-09-06 | 2003-08-19 | Trn Business Trust | Digital conversion adapter for magnetically coupled level meters |
| US6736006B2 (en) | 2001-12-31 | 2004-05-18 | Trn Business Trust | Level detector for a material in a container |
| FR2838824B1 (fr) * | 2002-04-19 | 2005-02-04 | Sogem Fl | Procede et dispositif pour reguler automatiquement une quantite de produit deposee de maniere repetitive par un actionneur de depose, et l'installation de depose equipee d'un tel dispositif |
| US6938478B2 (en) | 2002-11-14 | 2005-09-06 | Herman Diaz Arias | Impedance level meter for liquids in tanks |
| US20040093939A1 (en) * | 2002-11-14 | 2004-05-20 | Arias Herman Diaz | Non-contact level detector for fluids in a container |
| US7191647B2 (en) * | 2003-10-30 | 2007-03-20 | Perkinelmer Las, Inc. | Method and apparatus to reject electrical interference in a capacitive liquid level sensor system |
| US8602744B2 (en) * | 2005-03-25 | 2013-12-10 | Diversitech Corporation | Condensate pump |
| US8651824B2 (en) * | 2005-03-25 | 2014-02-18 | Diversitech Corporation | Condensate pump |
| US7814788B2 (en) * | 2006-10-20 | 2010-10-19 | Abbott Laboratories, Inc. | Liquid level sensor |
| CN101858770B (zh) * | 2009-04-09 | 2013-04-24 | 深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子股份有限公司 | 液面检测装置及加样系统 |
| US8225654B2 (en) * | 2009-07-01 | 2012-07-24 | Tecan Trading Ag | Self-compensating capacitive liquid level detector |
| CH702180B1 (de) * | 2009-11-02 | 2015-02-13 | Tecan Trading Ag | Verfahren zum Testen eines Laborgeräts und entsprechendes Laborgerät. |
| CN103675303B (zh) | 2010-07-23 | 2016-02-03 | 贝克曼考尔特公司 | 传感器系统 |
| US9907908B2 (en) | 2011-03-08 | 2018-03-06 | Baxter International Inc. | Non-invasive radio frequency medical fluid level and volume detection system and method |
| US20120291811A1 (en) * | 2011-05-20 | 2012-11-22 | Dabney James H | Feeding Tube Cleaning Devices and Methods |
| US9529009B2 (en) | 2011-06-06 | 2016-12-27 | Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation | Automatic analyzer |
| US9261395B2 (en) | 2012-02-13 | 2016-02-16 | Goodrich Corporation | Liquid level sensing system |
| US9574928B2 (en) | 2012-02-13 | 2017-02-21 | Goodrich Corporation | Liquid level sensing systems |
| JP2015087329A (ja) * | 2013-10-31 | 2015-05-07 | シスメックス株式会社 | 吸引部の位置調整方法及び検体処理装置 |
| WO2017223214A1 (en) * | 2016-06-22 | 2017-12-28 | Abbott Laboratories | Liquid level sensing apparatus and related methods |
| EP3593097B1 (en) * | 2017-03-09 | 2022-10-19 | King Abdullah University Of Science And Technology | Fluid characteristic sensor system and method |
| US11069678B2 (en) * | 2017-08-29 | 2021-07-20 | Qorvo Us, Inc. | Logic gate cell structure |
| CN114532700A (zh) * | 2018-06-22 | 2022-05-27 | 必胜公司 | 表面清洁装置 |
| WO2023288032A1 (en) | 2021-07-15 | 2023-01-19 | Beckman Coulter, Inc. | Fluid handling systems with function checks |
| CN113959523B (zh) * | 2021-09-22 | 2024-12-13 | 青岛海尔生物医疗科技有限公司 | 用于培养设备的液位检测装置及方法、培养设备及介质 |
| EP4430409A1 (en) | 2021-11-09 | 2024-09-18 | Beckman Coulter, Inc. | Automated pipette tip organizing for fluid handling systems |
| US11988540B2 (en) * | 2022-08-15 | 2024-05-21 | Instrumentation Laboratory Co. | Liquid level detection based on tunable inductive-capacitive tank circuit |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58180916A (ja) * | 1982-04-16 | 1983-10-22 | Nippon Soken Inc | 液レベル検出装置 |
| AU571446B2 (en) * | 1982-08-25 | 1988-04-21 | Venture Measurement Company Llc | Self calibrating capacitance level sensor |
Family Cites Families (35)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB663643A (en) * | 1947-11-01 | 1951-12-27 | George Henry Ennis | Improved system for regulating the quantity of liquid in a container |
| US2657579A (en) * | 1952-02-04 | 1953-11-03 | Smith & Sons Ltd S | Liquid level indicating device |
| US2792566A (en) * | 1953-12-11 | 1957-05-14 | William M Shanhouse | Liquid level detector |
| US3277711A (en) * | 1963-05-24 | 1966-10-11 | Rowell A Roberge | Electronic liquid level indicator |
| US3321971A (en) * | 1964-05-27 | 1967-05-30 | Varian Associates | Level indicating apparatus |
| FR1568072A (enExample) * | 1968-01-24 | 1969-05-23 | ||
| SE378452B (enExample) * | 1969-06-11 | 1975-09-01 | Thomas Electronics Ltd | |
| GB1287148A (en) * | 1969-06-11 | 1972-08-31 | Thomas Electronics Ltd | Improvements in or relating to water level detectors |
| US3687632A (en) * | 1969-07-30 | 1972-08-29 | Rohe Scientific Corp | System for transferring liquids between containers |
| DE2041678A1 (de) * | 1969-09-06 | 1971-03-11 | Greiner Electronic Ag | Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Transferpipette |
| US3641544A (en) * | 1970-06-22 | 1972-02-08 | Ford Motor Co | Low-liquid level indicator |
| US3821900A (en) * | 1970-07-13 | 1974-07-02 | F Preikschat | Proportional bin level sensor |
| US3662333A (en) * | 1970-09-08 | 1972-05-09 | Bendix Corp | Hydraulic accumulator charge detector and indicating system |
| DE2055590A1 (de) * | 1970-11-12 | 1972-05-18 | Krauss Maffei Ag | Anordnung zum Anzeigen des Füllstandes in Behältern, insbesondere des Kühlwasserstandes bei Diesellokomotiven |
| US3807231A (en) * | 1971-07-01 | 1974-04-30 | R Spaw | Automatic level measuring and control system |
| US3793585A (en) * | 1972-02-02 | 1974-02-19 | M Wilska | Moisture monitor having a resistor between sensing capacitor and oscillator tuned input to improve oscillator response |
| FR2208121B1 (enExample) * | 1972-11-29 | 1978-12-29 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | |
| US4165641A (en) * | 1974-06-17 | 1979-08-28 | P. R. Mallory & Co. Inc. | Liquid level sensing means |
| NL7413475A (nl) * | 1974-10-14 | 1976-04-20 | Mattheus Gijsbertus Jozef Arts | Niveauregeling. |
| US4182176A (en) * | 1976-06-24 | 1980-01-08 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Liquid level sensor with improved linearity |
| US4099167A (en) * | 1977-02-10 | 1978-07-04 | P.R. Mallory & Co. Inc. | Capacitive means for measuring the level of a liquid |
| FR2386811A1 (fr) * | 1977-04-06 | 1978-11-03 | Elf Aquitaine | Detecteur de niveau de separation entre deux liquides |
| US4170135A (en) * | 1978-09-26 | 1979-10-09 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Coaxial cavity for measuring level of liquid in a container |
| US4389900A (en) * | 1979-06-14 | 1983-06-28 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior | Capacitance probe sensor device |
| US4276258A (en) * | 1980-01-28 | 1981-06-30 | Coulter Electronics, Inc. | Sample and stat feeding system and sample tray |
| US4326851A (en) * | 1980-10-24 | 1982-04-27 | Coulter Electronics, Inc. | Level sensor apparatus and method |
| JPH04279Y2 (enExample) * | 1981-05-21 | 1992-01-07 | ||
| DE3128507C2 (de) * | 1981-07-18 | 1986-02-06 | Olaf A. 3504 Kaufungen Richter | Einrichtung zum Überwachen der Länge einer Flüssigkeitssäule |
| US4482891A (en) * | 1981-09-21 | 1984-11-13 | Spencer John D | Robust electronic liquid level gauge |
| US4543823A (en) * | 1982-04-28 | 1985-10-01 | General Motors Corporation | Microwave probe for detecting oil level |
| US4495807A (en) * | 1983-02-24 | 1985-01-29 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Precision liquid level sensor |
| DE3323748A1 (de) * | 1983-07-01 | 1985-01-03 | Norddeutsche Affinerie AG, 2000 Hamburg | Verfahren zur messung und regelung des fuellstandes von in einem behaelter befindlichen stoffen |
| JPS6057217A (ja) * | 1983-09-09 | 1985-04-03 | Nippon Kokan Kk <Nkk> | 渦流式モ−ルド湯面計 |
| US4638305A (en) * | 1985-03-22 | 1987-01-20 | General Motors Corporation | Apparatus for detecting water in fuel |
| US4736638A (en) * | 1985-12-20 | 1988-04-12 | Beckman Instruments, Inc. | Liquid level sensor |
-
1987
- 1987-06-26 US US07/067,183 patent/US4912976A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1988
- 1988-06-09 EP EP88906582A patent/EP0319573B1/en not_active Expired
- 1988-06-09 WO PCT/US1988/001987 patent/WO1988010412A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-06-09 AU AU21326/88A patent/AU598693B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-06-09 JP JP1989600010U patent/JPH0641140Y2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-06-09 DE DE8888906582T patent/DE3871738T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-06-24 ES ES8801991A patent/ES2009298A6/es not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS58180916A (ja) * | 1982-04-16 | 1983-10-22 | Nippon Soken Inc | 液レベル検出装置 |
| AU571446B2 (en) * | 1982-08-25 | 1988-04-21 | Venture Measurement Company Llc | Self calibrating capacitance level sensor |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH02500020U (enExample) | 1990-04-26 |
| US4912976A (en) | 1990-04-03 |
| EP0319573A1 (en) | 1989-06-14 |
| DE3871738T2 (de) | 1992-12-10 |
| WO1988010412A1 (en) | 1988-12-29 |
| DE3871738D1 (de) | 1992-07-09 |
| EP0319573B1 (en) | 1992-06-03 |
| JPH0641140Y2 (ja) | 1994-10-26 |
| ES2009298A6 (es) | 1989-09-16 |
| AU2132688A (en) | 1989-01-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MK14 | Patent ceased section 143(a) (annual fees not paid) or expired |