AU2015345707A1 - Method for determining earth surface interpenetrated crack distribution and air leakage characteristics in shallow burial coal mining - Google Patents
Method for determining earth surface interpenetrated crack distribution and air leakage characteristics in shallow burial coal mining Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A method for determining earth surface interpenetrated crack distribution and air leakage characteristics in shallow burial coal mining. The method comprises the following steps: determining the similar experimental material ratio according to actual stratum data of a mine; laying a similar material model according to the geometric similarity and the power similarity; conducting coal bed excavation after the material strength and the raw rock strength are similar, and taking fracture development pictures after the model excavation is stable; conducting graying and vectorizing on the pictures by means of image processing software; importing the vectorized fracture images to numerical simulation software, and conducting calculation; and comparing the obtained result with measured data, and obtaining an accurate numerical model by means of continuous modification. By means of the method, the overlaying strata fracture distribution and air leakage characteristics under the shallow burial coal bed condition can be disclosed, and the beneficial reference is provided for the on-site situations such as the blockage of air leakage passageways.
Description
Description
Method for Determining Earth Surface Interpenetrated Crack Distribution and Air Leakage Characteristics in Shallow Burial Coal Mining I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for determining the distribution of earth surface interpenetrated fissures and the air leakage characteristics in the mining of a shallow-buried coal seam, and belongs to experimental study on fractured rock mass and study on a method for determining surface fissures and air leakage characteristics in the underground geotechnical engineering field. II. Background Art
The coal mining activities in China have been moved to the Western China region strategically. Most of the mine fields in the Western China region are shallow-buried coal seams. The surface air leakage is severe and may lead to spontaneous ignition of the coal in the goaf after the mining of a shallow-buried coal seam. The spontaneous ignition of coal not only has impacts on the normal production in the mines, but also may result in severe fire accidents or gas explosion accidents. Owing to the shallow burial depths of the coal seams in the Western China region, a lot of surface interpenetrated fissures are created under mining-induced stress, forming main air leakage and oxygen supply passages for spontaneous ignition of the coal. When fire prevention and extinguishing materials, such as yellow mud (fly ash), mortar, and three-phase foams, etc., are applied to the areas with spontaneous ignition risk and air leakage spots in the goaf for fire prevention and extinguishing, cooling and sealing, the fire prevention and extinguishing materials can't be delivered to the air leakage spots timely and effectively to accomplish sealing of the air leakage passages, because it is difficult to detect the distributed positions of the fissures with conventional technical means. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the distribution of fissures and air leakage characteristics in the mining of shallow-buried coal seams, in order to seal the air leakage passages and prevent and control the spontaneous ignition of coal.
At present, the methods for determining the distribution of earth surface fissures and air leakage characteristics of shallow-buried coal seams mainly include tracer gas method and numerical simulation method. The tracer gas method is to release SFe tracer gas at the source of air leakage, collect gas samples at air leakage sinks, and determine the air leakage passages qualitatively by analyzing the concentrations of the gas samples. Limited by the field environment and the measurement method, the distribution of fissures and air leakage characteristics in the entire goaf can be reflected only by monitoring some spots in the goaf, and the result of determination may be affected by factors such as the amount of release. In the numerical simulation of fissures and air leakage for shallow-buried coal seams, usually an equivalent continuous medium model is used, i.e., the fissure and the peripheral rock masses are treated as equivalent to a continuous medium with certain permeability tensor, and a porous medium theory is utilized to solve the problem. However, the influences of vertical fissures from the shallow-buried coal seam to the surface on the air leakage are neglected. Consequently, severe errors often occur in the simulation result compared with the actual situation when such large-scale fissures are handled. III. Contents of the Invention
Object of the invention: In view of the drawbacks in the existing numerical simulation method, the present invention solves the problems of difficulty in detection of fissures in rock mass and excessively simplified numerical model, etc., by incorporating simulation experiment on similar materials and numerical simulation and introducing fissure development into the numerical model; in addition, by model modification, the accuracy and reliability of the model is improved effectively, and a beneficial reference is provided for determining the distribution of surface interpenetrated fissures and air leakage characteristics after mining in mine fields in shallow burial depths.
Technical solution: To attain the object described above, the present invention employs the following technical solution: A method for determining the distribution of earth surface interpenetrated fissures and the air leakage characteristics in mining of a shallow-buried coal seam, comprising the following steps: (1) determining a scale of model to raw rock, and calculating the mix ratio and amounts of different materials in the simulation of the rock strata in the model, according to the lithology, thickness, and physical and mechanical parameters of the buried rock strata in a coal seam of a mine; (2) laying experimental rock strata sequentially on the basis of the stratigraphic relationship among the raw rock strata and the inclinations of the rock strata according to the obtained mix ratio and amounts of materials to form a model, keeping the model in still state, and arranging resistance strain gauges in adjacent strata; (3) simulating field mining conditions of the actual coal seam and making preparation for excavation of the coal seam in the model, if the difference between model strength and raw rock strength is within the range of a threshold; (4) setting the advance rate and the excavation length in each time in the excavation of the model according to the advance rate and the excavation length in each time in the excavation of the actual coal seam, and keeping the model in still state for 40 to 80minutes after each excavation cycle, and then the next excavation cycle is started; (5) recording the detection data of the resistance strain gauges in the model excavation process, till the data of the resistance strain gauges doesn't change any more or the amplitudes of change of the data are within the range of a threshold, which indicates that the model has reached a stress equilibrium state, and taking pictures of fissure development in stress equilibrium state of the model with a camera after the model excavation is finished; (6) converting the obtained pictures of fissure development into vector graphics; (7) importing the vector graphics into numerical simulation software COMSOL, and setting the model as an initial geometric model, adjusting the size of the geometric model, and setting material properties and boundary conditions for the geometric model; (8) carrying out mesh generation for the defined geometric model, and then solving and computing the defined geometric model, to obtain the velocity and pressure distribution of air leakage through fissures; (9) conducting comparative analysis on the obtained velocity and pressure distribution of air leakage through fissures by comparing with the air leakage data at the field measurement spots in the actual coal seam, and adjusting the design parameters of the geometric model continuously, so as to obtain a law of velocity and pressure distribution of air leakage through fissures that matches the field measurement data and provide a reference for sealing the air leakage passages.
Specifically, in the step (2), the resistance strain gauges are arranged between two adjacent rock strata, and the resistance strain gauges in the same horizontal detection plane are arranged in a mesh layout, so as to acquire detection data; for example, the resistance strain gauges in the same horizontal detection plane are designed and arranged into a mesh layout in the form of a rectangular array; usually, the horizontal distance between two adjacent resistance strain gauges in the same line in transverse direction or longitudinal direction is set to 30cm.
Specifically, in the step (3), whether the difference between the model strength and the raw rock strength is within the range of a threshold is judged with the following method: before the model is laid, when the difference in mechanical properties between the simulating material and the raw rock is within the range of a threshold the moisture content wo in the simulating material is determined through mechanical property tests; after the model is laid and kept in still state for a certain period, the moisture content w in the material of the model is measured; the difference between the model strength and the raw rock strength can be deemed as being in the range of the threshold if w=wo-
More specifically, in the step (3), the moisture content in the material is determined by a weighing method as follows: a certain quantity of material is taken as a sample, the weight of the sample is measured on a scale with O.lg accuracy and is denoted as wet weight m of the sample, the sample is baked to constant weight in an oven at 105 °C, and then the weight of the sample is measured on the scale with O.lg accuracy and is denoted as wet weight ms of the sample, the moisture content is calculated with a formula w=ms/m.
Specifically, in the step (6), the obtained pictures of fissure development are processed into vector graphics with the following method: vectorized fissure data is generated with computer graphic processing techniques through processing procedures including image filtering, sharpening enhancement, image segmentation, noise filtering, detection, and thinning, etc., and the vectorized fissure data is taken as vector graphics.
Specifically, in the step (7), the material properties include fluid density p, fluidic dynamic viscosity μ, permeability k of coal rock mass around the fissure, and porosity ε of coal rock mass; the boundary conditions are set as follows: the top inlet pressure Po of fissures is set to atmospheric pressure, the bottom outlet pressure of fissures is set to the pressure at the goaf side, and the left and right boundaries are set to no-flow boundaries.
More specifically, in the step (7), the permeability k and porosity ε of the coal rock mass around the fissure are calculated as follows: four displacement monitoring points adjacent to each other up and down are selected in the model plane to form a quadrangle ABCD; the area of the quadrangle ABCD will be changed from S to S' after the overlying rock collapses during mining of the coal seam;
The coefficient of bulk increase of the coal rock mass is calculated as:
The porosity of the coal rock mass is calculated according to the coefficient of bulk increase as:
The permeability k and porosity ε of the coal rock mass meet:
Wherein, d is the particle size of fractured coal rock mass, c is coefficient, usually c=172.8. Specifically, in the step (7), the geometric model is described as follows: 1) the fluids in the fissure region flow freely, and are described with a Navier-Stokes Equation:
wherein, p represents fluid density, u represents fluid velocity, μ represents dynamic viscosity of the fluid, p represents unit fluid pressure difference, and F is unit volume force of the fluid; 2) The coal rock mass around the fissure area is treated as a porous medium, and the water leakage belongs to seepage, which can be described with Darcy's law.
Wherein, μ represents dynamic viscosity of the fluid, k represents the permeability of the coal rock mass, q represents flow rate, p represents unit fluid pressure difference, and Z represents height change.
Beneficial effects: The method for determining the distribution of surface interpenetrated fissures and the air leakage characteristics in mining of a shallow-buried coal seam provided in the present invention has the following advantages: 1. A method for determining the strength of a similar material by measuring the moisture content is put forth, and is simple and convenient to use; 2. Through simulation experiments on a similar material in the present invention, a diagram of distribution of fractures in the overlying rock of a simulated mining in the model after coal seam mining, so that the distribution of fissures in different regions after the mining of the coal seam can be watched directly, and can be used in numerical simulation and analysis of fissures in the overlying strata and air leakage characteristics; 3. By incorporating simulation experiments of a similar material with numerical simulation, the errors generated when the fissures are treated as an equivalent continuous medium or fissure mesh model can be reduced, and the result of numerical simulation matches the actual situation better. IV. Description of the Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flow chart of the method according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of calculation of coefficient of bulk increase in a goaf;
Fig. 3 is a layout diagram of the distribution of resistance strain gauges and displacement monitoring points;
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of fissure distribution after the mining of a simulated coal seam;
Fig. 5 shows a vector graphics;
Fig. 6 is a diagram of velocity distribution of air leakage through fissures. V. Detailed Description of the Embodiments
Hereunder the present invention will be further detailed, with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 shows a flow chart of the method for determining the distribution of surface interpenetrated fissures and air leakage characteristics in the mining of a shallow-buried coal seam. Hereunder the present invention will be further detailed in an embodiment. A coal mine in the Shendong Mining Area is a shallow-buried mine, where the surface fissures are developed and the air leakage is severe and may lead to spontaneous ignition of the coal after the mining of the coal seam. An air leakage passage sealing solution comprising following steps is provided with the method disclosed in the present invention: (1) The scale of model to raw rock mass is determined as 1:100, the model is in 2.5m length and 0.5m width; the mix ratio and amounts of different materials for simulating the rock strata in the model are calculated according to the lithology, thickness, and physical and mechanical parameters of the rock strata provided by the mine owner as listed in Table 1:
Table 1 Mix Ratio of Similar Materials in the Model (1:100)
(2) Experimental rock strata are laid sequentially from bottom to top on the basis of the stratigraphic relationship among the raw rock strata and the inclinations of the rock strata according to the obtained mix ratio and amounts of materials to form a model, then the model is kept in still state, and resistance strain gauges are arranged in adjacent strata; the resistance strain gauges are arranged as follows: the resistance strain gauges in the same detection plane are arranged in a mesh layout, with adjacent resistance strain gauges in the same detection plane arranged at 30cm spacing between them, the arrangement of the resistance strain gauges is shown in Fig. 3. (3) The model is kept in still state for 10 days after it is laid; then, a small piece of sample is taken from the top edge of the model, and the moisture content is measured with a weighing method; compared with the moisture content in the samples that are taken from the same stratum and have strength similar to the raw rock strength, it is found that the difference in moisture content is smaller than 5%, which is within the range of threshold. Hence, it is believed that the material strength of the model is similar to the raw rock strength and excavation can be conducted. (4) Based on the actual advance rate in the mine, the length of simulated excavation in each time is determined as 10cm, and the model is kept in still state for lh after excavation, then the next cycle of excavation is started. (5) In each excavation cycle, relevant data is obtained with a static strain gauge and recorded in a computer; the model reaches a stress equilibrium state when there is no change any more in the data recorded in the computer after the excavation of the entire model is finished; then, pictures of fissure development in the model are taken with a professional camera, as shown in Fig. 4, after the excavation of the model is finished. (6) The pictures of fissure development are processed with graphic processing software into vector graphics, as shown in Fig. 5. (7) The vector graphics obtained in the step (6) are imported into numerical simulation software COMSOL, and the model is set to an initial geometric model. The size of the geometric model is adjusted, the fluid density p is set to p=1.29kg/m3, the dynamic viscosity μ of the fluid is set to p=17.9xlO"6Pa.s, and the permeability k and porosity ε of the coal rock mass are set; the boundary conditions are set as follows: the top inlet pressure Po of fissures is set to Po=latm, the bottom outlet pressure of fissures is set to the pressure at the goaf side, i.e., 101.12kpa, and the left and right boundaries are set to no-flow boundaries. (8) The permeability k and porosity ε of the coal rock mass around the fissure are calculated as follows: four displacement monitoring points adjacent to each other up and down are selected in the model plane to form a quadrangle ABCD; the area of the quadrangle ABCD will be changed from S to S' after the overlying rock collapses during mining of the coal seam;
The coefficient of bulk increase of the coal rock mass is calculated as:
The porosity of the coal rock mass is calculated according to the coefficient of bulk increase as:
The permeability k and porosity ε of the coal rock mass meet:
wherein, d is the particle size of fractured coal rock mass, c is coefficient, usually c=172.8.
Based on the data provided by the mine owner, the raw porosity and permeability of the coal rock mass are put into the above formula, so that the porosity and permeability of the peripheral coal rock around the fissure are obtained. (9) In view that the fluids in the fissure region flow freely, they are described with the Navier-Stokes Equation:
wherein, p represents fluid density, u represents fluid velocity, μ represents dynamic viscosity of the fluid, p represents unit fluid pressure difference, and F is unit volume force of the fluid.
The coal rock mass around the fissure area is treated as a porous medium, and the water leakage belongs to seepage, which can be described with Darcy's law.
wherein, μ represents dynamic viscosity of the fluid, k represents the permeability of the coal rock mass, q represents flow rate, p represents unit fluid pressure difference, and Z represents height change. (10) Mesh generation is conducted from the model, and a set of equations is solved, to obtain a diagram of velocity distribution of air leakage through fissures, as shown in Fig. 6. (11) According to the positions of the field monitoring points, corresponding points are taken from the numerical model. Through comparison with the air velocity and air pressure at the field monitoring points, it is found that the difference in air velocity and air pressure between the field monitoring points and the corresponding points in the numerical model is smaller than 20%, which indicates that the simulation data match the actual data well, and modification to the model is unnecessary. The simulation result reflects the distribution of fissures and air leakage characteristics of the shallow buried coal seam, and can be used as a reference in the sealing of the air leakage passages, and thereby prevent spontaneous ignition of the coal in the mine.
While the present invention has been illustrated and described with reference to some preferred embodiments, the present invention is not limited to these. Those skilled in the art should recognize that various variations and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. All of such variations and modifications shall be deemed as falling into the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
- Claims1. A method for determining the distribution of earth surface interpenetrated fissures and the air leakage characteristics in mining of a shallow-buried coal seam, comprising the following steps: (1) determining a scale of model to raw rock, and calculating the mix ratio and amounts of different materials in the simulation of the rock strata in the model, according to the lithology, thickness, and physical and mechanical parameters of the buried rock strata in a coal seam of a mine; (2) laying experimental rock strata sequentially on the basis of the stratigraphic relationship among the raw' rock strata and the inclinati ons of the rock strata according to the obtained mix ratio and amounts of materials to form a model, keeping the model in still state, and arranging resistance strain gauges in adjacent strata; (3) simulating field mining conditions of the actual coal seam and making preparation for excavation of the coal seam in the model, if the difference between model strength and raw rock strength is within the range of a threshold, (4) setting the advance rate and the excavation length in each time in the excavation of the model according to the advance rate and the excavation length in each time in the excavation of the actual coal seam, and keeping the model in still state for 40 to SOminutes, after each excavation cycle, and then the next excavation cycle is started; (5) recording the detection data of the resistance strain gauges in the model excavation process, till the data of the resistance strain gauges doesn't change any more or the amplitudes of change of the data are within the range of a threshold, which indicates that the model has reached a stress equilibrium state, and taking pictures of fissure development in stress equilibrium state of the model with a camera after the model excavation is finished, (6) converting the obtained pictures of fissure development into vector graphics; (7) importing the vector graphics into numerical simulation software CQMSOL, and setting the model as an initial geometric model, adjusting the size of the geometric model, and setting material properties and boundary' conditions for the geometric model; (8) carrying out mesh generation for the defined geometric model, and then solving and computing the defined geometric model, to obtain the velocity and pressure distribution of air leakage through fissures; (9) conducting comparative analysis on the obtained velocity and pressure distribution of air leakage through fissures by comparing with the air leakage data at the field measurement spots in the actual coal seam, and adjusting the design parameters of the geometric model continuously, so as to obtain a law of velocity and pressure distribution of air leakage through fissures that matches the field measurement data and provide a reference for sealing the air leakage passages.
- 2. The method for determining distribution of earth surface interpenetrated fissures and air leakage characteristics in mining of shallow-buried coal seam according to claim 1, wherein, in the step (2), the resistance strain gauges are arranged between two adjacent rock strata, and the resistance strain gauges in the same horizontal detection plane are arranged in a mesh layout, with adjacent resistance strain gauges arranged at 30cm horizontal spacing between them, so as to acquire detection data.
- 3. The method for determining distribution of earth surface interpenetrated fissures and air leakage characteristics in mining of shallow-buried coal seam according to claim 1, wherein, in the step (3), whether the difference between the model strength and the raw rock strength is within the range of a threshold is judged with the following method: before the model is laid, when the difference of mechanical properties between the simulating material and the raw rock is within the range of a threshold the rnoi sture content wo in the simulating material is determined through mechanical property tests; after the model is laid and kept in still state for a certain period, the moisture content w in the material of the model is measured; the difference between the model strength and the raw rock strength can be deemed as being in the range of the threshold if w=wo.
- 4. The method for determining distribution of earth surface interpenetrated fissures and air leakage characteristics in mining of shallow-buried coal seam according to claim 3, wherein, in the step (3), the moisture content in the material is determined by a weighing method as follows: a certain quantity of material is taken as a sample, the weight of the sample is measured on a scale with O.lg accuracy and is denoted as wet weight m of the sample, the sample is baked to constant weight in an oven at 105 °C, and then the weight of the sample is measured on the scale with O.lg accuracy and is denoted wet weight ms of the sample, the moisture content is calculated with a formula w,;=ms/m.
- 5. The method for determining distribution of earth surface interpenetrated fissures and air leakage characteristics in mining of shallow-buried coal seam according to claim 1, wherein, in the step (6) , the obtained pictures of fissure development are processed into vector graphics with the following method: vectorized fissure data is generated with computer graphic processing techniques through processing procedures including image filtering, sharpening enhancement, image segmentation, noise filtering, detection, and thinning, etc., and the vectorized fissure data is taken as vector graphics.
- 6. The method for determining distribution of earth surface interpenetrated fissures and air leakage characteristics in mining of shallow-buried coal seam according to claim 1, wherein, in the step (7) , the material properties include fluid density p, fluidic dynamic viscosity μ, permeability k of coal rock mass around the fissure, and porosity ε of coal rock mass; the boundary conditions are set as follows: the top inlet pressure P0 of fissures is set to atmospheric pressure, the bottom outlet pressure of fissures is set to the pressure at the goaf side, and the left and right boundaries are set to no-flow boundaries.
- 7. The method for determining distribution of earth surface interpenetrated fissures and air leakage characteristics in mining of shallow-buried coal seam according to claim 6, wherein, in the step (7), the permeability k and porosity ε of the coal rock mass around the fissure are calculated as follows: four displacement monitoring points adjacent to each other up and down are selected in the model plane to form a quadrangle ABCD; the area of the quadrangle ABCD will be changed from S to S! after the overlying rock collapses during mining of the coal seam; the crushing and bulking coefficient of the coal rock mass is calculated as :K= S'/ S the porosity of the coal rock mass is calculated according to the coefficient of bulk increase as:the permeability k and porosity ε of the coal rock mass meet:wherein, d is the particle size of fractured coal rock mass, c is coefficient, usually c=172.8.
- 8. The method for determining distribution of earth surface interpenetrated fissures and air leakage characteristics in mining of shallow-buried coal seam according to claim 7, wherein, in the step (7), the geometric model is described as follows: 1) the fluids in the fissure region flow freely, and are described with a Navier-Stokes Equation:wherein, p represents fluid density, u represents fluid velocity, μ represents dynamic viscosity of the fluid, p represents unit fluid pressure difference, and F is unit volume force of the fluid; 2) the coal rock mass around the fissure area is treated as a porous medium, and the water leakage belongs to seepage, which can be described with Darcy's law.wherein, μ represents dynamic viscosity of the fluid, k represents the permeability of the coal rock mass, q represents flow? rate, p represents unit fluid pressure difference, and Z represents height change.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201410633316.4A CN104462654B (en) | 2014-11-11 | 2014-11-11 | Shallow embedding hides seam mining earth's surface insertion fractured zones and the feature decision method that leaks out |
| CN201410633316.4 | 2014-11-11 | ||
| PCT/CN2015/086602 WO2016074510A1 (en) | 2014-11-11 | 2015-08-11 | Method for determining earth surface interpenetrated crack distribution and air leakage characteristics in shallow burial coal mining |
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| CN114397421B (en) * | 2021-11-29 | 2022-11-01 | 中煤科工开采研究院有限公司 | Mining coal seam floor damage depth monitoring method |
| CN114419983B (en) * | 2022-01-26 | 2022-10-25 | 中南大学 | Method for simulating random distribution characteristics of mining disturbed rock stratum void ratio of inclined coal seam |
| CN116147711B (en) * | 2023-04-17 | 2023-07-11 | 山西潞安环保能源开发股份有限公司 | Device and method for testing coal mine overburden stratum fracture space-time evolution law |
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| CN101070759B (en) * | 2007-05-04 | 2010-05-19 | 中国矿业大学 | Thin-base-rock shallow coal-layer water-retaining production suitable-condition classification method |
| CN102279131B (en) * | 2011-07-18 | 2013-04-24 | 中国石油大学(北京) | Simulation experiment method of coal seam hydraulic fracture |
| CN102777201B (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2014-06-18 | 山东科技大学 | Ventilation method for exploiting short distance coal bed in fire zone based on positive pressure ventilation system |
| CN202814926U (en) * | 2012-08-31 | 2013-03-20 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Microcosmic fracture testing system for similar simulation experiment of backfill mining |
| CN103698171B (en) * | 2013-11-12 | 2017-07-28 | 山东科技大学 | The crack evolution test method of floor strata solid＆liquid couple material |
| CN103806943B (en) * | 2013-12-13 | 2016-06-22 | 中国神华能源股份有限公司 | For monitoring the monitoring device and monitoring method leaked out coal seam goaf |
| CN103674658B (en) * | 2013-12-24 | 2019-03-12 | 山东科技大学 | A kind of preparation method of random crack test model |
| CN104462654B (en) * | 2014-11-11 | 2017-06-13 | 中国矿业大学 | Shallow embedding hides seam mining earth's surface insertion fractured zones and the feature decision method that leaks out |
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| CN104462654B (en) | 2017-06-13 |
| CN104462654A (en) | 2015-03-25 |
| ZA201606183B (en) | 2017-09-27 |
| WO2016074510A1 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
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