AU2013206540B1 - An edge-formwork element with integrated channel - Google Patents

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to an edge-formwork element for use in casting of, and subsequent fixing of an external system to, a concrete structure. The edge-formwork element comprises a horizontal base having a continuous indentation, a vertical wall, and a return lip. The vertical wall comprises an externally opening integrated channel being co-operable with an external load transfer element, the external load transfer element being connected to the external system, in use. The present disclosure also relates to a fixing assembly for fixing of an external system to a concrete structure. The fixing assembly comprises a channel adapted to be cast into the concrete structure, an external load transfer element being co-operable with the channel and having a lock adapted to lock the position of the external load transfer element relative to the channel in a locked configuration.

Description

1 AN EDGE-FORMWORK ELEMENT WITH INTEGRATED CHANNEL FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates generally to edge-formwork elements for use in casting of, and subsequent fixing of an external system to, a concrete structure. [0002] The invention has been developed primarily for use in the building industry and will be described hereinafter with reference to this application. However, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to this particular field of use. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Formwork elements are typically used in in-situ, or precast, casting of concrete structures for construction of a building. In the casting process, a continuous perimeter is first formed by positioning a plurality of profiled steel sheets positioned in an edge to edge arrangement as required to form a base, with a plurality of edge-formwork elements that define the outer edges of the concrete structure. Subsequently, wet concrete is poured within the continuous perimeter forming the concrete structure. [0004] In existing arrangements, the profiled steel sheets and edge formwork elements may contribute to the mechanical performance of the concrete structure by acting in composite action with the concrete structure. In other arrangements, the profiled steel sheets and edge formwork elements do not make a contribution to the mechanical performance but act as lost formwork only.

2 [0005] Typically, concrete reinforcement members such as steel bars may be positioned within the continuous perimeter prior to pouring of the wet concrete, such that the concrete reinforcement members are cast into the concrete structure during the casting process. The concrete reinforcement members may contribute to the mechanical performance of the concrete structure, by acting in composite action with the concrete structure. [0006] Often, external systems such as curtain walls, green walls, masonry walls, secondary steel frames, cladding systems, temporary protection, balustrades, or signage, are required to be fixed to the concrete structure after the casting process. In the example of a concrete floor slab, fixing is conventionally achieved by bolting brackets to a top horizontal face or a vertical edge of the floor slab. Although this can be achieved by drilling into the floor slab and subsequently introducing suitable fixing members such as mechanical or chemical concrete anchors, this arrangement is typically time consuming. The process of drilling can be complicated by the presence of the concrete reinforcement members in the concrete structure, since typical concrete drills are usually unsuitable for use in penetrating the concrete reinforcement members. [0007] Alternatively, individual channels adapted for fixing of the external systems can be cast into in the concrete structure during the casting process. In the example of the concrete floor slab, this is routinely done on the top horizontal face of the floor slab, since the individual channels can be easily positioned without any clash with the continuous perimeter. In circumstances wherein fixing is required at the vertical edge of 3 the floor slab, one or more steps of, for example, on-site or off-site manipulation are typically required, such that the individual channels are integrated with the edge formwork element prior to pouring of the wet concrete. This results in a labour intensive construction process, especially since the edge-formwork element is often required to be stripped off the floor slab after the casting process, in order for the individual channels to be revealed. [0008] There have been various attempts to overcome this by providing an edge formwork element with an externally opening channel being prefixed on the edge formwork element. This includes edge-formwork elements in the form or an L-shaped assembly, formed by welding or bolting a plurality of plates to the channel. Although the resulting element simplifies the construction process, the element is typically costly due to a labour intensive manufacturing process. [0009] In addition to the above, in use, the load capacity of the mechanical or chemical concrete anchors, and the individual channels, are typically limited by the pull-out capacity of the concrete structure. As such, in use of the mechanical or chemical concrete anchors, and the individual channels, various limitations such as anchor spacing, edge distance and concrete thickness have to be adhered to, such that the concrete structure is adequate in resisting the associated forces. Often, this renders the mechanical or chemical concrete anchors, and the individual channels unsuitable for use near the edges of the concrete structure, or in instances where the concrete H:\j7c\!nterwoven\NRPorlbl\DCC\JZC\6562768_Ldoc-6/08/2014 -4 structure is not thick enough. In use, the mechanical or chemical concrete anchors, and the individual channels may also clash with the profiled steel sheets. [0010] The present invention seeks to provide an edge-formwork element with integrated channel which will overcome or substantially ameliorate at least some of the deficiencies of the prior art, or to at least provide an alternative. [0011] It is to be understood that, if any prior art is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the information forms part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or any other country. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0012] In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an edge-formwork element for use in casting of, and subsequent fixing of an external load transfer system to a concrete structure, including: a vertical wall, against which concrete is poured to define a side of the concrete structure, the vertical wall being formed with an integrated channel that includes an internal, longitudinal cavity accessible between opposed shoulders that define an external opening of the channel, and wherein the integrated channel serves as a connection point for the load transfer system; and a substantially horizontal base configured to project laterally from the vertical wall, under a lower peripheral edge of the concrete structure, the base having a longitudinally disposed indentation for casting into the concrete structure, the indentation providing another connection point for the external load transfer system to grip onto the edge-formwork element, from an underside of the element. Preferably, the edge-formwork element further includes a return lip, extending from a top edge of the vertical wall, for embedding in the concrete structure. Preferably, the edge-formwork element further includes an upturn portion extending H:\jzc\Interwoven\NRPorbl\DCC\JZC\6562768_ l.doc-610812014 -4A from a free edge of the return lip, such that the return lip and the upturn portion define a another continuous indentation being longitudinally disposed for the external load transfer system to grip over a top. as well as the bottom of the element.

5 [0013] Advantageously, the edge-formwork element is adapted to receive one or more horizontal formwork sheets such that, in use, a plurality of edge-formwork elements and horizontal formwork sheets being positioned, for example, in an edge to edge relationship, forms a continuous perimeter that allows casting of the concrete structure within. For example, in the casting of a concrete floor slab, the one or more horizontal formwork sheets define the floor slab base, the edge formwork element defines the floor slab edge, and the height of the vertical wall defines the floor slab thickness. [0014] Advantageously, a plurality of edge-formwork elements having vertical walls of different heights are provided such that, in use, concrete structures of various corresponding thicknesses can be formed. [0015] Advantageously, the edge-formwork element acts as permanent formwork after the casting process, such that no stripping of the edge-formwork element is required. [0016] Advantageously, in use, the return lip is attached to one or more tension straps being in turn attached to the one or more horizontal formwork sheets, such that the vertical wall is substantially prevented from lateral movement when wet concrete bears against the vertical wall during the casting process. [0017] Advantageously, the return lip increases the weak axis section moment capacity of the vertical wall such that the vertical wall is stiffened and prevented from warping, for example, when wet concrete bears against the vertical wall during the casting process.

6 [0018] Advantageously, the return lip is keyed into the concrete structure during the casting process such that, in use, the edge-formwork element redistributes at least a portion of a load being received by the edge-formwork element via the return lip to the concrete structure, the edge-formwork element and the concrete structure acting in composite action to resist the load. [0019] In existing arrangements, individual channels adapted for fixing the external system to the concrete structure are typically also cast into the concrete structure during the casting process. This requires one or more steps of, for example, on-site or off-site manipulation, such that the individual channels are integrated with the continuous perimeter prior to pouring of the wet concrete. Advantageously, as the edge-formwork element comprises the integrated channel, the one or more steps of manipulation are not required. [0020] Advantageously, the integrated channel is keyed into the concrete structure during the casting process such that, in use, the edge-formwork element redistributes at least a portion of the load via the integrated channel to the concrete structure, the edge formwork element and the concrete structure acting in composite action to resist the load. [0021] Advantageously, a plurality of edge-formwork elements having integrated channels of different cross sectional geometries are provided, each cross sectional geometry being adapted to allow the edge-formwork element to redistribute a varying i:ijzc\Intmrwovn\NRPonbl\DCCUZC\i413711_,doc- I1W20l4 -7 load to the concrete structure, thereby accommodating variations in the load being received from different external systems. [0022] Preferably, the integrated channel is of a generally dovetail cross sectional geometry. [0023] Advantageously, the generally dovetail cross sectional geometry of the integrated channel allows the edge-formwork element and the concrete structure to act in composite action to resist the load from some external systems. [0024] Preferably, the pair of opposing shoulders is an upper shoulder and a lower shoulder, and a lower portion of the partial luminal wall is horizontally disposed such that the lower shoulder is of a generally right angle cross sectional geometry. [0025] Advantageously, the generally right angle cross sectional geometry of the lower shoulder allows the edge-formwork element and the concrete structure to act in composite action to resist the load from some external systems. [0026] Advantageously, the horizontally disposed lower portion prevents water, such as from rainfall, from being pooled in longitudinal cavity, in use. [0027] Preferably, the horizontal base comprises a second continuous indentation being longitudinally disposed. [0028] Advantageously, the second continuous indentation is keyed into the concrete structure during the casting process such that, in use, the edge-formwork element redistributes at least a portion of the load via the continuous indentation to the concrete structure, the edge-formwork element and the concrete structure acting in composite action to resist the load.

H:\jzc\],,cnovenNRPthI\DCCJZC04071 ILdoc-19/06/2034 [0029] [Deleted] [0030] Advantageously, the continuous indentation formed by the upturn portion and the return lip is keyed into the concrete structure during the casting process such that, in use, the edge-formwork element redistributes at least a portion of the load via the continuous indentation to the concrete structure, the edge-formwork element and the concrete structure acting incomposite action to resist the load. [0031] Advantageously, the continuous indentation further increases the weak axis section moment capacity of the vertical wall such that the vertical wall is stiffened and prevented from warping, for example, when wet concrete bears against the vertical wall during the casting process. [0032] Preferably, the integrated channel is adapted to be co-operable with a first external load transfer element, the first external load transfer element being connected to the external system, in use. [0033] Advantageously, the co-operation of the integrated channel with the first external load transfer element allows direct attachment of the external system to the concrete structure without the need for any additional modification of the concrete structure, such as drilling. [0034] Advantageously, as the integrated channel comprises the longitudinal cavity, the external system is afforded a translational degree of freedom, along a central axis of the longitudinal cavity for adjustment. [0035] Advantageously, the co-operation of the integrated channel with the first external load transfer element allows the first external load transfer element to redistribute the load from the external system to the edge-formwork element. [0036] Advantageously, in use, different portions of the edge-formwork element are, H:jiMIenovcnNRPorblDCCUZC641371 IIdc-19/06/2014 -9 for example, singularly or jointly co-operable with a plurality of external load transfer elements, each co-operation being adapted to allow the external system to redistribute a varying load to the concrete structure, thereby accommodating variations in the load being received from different external systems. [0037] Preferably, the integrated channel and the another continuous indentation are adapted to be jointly co-operable with a second external load transfer element, the second external load transfer element being connected to the external system, in use. [00381 Advantageously, the joint co-operation of the integrated channel and the continuous indentation with the second external load transfer element allows the edge-formwork element and the concrete structure to act in composite action to resist the load from some external systems. [0039] Preferably, the integrated channel and the second continuous indentation are adapted to be jointly co-operable with a third external load transfer element, the third external load transfer element being connected to the external system, in use. [0040] Advantageously, the joint co-operation of the integrated channel and the second continuous indentation with the third external load transfer element allows the edge formwork element and the concrete structure to act in composite action to resist the load from some external systems. [0041] Preferably, the integrated channel, the continuous indentation, and the second continuous indentation are adapted to be jointly co-operable with a forth external load transfer element, the forth external load transfer element being connected to the external system, in use. [0042] Advantageously, the joint co-operation of the integrated channel, the continuous indentation, and the second continuous indentation with the forth external load transfer element allows the edge-formwork element and the concrete structure to H:jzg\[eo.ven\NRPonbIDCCZCW04137 Ildoc-19/X62014 - 10 act in composite action to resist the load from some external systems. {0043] Preferably, the continuous indentation and the second continuous indentation are adapted to be jointly co-operable with a fifth external load transfer element, the fifth external load transfer element being connected to the external system, in use. [0044] Advantageously, the joint co-operation of the continuous indentation and the second continuous indentation with the fifth external load transfer element allows the edge-formwork element and the concrete structure to act in composite action to resist the load from some external systems. [0045] Preferably, the edge-formwork element is formed of a corrosion resistant material. [0046] Advantageously, in use, the edge-formwork element is of a suitable corrosion performance. [0047] Preferably, the edge-formwork element comprises one or more radiused corners adapted to reduced stress concentrations in the edge-formwork element, in use. [0048] Preferably, the one or more radiused corners are being radiused such that at least a portion of the edge-formwork element can be formed by bending of a sheet material in a bending operation. [0049] Advantageously, at least the portion of the edge-formwork element can be formed in a relatively simple and cost effective process. [0050] Preferably, the one or more radiused corners are being radiused such that at least the portion of the edge-formwork element can be formed by bending of a high strength sheet material, in the bending operation.

H-\.i-/cnno, en\NRPoibhDCCUJzo6413711_].doc- 19/062014 - 11 [0051] Advantageously, the gauge of the sheet material being required is reduced. [0052] Preferably, the one or more radiused corners are being radiused such that at least the portion of the edge-formwork element can be formed by bending of a sheet material having a corrosion resisting coat, in the bending operation. [0053] Advantageously, the edge-form work element requires no additional corrosion treatment after forming which may, for example, distort the geometry of the edge formwork element or increase manufacturing costs of the edge-formwork element. [0054] [Paragraphs 0054 to 0109 Deleted] 12 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0110] Fig. 1 is a partial perspective view of an edge-formwork element in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [0111] Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of the edge-formwork element of Fig. 1; [0112] Fig. 3 a perspective view of the edge-formwork element of Fig. 1, with a horizontal formwork sheet being received on a horizontal base of the edge-formwork element; [0113] Fig. 4 is a sectional side view of a concrete structure formed using a plurality of the edge-formwork elements and horizontal formwork sheets of Fig. 3, in a casting process; [0114] Fig. 5 is a partial perspective side view of the edge-formwork element and the horizontal formwork element of Fig. 3, with a tension strap; [0115] Fig. 6a is a side view of the edge-formwork element of Fig. 1, having an integrated channel with an alternative cross sectional geometry, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [0116] Fig. 6b is a side view of the edge-formwork element of Fig. 1, having an integrated channel with an alternative cross sectional geometry, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 13 [0117] Fig. 6c is a side view of the edge-formwork element of Fig. 1, having an integrated channel with an alternative cross sectional geometry, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [0118] Fig. 7 is a partial perspective view of the edge-formwork element of Fig. 1, with a continuous indentation, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [0119] Fig. 8 is a partial perspective view of the edge-formwork element of Fig. 7, with a first external load transfer element, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [0120] Fig. 9A is a perspective view of an alternative external load transfer element suitable for use with the edge-formwork element of Figure 7; [0121] Fig. 9B is a perspective view of an alternative external load transfer element suitable for use with the edge-formwork element of Figure 7; [0122] Fig. 9C is a perspective view of an alternative external load transfer element suitable for use with the edge-formwork element of Figure 7; [0123] Fig. 9D is a perspective view of an alternative external load transfer element suitable for use with the edge-formwork element of Figure 7; 14 [0124] Fig. 10 is a partial perspective view of the edge-formwork element of Fig. 7, with a second external load transfer element, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [0125] Fig. 11 is a partial perspective view of an edge-formwork element in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention; [0126] Fig. 12 is a partial perspective view of the edge-formwork element of Fig. 11, with a horizontal formwork sheet being received on a horizontal base of the edge-formwork element; [0127] Fig. 13 is a sectional side view of a concrete structure formed using a plurality of the edge-formwork elements and horizontal formwork sheets of Fig. 12, in a casting process; [0128] Fig. 14 is partial sectional side view of the edge-formwork element and the horizontal formwork element of Fig. 12, with a tension strap; [0129] Fig. 15 is a partial perspective view of the edge-formwork element of Fig. 11, with an external load transfer element, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [0130] Fig. 16 is a partial perspective view of another edge-formwork element, with another external load transfer element, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 15 [0131] Fig. 17 is a partial sectional side view of a fixing assembly being cast into a concrete structure, in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention; [0132] Fig. 18A is a perspective view of an internal load transfer element, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [0133] Fig. 18B is an exploded perspective view of the internal load transfer element of Fig. 18A; and [0134] Fig. 19 is a partial perspective view of the fixing assembly of Fig. 17, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS [0135] It should be noted in the following description that like or similar numerals in different embodiments denote the same or similar features. [0136] According to a first embodiment of the present invention, and referring to Figs. 1 to 4, there is provided an edge-formwork element, generally indicated by the numeral 10, for use in casting of, and subsequent fixing of an external system (not shown) to, a concrete structure 1000, comprising a horizontal base 20; a vertical wall 30 extending from a longitudinal edge of the horizontal base 20; and a return lip 40 extending from a top edge of the vertical wall 30. In use, the horizontal base 20 is adapted to receive one or more horizontal formwork sheets, designated in Figs. 3 and 4 as 100, such that a plurality of edge-formwork elements 10 and horizontal formwork sheets 100 being 16 positioned, for example, in an edge to edge relationship, forms a continuous perimeter defining a base and one or more edges of the concrete structure 1000. In a casting process, therefore, wet concrete (not shown) can be poured within the continuous perimeter forming the concrete structure 1000. [0137] In this embodiment, the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 are profiled steel sheets, and both the edge-formwork element 10 and the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 act as permanent formwork after the casting process. This is beneficial, since stripping of the edge-formwork element 10 and the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 is not required after the casting process, thereby saving time and relevant construction costs. In use, the edge-formwork element 10 and the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 may also contribute to the mechanical performance of the concrete structure 1000, by acting in composite action with the concrete structure 1000, thereby reinforcing the concrete structure 1000, It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, the edge-formwork element 10 can be used with any other types of formwork elements consistent with the spirit of the present invention. For example, the horizontal base 20 of the edge-formwork element 10 may instead be received on temporary formwork elements, such as wooden formwork (not shown), such that only the edge-formwork element 10 act as permanent formwork after the casting process, while the temporary formwork elements are stripped off the concrete structure 1000.

17 [0138] In a preferred embodiment, the concrete structure 1000 is a concrete floor slab, for example, in a multi storey building, In use, the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 define the floor slab base, the edge-formwork element 10 defines the floor slab edge, and the height of the vertical wall 30 defines the floor slab thickness. It will be appreciated therefore, that various edge-formwork elements 10 having, for example, vertical walls 30 of various heights may be provided such that, in use, floor slabs of various corresponding thicknesses can be formed. In other embodiments, the edge formwork elements 10 may also have vertical walls 30 being disposed at various angles to the horizontal base 20, such that the resultant floor slabs comprise edges defined at said corresponding angles to the horizontal. It will be further appreciated that, in other embodiments, the edge-formwork element 10 may be used in casting of any other concrete structure (not shown) consistent with the spirit of the present invention, including, but not limited to, any one of the following: a concrete beam, a concrete edge beam, a concrete up-stand, a concrete wall, or a concrete column. [0139] In existing arrangements, one or more external systems (not shown) are typically required to be fixed to the concrete structure 1000 after the casting process. These one or more external systems (not shown) may include, but is not limited to, any one of the following: curtain walls, green walls, masonry walls, secondary steel frames, cladding systems, temporary protection, balustrades, or signage. To facilitate fixing, individual channels (not shown) can be cast into the concrete structure 1000 during the casting process. The individual channels (not shown) are beneficial, since any relevant components, such as brackets, of the external system (not shown) can be attached to 18 the individual channels (not shown) through, for example, fixings that are co-operable with the individual channels (not shown), instead of through drilling into the concrete structure 1000. Typically, however, one or more steps of, for example, on-site or off-site manipulation are required, such that the individual channels (not shown) are integrated with the continuous perimeter prior to pouring of the wet concrete (not shown). In some arrangements, the individual channels (not shown) are fixed to a given continuous perimeter through methods such as fastening or welding. In other arrangements, the individual channels (not shown) are assembled with one or more sections such as steel sheets, angles, or plates, to form an assembly, the assembly being subsequently used to form a continuous perimeter. In a preferred embodiment, and as shown in Figs. I to 4, the vertical wall 30 comprises an externally opening integrated channel, generally indicated by the numeral 50, such that the one or more steps of manipulation are not required. [0140] Referring to Fig. 5, in use, the return lip 40 is attached to one or more tension straps 41, the one or more tension straps 41 being in turn attached to the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100. This is beneficial in preventing the vertical wall 30 from moving laterally, for example, when wet concrete (not shown) bears against the vertical wall 30 during the casting process. In this embodiment, the one or more tension straps 41 are steel flats being attached to the return lip 40 and the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 by suitable fasteners such as pop rivets 42. It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, the return lip 40 may be connected to the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 via any other tension members consistent with the 19 spirit of the present invention, including, but not limited to, any one of the following: metal wires, or plastic tapes, [0141] In a preferred embodiment, and as shown in Fig. 5, the return lip 40 is disposed at an angle with respect to the vertical wall 30, such that integrated channel 50 does not interfere with the one or more tension straps 41, in use. Advantageously, the return lip 40 also increases the weak axis section moment capacity of the vertical wall 30 such that the vertical wall 30 is stiffened and prevented from warping. This is beneficial, for example, in maintaining the geometrical integrity of the edge-formwork element 10 during transport, or when wet concrete (not shown) bears against the vertical wall 30 during the casting process. [0142] Referring once again to Fig. 2, in a preferred embodiment, the integrated channel 50 comprises a partial luminal wall 51 defining a longitudinal cavity 52 within, and a pair of opposing shoulders 53 and 53' defining a throat 52' to the longitudinal cavity 52 therebetween. In this embodiment, the integrated channel 50 is of a generally dovetail cross sectional geometry such that the integrated channel 50 is keyed into the concrete structure 1000 during the casting process. In use, a portion of the concrete structure 1000 adjacent to the integrated channel 50 is activated when the edge-formwork element 10 receives a load, the edge-formwork element 10 and the concrete structure 1000 acting in composite action to resist the load. It will be appreciated therefore, that in other embodiments, and as shown in Figs. 6A to 6C, the integrated channel 50 may be of any other suitable cross sectional geometry, consistent with the spirit of the present 20 invention, such that the integrated channel 50 is keyed into the concrete structure 1000 during the casting process. [0143] In use, the load received by the edge-formwork element is being received from the external system (not shown). The magnitude and vector direction of the load is a function of one or more applied loads being applied to the external system (not shown). The one or more applied loads may include, but is not limited to, any one of the following in isolation or in combination: gravitational load, live load, wind load, snow load, and earthquake load. Referring to Fig. 7, in a preferred embodiment, the pair of opposing shoulders 53 and 53' is an upper shoulder 53 and a lower shoulder 53', and a lower portion of the partial luminal wall 51 is horizontally disposed such that the lower shoulder 53' is of a generally right angle cross sectional geometry. This is beneficial, for example, to aid the wet concrete (not shown) in fully encapsulating the integrated channel 50 during the casting process, thereby preventing any air pockets from being formed in the concrete structure 1000 adjacent to the integrated channel 50. In use, the horizontally disposed lower portion of the partial luminal wall 51 also increases the surface area on which the load can be received, for example, in circumstances wherein the load has a downward component. As such, the edge-formwork element 10 and the concrete structure 1000 may work in composite action to resist, for example, the load from external systems (not shown) subject to relatively high gravitational loads. Advantageously, the horizontally disposed lower portion of the partial luminal wall 51 is also beneficial in preventing water, such as from rainfall, from being pooled in longitudinal cavity 52, in use.

21 [0144] In this embodiment, the vertical wall 30 comprises a single integrated channel 50 being horizontally disposed. It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, the vertical wall 30 may comprise any number of integrated channels 50 consistent with the spirit of the present invention. For example, in another embodiment, the vertical wall 30 comprises two integrated channels 50 being disposed horizontally and in parallel, such that the load is received jointly across the two integrated channels 50, in use. This is beneficial, for example, in increasing the mass of the concrete structure 1000 being activated when the load is received. This is further beneficial, for example, in circumstances wherein the load is accompanied by an eccentricity, since a push-pull couple can be generated across the two integrated channels 50 to resist the load and the eccentricity. [0145] In a preferred embodiment, and as shown in Fig. 4, the return lip 40 is keyed into the concrete structure 1000 during the casting process. In use, a portion of the concrete structure 1000 adjacent to the return lip 40 is activated when the edge-formwork element 10 receives the load, such that the edge-formwork element 10 redistributes at least a portion of the load via the return lip 40 to the concrete structure 1000. This is beneficial in further allowing the edge-formwork element 10 and the concrete structure 1000 to act in composite action to resist the load. Referring to Fig. 7, in a preferred embodiment, the horizontal base 20 comprises a continuous indentation 21 being longitudinally disposed. Advantageously, the continuous indentation 21 is also keyed into the concrete structure 1000 during the casting process. In use, a portion of the concrete structure 1000 adjacent to the continuous indentation 21 is activated when the 22 edge-formwork element 10 receives the load, such that the edge-formwork element 10 redistributes at least a portion of the load via the continuous indentation 21 to the concrete structure 1000, further enabling the edge-formwork element 10 and the concrete structure 1000 to act in composite action to resist the load. [0146] Referring now to Fig. 8, in a preferred embodiment, the integrated channel 50 is adapted to be co-operable with a first external load transfer element, generally indicated by the numeral 200. In use, the first external load transfer element 200 is connected to the external system (not shown), such that the load is transferred from the external system (not shown), via the first external load transfer element 200, to the integrated channel 50. In one embodiment, the first external load transfer element 200 comprises, at an outer end, a tail portion 210 for attachment to the external system (not shown), and at an inner end, a head portion 220 being co-operable with the integrated channel 50. In this embodiment, the head portion 220 is configured to be received between the pair of opposing shoulders 53 and 53' in a first orientation, and subsequently retained by the integrated channel 50 in a second orientation. In use, the head portion 220 is further retained in the integrated channel 50 in circumstances wherein, for example, the tail portion 210 is subject to a downward load, such as the downward gravitational load of the external system (not shown). [0147] In another embodiment, and as shown in Fig. 9A, the first external load transfer element 200 comprises two opposing curved corners indicted as 201 and 201', such that the first external load transfer element 200 is able to pass between the pair of 23 opposing shoulders 53 and 53' of the integrated channel 50 in a first orientation, and be turned 90 degrees such that, in a second orientation, the first external load transfer element 200 is retained by the integrated channel 50. It will be appreciate, therefore, that any other suitable external load transfer element 200, including, but not limited to those shown in Figs. 9B to 9D, is possible within the spirit of the present invention. [0148] In use, the first external load transfer element 200 is beneficial, since any relevant components, such as brackets, of the external system (not shown) can be attached to first external load transfer element 200, instead of through drilling into the concrete structure 1000. Advantageously, as the integrated channel 50 comprises the longitudinal cavity 52, the external system (not shown) is afforded a translational degree of freedom, along a central axis of the longitudinal cavity 52, for adjustment prior to being attached to the edge-formwork element 10. [0149] Referring to Fig. 10, in a preferred embodiment, the edge-formwork element 10 further comprises an upturn portion 44 extending from a free edge of the return lip 40, such that the return lip 40 and the upturn portion 44 defines another continuous indentation 45, the another continuous indentation 45 being longitudinally disposed. Advantageously, the another continuous indentation 45 is also keyed into the concrete structure 1000 during the casting process. In use, a portion of the concrete structure 1000 adjacent to the another continuous indentation 45 is activated when the edge formwork element 10 receives the load, such that the edge-formwork element 10 redistributes at least a portion of the load via the another continuous indentation 45 to 24 the concrete structure 1000, further enabling the edge-formwork element 10 and the concrete structure 1000 to act in composite action to resist the load. [0150] In this embodiment, the integrated channel 50 and the another continuous indentation 45 are adapted to be jointly co-operable with a second external load transfer element 300, such that the load is received jointly across the integrated channel 50 and the another continuous indentation 45, in use. This is beneficial, for example, in increasing the mass of the concrete structure 1000 being activated to resist the load, enabling the concrete structure 1000 to resist a relatively larger portion of the load. This is further beneficial, for example, in circumstances wherein the load is accompanied by an eccentricity, since a push-pull couple can be generated across the integrated channel 50 and the another continuous indentation 45 to resist the load and the eccentricity. It will be appreciated, therefore, that in other embodiments, various portions of the edge-formwork element 10 may be, for example, jointly co-operable with a plurality of external load transfer elements (not shown) consistent with the spirit of the present invention, each co-operation being adapted to allow the load to be jointly received across said various portions, in use. For example, in one embodiment, the integrated channel 50 and the continuous indentation 21 are adapted to be jointly co operable with a third external load transfer element (not shown). In another embodiment, the integrated channel 50, the continuous indentation 21, and the another continuous indentation 45 are adapted to be jointly co-operable with a forth external load transfer element (not shown). In yet another embodiment, the continuous 25 indentation 21 and the another continuous indentation 45 are adapted to be jointly co operable with a fifth external load transfer element (not shown). [0151) In this embodiment, the second external load transfer element 300 comprises an upper half 301 adapted for engagement with the another continuous indentation 45, and a lower half 302 adapted for engagement with the integrated channel 50, such that the load is jointly received across the another continuous indentation 45 and the integrated channel 50 when the upper half 301 and the lower half 302 are in an assembled configuration, in use. It will be appreciated, however, that any other second external load transfer element is possible within the scope of the present invention. [0152] Referring again to Fig. 8, in a preferred embodiment, the edge-formwork element 10 comprises one or more radiused corners 11 adapted to reduced stress concentrations in the edge-formwork element 10, in use. Preferably, the one or more radiused corners 11 are being radiused such that at least a portion of the edge formwork element 10 can be formed by bending of a sheet material in a bending operation. This is beneficial, since at least the portion of the edge-formwork element 10 can be formed in a relatively simple and cost effective process. In this embodiment, the edge-formwork element 10 is formed of one continuous sheet of material through the bending operation of cold roll forming. It will be appreciated however, that in other embodiments, the edge-formwork element 10 may be formed through any other types of bending operation consistent with the spirit of the present invention, including, but not limited to, any one of the following: hot roll-forming, press brake forming, or folding. In 26 this embodiment, the continuous sheet of material is a high strength sheet steel having, for example, a yield strength of more than 400MPa. This is beneficial in reducing the gauge of the material being required, in use. It will be appreciated, however, that the edge-formwork element 10 may be formed of any other material consistent with the spirit of the present invention. [0153] In this embodiment, the edge-formwork element 10 is formed of steel comprising a corrosion resisting coating, for example, a zinc coating formed in a hot dipped process. This is beneficial such that the edge-form work element 10 is of a suitable corrosion resistance without requiring additional corrosion treatment after forming which may, for example, distort the geometry of the edge-formwork element 10, or increase manufacturing costs of the edge-formwork element 10. It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, the edge-formwork element 10 may be afforded a suitable corrosion performance through any other method consistent with the spirit of the present invention. For example, the edge-formwork element 10 may be formed of a material having inherent corrosion resistance, including, but not limited to, any one of the following: stainless steel, or fibre reinforced plastic. [0154] According to a second embodiment of the present invention, and referring to Figs. 11 to 13, there is provided an edge-formwork element, generally indicated by the numeral 10, for use in casting of, and subsequent fixing of an external system (not shown) to, a concrete structure 1000, comprising a horizontal base 20 having a continuous indentation 21 being longitudinally disposed; a vertical wall 30 extending 27 from a longitudinal edge of the horizontal base 20; and a return lip 40 extending from a top edge of the vertical wall 30. In use, the horizontal base 20 is adapted to receive one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100, such that a plurality of edge-formwork elements 10 and horizontal formwork sheets 100 being positioned, for example, in an edge to edge relationship, forms a continuous perimeter defining a base and one or more edges of the concrete structure 1000. In a casting process, therefore, wet concrete (not shown) can be poured within the continuous perimeter forming the concrete structure 1000. [0155] In this embodiment, the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 are profiled steel sheets, and both the edge-formwork element 10 and the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 act as permanent formwork after the casting process. This is beneficial, since stripping of the edge-formwork element 10 and the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 is not required after the casting process, thereby saving time and relevant construction costs. In use, the edge-formwork element 10 and the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 may also contribute to the mechanical performance of the concrete structure 1000, by acting in composite action with the concrete structure 1000, thereby reinforcing the concrete structure 1000. It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, the edge-formwork element 10 can be used with any other types of formwork elements consistent with the spirit of the present invention. For example, the horizontal base 20 of the edge-formwork element 10 may instead be received on temporary formwork elements, such as wooden formwork (not shown), such that only the edge-formwork element 10 act as permanent 28 formwork after the casting process, while the temporary formwork elements are stripped off the concrete structure 1000. [0156] In a preferred embodiment, the concrete structure 1000 is a concrete floor slab, for example, in a multi storey building. In use, the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 define the floor slab base, the edge-formwork element 10 defines the floor slab edge, and the height of the vertical wall 30 defines the floor slab thickness. It will be appreciated therefore, that various edge-formwork elements 10 having, for example, vertical walls 30 of various heights may be provided such that, in use, floor slabs of various corresponding thicknesses can be formed. In other embodiments, the edge formwork elements 10 may also have vertical walls 30 being disposed at various angles to the horizontal base 20, such that the resultant floor slabs comprise edges defined at said corresponding angles to the horizontal. It will be further appreciated that, in other embodiments, the edge-formwork element 10 may be used in casting of any other concrete structure (not shown) consistent with the spirit of the present invention, including, but not limited to, any one of the following: a concrete beam, a concrete edge beam, a concrete up-stand, a concrete wall, or a concrete column. [0157] Referring to Fig. 14, in use, the return lip 40 is attached to one or more tension straps 41, the one or more tension straps 41 being in turn attached to the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100. This is beneficial in preventing the vertical wall 30 from moving laterally, for example, when wet concrete (not shown) bears against the vertical wall 30 during the casting process. In this embodiment, the one or more tension straps 29 41 are steel flats being attached to the return lip 40 and the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 by suitable fasteners such as pop rivets (not shown). It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, the return lip 40 may be connected to the one or more horizontal formwork sheets 100 via any other tension members consistent with the spirit of the present invention, including, but not limited to, any one of the following: metal wires, or plastic tapes. [0158] In this embodiment, the return lip 40 increases the weak axis section moment capacity of the vertical wall 30 such that the vertical wall 30 is stiffened and prevented from warping. This is beneficial, for example, in maintaining the geometrical integrity of the edge-formwork element 10 during transport, or when wet concrete (not shown) bears against the vertical wall 30 during the casting process. [0159] Referring again to Fig. 13, in a preferred embodiment, the continuous indentation 21 is keyed into the concrete structure 1000 during the casting process. In use, a portion of the concrete structure 1000 adjacent to the continuous indentation 21 is activated when the edge-formwork element 10 receives a load, such that the edge formwork element 10 redistributes at least a portion of the load via the continuous indentation 21 to the concrete structure 1000. This is beneficial in allowing the edge formwork element 10 and the concrete structure 1000 to act in composite action to resist the load. In this embodiment, the edge-formwork element 10 further comprises an upturn portion 44 extending from a free edge of the return lip 40, such that the return lip 40 and the upturn portion 44 defines another continuous indentation 45, the another 30 continuous indentation 45 being longitudinally disposed. Advantageously, the another continuous indentation 45 is also keyed into the concrete structure 1000 during the casting process. In use, a portion of the concrete structure 1000 adjacent to the another continuous indentation 45 is activated when the edge-formwork element 10 receives the load, such that the edge-formwork element 10 redistributes at least a portion of the load via the another continuous indentation 45 to the concrete structure 1000, further enabling the edge-formwork element 10 and the concrete structure 1000 to act in composite action to resist the load. [0160] In this embodiment, the upturn portion 45 further increases the weak axis section moment capacity of the vertical wall 30 such that the vertical wall 30 is stiffened and prevented from warping. This is beneficial, for example, in maintaining the geometrical integrity of the edge-formwork element 10 during transport, or when wet concrete (not shown) bears against the vertical wall 30 during the casting process. [0161] Referring now to Fig. 15, in a preferred embodiment, the continuous indentation 21 and the another continuous indentation 45 are adapted to be jointly co-operable with an external load transfer element 400. In use, the external load transfer element 400 is connected to the external system (not shown), such that the load is transferred from the external system (not shown), via the external load transfer element 400, to the edge formwork element 10. In use, the external load transfer element 400 is beneficial, since any relevant components, such as brackets, of the external system (not shown) can be attached to external load transfer element 400, instead of through drilling into the 31 concrete structure 1000. Advantageously, as the continuous indentation 21 and the another continuous indentation 45 are longitudinally disposed, the external system (not shown) is afforded a translational degree of freedom, along a longitudinal axis of the edge-formwork element 10 for adjustment. [0162] In this embodiment, the load is received jointly across the continuous indentation 21 and the another continuous indentation 45, in use. This is beneficial for example, since both the portion of the concrete structure 1000 adjacent to the continuous indentation 21, and the portion of the concrete structure 1000 adjacent to the another continuous indentation 45 are jointly activated to resist the load, enabling the edge formwork element 10 and the concrete structure 1000 to work in composite action to resist a relatively larger load. This is further beneficial, for example, in circumstances wherein the load is accompanied by an eccentricity, since a push-pull couple can be generated across the continuous indentation 21 and the another continuous indentation 45 to resist the load and the eccentricity. [0163] In a preferred embodiment, the continuous indentation 21 is of a triangular cross sectional geometry, such that the continuous indentation 21 is keyed into the concrete structure 1000 during the casting process. It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, and as shown in Fig. 16, the continuous indentation 21 may be of any other suitable cross sectional geometry consistent with the spirit of the present invention. In this embodiment, the another continuous indentation 45 is of a similar cross sectional geometry to the continuous indentation 21. It will be appreciated, 32 however, that in other embodiments, the another continuous indentation 45 may be of any other suitable cross sectional geometry consistent with the spirit of the present invention. [0164J In this embodiment, the external load transfer element 400 comprises a lower half 401 adapted for engagement with the continuous indentation 21, and an upper half 402 adapted for engagement with the another continuous indentation 45, such that the load is jointly received across the continuous indentation 21 and the another continuous indentation 45 when the lower half 401 and the upper half 402 are in an assembled configuration, in use. It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, any other external load transfer element 400 is possible within the scope of the present invention. [0165] Referring again to Fig. 11, in a preferred embodiment, the edge-formwork element 10 comprises one or more radiused corners 11 adapted to reduced stress concentrations in the edge-formwork element 10, in use. Preferably, the one or more radiused corners 11 are being radiused such that at least a portion of the edge formwork element 10 can be formed by bending of a sheet material in a bending operation. This is beneficial, since at least the portion of the edge-formwork element 10 can be formed in a relatively simple and cost effective process. In this embodiment, the edge-formwork element 10 is formed of one continuous sheet of material through the bending operation of cold roll forming. It will be appreciated however, that in other embodiments, the edge-formwork element 10 may be formed through any other types of 33 bending operation consistent with the spirit of the present invention, including, but not limited to, any one of the following: hot roll-forming, press brake forming, or folding. In this embodiment, the continuous sheet of material is a high strength sheet steel having, for example, a yield strength of more than 400MPa. This is beneficial in reducing the gauge of the material being required, in use. It will be appreciated, however, that the edge-formwork element 10 may be formed of any other material consistent with the spirit of the present invention. [0166] In this embodiment, the edge-formwork element 10 is formed of steel comprising a corrosion resisting coating, for example, a zinc coating form in a hot dipped process. This is beneficial since the edge-formwork element 10 is of a suitable corrosion resistance without requiring additional corrosion treatment after forming which may, for example, distort the geometry of the edge-formwork element 10, or increase manufacturing costs of the edge-formwork element 10. It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, the edge-formwork element 10 may be afforded a suitable corrosion performance through any other method consistent with the spirit of the present invention. For example, the edge-formwork element 10 may be formed of a material having inherent corrosion resistance, including, but not limited to, any one of the following: stainless steel, or fibre reinforced plastic. [0167] According to a third embodiment of the present invention, and referring to Fig. 17, there is provided a fixing assembly for fixing of an external system (not shown) to a concrete structure 1000, comprising a channel 50 adapted to be cast into the concrete 34 structure 1000, the channel 50 comprising a partial luminal wall 51 defining a longitudinal cavity 52 within, and a pair of opposing shoulders 53 and 53' defining a throat 52' to the longitudinal cavity 52 therebetween; and an external load transfer element, generally indicated by the numeral 200, comprising, at an outer end, a tail portion 210 for attachment to the external system (not shown), and at an inner end, a head portion 220 being co-operable with the channel 50, the geometry of the head potion 220 being selected such that, in a first orientation of the external load transfer element 200, the head portion 220 is configured to be received between the pair of opposing shoulders 53 and 53', and subsequently, in a second orientation of the external load transfer element 200, the head portion 220 is configured to be retained by the channel 50. This is beneficial, since the external load transfer element 200 is received and retained by the channel 50 in a relatively easy and swift operation. [0168] In use, the external load transfer element 200 is connected to the external system (not shown), such that a load is transferred from the external system (not shown), via the first external load transfer element 200, to the channel 50 and the concrete structure 1000, the channel 50 and the concrete structure 1000 acting in composite action to resist the load. This is beneficial, since any relevant components, such as brackets, of the external system (not shown) can be attached to external load transfer element 200, instead of through drilling into the concrete structure 1000. Advantageously, as the channel 50 comprises the longitudinal cavity 52, the external system (not shown) is afforded a translational degree of freedom, along a central axis of the longitudinal cavity 52, for adjustment prior to being attached.

35 [0169] In a preferred embodiment, the head portion 220 is generally disposed at an internal angle relative to the tail portion 210. In the first orientation of the external load transfer element 200, the head portion 220 is substantially horizontal such that the head portion 220 can be received between the pair of opposing shoulders 53 and 53'. Subsequently, in the second orientation of the external load transfer element 200, the tail portion 210 is substantially horizontal, and the head portion 220 bears against the partial luminal wall 51, the head portion being retained in the channel 50 by the partial luminal wall 51. In this embodiment, the pair of opposing shoulders 53 and 53' is an upper shoulder 53 and a lower shoulder 53', and the external load transfer element 200 further comprises a foot 230, such that the foot 230 bears against the lower shoulder 53', for example, in circumstances wherein the tail portion 210 is subject to a downward load, such as the downward gravitational load of the external system (not shown). [0170] In this embodiment, the tail portion 210 is a plate such that any relevant components, such as brackets, of the external system (not shown) can be attached to the plate, for example, through suitable fixings such as bolts and nuts. It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, the tail portion 210 may be of any suitable structure that facilitates attachment of the external system (not shown). For example, in one embodiment, the tail portion 210 is an upturned angle such that the external system (not shown) can be easily hooked on, in use. [0171] In an exemplary embodiment, the external load transfer element 200 further comprises a lock 250 adapted to allow locking and adjustment of the position of the 36 external load transfer element 200 relative to the channel 50. The lock 250 has a locked configuration where the position of the external load transfer element 200 relative to the channel 50 is locked, and a released configuration where the position of the external load transfer element 200 relative to the channel 50 is adjustable. In a preferred embodiment, the lock 250 is located on the tail portion 210, such that the lock 250 is easily accessible for operation when the external load transfer element 200 is in the second orientation. It will be appreciated, however, that the lock 250 may be located in any suitable position consistent with the spirit of the present invention. [0172] In this embodiment, the lock 250 comprises a locking element 260 having an engagement end 261, wherein the locking element 260 is movable in the lock 250 in a direction generally normal to an external surface of channel 50, between a locked position where the lock 250 is in the locked configuration, and a released position where the lock 250 is in the released configuration. In this embodiment, the lock 250 is actuated by means of a complementary thread mechanism, wherein the locking element 260 has an external thread and the lock 250 has a complementary internal thread adapted to receive the external thread of the locking element 260 such that, in use, the position of the locking element 260 in the lock 250 can be adjusted. In this embodiment, the locking element 260 comprises a stopper at the engagement end 261 that engages with external surface of channel 50 when the lock 250 is in the locked configuration. Therefore, in use, when the lock 250 is in the locked configuration, the locking element 260 exerts a clamping force on the channel 50 via the stopper, substantially clamping at least a portion of the channel 50 between the stopper and the head portion 220 of the 37 external load transfer element 200. Alternately, when the lock 250 is in the released configuration, the locking element 260 is in the released position such that no clamping force is applied on the channel 50, and the position of the external load transfer element 200 may be adjusted relative to the channel 50 as required. It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, the lock 160 may be actuated by means of any one of a number of suitable locking mechanisms consistent with the spirit of the present invention, including, but not limited to, any one of the following: a spring clamp, interlocking wedges, a throw bolt, or a luer lock. [0173] In a preferred embodiment, the fixing assembly further comprises an internal load transfer element 500 being attached to the channel 50 such that the internal load transfer element 500 is cast into the concrete structure 1000 during the casting process. Advantageously, the internal load transfer element 500 is embedded in the concrete structure 1000 such that, in use, the channel 50 redistributes at least a portion of the load via the internal load transfer element 500 to the concrete structure 1000, the channel 50, the internal load transfer element 500, and the concrete structure 1000 acting in composite action to resist the load. In this embodiment, the internal load transfer element 500 is detachably attached to the channel 50, such that, in use, the internal load transfer element 500 can be positioned in generally proximity to the anticipated position of the external load transfer element 200. This is beneficial, for example, in increasing the portion of the load being distributed to the internal load transfer element 500, in use. It will be appreciated, however, that the internal load 38 transfer element 500 may be located in any suitable position consistent with the spirit of the present invention. [0174] In this embodiment, the internal load transfer element 500 is attached to the channel 50 through a slide-on mechanism. It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, the internal load transfer element 500 may be attached to the channel 50 via any other mechanism consistent with the spirit of the present invention. For example, in another embodiment, an as shown in Figs. 18A and 188, the internal load transfer element 500 comprises a first half 501, and a second half 502, such that the channel 50 is retained in the internal load transfer element 500 when the first half 501 and the second 502 is in an assembled configuration, in use. In yet other embodiments, the internal load transfer element 500 may be attached to the channel 50 via methods such as welding or bolting. [0175) Referring now to Fig. 19, in a preferred embodiment, the fixing assembly further comprises an edge-formwork element, generally indicated by the numeral 10, for use in casting of the concrete structure 1000, the channel 50 being integrated with the edge formwork element 10 such that the channel 50 is externally opening and horizontally disposed. In this embodiment, the edge-formwork element 10 comprises another internal load transfer element 600 being attached to the edge-formwork element 10, such that the another internal load transfer element 600 is cast into the concrete structure 1000 during the casting process. Advantageously, the another internal load transfer element 600 is embedded in the concrete structure 1000 such that, in use, the 39 channel 50 redistributes at least a portion of the load via the edge-formwork element 10 and the another internal load transfer element 600 to the concrete structure 1000, the channel 50, the another internal load transfer element 600, and the concrete structure 1000 acting in composite action to resist the received load. In this embodiment, the another internal load transfer element 600 is detachably attached to the edge-formwork element 10, such that, in use, the another internal load transfer element 600 can be positioned in generally proximity to the anticipated position of the external load transfer element 200. This is beneficial, for example, in increasing the portion of the load being distributed to the another internal load transfer element 600, in use. It will be appreciated, however, that the another internal load transfer element 600 may be located in any suitable position consistent with the spirit of the present invention. Embodiments [0176] The preceding description and accompanying figures illustrate the principles, and modes of operation of the present invention through the exemplary embodiments. It will be appreciated, however, that the present invention should not be construed as being limited to the particular embodiments discussed. [0177] References in the preceding description to "an embodiment" or "one embodiment" refer to a particular structure, feature or characteristic described herein as being included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. As a consequence of this, the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in a preferred embodiment" or "in an exemplary embodiment", if used in this specification, do not necessarily refer to the 40 same embodiment. Additionally, it will be appreciated that the particular structures, features or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner. [0178] In the preceding description, various structures, features or characteristics may be combined in a single embodiment, description, or figure thereof to facilitate the disclosure. It will be appreciated, however, that the method of disclosure is not to be construed as implying that the claimed invention requires additional structures, features or characteristics than as recited in each claim. Rather, as the claims reflect, the inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single preceding disclosed embodiment. [0179] Similarly, although some embodiments described herein include some, but not other, structures, features or characteristics included in other embodiments, combinations of the various embodiments described herein will be appreciated as being within the scope of the present invention, and form different embodiments, as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. Specific details [0180] In the preceding description and accompanying figures, various specific details are described. However, it will be appreciated that the various embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. Furthermore, well known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail, so as not obscure an understanding of the present invention.

41 Terminology [0181] The invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms as selected throughout this specification. Further, it will be appreciated that each specific term includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner or to accomplish a similar technical purpose. {0182] Specific terms such as "upper", "lower", "transverse", "longitudinal", "inner, "outer" and the like are used as words of convenience to provide reference points, and are not to be construed as limiting terms. 10183] Specific use of the ordinal adjectives "first", "second", "third" and the like to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner, unless otherwise specified. [0184] Specific use of the term "comprise" or variations such as "comprising" or "comprises" are used in an inclusive sense, for example, to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence of additional features in various embodiments of the present invention. [0185] Specific use of the term "include" or variations such as "including" or "includes" are used in an open sense, for example, to specify the inclusion of the stated features 42 but not the exclusion of additional features in various embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, "including" is synonymous with, and means, "comprising". 10186] Specific use of the term "a" or "an" are defined as one, or more than one. [0187] Specific use of the term "plurality" is defined as two, or more than two. Scope 10188] Although what is believed to be the preferred embodiments of the present invention has been described herein, it will be appreciated that other and further modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the present invention. It is therefore intended to claim all such other and further modifications as within the scope of the present invention. While the present invention has been described with reference to specific examples, it will be appreciated that the invention may be embodied in many other forms. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that variations to these embodiments can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims, Industrial applicability [0189] It is apparent from the above, that arrangements described are applicable to the industries involving concrete casting.

Claims (9)

1. An edge-formwork element for use in casting of, and subsequent fixing of an external load transfer system to a concrete structure, including: a vertical wall, against which concrete is poured to define a side of the concrete structure, the vertical wall being formed with an integrated channel that includes an internal, longitudinal cavity accessible between opposed shoulders that define an external opening of the channel, and wherein the integrated channel serves as a connection point for the load transfer system; and a substantially horizontal base configured to project laterally from the vertical wall, under a lower peripheral edge of the concrete structure, the base having a longitudinally disposed indentation for casting into the concrete structure, the indentation providing another connection point for the external load transfer system to grip onto the edge-formwork element, from an underside of the element.

2. The edge-formwork element according to claim 1, further including a return lip, extending from a top edge of the vertical wall, for embedding in the concrete structure.

3. The edge formwork element of claim 2, further including an upturn portion extending from a free edge of the return lip, such that the return lip and the upturn portion define a second continuous indentation being longitudinally disposed for the external load transfer system to grip over a top as well as the bottom of the element.

4. The edge-formwork element according to claim 1, wherein the integrated H:\jzc\lnaerwoen\NRPortbl\DCC\JZC\6562 768_ .doc-/08/2014 - 44 channel is of a generally dovetail cross sectional geometry.

5. The edge-formwork element according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the edge-formwork element is formed of a corrosion resistant material.

6. The edge-formwork element according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the edge-formwork element comprises one or more radiused corners adapted to reduce stress concentrations in the edge-formwork element, in use.

7. The edge-formwork element according to claim 6, wherein the edge-formwork element is formed of a sheet material and the radiused corners are by bending the sheet material in a bending operation.

8. The edge-formwork element according to claim 7, wherein sheet material is a high strength sheet material.

9. The edge-formwork element according to any one of claims 7 or 8, wherein the sheet material has a corrosion resistant coating.