AU2005266860B2 - A keyboard for a handheld computer device - Google Patents

Abstract

A keyboard for a hand held computer device including an array of keys representing characters of an alphabet of a language, wherein the array includes: (a) keys representing frequently used vowel characters of said alphabet arranged together in series; (b) keys representing frequently used consonant characters of said alphabet arranged adjacent to said keys representing vowel characters; and (c) keys representing infrequently used consonant characters of said alphabet arranged in positions remote from said keys representing vowel characters, wherein the keys representing frequently used consonant characters are arranged in alphabetical order around the keys representing the vowel characters.

Description

WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 A KEYBOARD FOR A HANDHELD COMPUTER DEVICE 5 FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a keyboard for a handheld computer device. 10 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Keyboards of various permutations and configurations have been proposed over the years to try and provide for the efficient entry of alphanumeric characters to computer devices and systems. The English QWERTY keyboard that is currently used on a number of 15 devices evolved from the keyboard that is used for typewriters. The QWERTY layout of keys for typewriters was required to prevent the mechanical mechanism associated with the keyboard from jamming. This, of course, is no longer a problem that besets today's electronic keyboards, but the QWERTY layout is still favoured by experienced touch typists. The QWERTY layout, however, continues to pose difficulties for anyone who is 20 not an experienced touch typist. In particular, the QWERTY layout also imposes significant difficulties for users of small computer devices. Typing textual information quickly, easily and without error into small computer devices such as mobile telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and the like, is a challenge 25 that limits the potential use of such devices. Mobile telephones include, for example, a. 10 or 12 button numeric key pad, where text entry is effected by way of multi-tapping keys or by way of Tegic T9 word disambiguation software. Text entry into such devices is generally limited to SMS messages of less than 160 characters. PDAs are typically better adapted for use in entry of longer passages of text but key layouts still pose difficulties. 30 "Smartphones" that combine the functionality of mobile telephones and PDAs are becoming increasingly more popular, but these devices suffer the same difficulties. It is possible to connect a Smartphone or a PDA with a QWERTY keyboard, however, the WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 -2 addition of such a device somewhat defeats the original aim of having a small portable device. The full QWERTY keyboard has also been miniaturised to fit small handheld computer 5 devices with either hardware buttons and thumb-boards on recent mobile messaging devices, or as a virtual software input panel. However squeezing a 10 column QWERTY keyboard across the width of a device that can comfortably sit in the hand results in a very small key board with tiny buttons that are hard to use. Further the indicia of such keyboards are typically difficult to read and use without error. These difficulties especially 10 impact those with poor eyesight and/or large hands. The QWERTY keyboard is designed for two-handed use where frequent two-pair letter combinations are hit by alternate hands and different fingers. As such, if one finger, or stylus, is being used to tap the keys on a QWERTY keyboard, then considerable time is 15 spent unproductively moving the stylus from one side of the keyboard to the other. Besides slowing down text entry, this continual hand movement can be very fatiguing after typing even short passages of text. Text entry through handwriting recognition systems is typically slower than text entry by 20 way of a QWERTY keyboard, for example. This is largely due to the time involved in writing and recognising a full character or word being more than the time involved in simply tapping a key. Speech recognition systems have also been used but generally require low background 25 noise and powerful software and hardware. Moreover, it may not always be appropriate to enter text via dictation when in the company of others. Sophisticated chording and gesture driven techniques based on shorthand techniques can typically only be applied with special interfaces and software. Furthermore, such systems generally require users to practice for a long time to acquire proficiency and acceptable productivity. 30 With just a single stroke or tap per character, keyboard based techniques still have potential for rapid text input. One such method involves analysis of all the letter pair C:\NRonbl\CC\KXM795794_ iDOC- 12//OI0I -3 frequencies in a corpus of text and use of an algorithm to create and test layouts that minimise the "travel distance" between the keys or the "travel time". This distance-based approach has resulted in circular or square arrangements of keys of dimensions 6 x 5 rows with the Space keys located near the centre of the keyboard, high frequency keys closer to 5 the centre and the lowest frequency at the far corners of the keyboard. On first appearance, these keyboards almost appear to have random, illogical letter placement. Consequently, these keyboards have proven to be difficult to learn and require a lot of practice to achieve the same level of productivity as is achievable with a QWERTY keyboard, for example. 10 Accordingly, it is desired to address the above, or at least provide a useful alternative. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, there is provided a compact one-handed keyboard for a 15 hand held computer device including an array of keys comprising letters of an alphabet of a language, wherein the array includes: (a) first keys arranged together in a contiguous alphabetical sequence of at least five letters, said first keys, when pressed, providing computer input sending signals corresponding to respective frequently used vowels; 20 (b) second keys arranged adjacent to the first keys, said second keys, when pressed, providing computer input sending signals corresponding to respective frequently used consonants; and (c) third keys arranged in positions remote from the first keys, said third keys, when pressed, providing computer input sending signals corresponding to 25 respective infrequently used consonants, wherein the second keys are arranged in alphabetical order adjacent to the first keys, wherein a first set of the second keys substantially forming a first third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a first row; a second set of the second keys substantially forming a middle third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a left comer; and a third set of 30 the second keys substantially forming a last third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a right comer; and the first keys are arranged in a another row located between left and right corners, C:\NRUortbl\DCC\KXu795794_ LDOC-Wn2/I2 11 -4 wherein one or more of the second keys are arranged adjacent to the first keys that they are frequently paired together with in words of the language, and wherein the array of keys includes seven or less columns and four or more rows. 5 According to the present invention, there is provided a process for determining a layout of keys of a one handed keyboard of a hand held computer device, said keys comprising letters of an alphabet of a language, including the steps of: (a) determining a frequency of use of letters of said alphabet; (b) arranging first keys comprising frequently used vowels together in a 10 contiguous alphabetical sequence of at least five letters on said one handed keyboard; (c) arranging second keys comprising frequently used consonants adjacent to the first keys; and (d) arranging third keys comprising infrequently used consonants in positions 15 remote from the first keys, wherein the second keys are arranged in alphabetical order adjacent to the first keys, wherein a first set of the second keys substantially forming a first third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a first row; a second set of the second keys substantially forming a middle third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a left comer; and a third set of 20 the second keys substantially forming a last third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a right comer; and the first keys are arranged in a another row located between left and right corners, wherein one or more of the second keys are arranged adjacent to the first keys that they are frequently paired together with in words of the language, and 25 wherein the array of keys includes seven or less columns and four or more rows. According to the present invention, there is provided a compact one-handed keyboard for a hand held computer device including an array of keys comprising letters of an alphabet of a language, wherein the array includes: 30 (a) first keys comprising frequently used vowels of said alphabet arranged together in a contiguous group of five or more vowels; C \NRPonbflCC\KXM\3795794_I.DOC-12NO/201 -5 (b) second keys comprising frequently used consonants of said alphabet arranged adjacent to the first keys; and (c) third keys comprising infrequently used consonants of said alphabet arranged in positions remote from the first keys, 5 wherein the second keys are arranged in alphabetical order adjacent to the first keys, and wherein a first set of the third keys for early alphabetical order consonants are arranged on a left hand side of the one-handed keyboard, and a second set of the third keys for later alphabetical order consonants are arranged on a right hand side of the one-handed keyboard. 10 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Preferred embodiments of the present invention are hereinafter described, by way of non limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 15 Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a key layout of a preferred embodiment of a keyboard; Figures 2 to 8 are schematic diagrams illustrating placement of the keys of the keyboard according to a preferred layout process; Figures 9 to 10 are schematic diagrams of alternative layouts for preferred embodiments of a keyboard having a different orientation; 20 Figure 11 is a chart showing the relative performance of the keyboard for different European languages; Figure 12 is a diagram of a preferred horizontal keyboard for the English language; Figure 13 is a diagram of a preferred horizontal keyboard for Gaelic; Figure 14 is a diagram of a preferred horizontal keyboard for South Korean transliteration; 25 Figure 15 is a diagram of a preferred horizontal keyboard for Japanese Romaji; Figure 16 is a diagram of a preferred horizontal keyboard for the Greek language; Figure 17 is a diagram of a preferred horizontal keyboard for the Spanish language; Figure 18 is a diagram of a preferred horizontal keyboard for Arabic; Figure 19 is a diagram of a preferred horizontal keyboard for Russian Cyrillic; 30 Figures 20 to 29 are plan views of messaging devices, such as mobile phones, having alternative preferred keyboards according to the present invention; WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 -6 Figures 30 to 32 are plan views of handheld game devices having alternative preferred keyboards according to the present invention; Figures 33 to 35 are diagrams providing a plan view of preferred keyboard peripheral devices according to the present invention. 5 Figures 36 to 38 and 40 are diagrams of Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) having alternative screen interface keyboards according to the present invention; Figure 39 is a diagram of a PDA having a standard QWERTY keyboard interface; and Figure 41 is a diagram of a PDA having a preferred touch pad keyboard according to the present invention. 10 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The array of character keys 10 shown in Figure 1 represent a set of input keys of a keyboard of a handheld computer device (not shown). The array of character keys 10 15 includes vowel keys 12 for the vowel characters of the English language arranged side by side, in alphabetical order, across a generally central row of the array of character keys 10. The array of character keys 10 also includes commonly used consonant keys 14 (also referred to as most frequent consonant keys). The commonly used consonant keys 14 are arranged adjacent the vowel keys 12. Less commonly used consonant keys 16 (also 20 referred to as less frequent consonant keys) are arranged adjacent the common consonant keys 14. The position of the less commonly used consonant keys 16 reduces interference with the more frequently used consonant-vowel character combinations. The handheld computer device may be any device having data processing capabilities and 25 which allows the input of language characters or alphanumeric characters. For example, the device may be a standard personal computer as produced by the IBM Corporation (http://www.ibm.com), a mobile telephone, such as produced by Nokia Corporation (http://www.nokia.com) or a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), such as the iPaq produced by Hewlett-Packard (http://www.ipaq.com) or PalmOS devices produced by PalmOne, Inc. 30 (http://www.palmone.com) or a combination smartphone device such as the P900 produced by Sony-Ericsson (http://www.sonyericsson.com).

WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 -7 The layout of the keys 10 of the keyboard has been determined using a layout process described below for English as a target language. The process, as will be appreciated from the description of the additional embodiments, can be readily adapted for other target languages. 5 The process begins with a horizontal keyboard which can then be re-oriented in final steps of the process. (i) Firstly data is obtained on letter use frequencies and commonly used letter pair 10 sequences for the target language. Ideally the data is first corrected for Zipfs Law effects. Zipfs power law describes the phenomenon that just a few words are very common, while many words are very uncommon. If also available, data on the frequency of use of the first three letters of words is obtained and is used to optimise the layout for use with data input rate enhancement methods. 15 (ii) Determine shape of the handheld computer device to which the keyboard is coupled; the space available on the handheld computer device for the keyboard; the intended use of the handheld computer device; and the number of vowels and consonants in the target language. Visual processing research has shown that 20 humans can simultaneously "parallel" process about 3 short rows of text imaged onto the eye to quickly identify and recognise about 20 characters. The implication is that a horizontal keyboard should preferably be as compact as possible with a target of 3 rows of common characters and as few text-free areas as possible. For example, a one-handed keyboard with 4 rows by 7 columns for the 26 letters in the 25 English Language fits this criteria. This compact form factor also has the advantage of allowing larger buttons to be used which also increases usability. Such a layout allows the 5 vowels to be centred in the second row from the top. (iii) Identify the vowels in the target language in general usage and arrange them in 30 alphabetical order on a selected generally central row of the array of keys 10 in the manner shown in Figure 2. For English, all vowels are generally or commonly used, but other languages have accented vowels that are rarely used and should not WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 be placed in the generally central location. Table I shows the vowels in the alphabet of the target language being English. Letter A E O U Table 1 5 (iv) Rank consonants of the target language in descending order of frequency of occurrence. Table 2 shows the relative frequency of use of consonants in the alphabet of the target language.

WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 -9 Letter Frequency Category t 1 High frequency consonants up to 2 times Number of vowels n 2 r 3 s 4 h 5 d 6 1 7 f 8 c 9 m 10 g 11 First 3 potential start/end members y 12 p 13 w 14 Next 3 potential start/end members b 15 v 16 k 17 Lower frequency consonants x 18 j 19 q 20 z 21 Table 2 (v) Select twice the number of vowels in the target language of the most frequent 5 consonants, ie 10 consonants for 5 vowels, and sort them alphabetically. Table 3 shows the high frequency consonants of the target language in alphabetical order. For the English language, 72% of words begin with a consonant and there is a 75% probability that the second letter will be a vowel. Thus, the most common consonants that start words must be easy to find and should ideally be adjacent to a WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 - 10 vowel that is most likely to the second letter of the word. The five vowels start 28% of words (A 12%, E 2%, 1 7%, 0 7%, U 1%) and there is a 96% probability that the second letter is a consonant so the vowels must also be easy to find and adjacent to common consonants. 5 Letter Frequency Position c 9 = Row above vowels d 6 f 8 h 5 1 7 m 10 Row below of vowels n 2 r 3 s 4 t 1 Table 3 (vi) Arrange the first half of the high frequency consonants in alphabetical order on the top row of the array of keys 10, and the remainder of the high frequency 10 consonants in alphabetical order below the vowels on the third row in the manner shown in Figure 3. (vii) Consider locations for the next six consonants from Table 2 that will potentially occupy the start/end key positions 18 of the first three rows of the array of keys 10. 15 Determine how closely each of the six consonants corresponds to the characters surrounding each of the start/end positions 18 of the array of keys 10. Arrange a consonant in a start/end position 18 if the degree to which the consonant corresponds to the characters of the keys surrounding the start/end key position 18 is high. For example, the consonant "B" is arranged in the start position 18 of the 20 first row of the array of keys 10 because it closely corresponds to the character "C" that is located adjacent the mentioned start position 18, as shown in Figure 4.

WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 - 11 Determine how closely each of the remaining consonants of the six consonants corresponds to the characters in the first three rows. Replace a character in one of the first three rows if it is apparent that the replacement character would more highly correspond to the characters of the keys surrounding that position than the 5 character that is presently in situ. For example, the consonant "G" more closely corresponds to the consonant "H" than the consonant "L". As such, the consonant "G" replaces the consonant "L" in the second end position 18 of the first row of the array of keys 10 in the manner shown in Figure 5. If any one of the six consonants cannot be logically arranged in the first three rows, then arrange the consonant in 10 the last or fourth row near letters that occur in close alphabetical sequence. Adjust other positions of displaced letters accordingly. Table 4 shows the top 10 consonants and potential start/end members., WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 -12 Row Letter Frequency Position Above vowels b 15 = Start member c 9 d 6 f 8 h 5 g 11 = Displace L 1 7 = End member of top or start member of next row Vowels A E I 0 U Below vowels m 10 n 2 r 3 s 4 t I y 12 Last or 4' Row p 13 Remaining 3 potential start/end members placed in last row since less frequent w 14 v 16 Table 4 5 (viii) Select a preliminary position for the "Space" key 20 preferably near the centre of the bottom of the grid, as shown in Figure 6. This position was found to be preferable in eye-gaze tracking tests of novice users.

WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 - 13 (ix) Arrange the remaining low frequency consonants from Table 2 on the array of keys 10 in alphabetical order, or within proximity to close alphabetical groups, in the manner shown in Figure 7. Make minor adjustments such as swapping letters into alphabetical sequence. Table 5 shows all letters including low frequency 5 consonants. If fewer keys are desired on the keyboard then the lowest frequency characters can be added to other more frequent keys in conjunction with a suitable disambiguation mechanism such as double-tapping and/or basic word disambiguation software logic. Row Letter Frequency Position Above vowels b 15 Start member c 9 d 6 f 8 h 5 g 11 j 19 End member Vowels 1 7 Set L as start of vowel row A E I 0 U q 20 Set end member. Occurs often with "U" Below vowels m 10 Set as start member n 2 r 3 s 4 t I y 12 Last or 4 h Row j 19 Low frequency consonant Grouped WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 - 14 below "I", "m" and "n" k 17 p 13 Remaining 3 potential start/end members placed in last row since less frequent w 14 v 16 x 18 Place after "w" and "v". z 21 Place in alphabetical order after "y" Table 5 (x) Validate and test the keyboard 10 with the top 10-100+ words in the target language. Set out below are examples of most common words in English, German, 5 French and Dutch. English German French Dutch the der de de of die la van to und le een and in et het a den les en in von des in for zu en is is das un dat The mit du op that sich une te on des que De said auf est zijn with fur pour voor be ist qui met was im dans die by dem a niet as nicht par aan are ein plus er at Die pas om from eine au Het it als sur ook has auch ne als an es se dan have an Le maar will werden ce bij or aus il of its er sont uit he hat La nog not daB Les worden were sie ou door WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 - 15 In English, the most common words are "the" and "and", while words containing "th" are relatively uncommon in other languages not influenced by ancient Norse. 5 The test is extended so as to be conducted when data input rate enhancement methods are added and used with the keyboard. These methods are normally implemented in software and provide predictive word and phrase completion, using "flexible spelling" which predicts words that are spelt phonetically, word bank lists, grammar, "learning" dictionaries, suggested endings, and abbreviation expansion. The keyboard is fine-tuned 10 for common letter-pair combinations such as prefixes that start words where appropriate, which can give the layout shown in Figure 8. For example, "AS" is a common combination and the "S" character could be swapped with "R" character so that "S" is closer to "A". In making this change, the third row of the array 10 includes the familiar "RTY" sequence found on QWERTY keyboards. Table 6 shows a refinement of final 15 letter positions. If a different orientation of the array of keys 10 is required, then simple rotations and reversals can be made during the layout process to achieve a suitable result. Examples of such different layouts of the keys 10 derived using the layout process for different orientations are shown in Figures 9 and 10.

WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 -16 Row Letter Frequency Reasons for change of position. Above vowels b 15 c 9 d 6 g 11 Swap "g" with "f' to make "ing" easier to type h 5 f 8 _ _Use last open key for the comma symbol. Vowels 1 7 A E O U q 20 Below vowels mn 10 n 2 s 4 Swap "is" with "r" since "las" is common & also now forms familiar "rty" sequence found on QWERTY keyboards. r 3 t I y 12 Use last open key famiull stop symbol. Last or 4'h Row j 19 k 17 p 13 v 16 Swap "v" with "w" to create alphabetical "~v,w,x" sequence. w 14 x 18 z 21 Table 6 WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 -17 (xi) Arrange control, number and function buttons on the array of keys 10 to suit the shape of the hand held computer device. Control characters can be placed to suit the purpose and physical construction and ergonomic constraints of a specific 5 handheld computer device. For example, a telephone or calculator device may have numeric indicia placed on dual-purpose keys to enable easy dialling. For some dual thumb or two-handed embodiments described later, splitting the keyboard into a left and right half is also performed here while trying to achieve a balanced workload between left and right hands. 10 (xii) Test the arranged characters with novice users for "intuitive" ease of learning and speed of typing compared to their past performance or competing designs. Tests are completed with and without the computer device having rate enhancement methods enabled, and the layout can be adjusted based on user feedback. 15 Using Soukereff and Mackenzie's industry recognised modelling technique, the theoretical performance of the following keyboards for a number of European languages is shown in Figure 11: 20 1. The QWERTY keyboard; 2. A 4x7 alphabetical keyboard; and 3. A keyboard having the array of keys 10 shown in Figure 1. The keyboard having the array of keys 10 shown in Figure 1 is consistently 30 to 40 % 25 better than the 4x7 and the QWERTY keyboards. The array of keys 30 shown in Figure 12 shows a final exemplary layout for the characters of the English alphabet for a keyboard having a 4 x 8 array of keys. The 5 vowels 32 of the English language are highlighted. 30 Figures 13 to 19 show exemplary arrangements of characters for the array of keys 30 for different vowel-based target languages, other than English. The arrangement of characters WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 - 18 for each target language is effected by following the above described layout process steps. In these examples, the vowels 32 have been highlighted and the use of special accents or superscripts has been left out for clarity. There are a number of known mechanisms that can be used to implement such features in software or hardware embodiments. 5 The array of keys 30 shown in Figure 13 is a layout for the characters of the Gaelic alphabet that has 18 letters. The Gaelic alphabet does not include the following letters: J, K, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z. 10 The array of keys 30 shown in Figure 14 is a layout for the characters of the official South Korean transliteration system, ie Korean in the Latin alphabet having 22 letters. The alphabet does not use the following letters: F, Q, V, X. The array of keys 30 shown in Figure 15 is a layout for the characters of Japanese Romaji 15 with 22 letters in their alphabet. The alphabet does not use the following letters: L, Q, V, X. Nearly all the consonants 34 surround the core vowels 32. The array of keys 30 shown in Figure 16 is a layout for the characters of the Greek alphabet that has 24 letters and a special script. 20 The array of keys 30 shown in Figure 17 is a layout for the characters for the Spanish language which has an alphabet that is similar to the English alphabet but has different letter frequencies. For example, the "H" character is much more frequent in English than Spanish, while the "J" character is more common in Spanish than in English. The Spanish 25 character AJ for the "ni" sound is considered. a separate letter rather than merely an accented character. Since it rarely is the first letter of a word, it has been arranged in the bottom row of the keyboard 30, below the more common letter "N" so that it is easy to find visually. The array of keys 30 shown in Figure 18 is a layout for the characters of the Arabic 30 alphabet that consists of 28 letters. Arabic is read from right to left. The three main and commonly used long vowels letters 'alif; yaa and waaw are included on the control keys 32 from right to left respectively.

WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 - 19 The array of keys 30 shown in Figure 19 is a layout for the characters for the Russian Cyrillic alphabet which has 29 letters excluding some special characters. The control keys 32 include the commonly used Russian vowels corresponding to A, E, 1, J, 0 and U. There 5 are a few more vowels but these are characters with accents and are rarely used. The keyboards described previously can be implemented in a hardware form, by making the keys as fixed input buttons of a device. The keyboard may be incorporated as part of the handheld computer device or built as a separate hardware peripheral. 10 For example, the keyboard 40 of the handheld messaging device 42 shown in Figure 20 includes character keys arranged for the target language of English. The keyboard 40 has a generally rectangular shape and the travel time to the characters of the keyboard 40 from the centre of the keyboard is minimised. The handheld messaging device 42 includes a 15 horizontal 4 by 7 keyboard 40 with a central "Space" Button 44 on the bottom row and an extra column 46 with ancillary control characters. The keyboard 50 allows the use of buttons that are almost 40% larger than the buttons that would be used on a QWERTY keyboard in the same space on the device 42. 20 The mobile telephone handset 48 shown in Figure 21 includes a vertical keyboard 50 having character keys arranged for the target language of English. The keyboard includes a vertical 7 by 4 layout of the characters. The "Space" Button 52 is arranged centrally on the keyboard 50. An extra row 54 with ancillary control characters is placed at the bottom of the keyboard 50. 25 The device 62 shown in Figure 22 is similar to the handset 48 shown in Figure 21, with additional numeric and arithmetical functional keys arranged in a multi-tap configuration with the existing keys. The device 62 is arranged as a vertical keyboard 63 that can be configured for three different purposes: alphanumeric text entry, numeric dialling for a 30 telephone call and use of the device as a simple calculator. To reduce user confusion, the letter "0" is placed on the same key as the number zero "0".

WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 - 20 The clamshell device 68 shown in Figure 23 includes a screen 70 that can be folded onto the keyboard 72 for protection. The keyboard 72 includes character keys arranged in accordance for the target language of English. 5 It would be understood by those skilled in the art that variations of the above-described keyboard arrangements are possible. For example, the keyboard of the mobile telephone handset shown in Figure 21 can be rotated by 90 degrees to form a horizontal keyboard 74 of the mobile telephone device 76 shown in Figure 24. The keyboard 74 can alternatively pivot with respect to the device 76 about a central point 77 in the manner shown in Figures 10 25 and 26. The keyboard 74 of the device 76 shown in Figure 27 includes pivots about a point 77 so that the bottom edge 79 of the keyboard 74 is adjacent the bottom edge 81 of the device 76. A swivel or rotating bearing mechanism with a limited range of movement, similar to that used on most flip or clamshell mobile phones, is provided in the device 76 to allow the keyboards to pivot and reveal the additional numeric keys 75 underneath. 15 The handheld computer device 83, shown in Figures 28a, includes a split keyboard 85 orientated horizontally. The keyboard 85 includes character keys arranged for the target language of English. Each section of the split keyboard 85 is able to rotate about a pivotal point 87 with respect to the device 83 using a swivel or bearing mechanism. With the left 20 and right sections of the keyboard 85 closed together, the keyboard 85 can be used for one handed, one-finger or stylus. Alternatively, the left and right sides of the keyboard 85 can be pivoted into the open position shown in Figure 28b to enable ergonomically effective two handed operation when the mobile device 83 can be placed on a firm surface for typing. The left and right sides of the keyboard are set at an angle of 30 degrees to one 25 another, for example. The device 89 shown in Figures 28c and 28d is similar to the device 83 shown in Figures 28a and 28b. However the device 89 includes a split pivoting keyboard 91 with a 4 by 6 array of character keys. The very low frequency keys are doubled together. This enables 30 much larger buttons to be used and the central split to shift to between the "E" and "I" keys rather than the "I" and "O" keys creating a better balance between left and right hand workloads.

WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 -21 The handheld computer device 78 shown in Figure 29 includes a screen 80 that separates first and second keyboards 82,84. The keyboards 82,84 are arranged horizontally in a split layout for efficient messaging with left and right thumbs in the English Language. 5 Dual purpose messaging and game devices 86,88 shown in Figures 30 and 31 respectively, each include a keyboard 90,92 arranged horizontally that is split with a central screen 94,96. The keyboards 90,92 include character keys arranged in accordance with the above-described method steps for the target language of English. The devices 86,88 are 10 designed for effective gaming and messaging in the English Language. The respective keyboards 90,92 of the devices 86,88 include modified keys that are used for computer games to move an avatar around the screen 90,96 or to initiate specific game actions such as shooting a weapon. The large buttons in Figure 31 represent joysticks. 15 Providing easy text entry allows wireless multi-player gainers to "chat" while playing, plot team strategies and tactics or just socialise. While SMS messaging is used with existing 2G mobile phones, the high data rates of 3G phones will allow "instant messaging" dialogues to be cost effective. 20 The dual purpose messaging and game device 98 shown in Figures 32 includes a keyboard 100 arranged horizontally. The keyboard 100 includes character keys arranged for the target language of English. A rectangular keyboard 140, as shown in Figure 33, is a peripheral hardware device that 25 includes character keys arranged for the target language of English, and is shaped for use with a left hand only. The arrangement of characters can be retrofitted to an existing QWERTY keyboard with suitable driver software. This would be done by rearranging the keycaps of an existing QWERTY keyboard to give the required key layout. The keyboard still sends QWERTY keycodes to the computer, but the driver software translates the 30 keycodes into the desired keyboard output according to the new key layout. A similar keyboard 142 of Figure 34 is for use with a right hand only.

WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 - 22 The keyboard 144 of Figure 35 is a peripheral device configured primarily for two-handed use rather than one-handed use. Recognising that most users will already be familiar with the QWERTY keyboard, the vowels 146 (AEIOU) and commonly used consonants 148 (TSHR) are placed on the middle row as close as possible to the finger that will be used to 5 type the letter on a QWERTY keyboard. Thus, "A" and "E" are placed on the left hand side of the keyboard and "IOU" are placed on the right hand side of the keyboard. The medium frequency consonants 150 are placed in pseudo-alphabetical order in the row above the vowels where they are easier to see and to reach for "hunt and peck" typists. The remaining low frequency consonants 152 from the end of the alphabet are placed on the 10 bottom row using their familiar original positions on the QWERTY keyboard as a guide. This results in the reverse alphabetical sequence for Z,X,W,V. The main exception is the very common letter "T" that is placed under the right index finger in the home position next to the letter "H". 15 The arrangement of the character keys of a two-handed keyboard 144 is based on splitting the most common links between consonants and vowels so that as the right hand types a vowel the other hand is getting into position to strike the next consonant. That is in a two handed keyboard speed comes from having common letter pairs split between left and right sides while in a mono key board the aim is to get common letter pairs together so that a 20 minimum of time is wasted travelling between keys. The most common letters (top 19%, middle 67%, bottom 14%) will be on the middle row in the home position, while the other less frequent letters should be easy to find or recall because they are logically grouped close together around the keyboard. 25 Additional hardware embodiments are possible, such as wearable keyboards, datagloves, watches with inbuilt PDA functions, handheld data entry devices for industrial applications such as meter-reading and labelling and special input devices for the disabled. The keyboard can also be implemented in software so as to be presented as a user 30 interface, for example, on a touch screen of a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a Tablet

PC.

WO 2006/010225 PCT/AU2005/001128 - 23 For example, the PDAs 102,104 shown in Figures 36 and 37 include interface keyboards 106,108 that include character keys arranged in accordance with the above-described method steps for the target language of English, without and with numeric keyboards. 5 The PDA 110 shown in Figure 38 includes a keyboard 112 that has character keys arranged for the target language of English. The characters of the keyboard 112 have been placed into a traditional QWERTY keyboard angled grid with a space bar beneath the grid. The 4 by approximately 7 column wide grouping of the vowels and consonants results in less travel from side to side of the full device screen when compared with the 3 by 10 approximately 10 column wide mix of the vowels and consonants in QWERTY keyboard 114 of the PDA 116 shown in Figure 39. This comparison shows how the stylus will need to travel much shorter distances to type in text - avoiding the left hand number area and rarely entering the bottom row where the low frequency occurrence letters are. Additional benefits also come from not having to move the whole hand from side to side since just 15 moving the fingers provides sufficient range of movement. The PDA 118 shown in Figure 40 includes a keyboard 120 that has character keys arranged on a square grid for the target language of English, and has a screen 122 that displays the keyboard in a horizontal landscape orientation. The keys of the keyboard 120 20 are large enough to be struck directly by a finger or a thumb on the touch screen 122 rather than a stylus. Further speed can be gained by having a dynamic space button that appears adjacent to the last key tapped by the stylus. Thus rather than travelling a relatively long distance to the space bar at the bottom of the keyboard, only a slight movement of the stylus is required, as shown in Figure 40. 25 The PDA 132 shown in Figure 41 has a hybrid hardware/software keyboard implementation and uses a touchpad 134 (rather than touch screen) that is overlaid with a paper, or plastic, image 136 of the keyboard layout to enable data entry. 30 Joysticks can also be used to navigate a cursor left and right, and up and down for character selection by pressing the associated joystick button. In conjunction with the C:WRPortb\DCC\KXM3795794_I.DOC-1208/2011 - 24 above-described dynamic space button faster text entry speeds of text entry are possible when compared to multi tap methods. Additional software embodiments are possible, such as on Tablet PCs where both small 5 keyboards for stylus use as well as large keyboards for two-handed use may be appropriate in different applications. Also virtual keyboard visualisation and eye-tracking technologies such as laser projection onto flat surfaces or even brain-wave driven cursor could use a keyboard according to the present invention. 10 Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. 15 The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.

Claims (24)

1. A compact one-handed keyboard for a hand held computer device including an array of keys comprising letters of an alphabet of a language, wherein the array includes: 5 (a) first keys arranged together in a contiguous alphabetical sequence of at least five letters, said first keys, when pressed, providing computer input sending signals corresponding to respective frequently used vowels; (b) second keys arranged adjacent to the first keys, said second keys, when pressed, providing computer input sending signals corresponding to respective 10 frequently used consonants; and (c) third keys arranged in positions remote from the first keys, said third keys, when pressed, providing computer input sending signals corresponding to respective infrequently used consonants, wherein the second keys are arranged in alphabetical order adjacent to the first keys, 15 wherein a first set of the second keys substantially fonning a first third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a first row; a second set of the second keys substantially forming a middle third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a left comer; and a third set of the second keys substantially forming a last third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a right comer; and the first keys are arranged in a another row located between left and right 20 corners, wherein one or more of the second keys are arranged adjacent to the first keys that they are frequently paired together with in words of the language, and wherein the array of keys includes seven or less columns and four or more rows. 25

2. The one-handed keyboard claimed in claim 1, wherein one or more of the second keys are arranged adjacent to the first keys that they are frequently paired together with in initial parts of words of the language.

3. The one-handed keyboard claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein one or more 30 of the second keys are arranged adjacent to other second keys that they are frequently paired together with in words of the language. C NRPotnbDCC\KxMQO-795794_.OC-12/08f/011 - 26

4. The one-handed keyboard claimed in any one of claims I to 3, wherein one or more of the second keys are arranged adjacent to other second keys that they are frequently paired together with in initial parts of words of the language. 5

5. The one-handed keyboard claimed in any one of claims I to 4, wherein one or more of the third keys are arranged adjacent to the second keys that they are frequently paired together with in words of the language. 10

6. The one-handed keyboard claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein one or more third keys are arranged adjacent to the second keys that they are frequently paired together with in initial parts of words of the language.

7. The one-handed keyboard claimed in any one of claims I to 6, wherein the second 15 keys are located on opposite sides of the first keys.

8. The one-handed keyboard claimed in any one of claims I to 7, wherein the array of keys includes seven columns and four rows. 20

9. The one-handed keyboard claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the array of keys includes four columns and seven rows.

10. The one-handed keyboard claimed in any one of claims I to 9, wherein a first set of the second keys for early alphabetical order consonants are located on one side the first keys, and a 25 second set of the second keys for later alphabetical order consonants are located on another side of the first keys.

11. The one-handed keyboard claimed in any one of claims I to 10, wherein the keyboard is adapted to separate into left and right halves for respective use by left and right hands of an 30 operator of the keyboard. C:\NRPortbhDCCKXM\3795794_ DOC-12A)820t - 27

12. A process for determining a layout of keys of a one handed keyboard of a hand held computer device, said keys comprising letters of an alphabet of a language, including the steps of: (a) determining a frequency of use of letters of said alphabet; 5 (b) arranging first keys comprising frequently used vowels together in a contiguous alphabetical sequence of at least five letters on said one handed keyboard; (c) arranging second keys comprising frequently used consonants adjacent to the first keys; and 10 (d) arranging third keys comprising infrequently used consonants in positions remote from the first keys, wherein the second keys are arranged in alphabetical order adjacent to the first keys, wherein a first set of the second keys substantially forming a first third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a first row; a second set of the second keys substantially 15 forming a middle third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a left corner; and a third set of the second keys substantially forming a last third of the letters of the alphabet are arranged in a right corner; and the first keys are arranged in a another row located between left and right corners, wherein one or more of the second keys are arranged adjacent to the first keys that 20 they are frequently paired together with in words of the language, and wherein the array of keys includes seven or less columns and four or more rows.

13. The process claimed in claim 12, wherein one or more of the second keys are arranged adjacent to the first keys that they are frequently paired together with in initial 25 parts of words of the language.

14. The process claimed in claim 12 or claim 13, wherein one or more of the second keys are arranged adjacent to other second keys that they are frequently paired together with in words of the language. 30 C :WRPonb\DCC\KXMY795794_ LDOC- I Z/S/2011 - 28

15. The process claimed in any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein one or more of the second keys are arranged adjacent to other second keys that they are frequently paired together with in initial parts of words of the language. 5

16. The process claimed in any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein one or more of the third keys are arranged adjacent to the second keys that they are frequently paired together with in words of the language.

17. The process claimed in any one of claims 12 to 16, wherein one or more third keys are 10 arranged adjacent to the second keys that they are frequently paired together with in initial parts of words of the language.

18. The process claimed in any one of claims 12 to 17, wherein the second keys are located on opposite sides of the first keys. 15

19. The process claimed in any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein the array of keys includes seven columns and four rows.

20. The process claimed in any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein the array of keys includes 20 four columns and seven rows.

21. The process claimed in any one of claims 12 to 20, wherein a first set of the second keys for early alphabetical order consonants are located on one side the first keys, and a second set of the second keys for later alphabetical order consonants are located on another side of the first 25 keys.

22. A compact one-handed keyboard for a hand held computer device including an array of keys comprising letters of an alphabet of a language, wherein the array includes: (a) first keys comprising frequently used vowels of said alphabet arranged 30 together in a contiguous group of five or more vowels; C:\NRPonb\DCC\KXM\3795794_1 DOC-12/I/201) - 29 (b) second keys comprising frequently used consonants of said alphabet arranged adjacent to the first keys; and (c) third keys comprising infrequently used consonants of said alphabet arranged in positions remote from the first keys, 5 wherein the second keys are arranged in alphabetical order adjacent to the first keys, and wherein a first set of the third keys for early alphabetical order consonants are arranged on a left hand side of the one-handed keyboard, and a second set of the third keys for later alphabetical order consonants are arranged on a right hand side of the one-handed keyboard. 10

23. A compact one-handed keyboard for a hand held computer device including an array of keys comprising letters of an alphabet of a language, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the drawings. 15

24. A process for determining a layout of keys of a one handed keyboard of a hand held computer device, said keys comprising letters of an alphabet of a language, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the drawings.