AU2003216028B2 - Process for bleaching lignocellulose-containing non-wood pulp - Google Patents
Process for bleaching lignocellulose-containing non-wood pulp Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU2003216028B2 AU2003216028B2 AU2003216028A AU2003216028A AU2003216028B2 AU 2003216028 B2 AU2003216028 B2 AU 2003216028B2 AU 2003216028 A AU2003216028 A AU 2003216028A AU 2003216028 A AU2003216028 A AU 2003216028A AU 2003216028 B2 AU2003216028 B2 AU 2003216028B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- pulp
- bleaching
- treatment
- stage
- process according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 title claims description 52
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 49
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 title description 33
- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 92
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 72
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- -1 nitrogenous organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000014676 Phragmites communis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 35
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 34
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 13
- KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Peracetic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)OO KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 9
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 7
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 description 5
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- MAYPHUUCLRDEAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorine peroxide Inorganic materials ClOOCl MAYPHUUCLRDEAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009897 hydrogen peroxide bleaching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- LJGHYPLBDBRCRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3-aminophenyl)sulfonylaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC(S(=O)(=O)C=2C=C(N)C=CC=2)=C1 LJGHYPLBDBRCRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- QPCDCPDFJACHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-bis{2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl}glycine Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(=O)O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O QPCDCPDFJACHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004209 hair Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960003330 pentetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- FHHJDRFHHWUPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N peroxysulfuric acid Chemical compound OOS(O)(=O)=O FHHJDRFHHWUPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000198134 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001116389 Aloe Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000007558 Avena sp Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000146553 Ceiba pentandra Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003301 Ceiba pentandra Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000000797 Hibiscus cannabinus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000004153 Hibiscus sabdariffa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000208202 Linaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000665629 Linum flavum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000000907 Musa textilis Species 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000082204 Phyllostachys viridis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000111 Saccharum officinarum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007201 Saccharum officinarum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000082988 Secale cereale Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007238 Secale cereale Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004133 Sodium thiosulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011399 aloe vera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004182 chemical digestion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008094 contradictory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MGFYIUFZLHCRTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrilotriacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O MGFYIUFZLHCRTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004967 organic peroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001139 pH measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003009 phosphonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium dithionite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])=O JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021655 trace metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
- D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
- D21C9/12—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with halogens or halogen-containing compounds
- D21C9/14—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor with halogens or halogen-containing compounds with ClO2 or chlorites
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
- D21C9/10—Bleaching ; Apparatus therefor
- D21C9/1026—Other features in bleaching processes
- D21C9/1042—Use of chelating agents
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE0200981-9 | 2002-03-28 | ||
| SE0200981A SE0200981D0 (sv) | 2002-03-28 | 2002-03-28 | Process for bleaching lignocellulose-containing non-wood pulp |
| PCT/SE2003/000512 WO2003083208A1 (en) | 2002-03-28 | 2003-03-27 | Process for bleaching lignocellulose-containing non-wood pulp |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU2003216028A1 AU2003216028A1 (en) | 2003-10-13 |
| AU2003216028B2 true AU2003216028B2 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
Family
ID=20287449
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2003216028A Ceased AU2003216028B2 (en) | 2002-03-28 | 2003-03-27 | Process for bleaching lignocellulose-containing non-wood pulp |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1312354C (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU2003216028B2 (zh) |
| CO (1) | CO5611215A2 (zh) |
| SE (1) | SE0200981D0 (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2003083208A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20050051288A1 (en) * | 2003-09-09 | 2005-03-10 | Caifang Yin | Extended retention and medium consistency pulp treatment |
| FI123102B (fi) * | 2006-03-31 | 2012-11-15 | Laennen Tutkimus Western Res Inc Oy | Kemiallisen massan valkaisumenetelmä |
| FI122626B (fi) * | 2006-03-31 | 2012-04-30 | Laennen Tutkimus Western Res Inc Oy | Kemiallisen massan valkaisumenetelmä |
| JP4967451B2 (ja) | 2006-05-17 | 2012-07-04 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 漂白パルプの製造方法 |
| CN101451313B (zh) * | 2007-12-05 | 2012-01-25 | 山东福荫造纸环保科技有限公司 | 一种以禾草类植物为原料制备漂白化学浆的方法 |
| CN101451312B (zh) * | 2007-12-05 | 2012-05-02 | 山东福荫造纸环保科技有限公司 | 一种以禾草类植物为原料制备漂白化学浆的方法 |
| CN101812812B (zh) * | 2009-02-25 | 2012-08-08 | 山东福荫造纸环保科技有限公司 | 一种植物纤维浆料无元素氯的漂白方法 |
| CN104179056A (zh) * | 2013-05-23 | 2014-12-03 | 中国制浆造纸研究院 | 一种麦草浆无元素氯漂白废水回用方法 |
| CN104928964B (zh) * | 2014-03-18 | 2017-02-15 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种减少非木浆造纸氯气漂白过程中二噁英生成的方法 |
| KR101806632B1 (ko) * | 2015-12-04 | 2018-01-11 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 습식 페이퍼 마찰재 |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0622491A2 (en) * | 1993-04-20 | 1994-11-02 | Eka Nobel Ab | Method for bleaching lignocellulose-containing pulp |
| WO1996006976A1 (en) * | 1994-08-31 | 1996-03-07 | Sunds Defibrator Industries Ab | Pulp bleaching |
| US6302997B1 (en) * | 1999-08-30 | 2001-10-16 | North Carolina State University | Process for producing a pulp suitable for papermaking from nonwood fibrous materials |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE502706E (sv) * | 1994-04-05 | 1999-09-27 | Mo Och Domsjoe Ab | Framställnng av blekt cellulosamassa genom blekning med klordioxid och behandling av komplexbildare i samma steg |
| SE507742C2 (sv) * | 1996-11-08 | 1998-07-06 | Sunds Defibrator Ind Ab | Förblekningsbehandling av pappersmassa med klordioxid, alkali och komplexbildare utan mellanliggande tvättar |
-
2002
- 2002-03-28 SE SE0200981A patent/SE0200981D0/xx unknown
-
2003
- 2003-03-27 CN CNB038072785A patent/CN1312354C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-03-27 WO PCT/SE2003/000512 patent/WO2003083208A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-03-27 AU AU2003216028A patent/AU2003216028B2/en not_active Ceased
-
2004
- 2004-10-25 CO CO04106973A patent/CO5611215A2/es active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0622491A2 (en) * | 1993-04-20 | 1994-11-02 | Eka Nobel Ab | Method for bleaching lignocellulose-containing pulp |
| WO1996006976A1 (en) * | 1994-08-31 | 1996-03-07 | Sunds Defibrator Industries Ab | Pulp bleaching |
| US6302997B1 (en) * | 1999-08-30 | 2001-10-16 | North Carolina State University | Process for producing a pulp suitable for papermaking from nonwood fibrous materials |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE0200981D0 (sv) | 2002-03-28 |
| CO5611215A2 (es) | 2006-02-28 |
| WO2003083208A1 (en) | 2003-10-09 |
| CN1643209A (zh) | 2005-07-20 |
| AU2003216028A1 (en) | 2003-10-13 |
| CN1312354C (zh) | 2007-04-25 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FGA | Letters patent sealed or granted (standard patent) | ||
| MK14 | Patent ceased section 143(a) (annual fees not paid) or expired |