ATE106441T1 - Schwefel enthaltende polymerpolyester und zusatz- konzentrate und diese enthaltende schmieröle. - Google Patents
Schwefel enthaltende polymerpolyester und zusatz- konzentrate und diese enthaltende schmieröle.Info
- Publication number
- ATE106441T1 ATE106441T1 AT90901958T AT90901958T ATE106441T1 AT E106441 T1 ATE106441 T1 AT E106441T1 AT 90901958 T AT90901958 T AT 90901958T AT 90901958 T AT90901958 T AT 90901958T AT E106441 T1 ATE106441 T1 AT E106441T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- sulfur
- polyesters
- lubricant oils
- containing polymer
- polymer polyesters
- Prior art date
Links
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 4
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 title abstract 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 title 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
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- C10M151/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
- C10M151/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- C10M167/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound, a non-macromolecular compound and a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution, each of these compounds being essential
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- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/06—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing conjugated dienes
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- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
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- C10M2207/125—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring
- C10M2219/102—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring containing sulfur and carbon only in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring
- C10M2219/104—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring containing sulfur and carbon with nitrogen or oxygen in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring
- C10M2219/104—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring containing sulfur and carbon with nitrogen or oxygen in the ring
- C10M2219/106—Thiadiazoles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2221/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2221/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions of monomers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M2223/042—Metal salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M2223/043—Ammonium or amine salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
- C10M2223/047—Thioderivatives not containing metallic elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2227/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2227/06—Organic compounds derived from inorganic acids or metal salts
- C10M2227/061—Esters derived from boron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/02—Unspecified siloxanes; Silicones
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
- C10M2229/05—Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/02—Bearings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/08—Hydraulic fluids, e.g. brake-fluids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/251—Alcohol-fuelled engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
- C10N2040/28—Rotary engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
- C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Polyesters Or Polycarbonates (AREA)
- Polymers With Sulfur, Phosphorus Or Metals In The Main Chain (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/292,702 US4909952A (en) | 1989-01-03 | 1989-01-03 | Sulfur-containing polymeric polyesters and additive concentrates and lubricating oils containing same |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ATE106441T1 true ATE106441T1 (de) | 1994-06-15 |
Family
ID=23125821
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AT90901958T ATE106441T1 (de) | 1989-01-03 | 1989-12-04 | Schwefel enthaltende polymerpolyester und zusatz- konzentrate und diese enthaltende schmieröle. |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4909952A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0407541B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2875017B2 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE106441T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU638224B2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2006859C (de) |
DE (1) | DE68915760T2 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2057533T3 (de) |
MX (1) | MX164354B (de) |
WO (1) | WO1990007565A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU662595B2 (en) * | 1991-08-09 | 1995-09-07 | Lubrizol Corporation, The | Functional fluid with triglycerides, detergent-inhibitor additives and viscosity modifying additives |
DE4310593C2 (de) * | 1993-03-31 | 1996-11-28 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | Stabilisierte Organopolysiloxanöle und deren Verwendung |
US5468403A (en) * | 1993-12-22 | 1995-11-21 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Phosphorus- and mono- or di-sulfide-containing additives for lubrication oils |
SE9702574D0 (sv) * | 1997-07-03 | 1997-07-03 | Kemira Kemi Ab | Sätt vid förbränning av svavel i en förbränningsmotor |
US20020151441A1 (en) * | 2001-02-14 | 2002-10-17 | Sanjay Srinivasan | Automatic transmission fluids with improved anti-shudder properties |
US8158726B2 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2012-04-17 | Polymeright, Inc. | Poly(thioesters), their applications and derivatives |
EP2705127A1 (de) | 2011-05-04 | 2014-03-12 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Motorschmiermittel für motorrad |
EP2796447B1 (de) * | 2013-04-24 | 2016-03-30 | Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH | Neue schwefelbrückenhaltige Verbindungen, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und deren Verwendung |
Family Cites Families (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR954723A (de) * | 1946-10-28 | 1950-01-05 | ||
US2562144A (en) * | 1946-10-28 | 1951-07-24 | Shell Dev | Lubricating composition |
NL70767C (de) * | 1948-01-28 | |||
US2575196A (en) * | 1948-10-01 | 1951-11-13 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Mixed estirs of polyhydric alcohols and dibasic acids |
US2575195A (en) * | 1948-10-01 | 1951-11-13 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Dibasic acid esters and method for producing them |
US2540570A (en) * | 1948-12-15 | 1951-02-06 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Extreme pressure lubricant |
US2561232A (en) * | 1948-12-30 | 1951-07-17 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Dialkylalkenylsuccinates |
US2610202A (en) * | 1949-06-24 | 1952-09-09 | Monsanto Chemicals | Esters of polymers of maleic anhydride and beta-mercaptoethanol and process |
US2929786A (en) * | 1956-05-18 | 1960-03-22 | Sinclair Refining Co | Synthetic lubricating oil composition |
US3117091A (en) * | 1957-08-16 | 1964-01-07 | Monsanto Chemicals | Rust preventive compositions containing acid polyester succinates |
US3045042A (en) * | 1957-08-16 | 1962-07-17 | Monsanto Chemicals | Acid polyester succinates |
US2993773A (en) * | 1959-02-02 | 1961-07-25 | Petrolite Corp | Ester additives |
US3198737A (en) * | 1960-12-23 | 1965-08-03 | Shell Oil Co | Lubricating compositions and additives therefor |
US3112268A (en) * | 1960-02-15 | 1963-11-26 | Shell Oil Co | Lubricating oil composition |
US3381022A (en) * | 1963-04-23 | 1968-04-30 | Lubrizol Corp | Polymerized olefin substituted succinic acid esters |
US3459787A (en) * | 1965-10-11 | 1969-08-05 | Research Corp | Sulphur containing polyesters |
US4198305A (en) * | 1978-06-14 | 1980-04-15 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Lubricant compositions |
US4344853A (en) * | 1980-10-06 | 1982-08-17 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Functional fluid containing metal salts of esters of hydrocarbyl succinic acid or anhydride with thio-bis-alkanols as antioxidants |
US4702850A (en) * | 1980-10-06 | 1987-10-27 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Power transmitting fluids containing esters of hydrocarbyl succinic acid or anhydride with thio-bis-alkanols |
US4411808A (en) * | 1982-08-04 | 1983-10-25 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Multifunctional additive for power transmission shift fluids |
US4615818A (en) * | 1985-03-15 | 1986-10-07 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Hydrogen sulfide stabilized oil-soluble sulfurized organic compositions |
-
1989
- 1989-01-03 US US07/292,702 patent/US4909952A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-12-04 WO PCT/US1989/005467 patent/WO1990007565A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1989-12-04 EP EP90901958A patent/EP0407541B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-12-04 AU AU48492/90A patent/AU638224B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-12-04 ES ES90901958T patent/ES2057533T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-12-04 DE DE68915760T patent/DE68915760T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-12-04 AT AT90901958T patent/ATE106441T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-12-04 JP JP2502085A patent/JP2875017B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-12-27 MX MX18934A patent/MX164354B/es unknown
- 1989-12-28 CA CA002006859A patent/CA2006859C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU638224B2 (en) | 1993-06-24 |
US4909952A (en) | 1990-03-20 |
ES2057533T3 (es) | 1994-10-16 |
JPH03503066A (ja) | 1991-07-11 |
EP0407541B1 (de) | 1994-06-01 |
DE68915760D1 (de) | 1994-07-07 |
AU4849290A (en) | 1990-08-01 |
CA2006859C (en) | 1995-11-28 |
JP2875017B2 (ja) | 1999-03-24 |
CA2006859A1 (en) | 1990-07-03 |
DE68915760T2 (de) | 1994-09-15 |
EP0407541A1 (de) | 1991-01-16 |
WO1990007565A1 (en) | 1990-07-12 |
MX164354B (es) | 1992-08-05 |
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UEP | Publication of translation of european patent specification | ||
REN | Ceased due to non-payment of the annual fee |