ATE166087T1 - Geformte polymere übergangsmetall- komplexkatalysatoren mit organosiloxan- diphenylphosphinliganden - Google Patents

Geformte polymere übergangsmetall- komplexkatalysatoren mit organosiloxan- diphenylphosphinliganden

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Publication number
ATE166087T1
ATE166087T1 AT91118159T AT91118159T ATE166087T1 AT E166087 T1 ATE166087 T1 AT E166087T1 AT 91118159 T AT91118159 T AT 91118159T AT 91118159 T AT91118159 T AT 91118159T AT E166087 T1 ATE166087 T1 AT E166087T1
Authority
AT
Austria
Prior art keywords
image
ligands
organosiloxane
units
diphenylphospphine
Prior art date
Application number
AT91118159T
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Peter Dr Panster
Robert Gradl
Peter Dr Kleinschmit
Original Assignee
Degussa
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Degussa filed Critical Degussa
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ATE166087T1 publication Critical patent/ATE166087T1/de

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G77/48—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule in which at least two but not all the silicon atoms are connected by linkages other than oxygen atoms
    • C08G77/58—Metal-containing linkages
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/1608—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes the ligands containing silicon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/165—Polymer immobilised coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes
    • B01J31/1658—Polymer immobilised coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes immobilised by covalent linkages, i.e. pendant complexes with optional linking groups, e.g. on Wang or Merrifield resins
    • B01J31/1675—Polymer immobilised coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes immobilised by covalent linkages, i.e. pendant complexes with optional linking groups, e.g. on Wang or Merrifield resins the linkage being to an organometallic polymer covered by groups B01J31/123 - B01J31/127, e.g. polyhydrosiloxanes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
    • B01J31/2404—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/49—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide
    • C07C45/50—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide by oxo-reactions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
    • C08G77/22—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G77/48—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule in which at least two but not all the silicon atoms are connected by linkages other than oxygen atoms
    • C08G77/54—Nitrogen-containing linkages
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/20—Olefin oligomerisation or telomerisation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
    • B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B01J2231/321—Hydroformylation, metalformylation, carbonylation or hydroaminomethylation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
    • B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B01J2231/323—Hydrometalation, e.g. bor-, alumin-, silyl-, zirconation or analoguous reactions like carbometalation, hydrocarbation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/50—Redistribution or isomerisation reactions of C-C, C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B01J2231/52—Isomerisation reactions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/60—Reduction reactions, e.g. hydrogenation
    • B01J2231/64—Reductions in general of organic substrates, e.g. hydride reductions or hydrogenations
    • B01J2231/641—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes
    • B01J2231/645—Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H2 or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes of C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/821—Ruthenium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/822—Rhodium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/824—Palladium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/825—Osmium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/827—Iridium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/828—Platinum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/84—Metals of the iron group
    • B01J2531/842—Iron
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/84—Metals of the iron group
    • B01J2531/845—Cobalt
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/84—Metals of the iron group
    • B01J2531/847—Nickel

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Silicon Polymers (AREA)
  • Polymers With Sulfur, Phosphorus Or Metals In The Main Chain (AREA)
AT91118159T 1990-11-03 1991-10-24 Geformte polymere übergangsmetall- komplexkatalysatoren mit organosiloxan- diphenylphosphinliganden ATE166087T1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4035033A DE4035033C1 (enExample) 1990-11-03 1990-11-03

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ATE166087T1 true ATE166087T1 (de) 1998-05-15

Family

ID=6417605

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AT91118159T ATE166087T1 (de) 1990-11-03 1991-10-24 Geformte polymere übergangsmetall- komplexkatalysatoren mit organosiloxan- diphenylphosphinliganden

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US5340895A (enExample)
EP (1) EP0484754B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JPH04272931A (enExample)
AT (1) ATE166087T1 (enExample)
CA (1) CA2054813C (enExample)
DE (2) DE4035033C1 (enExample)
ES (1) ES2118070T3 (enExample)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR950003310A (ko) * 1993-07-22 1995-02-16 에리히 프랑크, 칼-하인즈 림뵉 균질 히드로실릴화 촉매
DE4409140A1 (de) * 1994-03-17 1995-09-21 Degussa Wäßrige Lösungen von Organopolysiloxan-Ammoniumverbindungen, ihre Herstellung und Verwendung
DE4435390C2 (de) * 1994-10-04 2001-07-26 Degussa Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aminopropylalkoxysilanen in Gegenwart von geformten polymeren Rhodiumkomplex-Katalysatoren und deren Verwendung
FR2750974B1 (fr) * 1996-07-11 1998-11-20 Kodak Pathe Materiau polymere a base d'aluminium et utilisation de ce materiau dans un produit photographique
DE10222850B4 (de) * 2001-05-30 2013-07-18 Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines alicyclischen ungesättigten Alkohols
US20060258875A1 (en) * 2005-05-10 2006-11-16 Clementine Reyes Methods for manufacturing supported nanocatalysts and methods for using supported nanocatalysts
US8097229B2 (en) * 2006-01-17 2012-01-17 Headwaters Technology Innovation, Llc Methods for manufacturing functionalized inorganic oxides and polymers incorporating same
US7830081B2 (en) * 2006-03-22 2010-11-09 General Electric Company Optoelectronic devices with multilayered structures
CN110538678B (zh) * 2018-05-29 2021-12-28 中国石油化工股份有限公司 制备芳醛的催化剂

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3097852A (en) * 1961-03-06 1963-07-16 Cornelis J Steketee Oscillatory spreader for granular or pulverized materials
CA1014967A (en) * 1972-06-15 1977-08-02 Union Carbide Corporation Transition metal catalyst compositions and their precursors
US4482752A (en) * 1974-02-19 1984-11-13 Mobil Oil Corporation Organic compound conversion
DE2504334A1 (de) * 1975-02-01 1976-08-05 Bayer Ag Hochmolekulare, unloesliche carbodiimidisierungskatalysatoren
US4276195A (en) * 1979-12-20 1981-06-30 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Converting homogeneous to heterogeneous catalysts
DE3029599C2 (de) * 1980-08-05 1985-05-15 Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Polymere Organosiloxanphosphinkomplexe des Rhodiums, Iridiums und Rutheniums, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verwendung
DE3050815C2 (de) * 1980-08-05 1985-06-20 Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Polymere, gegebenenfalls über Silicium-, Titan- oder Aluminium-Brückenatome vernetzte Organosiloxanphosphine
DE3131954C2 (de) * 1981-08-13 1984-10-31 Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Metallkomplexe von polymeren, gegebenenfalls vernetzten Organosiloxanaminen, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verwendung
US4520122A (en) * 1983-12-05 1985-05-28 Uop Inc. Immobilization of organic species on refractory inorganic oxides
DE3404702A1 (de) * 1984-02-10 1985-09-05 Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Platin- und/oder palladium-haltige organopolysiloxan-ammoniumverbindungen, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und verwendung
DE3440646A1 (de) * 1984-11-07 1986-05-07 Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt Traegerkatalysator fuer die herstellung von monocarbonsaeureanhydriden
US4895817A (en) * 1986-05-09 1990-01-23 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Polycondensation catalyst
DE3643894A1 (de) * 1986-12-22 1988-06-23 Degussa Rhodium-haltige organopolysiloxan-ammoniumverbindungen, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und verwendung
DE3800563C1 (enExample) * 1988-01-12 1989-03-16 Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt, De
DE3837416A1 (de) * 1988-11-04 1990-05-10 Degussa Organosiloxanamin-copolykondensate, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und verwendung (ii)
DE3925360C1 (enExample) * 1989-07-31 1991-02-07 Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt, De
DE3925357C1 (enExample) * 1989-07-31 1991-04-25 Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt, De
DE4035032C1 (enExample) * 1990-11-03 1992-04-30 Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt, De
DE4110705C1 (enExample) * 1991-04-03 1992-10-22 Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt, De

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5340895A (en) 1994-08-23
EP0484754A2 (de) 1992-05-13
CA2054813A1 (en) 1992-05-04
US5438111A (en) 1995-08-01
ES2118070T3 (es) 1998-09-16
CA2054813C (en) 1999-02-02
DE59108985D1 (de) 1998-06-18
EP0484754A3 (en) 1993-01-07
DE4035033C1 (enExample) 1992-04-02
EP0484754B1 (de) 1998-05-13
JPH04272931A (ja) 1992-09-29

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