ZA200602337B - Use of cerium salts to inhibit manganese deposition in water systems - Google Patents
Use of cerium salts to inhibit manganese deposition in water systems Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200602337B ZA200602337B ZA200602337A ZA200602337A ZA200602337B ZA 200602337 B ZA200602337 B ZA 200602337B ZA 200602337 A ZA200602337 A ZA 200602337A ZA 200602337 A ZA200602337 A ZA 200602337A ZA 200602337 B ZA200602337 B ZA 200602337B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- cerium
- manganese
- containing composition
- aqueous system
- deposit control
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 168
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 147
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 147
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 150000000703 Cerium Chemical class 0.000 title claims 3
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 124
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 124
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 90
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 43
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 42
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- -1 cerium(IV) compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001785 cerium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- KMKLUVYHNKQOSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ce+2] Chemical class [Ce+2] KMKLUVYHNKQOSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002304 perfume Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003352 sequestering agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009182 swimming Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 30
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 150000003009 phosphonic acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000010525 oxidative degradation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 40
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 38
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 27
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 27
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 18
- DBVJJBKOTRCVKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Etidronic acid Chemical compound OP(=O)(O)C(O)(C)P(O)(O)=O DBVJJBKOTRCVKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 15
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 12
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N TOTP Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 11
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 9
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229940114077 acrylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- WAEMQWOKJMHJLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese(2+) Chemical compound [Mn+2] WAEMQWOKJMHJLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000002906 microbiologic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- JGJLWPGRMCADHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypobromite Chemical compound Br[O-] JGJLWPGRMCADHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 4
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ce](Cl)Cl VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 3
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese oxide Inorganic materials [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2] PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000002349 well water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000020681 well water Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229920000536 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CC(C)(C)NC(=O)C=C XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000388 Polyphosphate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001449 anionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- XQTIWNLDFPPCIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+) Chemical compound [Ce+3] XQTIWNLDFPPCIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940042400 direct acting antivirals phosphonic acid derivative Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006259 organic additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002891 organic anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MEUIIHOXOWVKNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphanylformic acid Chemical class OC(P)=O MEUIIHOXOWVKNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003007 phosphonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001205 polyphosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011176 polyphosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromide Chemical compound [Na+].[Br-] JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- CRWJEUDFKNYSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;hypobromite Chemical compound [Na+].Br[O-] CRWJEUDFKNYSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 2
- QENRKQYUEGJNNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1-(prop-2-enoylamino)propane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC(C)C(S(O)(=O)=O)NC(=O)C=C QENRKQYUEGJNNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IRLPACMLTUPBCL-KQYNXXCUSA-N 5'-adenylyl sulfate Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OS(O)(=O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O IRLPACMLTUPBCL-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004755 Cerium(III) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004664 Cerium(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical group OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YDONNITUKPKTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Nitrilotris(methylene)]trisphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)CN(CP(O)(O)=O)CP(O)(O)=O YDONNITUKPKTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBFNUZSRUNJKJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[Mn+2].[Ce+3] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Mn+2].[Ce+3] NBFNUZSRUNJKJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940048053 acrylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 1
- OSYLPIYJUCCMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium;cerium(3+);nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O OSYLPIYJUCCMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- DLEPCXYNAPUMDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ylphosphonic acid Chemical compound CCC(C)P(O)(O)=O DLEPCXYNAPUMDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BRXCDHOLJPJLLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-2-sulfonic acid Chemical group CCC(C)S(O)(=O)=O BRXCDHOLJPJLLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001734 carboxylic acid salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZMZNLKYXLARXFY-UHFFFAOYSA-H cerium(3+);oxalate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[Ce+3].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O ZMZNLKYXLARXFY-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- VGBWDOLBWVJTRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Ce+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O VGBWDOLBWVJTRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- MVMMEGGCDPHSTO-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(3+);tribenzoate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1.[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1.[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MVMMEGGCDPHSTO-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- GHLITDDQOMIBFS-UHFFFAOYSA-H cerium(3+);tricarbonate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[Ce+3].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O GHLITDDQOMIBFS-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- ZEDZJUDTPVFRNB-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(3+);triiodide Chemical compound I[Ce](I)I ZEDZJUDTPVFRNB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZECDDHOAMNMQI-UHFFFAOYSA-H cerium(3+);trisulfate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[Ce+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OZECDDHOAMNMQI-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- ITZXULOAYIAYNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(4+) Chemical compound [Ce+4] ITZXULOAYIAYNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000333 cerium(III) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MOOUSOJAOQPDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(iii) bromide Chemical compound [Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Ce+3] MOOUSOJAOQPDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005234 chemical deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
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- XQRLCLUYWUNEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(=O)OP(O)=O XQRLCLUYWUNEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002845 discoloration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002635 electroconvulsive therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BLCTWBJQROOONQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=COC(=O)C=C BLCTWBJQROOONQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000026030 halogenation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005658 halogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000008235 industrial water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013101 initial test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002697 manganese compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001457 metallic cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003641 microbiacidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940124561 microbicide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005474 octanoate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002688 persistence Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003195 poly(n-butyl isocyanate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000246 remedial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005067 remediation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001256 stainless steel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012085 test solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012932 thermodynamic analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003628 tricarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
- C02F5/08—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents
- C02F5/10—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents using organic substances
- C02F5/14—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents using organic substances containing phosphorus
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
- C02F5/08—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents
- C02F5/083—Mineral agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
- C02F5/08—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents
- C02F5/10—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents using organic substances
- C02F5/14—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents using organic substances containing phosphorus
- C02F5/145—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents using organic substances containing phosphorus combined with inorganic substances
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F14/00—Inhibiting incrustation in apparatus for heating liquids for physical or chemical purposes
- C23F14/02—Inhibiting incrustation in apparatus for heating liquids for physical or chemical purposes by chemical means
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/02—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply
- C02F2103/023—Water in cooling circuits
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/20—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from animal husbandry
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/26—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the processing of plants or parts thereof
- C02F2103/28—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the processing of plants or parts thereof from the paper or cellulose industry
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/42—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from bathing facilities, e.g. swimming pools
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/44—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from vehicle washing facilities
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US50485503P | 2003-09-22 | 2003-09-22 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ZA200602337B true ZA200602337B (en) | 2007-04-25 |
Family
ID=34392952
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200602337A ZA200602337B (en) | 2003-09-22 | 2006-03-22 | Use of cerium salts to inhibit manganese deposition in water systems |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7252769B2 (pt) |
| EP (1) | EP1663880B1 (pt) |
| JP (1) | JP2007505738A (pt) |
| CN (1) | CN100554187C (pt) |
| AT (1) | ATE512121T1 (pt) |
| AU (1) | AU2004276245B9 (pt) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0414290B1 (pt) |
| CA (1) | CA2537808C (pt) |
| ES (1) | ES2363601T3 (pt) |
| MX (1) | MXPA06003037A (pt) |
| NZ (1) | NZ545721A (pt) |
| PT (1) | PT1663880E (pt) |
| WO (1) | WO2005030655A1 (pt) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200602337B (pt) |
Families Citing this family (28)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6863825B2 (en) | 2003-01-29 | 2005-03-08 | Union Oil Company Of California | Process for removing arsenic from aqueous streams |
| EP1726688A1 (en) * | 2005-05-23 | 2006-11-29 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Cerium ion-containing solution and corrosion inhibitor |
| US7601266B2 (en) * | 2006-04-20 | 2009-10-13 | Ch2O Incorporated | Method of promoting unrestricted flow of irrigation water through irrigation networks |
| US8513176B2 (en) | 2006-08-02 | 2013-08-20 | Ch2O Incorporated | Disinfecting and mineral deposit eliminating composition and methods |
| US8066874B2 (en) | 2006-12-28 | 2011-11-29 | Molycorp Minerals, Llc | Apparatus for treating a flow of an aqueous solution containing arsenic |
| US8252087B2 (en) | 2007-10-31 | 2012-08-28 | Molycorp Minerals, Llc | Process and apparatus for treating a gas containing a contaminant |
| US8349764B2 (en) | 2007-10-31 | 2013-01-08 | Molycorp Minerals, Llc | Composition for treating a fluid |
| US20090298689A1 (en) * | 2008-06-03 | 2009-12-03 | Iverson Carl E | Method of suspending weed growth in soil |
| JP5544716B2 (ja) * | 2009-01-13 | 2014-07-09 | 栗田工業株式会社 | 鉄鋼製造工程における循環冷却水の洗浄方法 |
| US8297449B2 (en) * | 2010-01-12 | 2012-10-30 | International Business Machines Corporation | Nanoporous semi-permeable membrane and methods for fabricating the same |
| AU2011305160A1 (en) * | 2010-09-23 | 2013-05-02 | Molycorp Minerals Llc | Process for treating waters and water handling systems to remove scales and reduce the scaling tendency |
| US9233863B2 (en) | 2011-04-13 | 2016-01-12 | Molycorp Minerals, Llc | Rare earth removal of hydrated and hydroxyl species |
| EP3434353B1 (en) * | 2012-11-26 | 2021-03-17 | Ecolab USA Inc. | Control of mercury emissions |
| US10011508B2 (en) | 2013-03-04 | 2018-07-03 | Aulick Chemical Solutions, Inc. | Corrosion control composition for water treatment process |
| EP3113859A4 (en) | 2014-03-07 | 2017-10-04 | Secure Natural Resources LLC | Cerium (iv) oxide with exceptional arsenic removal properties |
| US20160102002A1 (en) * | 2014-10-14 | 2016-04-14 | Bwa Water Additives Uk Limited | Water treatment |
| US10827758B2 (en) | 2014-10-14 | 2020-11-10 | Italmatch Chemicals Gb Limited | Relating to water treatment |
| US10905125B2 (en) | 2014-10-14 | 2021-02-02 | Italmatch Chemicals Gb Ltd. | Biocidal compositions and method of treating water using thereof |
| US10538442B2 (en) | 2015-08-31 | 2020-01-21 | Bwa Water Additives Uk Limited | Water treatment |
| US10004233B2 (en) | 2015-10-01 | 2018-06-26 | Bwa Water Additives Uk Limited | Relating to treatment of water |
| US9957173B2 (en) | 2015-10-08 | 2018-05-01 | Bwa Water Additives Uk Limited | Treatment of water |
| US10570033B2 (en) | 2016-05-12 | 2020-02-25 | Italmatch Chemicals Gb Limited | Water treatment |
| US10988395B2 (en) * | 2018-09-25 | 2021-04-27 | Neo Chemicals & Oxides, LLC | Cerium-lanthanum treatment method for reduction of contaminants in wastewater membrane bioreactors |
| CN109399867B (zh) * | 2018-12-11 | 2022-01-28 | 江西蓝星星火有机硅有限公司 | 一种有机硅废水的生化处理方法 |
| JP7364180B2 (ja) * | 2019-02-13 | 2023-10-18 | 株式会社片山化学工業研究所 | マンガンスケール発生抑制剤及びマンガンスケール発生抑制方法 |
| WO2021195141A1 (en) | 2020-03-23 | 2021-09-30 | Neo Water Treatment, Llc | Rare earth treatment of membranes to remove contaminants |
| WO2022051019A1 (en) * | 2020-09-04 | 2022-03-10 | Chemtreat, Inc. | Methods for predicting and monitoring scale formation in industrial water systems |
| BR112023005700A2 (pt) * | 2020-10-08 | 2023-04-25 | Ecolab Usa Inc | Composição para tratamento de água, e, método para inibir a corrosão de um metal em um sistema de água industrial |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3733270A (en) * | 1971-03-08 | 1973-05-15 | Monsanto Co | Methods of scale inhibition |
| US3992318A (en) * | 1973-10-09 | 1976-11-16 | Drew Chemical Corporation | Corrosion inhibitor |
| AU572825B2 (en) * | 1983-03-03 | 1988-05-19 | Fmc Corporation (Uk) Limited | Inhibition of corrosion and scale formation of metal surfaces |
| US4501667A (en) * | 1983-03-03 | 1985-02-26 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Process of inhibiting corrosion of metal surfaces and/or deposition of scale thereon |
| GB8305933D0 (en) * | 1983-03-03 | 1983-04-07 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Process of inhibiting corrosion of metal surfaces |
| US4900451A (en) * | 1989-02-01 | 1990-02-13 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Method of controlling manganese deposition in open recirculating aqueous systems |
| US5130052A (en) * | 1991-10-24 | 1992-07-14 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Corrosion inhibition with water-soluble rare earth chelates |
| US6180056B1 (en) * | 1998-12-10 | 2001-01-30 | Buckman Laboratories International Inc. | Method and compositions for minimizing biological and colloidal fouling |
| JP2000271564A (ja) * | 1999-03-26 | 2000-10-03 | Japan Organo Co Ltd | 冷却水系の水処理用薬品の濃度管理方法 |
| US6767927B1 (en) * | 1999-04-26 | 2004-07-27 | Rhodia Rare Earths Inc. | Synthesis of stable solutions of rare earth tris (organophosphate) in hydrocarbon solvents |
| WO2002049960A2 (en) * | 2000-12-20 | 2002-06-27 | Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc. | Anti-corrosion agents |
| DE10153554A1 (de) * | 2001-07-07 | 2003-05-15 | Henkel Kgaa | Wäßrige "3in1"-Geschirrspülmittel II |
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2004
- 2004-09-20 AT AT04784509T patent/ATE512121T1/de active
- 2004-09-20 ES ES04784509T patent/ES2363601T3/es active Active
- 2004-09-20 AU AU2004276245A patent/AU2004276245B9/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-09-20 NZ NZ545721A patent/NZ545721A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-09-20 EP EP04784509A patent/EP1663880B1/en not_active Not-in-force
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- 2004-09-20 WO PCT/US2004/030661 patent/WO2005030655A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-09-20 CN CNB2004800274186A patent/CN100554187C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-09-20 PT PT04784509T patent/PT1663880E/pt unknown
- 2004-09-20 JP JP2006527090A patent/JP2007505738A/ja not_active Ceased
- 2004-09-20 MX MXPA06003037A patent/MXPA06003037A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2004-09-20 BR BRPI0414290-0A patent/BRPI0414290B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-09-20 CA CA2537808A patent/CA2537808C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2006
- 2006-03-22 ZA ZA200602337A patent/ZA200602337B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2537808A1 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
| BRPI0414290B1 (pt) | 2015-04-14 |
| AU2004276245B2 (en) | 2009-03-12 |
| CN100554187C (zh) | 2009-10-28 |
| ATE512121T1 (de) | 2011-06-15 |
| NZ545721A (en) | 2010-04-30 |
| CN1856449A (zh) | 2006-11-01 |
| WO2005030655A1 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
| JP2007505738A (ja) | 2007-03-15 |
| US20050061753A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
| MXPA06003037A (es) | 2006-06-23 |
| AU2004276245A1 (en) | 2005-04-07 |
| EP1663880B1 (en) | 2011-06-08 |
| ES2363601T3 (es) | 2011-08-10 |
| AU2004276245B9 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
| EP1663880A1 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
| PT1663880E (pt) | 2011-06-28 |
| BRPI0414290A (pt) | 2006-11-07 |
| CA2537808C (en) | 2012-08-07 |
| US7252769B2 (en) | 2007-08-07 |
| WO2005030655A9 (en) | 2005-06-23 |
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