AP143A

AP143A - Pesticidal Fomulation

Info

Publication number: AP143A
Application number: APAP/P/1990/000168A
Authority: AP
Inventors: Tonder Stephanus Johannes Van
Original assignee: Scient Chemicals Proprietory Ltd
Priority date: 1989-03-13
Filing date: 1990-03-12
Publication date: 1991-09-27
Also published as: US5194264A; EP0388122A1; NZ232874A; AP9000168A0

Abstract

Pesticidal formulation for external application comprises at least one pesticide effective against ectoparasites and at least one polar solvent for the pesticide. The pesticide and solvent together constitute a pesticidal component comprising a solution of the pesticide in the solvent. The pesticidal component is admixed with an aqueous component. The pesticidal component is miscible in the aqueous component. Water constitutes at least 30m/v of the formulation. No solvent having a solubility in water of 15 gm/1 or less at ambient temperature, is present.

Description

The pesticide of the present formulation is hence effective against ectoparasites such as ticks and fleas, and active ingredients or pesticides effective specifically against endoparasites such as helminths, ie anthelmintics, are hence excluded. - -- ·£ .i-i -r .7

The aqueous component may comprise an admixture pX. water and a surfactant, with the pesticide comprising at least one of a synthetic pyrethroid, an amidine, chlormethiuron, cyromazine, and s-methoprene.

APO00143

The synthetic pyrethroid, when present, may be selected from the group comprising alphamethrin, allethrin,; bioresmethrin, biopermethrin, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, barthrin, cyclethrin, cyphenothrin, fenvalerate, dimethrin, fluvalinate, cismethrin, cyfluthrin, fenpropanate, indothrin, deltamethrin, flumethrin, permethrin, phenothrin, phthalthrin, pyrethrum, resmethrin, tetramethrin, sumithrin, tralomethrin and tralocythrin.

The amidine, when present, may be selected from the group comprising chlordimeform, clenpyrin, cymiazole and amitraz.

The formulation may also include a surfactant or emulsifier component in admixture with the water.

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When the pesticide is, or includes, a synthetic pyrethroid, the formulation may also include a synergist for the pyrethroid, ie a substance capable of enhancing its efficacy and/or spectrum or range of activity. The synergist may then be selected from the group comprising piperonyl butoxide, bucarpolate, N-octyl bicyclohexene dicarboximide, l,2-methylendioxy-4-(2-(octylsulf inyl) propyl)-benzol, propylisome, propinylcarbamate, propi'nylether, propinyloxime, propinylphosphonate, sesamex,

S,S,S-tributylphosphorothioate and sulfoxide.

Up

The solvent will thus'be selected such that the pesticide is soluble therein, and the proportion of pesticide to solvent will thus naturally be such that the pesticide does not exceed i1;s solub^ity ^limit in the solvent room . The solvent will also be selected such that it, and more particularly^ the pesticidal conponenbnforaed when the pesticide is dissolved therein, is miscible in water, or more particularly, in the aqueous component comprising water and the surfactant. The proportion or ratio of the pesticidal component to the aqueous component will thus naturally be such that the miscibility limit of the pesticidal component in the aqueous component is not exceeded.

Generally, the polar solvent has a solubility in water at ambient temperature (20-25°C) of at least 20 gm/1, and generally as high as 400-500 gm/1 or even more. The solvent can be selected from the group comprising alcohols, eg methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol; ketones, eg acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethylketone; lactones, eg gamma buteryl lactone; ketoalcohols, eg diacetone alcohol;

glycols, eg ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, glycerine; glycolethers, eg triethyleneglycol, dipropyleneglycol, tripropyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol

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200, diethylglycol-mono-ethy1-ether (Carbitol, Ethyldiglycol), dipropyleneglycol-mono-methy1-ether, triethylene-mono-methy1-ether; alkanolamines, eg mono-,di, triethanolamine; sulfoxides, eg dimethylsulfoxide; pyrolidones, eg n-methylpyrolidone or pyrolidone; or even other suitable aprotic solvents such as dimethyl or diethyl formamide. For example, the solvent may be diacetone alcohol, which is miscible with water in all proportions and in which synthetic pyrethroids and amidines are generally and readily soluble. The formulation is characterized thereby that it does not include a solvent having a solubility in water of 15 mg/1 or less, eg nonpolar solvents, such as a petroleum distallate or dibutyl phthalate.

The surfactant may comprise an anionic surfactant and/or,,a . L,. »· - •.Wi'’»' ifc—aA..··· *»· · -J...... ·« *' ’ *“ W·¹' i ' »- .«'Wi-i - '·>' -Tf -· · - ft* cationic surfactant and/or a non-ionic surfactant. The anionic surfactant,When-ptesent, may be selected from the group comprising fatty acid sulphates; fatty acid ether sulphonates and their salts; alkyl aryl sulphonates, such as the sulphonate of dodecyl benzene, and their salts; fatty acid salts; mono,-di-,tri-aryl polyglycolether phosphoric acid esters and their salts. The cationic surfactant, when present, may be a quaternary ammonium salt or a phenyl derivative thereof. The non-ionic surfactant, when present, may be selected from the group comprising polyethoxylated castor oil, sorbitan, sorbitan esters, fatty alcohols, acids and esters, alkylpnenols such as ethoxylated nonyl phenol, block polymers of ethylene and propylene oxide and their alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl condensates .

Generally, when more than one pesticide is present, the mass ratio of the one pesticide to the other nay be between 1:10 and 10:1, eg between 1:1.5 and 10:5. The mass ratio

APOOO143

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of pesticide to synergist, when present, nay be between 1:10 and 10:1, eg between 1:3 and 10:5.

Typically, the mass proportion of pesticide to solvent can be between 1:5 and 1:15, eg about 1:10, while the mass proportion of pesticidal component to water can be between

0.01:100 and 1:10.

0.001 - 30.000%

The formulation may comprise (all percentages hereinafter are given in 'm/ν' unless otherwise indicated, where 'm/v' means grams of a particular component in 100 ml of formulation) pesticide synergist - 0.001 - 30.000% surfactant - 0.050 - 50.000% water ‘ .....~ *0θ*' but being-i.between .31.^00^^^^^^5,990% t

In one embodiment of the invention, the formulation can be suitable for use as a pour-on formulation, ie for application topically in localized fashion to an animal to be treated, eg along the animal's back. The formulation may then comprise, when the pesticide is, og^ includes, a synthetic pyrethroid, synthetic pyrethroid as pesticide synergist surfactant polar solvent for the pesticide water

1-3%

- 15%

- 40%

- 49% balance to make up 100% but being at least 31%

When the pesticide is not a synthetic pyrethroid, the formulation may then comprise pesticide - 0.15 - 3% surfactant - 5.0 - 40%

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10.0 - 49% balance to polar solvent for the pesticide water make up 100% but being at least 31%

More particularly, the pour-on formulation nay comprise cypermethrin as synthetic pyrethroid pesticide - 2.0% piperonyl butoxide as synergist for the pesticide - 10.0% nonylphenylethoxylate as surfactant - 25.0% diacetone alcohol as polar solvent for the pesticide - 20.0% water - 45.3%

1*1

In another embodiment of the invention, the formulation can be suitable for use ae a. spray when diluted with, y^<er. The formulation may then comprise, when the pesticide is, or includes, a synthetic-, pyrethroid, and is intended for use on animals synthetic pyrethroid as pesticide - 0.125 - 2.52% synergist - 0.625 - 12.6% surfactant - 5.0 - 20.0% polar solvent for the pesticide - 30.0-49.0% water - balance to χ make up 100% but being at least 31%

When the pesticide is not a synthetic pyrethroid, the formulation may then comprise pesticide - 0.15 - 3.0% surfactant - 5.0 - 20.0% polar solvent for the pesticide - 2.0-49.0% water - balance to make up 100% but being at least 31%

When the water-dilutable spray formulation is intended for use on other substrates such as plants, and the pesticide

BAD ORIGINAL A is, or includes, a synthetic pyrethroid, the formulation may comprise synthetic pyrethroid as pesticide - 0.02-10.0% synergist - 0.10 - 30.0% surfactant - 2.0 - 20.0% polar solvent for the pesticide - 5.0-49.0% water - balance to make up 100% but being at least 31%

I?

When the pesticide is not a synthetic pyrethroid, the formulation may comprise pesticide - 0.02 - 10.0% surfactant polar solvent for the pesticide water maXe up 10J3%. byt.

*WF2.0 - 20.0% 5.0 - 49.0%

My then

More particularly, ; the sprayable comprise _f.

cypermethrin as synthetic pyrethroid , pesticide - 0.8% piperonyl butoxide as synergist for the pesticide - 4.0% nonylphenolethoxylate as surfactant 0.5% ethoxylated castor oil as a further surfactant - 5.0% diacetone alcohol as polar solvent for the pesticide - 5.0% water - 85.2‘

The garden spray formulation may also include a fungicide component. The formulation may then comprise, when the pesticide is, or includes, a synthetic pyrethroid synthetic pyrethroid as pesticide - 0.02-10.0% synergist - 0.10 - 30.0% surfactant - 2.0-20.0%

BAD ORIGINAL polar solvent for the pesticide - 5.0-49.0% fungicide component - 0.01-10.5% water - balance to make up 100% but being at least 31%

When the pesticide is not a synthetic pyrethroid, the formulation may then comprise pesticide surfactant polar solvent for the pesticide fungicide component water

0.02 - 10.0% 2.0 - 20.0% 5.0 - 49.0% 0.01 - 10.5% balance to make up 100% but being at least 31%

The fungicide component may comprise one or benconazole, benlqte, ,, or etaconazol^._____^The, ‘hence comprise, ϊη’respect more of ^jigicide of the formulation, penconazole benlate

0.01 - 0.5% 0.25 - 10.0%

In yet another embodiment of the invention, the formulation can be suitable for use as an animal dip when diluted with water. The formulation may then comprise, when thj^ pesticide is, or includes, a synthetic pyrethroid, synthetic pyrethroid synergist surfactant polar solvent for the insecticide water

0.001 - 2.52% 0.005 - 12.6% 0.100 - 30.0% 1.0 - 49.0% balance to make up 100% but being at least 31'

The formulation may then, when the pesticide is not a synthetic pyrethroid, comprise pesticide - 0.15-3.0% surfactant - 0.10 - 30.0%

BAD ORIGINAL polar solvent for the insecticide - 1.0 - 49.0' water - balance to make up 100% but being at least 31%

More partcularly, the formulation may then comprise cypermethrin as synthetic pyrethroid

pesticide		0.25%
cymiazole as amidine	pesticide	0.30%
piperonyl butoxide as	synergist for
the cypermethrin		1.25%
nonylphenylethoxylate	as surfactant	20.00%
diacetone alcohol as	solvent	47.00%
water	- tfr·--*	- 31.30%

it

In yet another embodiment of the invention, theιformulation may be suitable for use ag.. .a djys

-----------------composition, and may tnej^gbomprise, when thWpes&icide is, or includes, a synthetic pyrethroid, synthetic pyrethroid as pesticide synergist surfactant polar solvent water

OdfljOOl - 3.0% 0.005 - 15.0% 0.050 - 1,0% 0.080 - 5.0% balance to make up 100% but being at least 31%

When the pesticide is not a synthetic pyrethroid, the formulation may then comprise

2 5	pesticide	-	0.001 -	3.0%
	surfactant	-	0.050 -	1.0%
	polar solvent	-	0.080 -	5,0%
	water	-	balance	to

make up 100% but being at least 31%

More particularly, the formulation may then comprise cypermethrin as synthetic pyrethroid pesticide - 0.0025%

BAD ORIGINAL piperonyl butoxide as synergist for the pesticide - 0.0125% nonylphenylethoxylate as surfactant - 0.0500% diacetone alcohol as polar solvent for the pesticide - 0.0800% water - 99.8%

If desired, components such as a conditioning agent, a bacteriostat such as formalin, colouring agent, and a perfume can be added to the compositions, with a corresponding water reduction then taking place.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a pesticidal formulation for external application, which comprises at least one pesticide. _va effective ^ against ectoparasites; a shampoo base; and / /// v. * an aqueous component as carrier for the pesticide and the shampoo base, with the proviso that the formulation does not contain a solvent having a solubility in water of 15 gm/1 or less at ambient temperature.

The pesticide and aqueous component may be as hereinbefore described, while the shampoo base may be, or include, a surfactant as hereinbefore described. The shampoo formulation can be used at a rate of 2-10ml/kg animal body mass.

The pesticidal formulation in accordance with the third aspect of the invention may comprise, when the pesticide is, or includes, a synthetic pyrethroid, synthetic pyrethroid as pesticide - 0.0312 - 0.63% synergist - 0.156 - 3,15% surfactant - 5.0 - 20.0% shampoo base - 2.8-22.4%

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AP000143 water balance to make up 100% but being at least 31%

When the pesticide formulation may then pesticide surfactant shampoo base water is not a synthetic pyrethroid, the comprise

0.0375 - 0.75% 5.0 - 20.4% 2.8 - 22.4% balance to make up 100% but at least 31%

More particularly, the formulation may then comprise cypermethrin as synthetic pyrethroid pesticide —, . 0.06% piperonyl butoxide as synergist for , nonylphenyie^^^iatie as sod i um-lauryl ether sulphonate .aaAhfcw^i^^ ' shampoo base, as a 28% concentration.; πβ»^Λ* in water .qr*' 60.00% (16,8% shampoo base) water - 74.0%

The formulations may be for use ,on animals.. suc^gs^cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, pigs, horses, and the like. The pesticide, solvent and surfactant will hence be selected to be compatible with the animal on which the formulation is intended for use. The animals may be treated every 1 to 2 weeks, for effective control of ectoparasites such as ticks, fleas, lice, flies, fungi, acarids, insects, and the like.

The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the following non-limiting examples and the accompanying graphs.

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EXAMPLE 1

A pour-on formulation in accordance with the invention and having the following composition, was made up:

cypermethrin piperonyl butoxide nonylphenylethoxylate diacetone alcohol water

2%

10%

25%

20%

45.3%

The formulation was made up by initially admixing the cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide and diacetone alcohol to

To the pesticidal formulation was ^: added the nonylphenylethoxylate, and thereafter the water. The pesticidal component. was , wholly

that the resultant formulation was of a solution containing substantially no suspended solids and not being in the form of an emulsion. There was no separation out of the different phases after allowing the formulation to stand for a prolonged period of time. The pour-on formulation is suitable for irradicating or combatting ectoparasites such as ticks ana fleas on ruminants, such as cattle, when applied as a pour-on. It can be applied at a dosage of between 5ml/100kg body mass and lOOml/lOOkg animal body mass along the animal's back every 7 days to 2 weeks, depending on parasite challenge. It can also be used in a prophylactic manner by applying it at said dosage at said intervals for prevent said pests from becoming established on the animals. Furthermore, at the proportions as given, the pesticide is believed to function substantially non-systemically.

The formulation of Example 1 was used for the in-vitro determination of LC-50 values, as compared to a commercially available dip containing 14% cypermethrin in

APO 0 014 3

BAD ORIGINAL A the form of an emulsifiable concentrate. The method used was the standard Larval Packet Test as described by SABS ('South African Bureau of Standards') Method No. 1094. Two tick strains were used, namely Boophilus decoloratus and

Amblyomma hybraeum. The results are set out in Graphs 1 and 2 .

ft

In addition, the in-vivo acaricidal efficacy for the pouron formulation of Example 1 was determined. The cattle used ' were crossbred steers subjected to natural tick infestation in a natural environment. Tick strains identified were Amblyomma hebraeum, Booohilu§ decoloratus and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. '-Treatment of the cattle involved pouring the product along the backline of the steer at a dosage volume of lOml/lOOkg body mass. Cattle w^e · tr^ted^on 7» .and· 14,r

Still further, in-vivo fly repellency: assessment: of the pour-on formulation of Example 1, was also carried out.

The cattle used were Bonsmara cows subjected to natural fly infestation in a natural environment. The fly strains identified were face flies, which are the most difficult to treat as they do not normally settle on the host. The same method as used for the in-vivo acaricidal efficacy determination described hereinbefore, was used. The results are set out in Graph 4, and it will be noted that the cows were treated on days 5/2 and 20/2.

EXAMPLE 2

A formulation, suitable for use as a garden spray, was made up in similar fashion to the formulation of Example 1, and comprised the following:

cypermethrin - 0.8% piperonyl butoxide - 4% nonylphenylethoxylate - 0.5%

BAD ORIGINAL $ ethoxylated castor oil diacetone alcohol water

5%

85.3

This formulation can be used as a garden spray by diluting 5ml thereof in one liter of water prior to use. This garden spray formulation was tested for insecticidal efficacy on the following garden and crop pests: aphids, ants,' astylus beetle, bollworm, caterpillars, crickets, cutworm, fleas, harvester termites, moth larvae, plusia loopers, thrips and white fly.

In all cases, the total percentage of pests killed compared to untreated control groups exceeded 99%.

4^..

AP 0 0 0 1 4 3 .UC

EXAMPLE 3

A formulation in^faccorance with the invention ajlM?suitable

for use as a dip, was made up	by admixing, in a similar
fashion to that described	in	Example 1,	the following
components:
cypermethrin		-	0.25%
cymiazole		-	0.30%
piperonyl butoxide		-	1.25%
nonylphenylethoxylate		-	20%
diacetone alcohol		-	47%
water		-	31.2%

This dip was used, by diluting one part by volume thereof, with 100 parts by volume of water, to assess its efficacy in control of ticks and fleas on dogs. The dogs utilized for the test consisted of a group of nine dogs of a crosssection of small to large and a mixture of short and long haircoat. A similar group of six dogs was used as control.

All dogs were subjected to natural tick and flea infestations in a natural environment. Each of the treated

BAD ORIGINAL J* dogs was dipped by complete immersion. The dogs were dipped on days 0 and 7. The results are set out in Graphs 5 and 6.

EXAMPLE 4

A formulation in accordance with the invention, and suitable for use as a pesticidal shampoo, was made up by admixing the following components:

cypermethrin - 0.06% piperonyl butoxide - 0.3% nonylphenylethoxylate - 10% sodium laurylethersulphonate, as a 28% concentration in water - 60% water - 74%

-«Mr

This shampoo formulation was^ested to assess^its efficacy^, in the control of ticks and fleas on dogs. _; Two groups of dogs,?- as ^hereinbefore described vithjref erence to, Example 3, were again tested. The treated group of dogs were shampood with the equivalent of lOml/kg body mass of the shampoo formulation, rinsed and allowed to dry naturally. The results are set out in Graphs 7 and 8.

EXAMPLE 5

A formulation in accordance with the invention and suitable as a ready-to-use directly applicable composition, eg for the spot-treatment of ticks, was made up by admixing the following constituents in a similar manner as described for

Example 1:

cypermethrin - 0.0025% piperonyl butoxice - 0.0125% nonylphenylethoxylate - 0.05% diacetone alcohol - 0.05% water - 99.8% bad original

This formulation was tested to assess its efficacy in controlling Rhipiceohalus evertsi on horses. The formulation was sprayed directly on the infested areas of the horses in the treated group, which were kept separate from a control group of horses. The results are set out in Graph 9.

EXAMPLE 6

A pour-on formulation can be made up in the same fashion as described in Example 1, but using any of the other synthetic pyrethroids hereinbefore described apart from cypermethrin.

2%

25%

20%

EXAMPLE 7

A pour-on formulation can be made up by admixing the following in a similar .fashion to that j^gcamp 1 e

1: ' ’'.......... ' -*·— chlordirnef©tm,«, clenpyrin, cymiazole,- · ΐφ-, amitraz*, chlormethiuron, cyromazine or s-methoprene, as pesticide nonylphenylethoxylate '< · diacetone alcohol water ..* In this, and subsequent examples, stabilized amitraz is used.

APO 0014 3

EXAMPLE 8

A formulation suitable as a garden spray can be made up in a similar fashion to that described in Example 2, with the following constituents:

chlordimeform, clenpyrin, cymiazole, amitraz, chlormethiuron, cyromazine

or s-methoprene,	as pesticide	-	0.8%
nonylphenylethoxylate		-	0.5%
ethoxylated castor	oil		-	5%
diacetone alcohol		-	-	5%
water			-	88.8%

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EXAMPLE 9

A formulation in accordance with the invention and suitable for use as a dip, can be made up in a similar fashion to that described in Example 1, using the following constituents:

chlordimeform, clenpyrin, cyroiaxole, ' chlormethiuton, cyromazine, or

	s-methoprene as pesticide	-	0.3%
	nonylphenylethoxylate	-	20%
10	diacetone alcohol	-	47%
	water	—	31.8%

EXAMPLE 10

A pesticidal shampoo formulation in accordance with the invention can be made up, in _;ja similar fashion to the procedure described, j cbmpoThentsTF «.

chlordimeform·,amitraz, chlormethiuronjA<cyromazine'‘ or s-methoprene, as pesticide τ 0.06% nonylphenylethoxylate ,- - io% sodium laurylethersulphonate, as ·,-* a 28% concentration in water . -., 60% water ,, - 73.8%

EXAMPLE 11

A directly applicable pesticidal formulation in accordance with the invention can be made up by admixing the following components, in a similar fashion to the procedure described in Example 1:

chlordimeform, clenpyrin, cymiazole, amitraz, chlormethiuron, cyromazine or s-methoprene, as pesticide - 0.0025% nonylphenylethoxylate - 0.05% diacetone alcohol - 0.08% water - 99.8% bad original

EXAMPLE 12

A pesticidal formulation in accordance with the invention suitable, after dilution with water, as a garden spray, can be made up by following the procedure set out in Example 1, and using the following components:

cypermethrin - 0,8% piperonyl butoxide - 4% nonylphenylethoxylate - 0.5% ethoxylated castor oil - 5% diacetone alcohol - 5% penconazole and/or etaconazole and/or benlate as fungicide component - 1% water - 85% ^Λ' A*pout^xoif^f^Stilat ion “In accordance'with the invention and having-the following compositionrr/can be made up using the procedure of Example 1:

as synthetic pyrethroid, allethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, fluvalerate or sumithrin - 2% piperonyl butoxide - 10% ethoxylated castor oil as surfactant - 25% as polar solvent, propylene glycol methyl ether, n-methylpyrolidone, gamma buteryl lactone, or dipropylene glycol methyl ether - 20% water - balance to make up 100% : £ * I 0 0 Od

EXAMPLE 14

A pour-on formulation in accordance with the invention and having the following composition, can be made up using the procedure of Example 1:

BAD ORIGINAL £ as pesticide, chlordimeform, clenpyrin, cymiazole, amitraz, chlormethiuron, cyromazine or s-methoprene - 2% epoxidized castor oil as surfactant - 25% as solvent, propylene glycol methyl ether, n-methylpyrolidone, gamma buteryl lactone, or dipropylene glycol methyl ether - 20% water - balance to make up 100%

EXAMPLE 15

A garden spray formulation in accordance with the invention, and having the following composcan be made up using the procedure of Example 1:

cypermethrin - 0.2% cyromazine

20%

52.3% η*·· ethoxylated fcastor methyoxy propanol water ~ ’ · ·« ··, -· >-: - ·/ £

FURTHER EXAMPLES

Formulations similar to those of Examples 2 to 12 can be made up, using the procedure of Example 1, but .substituting the following:

where cypermethrin is used, substituting it with allethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, fluvalerate or sumithrin where diacetone alcohol is used, substituting it with propylene glycol methyl ether, n-methylpyrolidone, gamma buteryl lactone, or dipropylene glycol methyl ether

The Applicant believes that, with the hydrotropic carrier system employed in the formulations according to the invention, pesticides which can normally not be used in

BAD original pure solvent based formulations, eg pure solvent based pour-on formulations, for example due to their skin irritancy, can now be used since, amongst other, the water provides a satisfactory dilution medium for diluting the pesticide down to non-irritancy levels on application. In the case of pour-on formulations, the use of water as carrier also results in a pour-on formulation having good spreadability over the entire pelt or skin of the animal, and low skin penetration.

However, to safeguard further against possible skin irritancy, a refatting agent which replenishes skin fat, can be included in the formulation. When present, the refatting agent can be present in an amount of about 3%, with the corresponding reduction in the volume of water.

The skin refattiong agent can be isopropyl nyristate.

Further advantages of the pesticidal formulations in accordance with the invention are the formulations have high pesticidal activity, but low mammalian and bird toxicity since no non-polar or 20 petroleum distillate type solvent is used the formulations can have very low negative environmental impact, depending on the specific constituents or components used when formulated for use on plants, the components can be selected so as to prevent or minimize phytotoxicity risk of skin damage and irritation when applied to animals is reduced or eliminated as a result of the high proportion of water present in the formulations good pesticidal efficacy is obtainable since the high proportion of water, which ensures good spreadability, will result in the pesticide being spread more evenly and effectively on the animal or plant the formulation can, in certain instances, have _____ __ components which enhance wetting and spreading

BAD ORIGINAL $ characteristics on the target pest, thereby ensuring rapid penetration of the pesticide into the target pest due to the relatively low proportions of active 5 ingredients and solvents, formulations are costeffective, eg cheaper than pure solvent based systems the formulations are safe to handle the formulations are generally poorly flammable or non-flammable, and therefore safer to handle and transport the formulations can, in certain instances, be made up to be completely biodegradable

BAD ORIGINAL &

Graph 1: Corrected Mortality

B.decoloratus

Concentration (%) • -*«*· < · r «» _M i

Ref Cypermethrin —Test Cypermethrin

Graph 2: Corrected Mortality A.hebraeum

AP 0 0 0 1 4 3

Concentration (%)

Ref Cypermethrin -^1- Test Cypermethrin

BAD ORIGINAL

GRAPH 3 : TICK TOTALS Wean Counts Per Group TREATED CONTROL

CROUP GROUP mmUm · · rk ·

GRAPH 4 : FACE FLY TRIAL - SOUTPAN Σ

TREATED CONTROL

CROUP CROUP hmXo· · · rU · ·

DATES OF COUNTS

TREATED ON 6/2 AND 20/2

BAD ORIGINAL

DIP EFFICACY TRIAL : GRAPH 5 FLEA COUNTS

TREATED NEC CONTR.

CROUP CROUP

WMMbMM · · r*» · ·

DIP EFFICACY TRIAL : GRAPH 6

TICK COUNTS

T1CK2

NEGATIVE

CONTROL

TREATED

GROUP <3 r*

DAYS OF COUNTS ( N.B. not ovory day wu eountod I

BAD ORIGINAL ft

SHAMPOO EFFICACY TRIAL : GRAPH 7 FLEA COUNTS

NEGATIVE TREATED

CONTROL GROUP

DAYS OF COUNTS (N.B. net >v»ry day wa a oountad ,

TREATED

GROUP

SHAMPOO EFFfCAGY TRtAI

-^wTlctf counts

NEGATIVE

CONTROL

No. ol TICKS

— **

T1CK1

T * **«-** ^J

T2

4 · 7 «9

DAYS OF COUNTS < N.B. not avary day waa oountad )

-4^'

U 14

BAD ORIGINAL 0)]

GRAPH 9 : HORSE TICK TRIAL MEAN TICK COUNTS TREATED NEGATIVE

GROUP CONTROL mJUmm s rU · ·

MEAN No. of TICKS

2S| ................

APOiO 0 14 3

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SAV’WC MOW PARTICULARLY w.’ J ι ι?;·/ε··<ϊιον ANO TO Ci PE ,'Κ·ί( ΙΣΟ, ι <

DESCRiCFn « IN WHAT M'

-Vi ΓΗΑΤ ι .

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A method of making a pesticidal formulation for external application, which comprises dissolving a pesticide effective against ectoparasites in a polar solvent, to form a pesticidal component comprising a solution of the pesticide in the solvent; and admixing the pesticidal component with 4n aqueous component to form a pesticidal formulation, in which the pesticidal component is miscible in the aqueotis component, with the provisos that water constitutes at least 30% m/v of the pesticidal formulation and /that⁴ no 0l|.vs1^*having a * solubility in water of 15 gm/1 or less a^ ambient temperature, is present.

aqueous component pesticidal component a synthetic pyrethtuxu, method including adding to the pesticidal component a synergist for the synthetic pyrethroid.

* or* the^ ith the
3. A pesticidal formulation for external

20 application, which comprises at least one pesticide effective against ectoparasites;

at least one polar solvent for the pesticide, so that the pesticide and solvent together constitute a pesticidal

25 component comprising a solution of the pesticide in the solvent; and an aqueous component with which the pesticidal component is admixed, with the pesticidal component being miscible in the aqueous component, with the provisos that

3 0 water constitutes at least 30% m/v of the formulation and that no solvent having a solubility in water of 15 gm/1 or less at ambient temperature, is present.

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4. A pesticidal formulation according to Claim 3, wherein the aqueous component comprises an admixture of water and a surfactant, with the pesticide comprising at least one of a synthetic pyrethroid, an amidine, chlormethiuron, cyromazine, and s-methoprene.
5. A pesticidal formulation according to Claim 3, wherein the polar solvent is selected from the group comprising alcohols, ketones, lactones, keto-alcohols, glycols, glycolethers, amides, alkanolamines, sulfoxides and pyrolidones.

A pesticidal formulation according to Claim 4 or

Claim 5, which comprises synthetic pyrethroid pesticide synergist xorthe pesticide surfactant -zp , · ~ x:?

solvent water

0.001.0.001 .0.050 0.050 31.000 30.000% _u.

30.000%

50.000%

49.000%

99.990%

AP 0 0 0 1 4 3
7. A pesticidal formulation according to Claim 6, which is suitable for use as a pour-on and which comprises cypermethrin as synthetic pyrethroid pesticide - 2.0% piperonyl butoxide as synergist for the pesticide - 10.0% nonylphenylethoxylate as surfactant - 25.0% diacetone alcohol as polar solvent for the pesticide - 20.0% water - 45.3%
8. A pesticidal formulation according to Claim 6, which is suitable for use as a plant spray when diluted with water, and which comprises

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cypermethrin as synthetic pyrethroid pesticide piperonyl butoxide as synergist for the pesticide nonylphenolethoxylate as surfactant ethoxylated castor oil as a further surfactant diacetone alcohol as polar solvent for the pesticide water

0.8%

4.0% 0.5%

5.0%

5.0%

85.2%
9. A pesticidal formulation according to Claim 6, which is suitable for use as a dip when diluted with water, and which comprises cypermethrin as synthetic pyrethroid pesticide cyrnfezol^as a piperonyl butoxide as synergist for^ei-si the cypermethr in - .. nonylphenylethoxylate as surfactant diacetone alcohol as solvent water

1.25%

20.00%

47.00%

31.3%

- 0.0025%

- 0.0125%

- 0.0500%
10. A pesticidal formulation according to Claim 6, which is suitable for use as a directly applied tickicidal composition, and which comprises cypermethrin as synthetic pyrethroid pesticide piperohyl butoxide as synergist for the pesticide nonylphenylethoxylate as surfactant diacetone alcohol as polar solvent for the pesticide - 0.0800% water - 99.8% bad original $

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11. A pesticidal formulation for external application, which comprises at least one pesticide effective against ectoparasites;

a shampoo base; and an aqueous component as carrier for the pesticide and the shampoo base, with the proviso that the formulation does not contain a solvent having a solubility in water of 15 gm/1 or less at ambient temperature.
12. A pesticidal formulation according to Claim 11, which comprises cypermethrin as synthetic pyrethroid pesticide - 0.06% piperonyl butoxide as synergist for the pesticide - 0.30%^^ noriylpheriylethoxyiate as“surfactant - 10.0θ¥ sodium-laurylethersulphonate as the shampoo base, as a 28% concentration in water - 60.00% water - 74.00%
13. A novel method of making a pesticidal formulation, substantially as described and exemplified herein.
14. A novel pesticidal formulation, substantially as described and exemplified herein.