AR046825A1 - Dispersantes de hidrocarbilos y composiciones que contienen dichos dispersantes - Google Patents

Dispersantes de hidrocarbilos y composiciones que contienen dichos dispersantes

Info

Publication number
AR046825A1
AR046825A1 ARP040104006A ARP040104006A AR046825A1 AR 046825 A1 AR046825 A1 AR 046825A1 AR P040104006 A ARP040104006 A AR P040104006A AR P040104006 A ARP040104006 A AR P040104006A AR 046825 A1 AR046825 A1 AR 046825A1
Authority
AR
Argentina
Prior art keywords
dispersants
hydrocarbyl substituted
polymerization product
amines
hydrocarbyl
Prior art date
Application number
ARP040104006A
Other languages
English (en)
Spanish (es)
Original Assignee
Afton Chemical Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Afton Chemical Corp filed Critical Afton Chemical Corp
Publication of AR046825A1 publication Critical patent/AR046825A1/es

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M159/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being of unknown or incompletely defined constitution
    • C10M159/12—Reaction products
    • C10M159/16—Reaction products obtained by Mannich reactions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
    • C10M133/56—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M149/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M149/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M149/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an amino group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/28—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2217/043—Mannich bases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by functionalisation op polymers with a nitrogen containing compound

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
ARP040104006A 2003-11-06 2004-11-01 Dispersantes de hidrocarbilos y composiciones que contienen dichos dispersantes AR046825A1 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/702,971 US20050101496A1 (en) 2003-11-06 2003-11-06 Hydrocarbyl dispersants and compositions containing the dispersants

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
AR046825A1 true AR046825A1 (es) 2005-12-28

Family

ID=34435558

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ARP040104006A AR046825A1 (es) 2003-11-06 2004-11-01 Dispersantes de hidrocarbilos y composiciones que contienen dichos dispersantes

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US20050101496A1 (zh)
EP (1) EP1531176A3 (zh)
JP (1) JP2005139448A (zh)
CN (1) CN100523155C (zh)
AR (1) AR046825A1 (zh)
BR (1) BRPI0404819A (zh)
CA (1) CA2484558A1 (zh)
SG (1) SG112028A1 (zh)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7875747B2 (en) * 2006-10-10 2011-01-25 Afton Chemical Corporation Branched succinimide dispersant compounds and methods of making the compounds
US20080128184A1 (en) * 2006-11-30 2008-06-05 Loper John T Lubricating oil compositions having improved corrosion and seal protection properties
US20090082234A1 (en) * 2007-09-21 2009-03-26 Devlin Cathy C Lubricant compositions having improved dispersancy properties and wear performance
US20090156445A1 (en) * 2007-12-13 2009-06-18 Lam William Y Lubricant composition suitable for engines fueled by alternate fuels
MY172184A (en) 2013-03-15 2019-11-15 Castrol Ltd Multiple function dispersant viscosity index improver
CN105038892A (zh) * 2015-06-11 2015-11-11 张家港市山牧新材料技术开发有限公司 一种清洁型生物燃料及其制备方法
RU2734178C2 (ru) * 2016-05-18 2020-10-13 Эвоник Оперейшнс Гмбх Противоизносные сополимеры и смазочные композиции
CN109153935B (zh) * 2016-05-18 2021-10-29 赢创运营有限公司 抗磨共聚物和润滑剂组合物

Family Cites Families (97)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2459112A (en) * 1945-07-06 1949-01-11 Socony Vacuum Oil Co Inc Mineral oil composition
US2984550A (en) * 1956-09-06 1961-05-16 Nalco Chemical Co Color stabilization of petroleum oils and compositions therefor
US2962442A (en) * 1957-01-03 1960-11-29 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Preparation of aldehyde-polyamine-hydroxyaromatic compound condensates and hydrocarbon fractions containing the same
US3036003A (en) * 1957-08-07 1962-05-22 Sinclair Research Inc Lubricating oil composition
DE1248643B (de) * 1959-03-30 1967-08-31 The Lubrizol Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio (V. St. A.) Verfahren zur Herstellung von öllöslichen aeylierten Aminen
NL124842C (zh) * 1959-08-24
US3236770A (en) * 1960-09-28 1966-02-22 Sinclair Research Inc Transaxle lubricant
US3166516A (en) * 1960-10-28 1965-01-19 Nalco Chemical Co Process for breaking petroleum emulsions
US3449250A (en) * 1962-05-14 1969-06-10 Monsanto Co Dispersency oil additives
US3329658A (en) * 1962-05-14 1967-07-04 Monsanto Co Dispersency oil additives
US3368972A (en) * 1965-01-06 1968-02-13 Mobil Oil Corp High molecular weight mannich bases as engine oil additives
US3697574A (en) * 1965-10-22 1972-10-10 Standard Oil Co Boron derivatives of high molecular weight mannich condensation products
US3539633A (en) * 1965-10-22 1970-11-10 Standard Oil Co Di-hydroxybenzyl polyamines
US3751365A (en) * 1965-10-22 1973-08-07 Standard Oil Co Concentrates and crankcase oils comprising oil solutions of boron containing high molecular weight mannich reaction condensation products
US3985802A (en) * 1965-10-22 1976-10-12 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Lubricating oils containing high molecular weight Mannich condensation products
US3756953A (en) * 1965-10-22 1973-09-04 Standard Oil Co Vatives of high molecular weight mannich reaction condensation concentrate and crankcase oils comprising oil solutions of boron deri
US3704308A (en) * 1965-10-22 1972-11-28 Standard Oil Co Boron-containing high molecular weight mannich condensation
US3798165A (en) * 1965-10-22 1974-03-19 Standard Oil Co Lubricating oils containing high molecular weight mannich condensation products
US3413347A (en) * 1966-01-26 1968-11-26 Ethyl Corp Mannich reaction products of high molecular weight alkyl phenols, aldehydes and polyaminopolyalkyleneamines
US3442808A (en) * 1966-11-01 1969-05-06 Standard Oil Co Lubricating oil additives
US3454497A (en) * 1966-11-14 1969-07-08 Shell Oil Co Lubricating compositions
US3459661A (en) * 1967-01-20 1969-08-05 Shell Oil Co Lubricating compositions containing metal salts of particular condensation products
US3448047A (en) * 1967-04-05 1969-06-03 Standard Oil Co Lube oil dispersants
US3519565A (en) * 1967-09-19 1970-07-07 Lubrizol Corp Oil-soluble interpolymers of n-vinylthiopyrrolidones
US3703536A (en) * 1967-11-24 1972-11-21 Standard Oil Co Preparation of oil-soluble boron derivatives of an alkylene polyamine-substituted phenol-formaldehyde addition product
US3600372A (en) * 1968-06-04 1971-08-17 Standard Oil Co Carbon disulfide treated mannich condensation products
US3558743A (en) * 1968-06-04 1971-01-26 Joseph A Verdol Ashless,oil-soluble detergents
US3493520A (en) * 1968-06-04 1970-02-03 Sinclair Research Inc Ashless lubricating oil detergents
GB1244435A (en) * 1968-06-18 1971-09-02 Lubrizol Corp Oil-soluble graft polymers derived from degraded ethylene-propylene interpolymers
US3586629A (en) * 1968-09-16 1971-06-22 Mobil Oil Corp Metal salts as lubricant additives
US3591598A (en) * 1968-11-08 1971-07-06 Standard Oil Co Certain condensation products derived from mannich bases
US3725480A (en) * 1968-11-08 1973-04-03 Standard Oil Co Ashless oil additives
US3634515A (en) * 1968-11-08 1972-01-11 Standard Oil Co Alkylene polyamide formaldehyde
US3726882A (en) * 1968-11-08 1973-04-10 Standard Oil Co Ashless oil additives
US3702300A (en) * 1968-12-20 1972-11-07 Lubrizol Corp Lubricant containing nitrogen-containing ester
BE758163A (fr) * 1969-11-06 1971-04-28 Texaco Development Corp Nouveau carburant
US3649229A (en) * 1969-12-17 1972-03-14 Mobil Oil Corp Liquid hydrocarbon fuels containing high molecular weight mannich bases
US3639242A (en) * 1969-12-29 1972-02-01 Lubrizol Corp Lubricating oil or fuel containing sludge-dispersing additive
US3803039A (en) * 1970-07-13 1974-04-09 Standard Oil Co Oil solution of aliphatic acid derivatives of high molecular weight mannich condensation product
US3798247A (en) * 1970-07-13 1974-03-19 Standard Oil Co Oil soluble aliphatic acid derivatives of molecular weight mannich condensation products
US3736257A (en) * 1970-12-21 1973-05-29 Eastman Kodak Co Highly conductive carrier particles
US3793202A (en) * 1972-03-01 1974-02-19 Standard Oil Co Oil solution of aliphatic acid and aliphatic aldehyde modified high molecular weight mannich reaction products
US3736535A (en) * 1972-05-01 1973-05-29 Raytheon Co Phase shifting system useable in phased array for discriminating radar echoes from raindrops
US3872019A (en) * 1972-08-08 1975-03-18 Standard Oil Co Oil-soluble lubricant bi-functional additives from mannich condensation products of oxidized olefin copolymers, amines and aldehydes
US3904595A (en) * 1973-09-14 1975-09-09 Ethyl Corp Lubricating oil dispersant
US3980569A (en) * 1974-03-15 1976-09-14 The Lubrizol Corporation Dispersants and process for their preparation
US3957746A (en) * 1974-10-04 1976-05-18 Ethyl Corporation Phospho-sulfurized phenolic aldehyde amine alkylene oxide condensation product
US4006089A (en) * 1974-11-19 1977-02-01 Mobil Oil Corporation Polyoxyethylene polyamine Mannich base products and use of same in fuels and lubricants
DE2551256A1 (de) * 1974-11-29 1976-08-12 Lubrizol Corp Schwefelhaltige mannich-kondensationsprodukte und diese verbindungen enthaltende fluessige brenn- und treibstoffe und schmiermittel
US4170561A (en) * 1974-12-12 1979-10-09 Entreprise De Recherches Et D'activities Petrolieres (E.R.A.P.) Lubricating compositions with lactam or thiolactam-containing copolymers
US4092255A (en) * 1974-12-12 1978-05-30 Entreprise De Recherches Et D'activites Petrolieres (E.R.A.P.) Novel lubricating compositions containing nitrogen containing hydrocarbon backbone polymeric additives
CA1088694A (en) * 1975-07-31 1980-10-28 Robert L. Stambaugh Polyolefin grafted with polymers of nitrogen containing monomers and lubricants and fuel compositions containing same
US4011380A (en) * 1975-12-05 1977-03-08 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Oxidation of polymers in presence of benzene sulfonic acid or salt thereof
DE2702604C2 (de) * 1977-01-22 1984-08-30 Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen Polyisobutene
US4334085A (en) * 1978-09-14 1982-06-08 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Transamination process for Mannich products
US4354950A (en) * 1980-12-29 1982-10-19 Texaco Inc. Mannich base derivative of hydroxyaryl succinimide and hydrocarbon oil composition containing same
US4673052A (en) * 1982-09-29 1987-06-16 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Motorcycle housing exhaust system
GB8329082D0 (en) * 1983-11-01 1983-12-07 Bp Chem Int Ltd Low molecular weight polymers of 1-olefins
US4810754A (en) * 1983-12-02 1989-03-07 Exxon Research & Engineering Company High temperature peroxide induced telomerization processes for grafting vinyl nitrogen containing monomers onto olefin polymers
US4769043A (en) * 1984-08-20 1988-09-06 Texaco Inc. Oil containing dispersant VII olefin copolymer
US4732942A (en) * 1986-09-02 1988-03-22 Texaco Inc. Hydrocarbon compositions containing polyolefin graft polymers
US4943672A (en) * 1987-12-18 1990-07-24 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Process for the hydroisomerization of Fischer-Tropsch wax to produce lubricating oil (OP-3403)
US4863623A (en) * 1988-03-24 1989-09-05 Texaco Inc. Novel VI improver, dispersant, and anti-oxidant additive and lubricating oil composition containing same
GB8818711D0 (en) * 1988-08-05 1988-09-07 Shell Int Research Lubricating oil dispersants
US5238588A (en) * 1989-08-24 1993-08-24 Texaco Inc. Dispersant, vi improver, additive and lubricating oil composition containing same
US5112508A (en) * 1990-04-30 1992-05-12 Texaco, Inc. VI improver, dispersant, and antioxidant additive and lubricating oil composition
US5137980A (en) * 1990-05-17 1992-08-11 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Ashless dispersants formed from substituted acylating agents and their production and use
ATE140475T1 (de) * 1991-09-13 1996-08-15 Chevron Chem Co Polyisobutenylsuccinimide enthaltende brennstoffzusammensetzungen
US5294354A (en) * 1992-06-05 1994-03-15 Texaco Inc. Combining dispersant viscosity index improver and detergent additives for lubricants
TW291486B (zh) * 1992-12-17 1996-11-21 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc
US5354485A (en) * 1993-03-26 1994-10-11 The Lubrizol Corporation Lubricating compositions, greases, aqueous fluids containing organic ammonium thiosulfates
GB9309121D0 (en) * 1993-05-04 1993-06-16 Bp Chem Int Ltd Substituted acylating agents
US5433875A (en) * 1993-06-16 1995-07-18 Ethyl Corporation Ashless mannich despersants, their preparation, and their use
US5663126A (en) * 1994-10-21 1997-09-02 Castrol Limited Polar grafted polyolefins, methods for their manufacture, and lubricating oil compositions containing them
US5523008A (en) * 1994-10-21 1996-06-04 Castrol Limited Polar grafted polyolefins, methods for their manufacture, and lubricating oil compositions containing them
US5620486A (en) * 1994-12-30 1997-04-15 Chevron Chemical Company Fuel compositions containing aryl succinimides
GB9511267D0 (en) * 1995-06-05 1995-08-02 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc Lubricating oils comprising low saturate basestock
US5652202A (en) * 1995-08-15 1997-07-29 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Lubricating oil compositions
BR9611898A (pt) * 1995-12-08 2000-05-16 Exxon Research Engineering Co Processo para a produção de um óleo de base de hidrocarboneto biodegradável de alto desempenho, e, respectivo óleo
GB2312212B (en) * 1996-04-19 1999-09-29 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Ltd Dispersants
US5725612A (en) * 1996-06-07 1998-03-10 Ethyl Corporation Additives for minimizing intake valve deposits, and their use
US5634951A (en) * 1996-06-07 1997-06-03 Ethyl Corporation Additives for minimizing intake valve deposits, and their use
US6187721B1 (en) * 1996-06-12 2001-02-13 Castrol Limited Lubricant for use in diesel engines
US5882505A (en) * 1997-06-03 1999-03-16 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Conversion of fisher-tropsch waxes to lubricants by countercurrent processing
US6172015B1 (en) * 1997-07-21 2001-01-09 Exxon Chemical Patents, Inc Polar monomer containing copolymers derived from olefins useful as lubricant and fuel oil additives, processes for preparation of such copolymers and additives and use thereof
US6107257A (en) * 1997-12-09 2000-08-22 Ethyl Corporation Highly grafted, multi-functional olefin copolymer VI modifiers
US6013171A (en) * 1998-02-03 2000-01-11 Exxon Research And Engineering Co. Catalytic dewaxing with trivalent rare earth metal ion exchanged ferrierite
US6180575B1 (en) * 1998-08-04 2001-01-30 Mobil Oil Corporation High performance lubricating oils
US6080301A (en) * 1998-09-04 2000-06-27 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Premium synthetic lubricant base stock having at least 95% non-cyclic isoparaffins
US6103099A (en) * 1998-09-04 2000-08-15 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Production of synthetic lubricant and lubricant base stock without dewaxing
DE19948114A1 (de) * 1999-10-06 2001-04-12 Basf Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung Polyisobutenphenol-haltiger Mannichaddukte
JP2001316361A (ja) * 2000-05-01 2001-11-13 Ethyl Corp スクシンイミド−酸化合物およびそれの誘導体
US6743757B2 (en) * 2001-12-06 2004-06-01 Infineum International Ltd. Dispersants and lubricating oil compositions containing same
US6627584B2 (en) * 2002-01-28 2003-09-30 Ethyl Corporation Automatic transmission fluid additive comprising reaction product of hydrocarbyl acrylates and dihydrocarbyldithiophosphoric acids
US6852679B2 (en) * 2002-02-20 2005-02-08 Infineum International Ltd. Lubricating oil composition
US7585821B2 (en) * 2002-08-06 2009-09-08 Infineum International Limited Modified detergents and lubricating oil compositions containing same
CA2474959C (en) * 2003-08-07 2009-11-10 Infineum International Limited A lubricating oil composition

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1626633A (zh) 2005-06-15
JP2005139448A (ja) 2005-06-02
CA2484558A1 (en) 2005-05-06
EP1531176A3 (en) 2005-07-06
US20050101496A1 (en) 2005-05-12
CN100523155C (zh) 2009-08-05
EP1531176A2 (en) 2005-05-18
SG112028A1 (en) 2005-06-29
BRPI0404819A (pt) 2005-08-30

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CA2089712C (en) Mannich reaction product and process for producing the same and use of the product
EP2079677B1 (en) Macromolecular amine-phenolic antioxidant compositions, process technology thereof, and uses thereof
KR101425684B1 (ko) 안정화제로서의 다핵 페놀계 화합물의 용도
CA2690333C (en) Synergistic mixture for use as a stabilizer
AR068272A1 (es) Composiciones de combustible
KR102096325B1 (ko) 트리틸화된 알킬 아릴 에테르
BR112019025432A2 (pt) Composto compreendendo funcionalidades de poliamina, ácida e de boro e seu uso como aditivo lubrificante
AR046825A1 (es) Dispersantes de hidrocarbilos y composiciones que contienen dichos dispersantes
CA2536894A1 (en) Soot dispersants and lubricating oil compositions containing same
AR245493A1 (es) Procedimiento para producir composiciones dispersante - detergentes con mejor resistencia a la turbidez.
ATE549387T1 (de) Keton-diarylamin-kondensate
WO2017185819A1 (zh) 一种苯并三唑衍生物、其制造方法及其应用
AR068275A1 (es) Composiciones de combustibles
RU2019116575A (ru) Смазочная композиция и диспергирующие агенты для нее, оказывающие благоприятный эффект на окислительную стабильность
FI911512A (fi) Oeverbasiska calixarater, foerfarande foer deras framstaellning, kompositioner innehaollande desamma och deras anvaendning som tillsatsaemnen i smoerjaemnen.
CA1090807A (fr) Compositions a base d'alcenylsuccinimides comme additifs pour huiles lubrifiantes
KR920700240A (ko) 고급 α-올레핀계 공중합체, 그 제조방법 및 그 가황물 및 가황 가능한 고무조성물
KR970705625A (ko) 오일 첨가제, 그에 사용되는 조성물 및 중합체(oil additives, compositions and polymers for use therein)
KR20130108558A (ko) 방향족 분산제와 티탄을 함유하는 윤활제
BRPI0405510A (pt) Composição de óleo lubrificante
FI60231B (fi) Blandning laemplig foer anvaendning som smoerjmedelstillsats
KR910021459A (ko) 유성 조성물에 대한 다작용성 점도 지수 개선제로 유용한 신규의 에틸렌 알파-올레핀 중합체 치환된 만니히(Mannich) 염기
TW205067B (zh)
KR20150093180A (ko) 피란 분산제
CA2580393A1 (en) Dioxolane derivative and method for producing same

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FA Abandonment or withdrawal