WO2025200846A1 - 一种二次电池及电子装置 - Google Patents

一种二次电池及电子装置

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Publication number
WO2025200846A1
WO2025200846A1 PCT/CN2025/077321 CN2025077321W WO2025200846A1 WO 2025200846 A1 WO2025200846 A1 WO 2025200846A1 CN 2025077321 W CN2025077321 W CN 2025077321W WO 2025200846 A1 WO2025200846 A1 WO 2025200846A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
silicon
carbon material
carbon
negative electrode
secondary battery
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Pending
Application number
PCT/CN2025/077321
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
周著人
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Ningde Amperex Technology Ltd
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Ningde Amperex Technology Ltd
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Publication of WO2025200846A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025200846A1/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362Composites
    • H01M4/366Composites as layered products
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/386Silicon or alloys based on silicon
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625Carbon or graphite
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/628Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of electrochemical technology, and in particular to a secondary battery and an electronic device.
  • Silicon with its high theoretical specific capacity, has attracted considerable attention for its application research.
  • silicon experiences a volume expansion of approximately 300%, which can cause the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) to rupture and form a new interface.
  • SEI solid electrolyte interface
  • This leads to continuous side reactions between the electrolyte and the silicon, consuming the electrolyte.
  • This can also cause the silicon to pulverize and break, forming a larger interface, exacerbating electrolyte consumption and impacting the cycling performance of lithium-ion batteries.
  • silicon's poor electronic conductivity can also affect the kinetic performance of lithium-ion batteries.
  • the purpose of this application is to provide a secondary battery and electronic device that can improve the dynamic performance and cycle performance of the secondary battery while also making the secondary battery have a higher energy density.
  • the specific technical solution is as follows:
  • the first aspect of the present application provides a secondary battery comprising an electrode assembly, the electrode assembly comprising a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a separator, the negative electrode plate comprising a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode material layer disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector, the negative electrode material layer comprising a silicon-carbon material, the silicon-carbon material comprising a substrate, a silicon coating layer, and a carbon coating layer, the substrate comprising porous carbon and nano-silicon particles, the porous carbon having nano-silicon particles in its pores, and the silicon coating layer disposed between the substrate and the carbon coating layer.
  • the silicon-carbon material satisfies the above-mentioned characteristics, can improve the kinetic performance and cycle performance of the secondary battery, and also provide the secondary battery with a higher energy density.
  • the carbon coating layer has a suitable thickness, which can provide good electronic conductivity, and can also reduce the contact between the electrolyte and the silicon coating layer to a certain extent, reduce the occurrence of side reactions, and improve the cycle performance of the secondary battery; at the same time, it is also conducive to the transmission of lithium ions and electrons to the interior of the particles, further improving the kinetic performance of the secondary battery.
  • a first delithiation peak exists in the range of 0.25V to 0.32V, and a second delithiation peak exists in the range of 0.35V to 0.45V.
  • the peak intensity of the first delithiation peak is I1
  • the peak intensity of the second delithiation peak is I2 , with 0.1 ⁇ I1 / I2 ⁇ 3 .
  • the value of I1 / I2 can reflect the thickness of the silicon coating layer.
  • the silicon coating layer has an appropriate thickness, so that the second outer silicon coating layer is more fully connected with the nano-silicon particles deposited in the pores, further improving the lithium ion transport effect of the constructed channel; it also facilitates the transport of lithium ions into the interior of the particles, further improving the kinetic performance of the secondary battery.
  • the reversible capacity of the silicon-carbon material at 0.05C is D0 mAh/g, and 1500 ⁇ D0 ⁇ 2500.
  • Silicon material has a high specific capacity, and the reversible capacity of the silicon-carbon material at 0.05C of the present application is within the scope of the present application.
  • the silicon-carbon material has a high reversible capacity, so that the secondary battery has a high energy density.
  • the silicon-carbon material satisfies at least one of the following characteristics: (1) the thickness of the silicon coating layer is H 1 nm, the thickness of the carbon coating layer is H 2 nm, 3 ⁇ H 1 ⁇ 80, 10 ⁇ H 2 ⁇ 50; (2) based on the mass of the silicon-carbon material, the mass percentage of silicon element in the silicon-carbon material is W1%, the mass percentage of carbon element in the silicon-carbon material is W2%, 45 ⁇ W1 ⁇ 65, 35 ⁇ W2 ⁇ 55; (3) in the first-cycle delithiation dQ/dV curve of the silicon-carbon material, there is a first delithiation peak in the range of 0.25V to 0.32V, and a second delithiation peak in the range of 0.35V to 0.45V, the peak intensity of the first delithiation peak is I 1 , the peak intensity of the second delithiation peak is I 2 , and 0.2 ⁇ I 1 /I 2 ⁇ 2.
  • the negative electrode material layer further comprises a carbon material, and the carbon material satisfies at least one of the following characteristics: (1) the carbon material comprises at least one of natural graphite, artificial graphite, or hard carbon; (2) the particle size Dv50 of the carbon material satisfies the following: 5 ⁇ m ⁇ Dv50 ⁇ 18 ⁇ m; (3) the specific surface area BET of the carbon material satisfies the following: 0.5 m 2 /g ⁇ BET ⁇ 3 m 2 /g; (4) in the Raman spectrum of the carbon material, there is a first characteristic peak with a peak intensity of ID in the range of 1300 cm -1 to 1400 cm -1 , a second characteristic peak with a peak intensity of IG in the range of 1550 cm -1 to 1650 cm -1 , and 0.1 ⁇ ID / IG ⁇ 0.4.
  • the negative electrode material layer further comprises a carbon material.
  • the carbon material has good electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity, which is conducive to the transmission of electrons and lithium ions. It can also buffer the volume expansion of the silicon material during the delithiation and insertion processes, and can further improve the dynamic performance and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • the ratio of the mass percentage of the carbon material to the mass percentage of the silicon-carbon material is 1 to 20.
  • the carbon material can improve the kinetic performance and cycle performance of the secondary battery, and the silicon-carbon material can improve the energy density of the secondary battery.
  • the secondary battery can have a higher energy density in addition to having good kinetic performance and cycle performance.
  • the electrode assembly further includes a positive electrode tab and a negative electrode tab.
  • the positive electrode plate includes a first hollow foil region and a positive electrode material layer region, with the positive electrode tab disposed in the first hollow foil region.
  • the negative electrode plate includes a second hollow foil region and a negative electrode material layer region, with the negative electrode tab disposed in the second hollow foil region.
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a first edge and a second edge facing each other along its width after expansion. From the first edge to the second edge, the negative electrode sheet is sequentially provided with a second hollow foil region and a negative electrode material layer region.
  • the negative electrode sheet is provided with the above-described structure, and the positive electrode sheet is also provided with the above-described structure.
  • the electrode assembly adopts a full-tab structure, allowing current to be transmitted through the hollow current collector. This maximizes the uniformity of the current density distribution in the sheet, reduces polarization of the secondary battery, and can further improve the dynamic performance and cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • the second aspect of the present application provides an electronic device, which includes the secondary battery according to any one of the aforementioned embodiments. Therefore, the electronic device provided by the present application has good dynamic performance and cycle performance, and also has a high energy density.
  • the present application provides a secondary battery and electronic device.
  • the secondary battery includes an electrode assembly, the electrode assembly including a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a separator.
  • the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode material layer disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode material layer includes a silicon-carbon material.
  • the silicon-carbon material includes a substrate, a silicon coating layer, and a carbon coating layer.
  • the substrate includes porous carbon and nano-silicon particles, the porous carbon has nano-silicon particles in its pores, and the silicon coating layer is disposed between the substrate and the carbon coating layer.
  • the silicon-carbon material meets the above-mentioned characteristics and can improve the kinetic performance and cycle performance of the secondary battery, while also enabling the secondary battery to have a higher energy density.
  • FIG1 is a schematic structural diagram of the silicon-carbon material of Comparative Example 1;
  • FIG2 is a schematic structural diagram of a silicon-carbon material according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG3 is a schematic structural diagram of a negative electrode sheet according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG4 is a schematic structural diagram of the negative electrode sheet of Example 1-17.
  • lithium-ion batteries are used as an example of secondary batteries to explain the present application, but the secondary batteries of the present application are not limited to lithium-ion batteries.
  • the present application provides a secondary battery, which includes an electrode assembly, the electrode assembly includes a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate and a separator, the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode collector and a negative electrode material layer provided on at least one surface of the negative electrode collector, the negative electrode material layer includes a silicon-carbon material, the silicon-carbon material includes a substrate, a silicon coating layer and a carbon coating layer, the substrate includes porous carbon and nano-silicon particles, the porous carbon has nano-silicon particles in its pores, and the silicon coating layer is provided between the substrate and the carbon coating layer.
  • the above-mentioned "negative electrode material layer provided on at least one surface of the negative electrode collector” means that the negative electrode material layer can be provided on one surface of the negative electrode collector along its own thickness direction, or on two surfaces of the negative electrode collector along its own thickness direction. It should be noted that the "surface” here can be the entire area of the negative electrode collector or a partial area of the negative electrode collector. This application is not particularly limited, as long as the purpose of this application can be achieved.
  • the silicon-carbon material 10 includes a substrate 11 and a carbon coating 12.
  • the substrate 11 includes porous carbon 111 and nano-silicon particles 112.
  • the carbon coating 12 is provided on the entire surface of the substrate 11.
  • pores are reserved to accommodate the expansion of the nano-silicon particles after lithium insertion.
  • lithium ions need to first penetrate the carbon coating and then diffuse through the pores to the nano-silicon particles, and then react with the nano-silicon particles to insert lithium. In the delithiation process, the opposite is true.
  • the lithium released from the Li-Si alloy is first transferred to the pores and then diffuses through the pores to the surface of the silicon-carbon material particles, and finally penetrates the carbon coating and diffuses into the electrolyte.
  • the delithiation and insertion kinetics of the silicon-carbon material will deteriorate.
  • the inventors have found that by optimizing the silane deposition process, a silicon coating layer is formed on the surface of the substrate. Due to the characteristics of the silane deposition reaction, the nano-silicon particles deposited in the porous carbon will grow outward along the pore wall, so the outer silicon coating layer will form a connection with the nano-silicon particles deposited in the pores. After that, a carbon coating treatment is performed to form a carbon coating layer on the surface of the silicon coating layer.
  • the structure of the prepared silicon-carbon material is shown in Figure 2.
  • the silicon-carbon material 10 includes a substrate 11, a silicon coating layer 13 and a carbon coating layer 12.
  • the substrate 11 includes porous carbon 111 and nano-silicon particles 112.
  • the nano-silicon particles 112 are arranged in the pores of the porous carbon 111, and the silicon coating layer 13 is arranged between the substrate 11 and the carbon coating layer 12.
  • lithium ions penetrate the outermost carbon coating layer and come into direct contact with the silicon coating layer, and a reaction occurs to insert lithium.
  • the lithium ions then continue to diffuse in the Li-Si alloy into the interior of the particles, causing the silicon material inside the particles to insert lithium.
  • the delithiation process is the opposite.
  • the lithium ions diffuse out through the Li-Si alloy and then penetrate the carbon coating layer to diffuse into the electrolyte.
  • lithium ions diffuse through the Li-Si alloy.
  • the secondary battery also has a higher energy density (ED).
  • the secondary battery is discharged at a rate of 10C at -20°C, and the difference between the initial discharge voltage E0 and the valley voltage E1 during the discharge process is ⁇ E, and 0.1V ⁇ E ⁇ 0.6V.
  • the value of ⁇ E can be 0.1, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18, 0.2, 0.22, 0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.3, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38, 0.4, 0.42, 0.44, 0.46, 0.48, 0.5, 0.52, 0.54, 0.56, 0.58, 0.6, or a range consisting of any two of the above values.
  • the mass percentage of silicon and carbon in the silicon-carbon material within the scope of this application, it is beneficial to form a silicon coating layer of moderate thickness on the surface of the substrate, so that the sub-outer silicon coating layer is more fully connected with the nano-silicon particles deposited in the pores, further improving the lithium ion transmission effect of the constructed channel, thereby improving the kinetic performance of the secondary battery, and at the same time, it can also increase the gram capacity and first efficiency of the silicon-carbon material, so that the secondary battery has a higher energy density.
  • v1 can be 2L/min to 6L/min.
  • the present application has no particular restrictions on the carbon source, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the carbon source can include but is not limited to acetylene, methane, ethylene or propane, and preferably, the carbon source can include acetylene.
  • the present application has no particular restrictions on the temperature T4 and time t4 of the surface passivation treatment process, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • T4 can be 400°C to 750°C
  • t4 can be 0.2h to 2h.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the method for regulating the mass percentage of carbon in the silicon-carbon material, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the thickness of the carbon coating layer can be regulated by regulating the carbon source introduction time, thereby regulating the mass percentage of carbon in the silicon-carbon material.
  • the carbon source ventilation rate remains unchanged, extending the carbon source introduction time increases the thickness of the carbon coating layer and increases the mass percentage of carbon in the silicon-carbon material; shortening the carbon source introduction time reduces the thickness of the carbon coating layer and reduces the mass percentage of carbon in the silicon-carbon material.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the method for regulating the value of I 1 /I 2 , as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the thickness of the silicon coating layer, and thus the value of I 1 /I 2 can be regulated by regulating the silicon source introduction time.
  • the silicon source ventilation rate remains unchanged, extending the silicon source introduction time increases the thickness of the silicon coating layer and decreases the value of I 1 /I 2 ; shortening the silicon source introduction time decreases the thickness of the silicon coating layer and increases the value of I 1 /I 2 .
  • the present application does not particularly limit the method for regulating the reversible capacity of the silicon-carbon material at 0.05°C, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the reversible capacity of the silicon-carbon material at 0.05°C can be regulated by regulating the mass percentage of silicon in the silicon-carbon material. For example, as the mass percentage of silicon increases, the reversible capacity increases; and as the mass percentage of silicon decreases, the reversible capacity decreases.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the method for regulating the particle size Dv50 and specific surface area of the carbon material, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the particle size Dv50 and specific surface area of the carbon material can be regulated by grinding the carbon material.
  • the grinding time is extended, the particle size Dv50 of the carbon material decreases, and the specific surface area of the carbon material increases; the grinding time is shortened, the particle size Dv50 of the carbon material increases, and the specific surface area of the carbon material decreases.
  • commercially available carbon materials with different particle sizes Dv50 can be selected, and the particle size Dv50 of the carbon material can be tested in combination with the test method of "Particle Size Test” in this application, and the carbon material with the required particle size Dv50 can be selected.
  • commercially available carbon materials with different specific surface areas can be selected, and the specific surface area of the carbon material can be tested in combination with the test method of "Specific Surface Area Test” in this application, and the carbon material with the required specific surface area can be selected.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the method for regulating the ID / IG value of the carbon material, as long as the objectives of the present application can be achieved.
  • the ID / IG value of the carbon material can be regulated by regulating the degree of graphitization of the carbon material. For example, as the degree of graphitization of the carbon material increases, the ID / IG value increases; and as the degree of graphitization of the carbon material decreases, the ID / IG value decreases.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the method for regulating the ratio of the mass percentage of the carbon material to the mass percentage of the silicon-carbon material, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the ratio of the mass percentage of the carbon material to the mass percentage of the silicon-carbon material can be regulated by regulating the mass percentage of the added carbon material and the mass percentage of the silicon-carbon material.
  • the present application has no particular restrictions on the negative electrode current collector, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • it may include copper foil, copper alloy foil, nickel foil, stainless steel foil, titanium foil, foam nickel, foam copper or a composite current collector (such as a lithium-copper composite current collector, a carbon-copper composite current collector, a nickel-copper composite current collector, a titanium-copper composite current collector, etc.).
  • the negative electrode material layer of the present application includes a negative electrode active material, which includes a silicon-carbon material and/or a carbon material.
  • the negative electrode material layer of the present application also includes a negative electrode conductive agent and a negative electrode binder.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the negative electrode conductive agent and negative electrode binder in the negative electrode material layer, as long as they can achieve the objectives of the present application.
  • the negative electrode conductive agent may include, but is not limited to, at least one of conductive carbon black, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fibers, flake graphite, graphene, a metal material, or a conductive polymer.
  • the conductive carbon black may include, but is not limited to, Super P, acetylene black, or Ketjen black.
  • the carbon nanotubes may include, but is not limited to, single-walled carbon nanotubes and/or multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
  • the carbon fibers may include, but are not limited to, vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF) and/or nanocarbon fibers.
  • the metal material may include, but is not limited to, metal powder and/or metal fibers. Specifically, the metal may include, but is not limited to, at least one of copper, nickel, aluminum, or silver.
  • the conductive polymer may include, but is not limited to, at least one of a polyphenylene derivative, polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene, or polypyrrole.
  • the negative electrode binder may include, but is not limited to, at least one of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate, polyimide, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polystyrene butadiene copolymer (styrene butadiene rubber, SBR), sodium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, lithium carboxymethyl cellulose, potassium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium hydroxymethyl cellulose, or potassium hydroxymethyl cellulose.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • SBR polystyrene butadiene copolymer
  • SBR polystyrene butadiene rubber
  • the present application does not particularly limit the thickness of the negative electrode current collector, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is 4 ⁇ m to 16 ⁇ m.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the thickness of the negative electrode material layer, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the thickness of the single-sided negative electrode material layer is 25 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m.
  • the negative electrode plate may further include a conductive layer, which is located between the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode material layer.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the composition of the conductive layer, and it can be a conductive layer commonly used in the art.
  • the conductive layer includes a conductive agent and a binder.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the conductive agent and binder in the conductive layer, and it can be at least one of the above-mentioned negative electrode conductive agent and the above-mentioned negative electrode binder.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the mass ratio of the conductive agent and binder in the conductive layer, and those skilled in the art can select according to actual needs, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the present application has no particular limitation on the positive electrode current collector, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • it may include aluminum foil, aluminum alloy foil or a composite current collector (such as an aluminum-carbon composite current collector).
  • the positive electrode material layer of the present application includes a positive electrode active material, which includes a substance that can reversibly insert and extract active ions such as lithium ions.
  • the positive electrode material layer can be one layer or multiple layers, and each layer of the multiple layers of positive electrode material layer can contain the same or different positive electrode active materials.
  • the present application has no particular restrictions on the positive electrode active material, as long as it can achieve the purpose of the present application.
  • the positive electrode active material can include but is not limited to at least one of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium-rich manganese-based materials, lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO2 ), lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron manganese phosphate, or lithium titanate.
  • the present application has no particular limitation on the positive electrode conductor and the positive electrode binder in the positive electrode material layer, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the positive electrode conductive agent may include at least one of the aforementioned negative electrode conductive agents;
  • the positive electrode binder may include at least one of the aforementioned negative electrode binders.
  • This application does not particularly limit the mass ratio of the positive electrode active material, positive electrode conductive agent, and positive electrode binder in the positive electrode material layer. Those skilled in the art may select the ratio based on actual needs, as long as the objectives of this application can be achieved.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the thickness of the positive electrode current collector, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the thickness of the positive electrode current collector is 6 ⁇ m to 16 ⁇ m.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the thickness of the positive electrode material layer, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the thickness of the single-sided positive electrode material layer is 25 ⁇ m to 120 ⁇ m.
  • the positive electrode sheet may further include a conductive layer, which is located between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode material layer.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the composition of the conductive layer, and it can be a conductive layer commonly used in the art.
  • the conductive layer includes a conductive agent and a binder.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the conductive agent and binder in the conductive layer, and it can be at least one of the above-mentioned positive electrode conductive agent and the above-mentioned positive electrode binder.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the mass ratio of the conductive agent and the binder in the conductive layer, and those skilled in the art can select according to actual needs, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the diaphragm is used to separate the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, prevent the internal short circuit of the secondary battery, allow the electrolyte ions to pass freely, and do not affect the electrochemical charge and discharge process.
  • the present application has no special restrictions on the diaphragm, as long as it can achieve the purpose of the present application.
  • the material of the diaphragm may include but is not limited to polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP)-based polyolefins (PO), polyesters (for example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film), cellulose, polyimide (PI), polyamide (PA), spandex or aramid;
  • the type of diaphragm may include at least one of a woven membrane, a non-woven membrane, a microporous membrane, a composite membrane, a rolled membrane or a spun membrane.
  • the separator may include a substrate and a surface treatment layer.
  • the substrate may be a non-woven fabric or a composite film having a porous structure, and the material of the substrate may include at least one of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, or polyimide.
  • a polypropylene porous film, a polyethylene porous film, a polypropylene non-woven fabric, a polyethylene non-woven fabric, or a polypropylene-polyethylene-polypropylene porous composite film may be used.
  • a surface treatment layer is provided on at least one surface of the substrate, and the surface treatment layer may be a polymer layer or an inorganic layer, or a layer formed by a mixed polymer and an inorganic material.
  • the inorganic layer includes inorganic particles and a separator binder.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the above-mentioned inorganic particles, and for example, it may include at least one of aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, hafnium dioxide, tin oxide, cerium dioxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, silicon carbide, boehmite, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, or barium sulfate.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the above-mentioned separator binder, and for example, it may be at least one of the aforementioned negative electrode binders.
  • the polymer layer includes a polymer, and the polymer material includes at least one of polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, acrylate polymer, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl ether, polyvinylidene fluoride, or poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene).
  • the present application does not particularly limit the thickness of the separator, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved. For example, the thickness of the separator can be 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
  • the secondary battery of the present application also includes an electrolyte.
  • the electrolyte includes a lithium salt.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the type of lithium salt, and lithium salts known in the art can be used.
  • the lithium salt can include but is not limited to at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate ( LiPF6 ), lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonyl imide (LiN( CF3SO2 ) 2 , LiTFSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Li(N( SO2F ) 2 ), LiFSI), lithium difluorophosphate ( LiPO2F2 ), lithium bisoxalatoborate (LiB( C2O4 ) 2 , LiBOB) or lithium difluorooxalatoborate ( LiBF2 ( C2O4 ), LiDFOB).
  • LiPF6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
  • LiN( CF3SO2 ) 2 Li
  • the present application does not particularly limit the mass percentage of the lithium salt in the electrolyte, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the electrolyte also includes a non-aqueous organic solvent.
  • the present application does not particularly limit the non-aqueous organic solvent, as long as the purpose of the present application can be achieved.
  • the nonaqueous organic solvent can be any of a carbonic acid ester, a carboxylic acid ester, an ether compound or any other organic solvent.
  • the carbonic acid ester can include but is not limited to at least one of linear carbonate compounds, cyclic carbonate compounds or fluorinated carbonate compounds.
  • the linear carbonate can include but is not limited to at least one of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), ethyl propyl carbonate (EPC) or ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC).
  • the cyclic carbonate can include but is not limited to at least one of ethylene carbonate (EC), vinylene carbonate, propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC) or vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC).
  • porous carbon particles are subjected to air flow pulverization and classification to obtain porous carbon with a particle size Dv50 of about 8 ⁇ m.
  • step (2) Surface passivation treatment: After the silane gas is introduced in step (1), nitrogen gas is continuously introduced and the temperature is raised to 530°C (T4) at a rate of 2°C/min. After holding the temperature for 30 min, acetylene gas is introduced at a gas flow rate of 1 L/min (V2), and the temperature is held for 1 h (T4). The mixture is then naturally cooled to obtain passivated silicon carbon with silicon grains having completed surface passivation distributed in the porous carbon.
  • the mass ratio of artificial graphite, silicon-carbon material, polyacrylic acid, lithium carboxymethyl cellulose, and carbon nanotubes is 87.2:10:2:0.4:0.4; based on the sum of the masses of artificial graphite and silicon-carbon material, the ratio of the mass percentage of carbon material to the mass percentage of silicon-carbon material (W Gr /W Si ) is 8.72; the particle size Dv50 of artificial graphite is 12 ⁇ m, the specific surface area BET is 1.26 m 2 /g, and the ID / IG is 0.32.
  • the negative electrode slurry prepared above was evenly coated onto one surface of a 6 ⁇ m-thick negative electrode current collector copper foil using an extrusion coater. Drying was performed at 90°C to obtain a single -sided negative electrode material layer coated with a coating mass of 100mg/1540.25mm2. The above steps were then repeated on the other surface of the copper foil to obtain a double-sided negative electrode material layer coated negative electrode sheet. After drying at 90°C, the sheet was cold-pressed and then stripped to obtain negative electrode sheets measuring 78mm x 875mm for future use. The compacted density of the negative electrode material layer after cold pressing was 1.65g/ cm3 .
  • the structure of the prepared negative electrode sheet is shown in Figure 3. Along the Y direction, from the first edge to the second edge, the negative electrode sheet is sequentially provided with a second hollow foil region and a negative electrode material layer region. The width of the second hollow foil region is 12mm.
  • Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (Ni91), PVDF, Super P, and carbon nanotubes were mixed in a mass ratio of 97.6:1.3:0.6:0.5, and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was added as a solvent to prepare a slurry with a solid content of 76 wt%. The mixture was then dispersed for 40 minutes and vacuum degassed to obtain the positive electrode slurry.
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • the prepared positive electrode slurry was evenly coated on one surface of a 13 ⁇ m-thick aluminum foil for the positive electrode current collector and dried at 90°C to produce a single -sided positive electrode sheet coated with a positive electrode material layer weighing 245mg/1540.25mm2. The above steps were then repeated on the other surface of the aluminum foil to produce a double-sided positive electrode sheet. After drying at 90°C, the sheet was cold-pressed and then slit into strips, yielding positive electrode sheets measuring 74mm x 867mm for later use. The compacted density of the positive electrode material layer after cold pressing was 3.60g/ cm3 .
  • the structure of the prepared positive electrode sheet was identical to that of the negative electrode sheet shown in Figure 3. Along the width of the unfolded positive electrode sheet, the sheet had opposing third and fourth edges. From the third to the fourth edge, the sheet consisted of a first hollow foil region and a positive electrode material layer region. The width of the first hollow foil region was 15mm.
  • PVDF and alumina were mixed in a 9:1 mass ratio, and NMP was added as a solvent to prepare a slurry with a solid content of 12 wt%. The mixture was then stirred to obtain an inorganic layer slurry. The inorganic layer slurry was evenly coated on one surface of a 7 ⁇ m thick PP film substrate. After drying, a separator with a single-sided inorganic layer coated with a thickness of 2 ⁇ m was obtained.
  • the prepared positive electrode sheet, separator, negative electrode sheet, and separator are stacked in order, with the separator positioned between the positive and negative electrode sheets to act as a barrier.
  • the electrode assembly is then wound to form an electrode.
  • the uncoated foil area on the end of the electrode assembly is flattened, welded to a current collector, and then placed in a case.
  • the battery is then dried in an 85°C vacuum oven for 12 hours to remove moisture.
  • the prepared electrolyte is then injected, and the battery undergoes vacuum packaging, standing, formation, capacity testing, and high-temperature aging to produce a lithium-ion battery.
  • the electrode assembly utilizes a full-tab structure.
  • Example 1-2 Except for adjusting the relevant preparation parameters according to Table 1, the rest is the same as Example 1-2.
  • Example 1-9 Except for adjusting the relevant preparation parameters according to Table 1, the rest is the same as Example 1-9.
  • the structure of the negative electrode sheet in the electrode assembly is shown in FIG4 , where the negative electrode sheet 100 includes a negative electrode material layer region 120 and a negative electrode ear 121 , and the structure of the positive electrode sheet in the electrode assembly is the same as that shown in FIG4 , where the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode material layer and a positive electrode ear.
  • Example 1-9 Except for adjusting the relevant preparation parameters according to Table 1, the rest is the same as Example 1-9.
  • the reduction in the thickness of the surface silicon coating leads to an increase in the I 1 /I 2 value, and the kinetic properties of the silicon-carbon material are also slightly deteriorated, resulting in an increase in the ⁇ E and 25°C 10C discharge temperature rise of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the cycling performance is also slightly deteriorated due to the increase in polarization of the lithium-ion battery.
  • Example 1-9 by retaining an empty current collector without a material layer during coating and converting the empty current collector into a full-tab structure through a flattening process after winding, current can be transmitted through the empty current collector, which can further improve the uniformity of the current density distribution in the pole piece, reduce the polarization of the lithium-ion battery, and improve the dynamic performance and cycle performance of the lithium-ion battery.
  • the silane introduction time is further shortened to control the absence of a silicon coating on the surface of the material.
  • lithium ions can only diffuse into the interior of the particles through the pores after passing through the carbon coating, resulting in poor kinetic performance of the lithium-ion battery.

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Abstract

本申请提供了一种二次电池及电子装置,二次电池包括电极组件,电极组件包括负极极片、正极极片和隔膜,负极极片包括负极集流体以及设置在负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层,负极材料层包括硅碳材料,硅碳材料包括基体、硅包覆层以及碳包覆层,基体包括多孔碳和纳米硅颗粒,多孔碳的孔隙中具有纳米硅颗粒,硅包覆层设置在基体与碳包覆层之间。硅碳材料满足上述特征,能够提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能,同时还使二次电池具有较高的能量密度。

Description

一种二次电池及电子装置
本申请要求于2024年3月29日提交中国专利局、申请号为202410381093.0发明名称为“一种二次电池及电子装置”的中国专利申请的优先权,其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电化学技术领域,特别是涉及一种二次电池及电子装置。
背景技术
随着二次电池的广泛使用,人们对其循环性能和动力学性能的需求日益增长。
其中,硅材料因为具有较高的理论比容量,其应用研究备受瞩目。但是硅材料在嵌锂过程中会产生约300%的体积膨胀,会导致固态电解质界面膜(SEI膜)破裂形成新的界面,电解液持续与硅材料发生副反应消耗电解液;还会导致硅材料粉化破碎,形成更庞大的界面,加剧电解液消耗,影响锂离子电池的循环性能。同时硅材料的电子导电性较差,还会影响锂离子电池的动力学性能。
发明内容
本申请的目的在于提供一种二次电池及电子装置,能够提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能,同时还使二次电池具有较高的能量密度。具体技术方案如下:
本申请的第一方面提供了一种二次电池,其包括电极组件,电极组件包括负极极片、正极极片和隔膜,负极极片包括负极集流体以及设置在负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层,负极材料层包括硅碳材料,硅碳材料包括基体、硅包覆层以及碳包覆层,基体包括多孔碳和纳米硅颗粒,多孔碳的孔隙中具有纳米硅颗粒,硅包覆层设置在基体与碳包覆层之间。硅碳材料满足上述特征,能够提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能,同时还使二次电池具有较高的能量密度。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,二次电池在-20℃条件下以10C倍率进行放电,放电初始电压E0与放电过程中的波谷电压E1的差值为ΔE,0.1V≤ΔE≤0.6V。采用本申请的硅碳材料,通过硅材料在颗粒表面与颗粒内部构建一个快速的锂离子传输通道,可以进一步提高硅碳材料的动力学性能,将硅碳材料应用于二次电池中,二次电池在-20℃条件下以10C倍率进行放电,放电初始电压E0与放电过程中的波谷电压E1的差值ΔE在本申请范围内,说明二次电池具有较好的动力学性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,硅包覆层的厚度为H1nm,碳包覆层的厚度为H2nm,1≤H1≤100,5≤H2≤100。硅包覆层用于构建外层碳包覆层与内层纳米硅颗粒的快速的锂离子传输通道,当硅包覆层的厚度在本申请范围内,能够使次外层的硅包覆层与孔隙内沉积的纳米硅颗粒连接更为充分,使构建的通道的锂离子传输的效果较好;硅包覆层具有合适的厚度,还有利于锂离子向颗粒内部传输,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能。当碳包覆层的厚度在本申请范围内,碳包覆层具有合适的厚度,能够提供较好的电子导电性,还能够一定程度减少电解液与硅包覆层的接触,减少副反应的发生,改善二次电池的循环性能;同时还有利于锂离子和电子向颗粒内部传输,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,基于硅碳材料的质量,硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量为W1%,硅碳材料中碳元素的质量百分含量为W2%,40≤W1≤70,30≤W2≤60。通过调控硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量和碳元素的质量百分含量在本申请范围内,有利于在基体表面形成厚度适中的硅包覆层,使次外层的硅包覆层与孔隙内沉积的纳米硅颗粒连接更为充分,进一步提高构建的通道的锂离子传输效果,从而提高二次电池的动力学性能,同时还能够提高硅碳材料的克容量和首效,使二次电池具有较高的能量密度。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,硅碳材料的首圈脱锂dQ/dV曲线中,在0.25V至0.32V范围内存在第一脱锂峰,在0.35V至0.45V范围内存在第二脱锂峰,第一脱锂峰的峰强为I1,第二脱锂峰的峰强为I2,0.1≤I1/I2≤3。I1/I2的值能够反映硅包覆层的厚度,当I1/I2的值在本申请范围内,硅包覆层具有合适的厚度,使次外层的硅包覆层与孔隙内沉积的纳米硅颗粒连接更为充分,进一步提高构建的通道的锂离子传输效果;还有利于锂离子向颗粒内部传输,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,硅碳材料在0.05C下的可逆容量为D0mAh/g,1500≤D0≤2500。硅材料具有较高的比容量,本申请的硅碳材料在0.05C下的可逆容量在本申请范围内,硅碳材料具有较高的可逆容量,从而二次电池具有较高的能量密度。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,硅碳材料满足以下特征中至少一者:(1)硅包覆层的厚度为H1nm,碳包覆层的厚度为H2nm,3≤H1≤80,10≤H2≤50;(2)基于硅碳材料的质量,硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量为W1%,硅碳材料中碳元素的质量百分含量为W2%,45≤W1≤65,35≤W2≤55;(3)硅碳材料的首圈脱锂dQ/dV曲线中,在0.25V至0.32V范围内存在第一脱锂峰,在0.35V至0.45V范围内存在第二脱锂峰,第一脱锂峰的峰强为I1,第二脱锂峰的峰强为I2,0.2≤I1/I2≤2。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,负极材料层还包括碳材料,碳材料满足以下特征中至少一者:(1)碳材料包括天然石墨、人造石墨或硬碳中的至少一种;(2)碳材料的粒径Dv50满足:5μm≤Dv50≤18μm;(3)碳材料的比表面积BET满足:0.5m2/g≤BET≤3m2/g;(4)在碳材料的拉曼光谱图中,在1300cm-1至1400cm-1范围内有峰强为ID的第一特征峰,在1550cm-1至1650cm-1范围内有峰强为IG的第二特征峰,0.1<ID/IG<0.4。负极材料层还包括碳材料,碳材料的电子导电性和离子导电性较好,有利于电子和锂离子传输,还可以缓冲硅材料在脱锂、嵌锂过程中的体积膨胀,能够进一步提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,基于碳材料和硅碳材料的质量之和,碳材料的质量百分含量与硅碳材料的质量百分含量的比值为1至20。碳材料能够提高二次电池的动力学性能和循环性能,硅碳材料能够提高二次电池的能量密度,通过调控碳材料的质量百分含量与硅碳材料的质量百分含量的比值在本申请范围内,能够使二次电池在具有较好的动力学性能和循环性能的基础上,还具有较高的能量密度。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,电极组件还包括正极极耳和负极极耳,正极极片包括第一空箔区和正极材料层区域,正极极耳设置在第一空箔区,负极极片包括第二空箔区和负极材料层区域,负极极耳设置在第二空箔区。电极组件的结构如上设置,电流可以通过空集流体进行传输,最大程度提高极片中电流密度分布的均匀性,减小二次电池的极化,能够进一步提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能。
在本申请的一种实施方案中,沿负极极片展开后的宽度方向,负极极片包括相对的第一边缘和第二边缘,从第一边缘到第二边缘,负极极片依次设置有第二空箔区和负极材料层区域。负极极片设置上述结构,同时正极极片也设置上述结构,电极组件采用全极耳结构,电流可以通过空集流体进行传输,最大程度提高极片中电流密度分布的均匀性,减小二次电池的极化,能够进一步提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能。
本申请的第二方面提供了一种电子装置,其包括前述任一实施方案中的二次电池。因此,本申请提供的电子装置具有良好的动力学性能和循环性能,还具有较高的能量密度。
本申请的有益效果:
本申请提供了一种二次电池及电子装置,二次电池包括电极组件,电极组件包括负极极片、正极极片和隔膜,负极极片包括负极集流体以及设置在负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层,负极材料层包括硅碳材料,硅碳材料包括基体、硅包覆层以及碳包覆层,基体包括多孔碳和纳米硅颗粒,多孔碳的孔隙中具有纳米硅颗粒,硅包覆层设置在基体与碳包覆层之间。硅碳材料满足上述特征,能够提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能,同时还使二次电池具有较高的能量密度。
当然,实施本申请的任一产品或方法并不一定需要同时达到以上的所有优点。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的实施例。
图1为对比例1的硅碳材料的结构示意图;
图2为本申请的一种实施方案的硅碳材料的结构示意图;
图3为本申请的一种实施方案的负极极片的结构示意图;
图4为实施例1-17的负极极片的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本申请实施例中的附图,对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本申请一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。本领域技术人员基于本申请所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本申请保护的范围。
需要说明的是,本申请的具体实施方式中,以锂离子电池作为二次电池的例子来解释本申请,但是本申请的二次电池并不仅限于锂离子电池。
本申请提供了一种二次电池,其包括电极组件,电极组件包括负极极片、正极极片和隔膜,负极极片包括负极集流体以及设置在负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层,负极材料层包括硅碳材料,硅碳材料包括基体、硅包覆层以及碳包覆层,基体包括多孔碳和纳米硅颗粒,多孔碳的孔隙中具有纳米硅颗粒,硅包覆层设置在基体与碳包覆层之间。上述“设置在负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层”是指负极材料层可以设置在负极集流体沿自身厚度方向上的一个表面上,也可以设置在负极集流体沿自身厚度方向上的两个表面上。需要说明,这里的“表面”可以是负极集流体的全部区域,也可以是负极集流体的部分区域,本申请没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。
现有的硅碳材料通常采用如图1所示的结构,硅碳材料10包括基体11和碳包覆层12,基体11包括多孔碳111和纳米硅颗粒112,碳包覆层12设置在基体11的全部表面。在上述硅碳材料中,通过预留孔隙容纳纳米硅颗粒嵌锂后的膨胀,但是由于孔隙的存在,锂离子需要先穿透碳包覆层后通过孔隙向纳米硅颗粒扩散,而后与纳米硅颗粒发生反应进行嵌锂;脱锂过程中则相反,Li-Si合金中脱出的锂先转移到孔隙中而后再通过孔隙向硅碳材料颗粒表面扩散,最终穿透碳包覆层后扩散进电解液中。在上述脱锂、嵌锂过程中,由于锂离子在孔隙中的传输速度相对较慢,会导致硅碳材料的脱锂、嵌锂动力学性能变差。
发明人研究发现,通过优化硅烷沉积工艺,在基体表面形成硅包覆层,由于硅烷沉积反应的特性,沉积在多孔碳中的纳米硅颗粒会沿着孔壁向外生长,因此外层的硅包覆层与孔隙内沉积的纳米硅颗粒会形成连接,之后再进行碳包覆处理,在硅包覆层表面形成碳包覆层,制备得到的硅碳材料的结构如图2所示,硅碳材料10包括基体11、硅包覆层13以及碳包覆层12,基体11包括多孔碳111和纳米硅颗粒112,纳米硅颗粒112设置在多孔碳111的孔隙中,硅包覆层13设置在基体11与碳包覆层12之间。在嵌锂过程中,锂离子穿透最外层碳包覆层后与硅包覆层直接接触,即可发生反应进行嵌锂,而后锂离子继续在Li-Si合金中扩散进入颗粒内部,使得颗粒内部的硅材料进行嵌锂;脱锂过程则与此相反,锂离子通过Li-Si合金扩散脱出,而后穿透碳包覆层扩散进入电解液中。本申请的硅碳材料中,在脱锂、嵌锂过程中,锂离子通过Li-Si合金进行扩散,相较于现有的通过孔隙结构进行扩散,可以进一步提高锂离子在颗粒内部的扩散速度,提高硅碳材料的脱锂、嵌锂动力学,能够提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能,同时二次电池还具有较高的能量密度(ED)。
本申请的一种实施方案中,二次电池在-20℃条件下以10C倍率进行放电,放电初始电压E0与放电过程中的波谷电压E1的差值为ΔE,0.1V≤ΔE≤0.6V。示例性地,ΔE的值可以为0.1、0.12、0.14、0.16、0.18、0.2、0.22、0.24、0.26、0.28、0.3、0.32、0.34、0.36、0.38、0.4、0.42、0.44、0.46、0.48、0.5、0.52、0.54、0.56、0.58、0.6或为上述任意两个数值组成的范围。将二次电池置于-20℃环境中,以10C倍率进行放电时,在放电初始存在放电初始电压E0,二次电池继续放电,电压持续降低,但是由于此时二次电池的阻抗较大,在对外放电的同时也会产生大量的热量,使二次电池的温度升高,进而降低二次电池由于低温造成的阻抗,使得二次电池极化减小,电压出现升高,此类二次电池电压先减小后升高的过程反映在二次电池的放电曲线中即表现为一个电压波谷,存在波谷电压E1,其放电初始电压E0与放电过程中的波谷电压E1差值即为ΔE。ΔE能够反映材料的动力学性能,材料的动力学性能越好,ΔE越小。采用本申请的硅碳材料,通过硅材料在颗粒表面与颗粒内部构建一个快速的锂离子传输通道,可以进一步提高硅碳材料的动力学性能,将硅碳材料应用于二次电池中,二次电池在-20℃条件下以10C倍率进行放电,放电初始电压E0与放电过程中的波谷电压E1的差值ΔE在本申请范围内,说明二次电池具有较好的动力学性能。在本申请中,低温是指温度低于-20℃。
本申请的一种实施方案中,硅包覆层的厚度为H1nm,碳包覆层的厚度为H2nm,1≤H1≤100,优选地,3≤H1≤80,示例性地,H1的值可以为1、3、5、7、9、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80、85、90、95、100或为上述任意两个数值组成的范围。5≤H2≤100,优选地,10≤H2≤50,示例性地,H2的值可以为5、7、9、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80、85、90、95、100或为上述任意两个数值组成的范围。硅包覆层用于构建外层碳包覆层与内层纳米硅颗粒的快速的锂离子传输通道,当硅包覆层的厚度在本申请范围内,能够使次外层的硅包覆层与孔隙内沉积的纳米硅颗粒连接更为充分,使构建的通道的锂离子传输的效果较好;硅包覆层具有合适的厚度,还有利于锂离子向颗粒内部传输,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能。当碳包覆层的厚度在本申请范围内,碳包覆层具有合适的厚度,能够提供较好的电子导电性,还能够一定程度减少电解液与硅包覆层的接触,减少副反应的发生,改善二次电池的循环性能;同时还有利于锂离子和电子向颗粒内部传输,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能。
本申请的一种实施方案中,基于硅碳材料的质量,硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量为W1%,硅碳材料中碳元素的质量百分含量为W2%,40≤W1≤70,优选地,45≤W1≤65,示例性地,W1的值可以为40、43、45、47、49、50、53、55、57、59、60、63、65、67、69、70或为上述任意两个数值组成的范围。30≤W2≤60,优选地,35≤W2≤55,示例性地,W2的值可以为30、33、35、37、39、40、43、45、47、49、50、53、55、57、59、60或为上述任意两个数值组成的范围。通过调控硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量和碳元素的质量百分含量在本申请范围内,有利于在基体表面形成厚度适中的硅包覆层,使次外层的硅包覆层与孔隙内沉积的纳米硅颗粒连接更为充分,进一步提高构建的通道的锂离子传输效果,从而提高二次电池的动力学性能,同时还能够提高硅碳材料的克容量和首效,使二次电池具有较高的能量密度。
本申请的一种实施方案中,硅碳材料的首圈脱锂dQ/dV曲线中,在0.25V至0.32V范围内存在第一脱锂峰,在0.35V至0.45V范围内存在第二脱锂峰,第一脱锂峰的峰强为I1,第二脱锂峰的峰强为I2,0.1≤I1/I2≤3,优选地,0.2≤I1/I2≤2。示例性地,I1/I2的值可以为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9、1、1.3、1.5、1.7、1.9、2、2.3、2.5、2.7、2.9、3或为上述任意两个数值组成的范围。在本申请中,以硅碳材料的首圈放电比容量为横坐标,电压为纵坐标,得到硅碳材料的首圈放电曲线,硅碳材料的首圈放电比容量即为首圈脱锂比容量,然后以首圈脱锂比容量Q对电压V求一阶导,再对电压V作图,得到差分容量曲线,即dQ/dV曲线。I1/I2的值能够反映硅包覆层的厚度,当I1/I2的值在本申请范围内,硅包覆层具有合适的厚度,使次外层的硅包覆层与孔隙内沉积的纳米硅颗粒连接更为充分,进一步提高构建的通道的锂离子传输效果;还有利于锂离子向颗粒内部传输,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能。
本申请的一种实施方案中,硅碳材料在0.05C下的可逆容量为D0mAh/g,1500≤D0≤2500。示例性地,D0的值可以为1500、1600、1700、1800、1900、2000、2100、2200、2300、2400、2500或为上述任意两个数值组成的范围。硅材料具有较高的比容量,本申请的硅碳材料在0.05C下的可逆容量在本申请范围内,硅碳材料具有较高的可逆容量,从而二次电池具有较高的能量密度。
本申请的一种实施方案中,负极材料层还包括碳材料,碳材料的电子导电性和离子导电性较好,有利于电子和锂离子传输,还可以缓冲硅材料在脱锂、嵌锂过程中的体积膨胀,能够进一步提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能。
本申请的一种实施方案中,碳材料包括天然石墨、人造石墨或硬碳中的至少一种。选用上述碳材料,碳材料的电子导电性和离子导电性较好,有利于电子和锂离子传输,能够进一步提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能。
本申请的一种实施方案中,碳材料的粒径Dv50满足:5μm≤Dv50≤18μm。示例性地,Dv50的值可以为5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18或为上述任意两个数值组成的范围。通过调控碳材料的粒径Dv50在本申请范围内,碳材料的粒径相对较小,能够缩短锂离子的传输路径,提高碳材料的动力学性能,从而进一步提高二次电池的动力学性能。
在本申请中,Dv50表示在材料的体积基准的粒度分布中,从小粒径测起,到达体积累积50%的粒径。
本申请的一种实施方案中,碳材料的比表面积BET满足:0.5m2/g≤BET≤3m2/g。示例性地,BET的值可以为0.5、0.7、0.9、1、1.1、1.3、1.5、1.7、1.9、2、2.1、2.3、2.5、2.7、2.9、3或为上述任意两个数值组成的范围。通过调控碳材料的比表面积在本申请范围内,能够使碳材料具有合适的比表面积和粒径,能够缩短锂离子的传输路径,提高碳材料的动力学性能,从而进一步提高二次电池的动力学性能。
本申请的一种实施方案中,在碳材料的拉曼光谱图中,在1300cm-1至1400cm-1范围内有峰强为ID的第一特征峰,在1550cm-1至1650cm-1范围内有峰强为IG的第二特征峰,0.1<ID/IG<0.4。示例性地,ID/IG的值可以为0.11、0.13、0.15、0.17、0.19、0.2、0.21、0.23、0.25、0.27、0.29、0.3、0.31、0.33、0.35、0.37、0.39或为上述任意两个数值组成的范围。碳材料的拉曼光谱图中,ID/IG的值在本申请范围内,ID/IG的值相对较小,碳材料的动力学性能较好,能够使二次电池具有较好的动力学性能。
本申请的一种实施方案中,基于碳材料和硅碳材料的质量之和,碳材料的质量百分含量与硅碳材料的质量百分含量的比值(WGr/WSi)为1至20。示例性地,WGr/WSi的值可以为1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20或为上述任意两个数值组成的范围。碳材料能够提高二次电池的动力学性能和循环性能,硅碳材料能够提高二次电池的能量密度,通过调控碳材料的质量百分含量与硅碳材料的质量百分含量的比值在本申请范围内,能够使二次电池在具有较好的动力学性能和循环性能的基础上,还具有较高的能量密度。
本申请的一种实施方案中,电极组件还包括正极极耳和负极极耳,正极极片包括第一空箔区和正极材料层区域,正极极耳设置在第一空箔区,负极极片包括第二空箔区和负极材料层区域,负极极耳设置在第二空箔区。为了方便理解,以负极极片展开后的宽度方向为Y方向、以负极极片展开后的长度方向为X方向建立二维直角坐标系。可以理解的是,第二空箔区沿Y方向的尺寸为第二空箔区的宽度。如图3所示,负极极片100包括第二空箔区110和负极材料层区域120,负极极耳设置在第二空箔区110。上述“负极极耳设置在第二空箔区”是指通过在涂布时保留未涂覆材料层的空集流体,并在卷绕后通过揉平工艺将空集流体变为全极耳结构,也即第二空箔区整个区域即为负极极耳。可以理解的是,正极极片与负极极片结构相同,正极极片包括第一空箔区和正极材料层区域,正极极耳设置在第一空箔区。电极组件的结构如上设置,电流可以通过空集流体进行传输,最大程度提高极片中电流密度分布的均匀性,减小二次电池的极化,能够进一步提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能。在本申请中,第二空箔区110的宽度w1为5mm至20mm。
本申请的一种实施方案中,如图3所示,沿负极极片100展开后的宽度方向,即Y方向,负极极片100包括相对的第一边缘101和第二边缘102,从第一边缘101到第二边缘102,负极极片100依次设置有第二空箔区110和负极材料层区域120。负极极片设置上述结构,同时正极极片也设置上述结构,电极组件采用全极耳结构,电流可以通过空集流体进行传输,最大程度提高极片中电流密度分布的均匀性,减小二次电池的极化,能够进一步提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能。
本申请的一种实施方案中,沿正极极片展开后的宽度方向,正极极片包括相对的第三边缘和第四边缘,从第三边缘到第四边缘,正极极片依次设置有第一空箔区和正极材料层区域。正极极片设置上述结构,同时负极极片也设置上述结构,电极组件采用全极耳结构,电流可以通过空集流体进行传输,最大程度提高极片中电流密度分布的均匀性,减小二次电池的极化,能够进一步提高二次电池的动力学性能以及循环性能。
本申请对多孔碳的制备方法没有特别限制,示例性地,多孔碳的制备方法可以包括但不限于以下步骤:将碳原料在惰性气氛下进行碳化处理,之后冷却、破碎,得到碳质颗粒;将上述碳质颗粒置于回转炉中,通入CO2气体,进行活化造孔处理,之后冷却,得到多孔碳颗粒;将上述多孔碳颗粒进行气流粉碎、分级,得到多孔碳。本申请对碳原料没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,碳原料可以包括但不限于酚醛树脂或椰壳。本申请对惰性气氛没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,惰性气氛可以包括氮气气氛或氩气气氛。本申请对碳化处理的温度T1和时间t1没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,T1可以为700℃至1100℃,t1可以为4h至8h。本申请对碳质颗粒的粒径Dv50没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,碳质颗粒的粒径Dv50可以小于80μm。本申请对活化造孔处理的温度T2和时间t2没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,T2可以为650℃至1200℃,t2可以为4h至8h。本申请对多孔碳的粒径Dv50没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,多孔碳的粒径Dv50可以小于9μm。
本申请对硅碳材料的制备方法没有特别限制,示例性地,硅碳材料的制备方法可以包括但不限于以下步骤:将上述制备的多孔碳置于流化床式化学气相沉积炉中,在惰性气氛下升温、保温,再通入硅源进行硅晶粒气相沉积,得到表面沉积硅的多孔碳;之后停止通入硅源,继续通入惰性气体并升温、保温,再通入碳源进行表面钝化处理,得到钝化硅碳;将上述钝化硅碳置于回转炉中,在惰性气氛下升温、保温,再通入碳源进行表面包覆处理,然后自然冷却至室温、过筛,得到所需硅碳材料。本申请对硅源没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,硅源可以包括但不限于硅烷(SiH4)、乙硅烷(Si2H6)或三氯硅烷(SiHCl3),优选地,硅源可以包括硅烷。本申请对硅晶粒气相沉积过程的温度T3和时间t3没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,T3可以为400℃至600℃,t3可以为3h至9h。本申请对通入硅源的气体流速v1没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,v1可以为2L/min至6L/min。本申请对碳源没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,碳源可以包括但不限于乙炔、甲烷、乙烯或丙烷,优选地,碳源可以包括乙炔。本申请对表面钝化处理过程的温度T4和时间t4没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,T4可以为400℃至750℃,t4可以为0.2h至2h。本申请对表面钝化处理过程中通入碳源的气体流速v2没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,v2可以为0.5L/min至3L/min。本申请对表面包覆处理过程的温度T5和时间t5没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,T5可以为420℃至800℃,t5可以为1h至6h。本申请对表面包覆处理过程中通入碳源的气体流速v3没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。例如,v3可以为1L/min至4L/min。
本申请对硅包覆层的厚度的调控方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。示例性地,可以通过调控硅源通入时间来调控硅包覆层的厚度。例如,当硅源通气速率不变时,延长硅源通入时间,硅包覆层的厚度增大;缩短硅源通入时间,硅包覆层的厚度减小。
本申请对碳包覆层的厚度的调控方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。示例性地,可以通过调控碳源通入时间来调控碳包覆层的厚度。例如,当碳源通气速率不变时,延长碳源通入时间,碳包覆层的厚度增大;缩短碳源通入时间,碳包覆层的厚度减小。
本申请对硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量的调控方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。示例性地,可以通过调控硅源通入时间来调控硅包覆层的厚度,进而调控硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量。例如,当硅源通气速率不变时,延长硅源通入时间,硅包覆层的厚度增大,硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量增大;缩短硅源通入时间,硅包覆层的厚度减小,硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量减小。
本申请对硅碳材料中碳元素的质量百分含量的调控方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。示例性地,可以通过调控碳源通入时间来调控碳包覆层的厚度,进而调控硅碳材料中碳元素的质量百分含量。例如,当碳源通气速率不变时,延长碳源通入时间,碳包覆层的厚度增大,硅碳材料中碳元素的质量百分含量增大;缩短碳源通入时间,碳包覆层的厚度减小,硅碳材料中碳元素的质量百分含量减小。
本申请对I1/I2的值的调控方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。示例性地,可以通过调控硅源通入时间来调控硅包覆层的厚度,进而调控I1/I2的值。例如,当硅源通气速率不变时,延长硅源通入时间,硅包覆层的厚度增大,I1/I2的值减小;缩短硅源通入时间,硅包覆层的厚度减小,I1/I2的值增大。
本申请对硅碳材料在0.05C下的可逆容量的调控方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。示例性地,可以通过调控硅碳材料的中硅元素的质量百分含量来调控硅碳材料在0.05C下的可逆容量。例如,硅元素的质量百分含量增大,可逆容量增大;硅元素的质量百分含量减小,可逆容量减小。
本申请对碳材料的粒径Dv50、比表面积的调控方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。示例性地,可以通过对碳材料进行研磨来调控碳材料的粒径Dv50、比表面积。例如,当其他条件不变时,延长研磨时间,碳材料的粒径Dv50减小,碳材料的比表面积增大;缩短研磨时间,碳材料的粒径Dv50增大,碳材料的比表面积减小。示例性地,可以选择粒径Dv50不同的市售的碳材料,并结合本申请中“粒径测试”的测试方法测试碳材料的粒径Dv50,并选择所需粒径Dv50的碳材料。示例性地,可以选择比表面积不同的市售的碳材料,并结合本申请中“比表面积测试”的测试方法测试碳材料的比表面积,并选择所需比表面积的碳材料。
本申请对碳材料的ID/IG的值的调控方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。示例性地,可以通过调控碳材料的石墨化度来调控碳材料的ID/IG的值。例如,碳材料的石墨化度升高,ID/IG的值增大;碳材料的石墨化度减小,ID/IG的值减小。
本申请对碳材料的质量百分含量与硅碳材料的质量百分含量的比值的调控方式没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,可以通过调控加入的碳材料的质量百分含量和硅碳材料的质量百分含量来调控碳材料的质量百分含量与硅碳材料的质量百分含量的比值。
本申请对负极集流体没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可,例如,可以包含铜箔、铜合金箔、镍箔、不锈钢箔、钛箔、泡沫镍、泡沫铜或复合集流体(例如锂铜复合集流体、碳铜复合集流体、镍铜复合集流体、钛铜复合集流体等)等。
本申请的负极材料层包括负极活性材料,负极活性材料包括硅碳材料和/或碳材料。本申请的负极材料层还包括负极导电剂和负极粘结剂,本申请对负极材料层中的负极导电剂和负极粘结剂没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可。例如,负极导电剂可以包括但不限于导电炭黑、碳纳米管(CNTs)、碳纤维、鳞片石墨、石墨烯、金属材料或导电聚合物中的至少一种。上述导电炭黑可以包括但不限于Super P、乙炔黑或科琴黑。上述碳纳米管可以包括但不限于单壁碳纳米管和/或多壁碳纳米管。上述碳纤维可以包括但不限于气相生长碳纤维(VGCF)和/或纳米碳纤维。上述金属材料可以包括但不限于金属粉和/或金属纤维,具体地,金属可以包括但不限于铜、镍、铝或银中的至少一种。上述导电聚合物可以包括但不限于聚亚苯基衍生物、聚苯胺、聚噻吩、聚乙炔或聚吡咯中的至少一种。负极粘结剂可以包括但不限于聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸酯、聚酰亚胺、聚酰胺、聚酰胺酰亚胺、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚苯乙烯丁二烯共聚物(丁苯橡胶,SBR)、海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇、聚四氟乙烯、聚丙烯腈、羧甲基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素锂、羧甲基纤维素钾、羟甲基纤维素钠或羟甲基纤维素钾中的至少一种。本申请对负极材料层中负极活性材料、负极导电剂、负极粘结剂的质量比没有特别限制,本领域技术人员可以根据实际需要选择,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可。
本申请对负极集流体的厚度没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可,例如,负极集流体的厚度为4μm至16μm。本申请对负极材料层的厚度没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可,例如,单面负极材料层的厚度为25μm至150μm。
任选地,负极极片还可以包含导电层,导电层位于负极集流体和负极材料层之间。本申请对导电层的组成没有特别限制,可以是本领域常用的导电层。导电层包括导电剂和粘结剂。本申请对导电层中的导电剂和粘结剂没有特别限制,可以是上述负极导电剂和上述负极粘结剂中的至少一种。本申请对导电层中的导电剂和粘结剂的质量比没有特别限制,本领域技术人员可以根据实际需要选择,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可。
在本申请中,正极极片包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面上的正极材料层。上述“设置在正极集流体至少一个表面上的正极材料层”是指正极材料层可以设置在正极集流体沿自身厚度方向上的一个表面上,也可以设置在正极集流体沿自身厚度方向上的两个表面上。需要说明,这里的“表面”可以是正极集流体的全部区域,也可以是正极集流体的部分区域,本申请没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。
本申请对正极集流体没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可,例如,可以包含铝箔、铝合金箔或复合集流体(例如铝碳复合集流体)等。
本申请的正极材料层包括正极活性材料,正极活性材料包括能够可逆地嵌入和脱出活性离子如锂离子的物质。正极材料层可以是一层或多层,多层正极材料层中的每层可以包含相同或不同的正极活性材料。本申请对正极活性材料没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可,例如,正极活性材料可以包括但不限于镍钴锰酸锂、镍钴铝酸锂、磷酸铁锂、富锂锰基材料、钴酸锂(LiCoO2)、锰酸锂、磷酸锰铁锂或钛酸锂中的至少一种。上述镍钴锰酸锂可以包括LiNi0.95Co0.03Mn0.02O2(Ni95)、LiNi0.91Co0.03Mn0.06O2(Ni91)、LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811)、LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2(NCM622)、LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2(NCM523)或LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2(NCM111)中的至少一种。本申请的正极材料层还包括正极导电剂和正极粘结剂,本申请对正极材料层中的正极导电剂和正极粘结剂没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可。例如,正极导电剂可以包括上述负极导电剂中的至少一种;正极粘结剂可以包括上述负极粘结剂中的至少一种。本申请对正极材料层中正极活性材料、正极导电剂、正极粘结剂的质量比没有特别限制,本领域技术人员可以根据实际需要选择,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可。
本申请对正极集流体的厚度没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可,例如,正极集流体的厚度为6μm至16μm。本申请对正极材料层的厚度没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可,例如,单面正极材料层的厚度为25μm至120μm。
任选地,正极极片还可以包含导电层,导电层位于正极集流体和正极材料层之间。本申请对导电层的组成没有特别限制,可以是本领域常用的导电层。导电层包括导电剂和粘结剂。本申请对导电层中的导电剂和粘结剂没有特别限制,可以是上述正极导电剂和上述正极粘结剂中的至少一种。本申请对导电层中的导电剂和粘结剂的质量比没有特别限制,本领域技术人员可以根据实际需要选择,只要能够实现本申请的目的即可。
在本申请中,隔膜用来分隔正极极片和负极极片,防止二次电池内部短路,允许电解质离子自由通过,且不影响电化学充放电过程的进行。本申请对隔膜没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,隔膜的材料可以包括但不限于聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)为主的聚烯烃(PO)类、聚酯(例如,聚对苯二甲酸二乙酯(PET)膜)、纤维素、聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚酰胺(PA)、氨纶或芳纶中的至少一种;隔膜的类型可以包括织造膜、非织造膜、微孔膜、复合膜、碾压膜或纺丝膜中的至少一种。
在本申请中,隔膜可以包括基材和表面处理层。基材可以为具有多孔结构的无纺布或复合膜,基材的材料可以包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯或聚酰亚胺中的至少一种。任选地,可以使用聚丙烯多孔膜、聚乙烯多孔膜、聚丙烯无纺布、聚乙烯无纺布或聚丙烯-聚乙烯-聚丙烯多孔复合膜。任选地,基材的至少一个表面上设置有表面处理层,表面处理层可以是聚合物层或无机物层,也可以是混合聚合物与无机物所形成的层。例如,无机物层包括无机颗粒和隔膜用粘结剂,本申请对上述无机颗粒没有特别限制,例如可以包括氧化铝、氧化硅、氧化镁、氧化钛、二氧化铪、氧化锡、二氧化铈、氧化镍、氧化锌、氧化钙、氧化锆、氧化钇、碳化硅、勃姆石、氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁、氢氧化钙或硫酸钡中的至少一种。本申请对上述隔膜用粘结剂没有特别限制,例如可以是前述负极粘结剂中的至少一种。聚合物层中包含聚合物,聚合物的材料包括聚酰胺、聚丙烯腈、丙烯酸酯聚合物、聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醚、聚偏二氟乙烯或聚(偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯)中的至少一种。本申请对隔膜的厚度没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可,例如,隔膜的厚度可以为5μm至20μm。
本申请的二次电池还包括电解液。电解液包括锂盐。本申请对锂盐的种类没有特别限制,可以采用本领域已知的锂盐,示例性地,锂盐可以包括但不限于六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)、双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂(LiN(CF3SO2)2,LiTFSI)、双(氟磺酰)亚胺锂(Li(N(SO2F)2),LiFSI)、二氟磷酸锂(LiPO2F2)、双草酸硼酸锂(LiB(C2O4)2,LiBOB)或二氟草酸硼酸锂(LiBF2(C2O4),LiDFOB)中的至少一种。本申请对锂盐在电解液中的质量百分含量没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。电解液还包括非水有机溶剂。本申请对非水有机溶剂没有特别限制,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,非水有机溶剂可以包含碳酸酯化合物、羧酸酯化合物、醚化合物或其它有机溶剂中的至少一种。上述碳酸酯化合物可以包括但不限于链状碳酸酯化合物、环状碳酸酯化合物或氟代碳酸酯化合物中的至少一种。上述链状碳酸酯化合物可以包括但不限于碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二丙酯(DPC)、碳酸甲丙酯(MPC)、碳酸乙丙酯(EPC)或碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)中的至少一种。上述环状碳酸酯化合物可以包括但不限于碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、碳酸亚丁酯(BC)或碳酸乙烯基亚乙酯(VEC)中的至少一种。上述氟代碳酸酯化合物可以包括但不限于氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、碳酸1,2-二氟亚乙酯、碳酸1,1-二氟亚乙酯、碳酸1,1,2-三氟亚乙酯、碳酸1,1,2,2-四氟亚乙酯、碳酸1-氟-2-甲基亚乙酯、碳酸1-氟-1-甲基亚乙酯、碳酸1,2-二氟-1-甲基亚乙酯、碳酸1,1,2-三氟-2-甲基亚乙酯或碳酸三氟甲基亚乙酯中的至少一种。上述羧酸酯化合物可以包括但不限于甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸正丙酯、乙酸叔丁酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯或丙酸丙酯中的至少一种。上述醚化合物可以包括但不限于二丁醚、四甘醇二甲醚、二甘醇二甲醚、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、乙氧基甲氧基乙烷、2-甲基四氢呋喃或四氢呋喃中的至少一种。上述其它有机溶剂可以包括但不限于二甲亚砜、1,2-二氧戊环、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、乙腈、磷酸三甲酯、磷酸三乙酯、磷酸三辛酯或磷酸酯中的至少一种。本申请对非水有机溶剂在电解液中的质量百分含量没有特别限制,只要能实现本申请的目的即可。
本申请的二次电池还包括包装袋,用于容纳电极组件和电解液,以及二次电池中本领域已知的其它部件,本申请对上述其它部件不做限定。本申请对包装袋没有特别限制,可以为本领域公知的包装袋,只要能够实现本申请目的即可。例如,可采用铝塑膜包装袋。
本申请对二次电池的种类没有特别限制,其可以包括发生电化学反应的任何装置。在本申请中,二次电池可以包括但不限于:锂金属二次电池、锂离子二次电池(锂离子电池)、锂聚合物二次电池或锂离子聚合物二次电池(锂离子聚合物电池)等。本申请对锂离子二次电池没有特别限制,例如,锂离子二次电池可以为软包电池、方形钢壳电池或圆柱钢壳电池,优选地,锂离子二次电池可以为圆柱钢壳电池。
本申请的二次电池的制备过程为本领域技术人员所熟知的,本申请没有特别的限制,例如,可以包括但不限于以下步骤:将正极极片、隔膜和负极极片按顺序堆叠,并根据需要将其卷绕、折叠等操作得到卷绕结构的电极组件,将电极组件放入包装袋内,将电解液注入包装袋并封口,得到二次电池。此外,也可以根据需要将防过电流元件、导板等置于包装袋中,从而防止二次电池内部的压力上升、过充放电。
本申请的第二方面提供了一种电子装置,其包括前述任一实施方案中的二次电池。因此,本申请提供的电子装置具有良好的动力学性能和循环性能,还具有较高的能量密度。
本申请对电子装置的种类没有特别限定,其可以是用于现有技术中已知的任何电子装置。在一些实施例中,电子装置可以包括但不限于笔记本电脑、笔输入型计算机、移动电脑、电子书播放器、便携式电话、便携式传真机、便携式复印机、便携式打印机、头戴式立体声耳机、录像机、液晶电视、手提式清洁器、便携CD机、迷你光盘、收发机、电子记事本、计算器、存储卡、便携式录音机、收音机、备用电源、电机、汽车、摩托车、助力自行车、自行车、照明器具、玩具、游戏机、钟表、电动工具、闪光灯、照相机、家庭用大型蓄电池和锂离子电容器等。
实施例
以下,举出实施例及对比例来对本申请的实施方式进行更具体地说明。各种的试验及评价按照下述的方法进行。另外,只要无特别说明,“份”、“%”为质量基准。
测试方法和设备:
ΔE测试:
将锂离子电池在-20℃条件下以10C倍率放电至2.0V,在放电初始存在放电初始电压E0,电压持续降低,随后,电压出现升高,锂离子电池电压先减小后升高的过程反映在锂离子电池的放电曲线中即表现为一个电压波谷,存在波谷电压E1,其放电初始电压E0与放电过程中的波谷电压E1差值即为ΔE。
在本申请中,材料的动力学性能越好,ΔE越小。
硅包覆层、碳包覆层的厚度测试:
借助聚焦离子束(FIB)对硅碳材料进行切片,再通过高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM,型号为JEM-F200),观察在放大倍数为500000倍条件下的硅碳材料的硅包覆层、碳包覆层的厚度。
硅碳材料中元素的质量百分含量测试:
通过元素分析仪,将硅碳材料于马弗炉中加热至500℃后加入浓硝酸进行消解,稀释后使用元素分析仪测试硅元素的质量百分含量,硅碳材料中碳元素的质量百分含量=100%-硅元素的质量百分含量。
可逆容量测试:
采用本申请中的硅碳材料作为负极活性材料,Super P作为导电剂,聚丙烯酸作为粘结剂。负极活性材料、Super P、聚丙烯酸的质量比为80:10:10。将负极活性材料、Super P、聚丙烯酸、去离子水充分混合,得到固含量为35wt%的负极浆料,将负极浆料均匀涂覆在铜箔上烘干得到负极极片。将负极极片裁切成直径为14mm的小圆片,使用直径为16mm的锂片作为对电极,使用实施例1-1中的隔膜和电解液,组装成扣式电池进行测试。扣式电池在25℃恒温12h,以0.05C恒流放电至5.0mV,静置5min,再以10μA恒流放电至5.0mV,静置5min,再以5μA恒流放电至5.0mV;以0.05C恒流充电至2.0V,记录此时扣式电池的充电比容量,记为0.05C下的可逆容量D0。
粒径测试:
使用马尔文粒度测试仪(型号为MasterSizer 2000)对碳材料的粒径进行测量。在50mL洁净烧杯中加入0.02g碳材料,加入20mL分散剂乙醇,在120W超声清洗机中超声30min,使碳材料完全分散于乙醇中,得到样品分散液。使用马尔文粒度测试仪对上述样品分散液进行测试,得到碳材料的粒径Dv50。
比表面积测试:
按照国家标准《气体吸附BET法测定固态物质比表面积》(GB/T 19587-2017),使用比表面积分析仪(型号为TristarⅡ3020M),通过氮吸附法对碳材料进行比表面积测试。
拉曼光谱测试:
利用激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪(型号为HR Evolution,HORIBA科学仪器事业部)测试碳材料的拉曼光谱,碳材料在1350cm-1处的峰强为ID,在1580cm-1处的峰强为IG。碳材料的ID/IG的值采取如下方法得到:取所得的碳材料,测试100个点,得到100个对应的ID/IG的值,计算得到的100个ID/IG的值的平均值,即为碳材料的ID/IG的值。
放电温升测试:
在锂离子电池表面贴上感温线后,将其在25℃条件下静置30min后,以10C倍率放电至2.5V,记录放电过程中的温度变化曲线,记录放电初始温度T0与最高温度Tmax,放电温升=Tmax-T0。
在本申请中,材料的动力学性能越好,25℃条件下以10C倍率放电的温升越小。
循环性能测试:
在25℃的条件下,将锂离子电池以1.2C恒流充电至4.25V,4.25V恒压充电至电流为0.02C,静置5min后,再用8C恒流放电至2.5V,此时为首圈循环,记录放电容量。按照上述过程使锂离子电池进行充放电循环,循环至300圈(cls)时,停止测试,计算容量保持率,作为评价锂离子电池循环性能的指标。
循环300cls容量保持率(%)=(循环300cls后的放电容量/首圈放电容量)×100%。
实施例1-1
<多孔碳的制备>
(1)将酚醛树脂在氮气保护气氛下进行碳化处理,待冷却后取出,将碳化后的块体破碎成粒径Dv50为70μm的碳质颗粒;其中,碳化处理的温度T1为900℃,碳化处理的时间t1为6h;
(2)将上述碳质颗粒置于回转炉中,通入CO2气体,进行活化造孔处理,待冷却后取出,得到多孔碳颗粒;其中,活化造孔处理的温度T2为850℃,活化造孔处理的时间t2为6h;
(3)将上述多孔碳颗粒进行气流粉碎、分级,得到粒径Dv50为8μm左右的多孔碳。
<硅碳材料的制备>
(1)硅晶粒气相沉积:取1kg上述多孔碳置于流化床式化学气相沉积炉中,在氮气气氛保护下以5℃/min的速率升温至T3为490℃,保温30min后,以v1为3L/min的气体流速通入硅烷气体,持续通气并保温t3为5h,得到表面沉积硅的多孔碳;
(2)表面钝化处理:上述步骤(1)中结束通入硅烷气体后,继续通入氮气并以2℃/min的速率升温至T4为530℃,保温30min后,以v2为1L/min的气体流速通入乙炔气体,保温t4为1h,之后自然冷却,得到完成表面钝化的硅晶粒分布于多孔碳中的钝化硅碳;
(3)表面包覆处理:将上述钝化硅碳置于回转炉中,在氮气保护气氛下以8℃/min的速率升温至T5为530℃,保温30min后,以v3为2L/min的气体流速通入乙炔气体,保温t5为3h,然后停止通入乙炔气体并停止加热,自然冷却至室温后取出,经过筛后即可得到所需的硅碳材料。
<负极极片的制备>
将人造石墨、硅碳材料、羧甲基纤维素锂、碳纳米管均匀混合后加入50wt%(基于加入的聚丙烯酸的总质量)聚丙烯酸和去离子水,调配成固含量为62wt%的浆料,然后捏合90min;再加入剩余50wt%聚丙烯酸和去离子水,调配成固含量为50wt%的浆料,然后分散30min;再加入去离子水,调配成固含量为42wt%的浆料,继续分散40min,而后真空脱泡30min,得到负极浆料。其中,人造石墨、硅碳材料、聚丙烯酸、羧甲基纤维素锂、碳纳米管的质量比为87.2:10:2:0.4:0.4;基于人造石墨和硅碳材料的质量之和,碳材料的质量百分含量与硅碳材料的质量百分含量的比值(WGr/WSi)为8.72;人造石墨的粒径Dv50为12μm、比表面积BET为1.26m2/g、ID/IG为0.32。
将上述制得的负极浆料使用挤压式涂布机均匀涂覆于厚度为6μm的负极集流体铜箔的一个表面上,90℃条件下烘干,得到涂层质量为100mg/1540.25mm2的单面涂布负极材料层的负极极片,然后在铜箔的另一个表面上重复以上步骤,即得到双面涂布负极材料层的负极极片。90℃条件下烘干后冷压,再经分条,得到规格为78mm×875mm的负极极片待用。其中,冷压后负极材料层的压实密度为1.65g/cm3。制备的负极极片的结构如图3所示,沿Y方向,从第一边缘到第二边缘,负极极片依次设置有第二空箔区和负极材料层区域,第二空箔区的宽度为12mm。
<正极极片的制备>
将镍钴锰酸锂(Ni91)、PVDF、Super P、碳纳米管按照质量比97.6:1.3:0.6:0.5进行混合,加入N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)作为溶剂,调配成为固含量为76wt%的浆料,然后分散40min,经真空脱泡后得到正极浆料。
将上述制得的正极浆料均匀涂覆于厚度为13μm的正极集流体铝箔的一个表面上,90℃条件下烘干,得到涂层质量为245mg/1540.25mm2的单面涂布正极材料层的正极极片,然后在铝箔的另一个表面上重复以上步骤,即得到双面涂布正极材料层的正极极片。90℃条件下烘干后冷压,再经分条,得到规格为74mm×867mm的正极极片待用。其中,冷压后正极材料层的压实密度为3.60g/cm3。制备的正极极片的结构与图3所示的负极极片的结构相同,沿正极极片展开后的宽度方向,正极极片包括相对的第三边缘和第四边缘,从第三边缘到第四边缘,正极极片依次设置有第一空箔区和正极材料层区域,第一空箔区的宽度为15mm。
<电解液的制备>
在含水量小于10ppm的氩气气氛手套箱中,将DMC、DEC、EC按照质量比为1:1:1混合得到基础有机溶剂,然后向基础有机溶剂中加入锂盐LiPF6,溶解并混合均匀,再加入碳酸亚乙烯酯,得到电解液。其中,基于电解液的质量,锂盐的质量百分含量为12.5%,碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量百分含量为2%,余量为基础有机溶剂。
<隔膜>
将PVDF和氧化铝按照质量比9:1进行混合,加入NMP作为溶剂,调配成固含量为12wt%的浆料,并搅拌均匀,得到无机物层浆料。将无机物层浆料均匀涂覆在厚度为7μm的基材PP膜的一个表面上,烘干后得到单面涂布厚度为2μm的无机物层的隔膜。
<锂离子电池的制备>
将上述制备的正极极片、隔膜、负极极片、隔膜按顺序叠好,使隔膜处于正极极片和负极极片中间起到隔离的作用,然后卷绕得到电极组件,将电极组件端面预留未涂布的空箔区进行揉平工艺后焊接集流盘、入壳,放置在85℃真空烘箱中干燥12h脱去水分,注入上述配好的电解液,经过真空封装、静置、化成、容量、高温老化工序得到锂离子电池。其中,电极组件采用全极耳结构。
实施例1-2至实施例1-7
除了按照表1调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-1相同。
实施例1-8至实施例1-10
除了按照表1调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-2相同。
实施例1-11
除了在<负极极片的制备>中,调整人造石墨、硅碳材料、聚丙烯酸、羧甲基纤维素锂、碳纳米管的质量比为76.2:20:2.4:0.6:0.8以外,其余与实施例1-9相同。
实施例1-12
除了在<负极极片的制备>中,调整人造石墨、硅碳材料、聚丙烯酸、羧甲基纤维素锂、碳纳米管的质量比为92.4:5:1.8:0.4:0.4以外,其余与实施例1-9相同。
实施例1-13至实施例1-16
除了按照表1调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-9相同。
实施例1-17
除了在<锂离子电池的制备>中电极组件采用双极耳结构,电极组件中的负极极片的结构如图4所示,负极极片100包括负极材料层区域120和负极极耳121,电极组件中的正极极片的结构与图4所示的结构相同,正极极片包括正极材料层和正极极耳以外,其余与
实施例1-9相同。
对比例1
除了按照表1调整相关制备参数以外,其余与实施例1-9相同。
对比例2
除了在<硅碳材料的制备>中不进行表面包覆处理以外,其余与实施例1-9相同。
各实施例和对比例的制备参数、材料性能参数和电性能参数如表1至表2所示。
表1

注:表1中,“/”表示无相关制备参数。
表2

注:表2中,“/”表示无相关制备参数。
参见表1和表2,由实施例1-1至实施例1-17和对比例1至对比例2可知,当硅碳材料满足上述特征,锂离子电池的能量密度较高、ΔE更小、25℃10C放电温升更小、循环300cls容量保持率更高,说明本申请的锂离子电池具有较好的动力学性能以及循环性能,同时还具有较高的能量密度。
由实施例1-1至实施例1-5可知,主要变更参数为硅烷通入时间,在相同硅烷通气速率下,硅烷通入时间越长,向多孔碳中引入的硅亦越多,但是多孔碳的孔容固定,在内部孔隙沉积完成后继续向其中通入硅烷时会导致硅烷在颗粒表面分解,进而在颗粒表面形成不同厚度的包覆层,通常硅烷通入时间越长,表面形成的硅包覆层亦越厚,沉积后硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量亦越高,同样的,由于硅碳材料中发挥脱锂、嵌锂活性的主要为活性硅,因此硅碳材料的可逆容量也随着硅元素的质量百分含量的提升而增加。硅碳材料的首圈脱锂dQ/dV曲线中存在0.25V至0.32V间的第一脱锂峰与0.35V至0.45V间的第二脱锂峰,其中第二脱锂峰的强度与硅碳材料中的硅晶粒的大小密切相关,由于本申请中采用的多孔碳中的孔隙结构平均孔径<2nm,因此硅碳材料的硅晶粒的大小主要与硅碳材料表面的硅包覆层的厚度直接相关,硅包覆层越厚,对应的硅碳材料的晶化程度也越高,dQ/dV曲线中的第二脱锂峰的峰强也会越强,对应的第一脱锂峰与第二脱锂峰的峰强比I1/I2亦越小,对应到本申请中即为,硅烷通入时间越长,I1/I2越小。由于实施例1至实施例1-5中,负极极片的制备过程中,人造石墨与硅碳材料按照87.2:10的固定比例加入,因此当硅碳材料的可逆容量越高,对应的负极极片的可逆容量亦越高,相应的锂离子电池的能量密度也越高。实施例1-1至实施例1-3中,随着硅包覆层的厚度增大,ΔE与25℃10C放电温升均降低,锂离子电池的动力学性能变好;实施例1-3与实施例1-2相比,硅包覆层厚度大幅增加,同时硅含量增加,而硅含量增加会导致膨胀较大,且与电解液的副反应增多,导致循环性能相对较差。实施例1-4中,硅烷通入时间较短,硅包覆层的厚度较小,会导致硅材料在颗粒表面与颗粒内部构建的传输通道的锂离子传输效果相对较差,因而锂离子电池的动力学性能较差,锂离子电池极化较大,因而其循环性能也相对较差。实施例1-5中,硅烷通入时间较长,硅包覆层的厚度较大,导致锂离子穿梭较困难,进而导致动力学性能较差,并且硅含量相对较高,其电子导电性也较差,导致锂离子电池的循环性能也相对较差。硅碳材料的制备参数在本申请范围内,硅包覆层的厚度在本申请范围内,锂离子电池具有较好的动力学性能以及循环性能,同时还具有较高的能量密度。
由实施例1-1、实施例1-6、实施例1-7可知,当增大硅烷通气速率、缩短硅烷通入时间时,这一反应条件下硅烷更易在材料表面进行沉积,因此其表面硅包覆层更厚,同时也会造成硅烷利用率变低,导致硅碳材料中的硅元素的质量百分含量降低,可逆容量亦降低,但由于表面硅包覆层厚度更厚,I1/I2的值变小,由于其可逆容量降低,最终锂离子电池的实际能量密度亦降低,但由于硅包覆层的合理增厚,其动力学性能会变好,ΔE与25℃10C放电温升均有所降低。同时由于动力学性能的改善,循环过程中的锂离子电池极化变小,可改善负极对电解液的消耗,使得锂离子电池的循环性能轻微改善。相反的,当减小硅烷通气速率、延长硅烷通入时间后,硅烷更多地在多孔碳内部孔隙中吸附、沉积,使得颗粒表面的硅包覆层厚度减小,但硅烷的利用率会有轻微提升,导致硅碳材料中的硅元素的质量百分含量与硅碳材料的可逆容量有一定的提升,锂离子电池的能量密度也会有轻微的提高。同时,表面硅包覆层厚度减小会导致I1/I2的值增大,硅碳材料的动力学性能亦轻微变差,导致锂离子电池的ΔE与25℃10C放电温升均有升高,循环性能也会因为锂离子电池极化的增大而轻微变差。
由实施例1-2、实施例1-8至实施例1-10可知,变更参数为乙炔通入时间,即碳包覆层的包覆时间,随着包覆时间的延长,碳包覆层的厚度也会增大。实施例1-8与实施例1-2、实施例1-9相比,由于包覆时间延长,导致碳包覆层厚度增大,导致硅碳材料中的碳元素的质量百分含量增加,硅元素的质量百分含量降低,硅碳材料的可逆容量和锂离子电池的能量密度降低。同时,由于碳包覆层厚度更厚,锂离子穿过碳包覆层的难度增大,导致硅碳材料的动力学性能变差,ΔE、25℃10C放电温升均增大,循环性能变差。实施例1-10与实施例1-2、实施例1-9相比,由于包覆时间进一步缩短,导致硅碳材料的导电性变差,负极极片中的电子传输受到阻碍,进而导致锂离子电池的动力学性能变差,ΔE、25℃10C放电温升均增大,同时由于碳包覆层变薄后,其对电解液的消耗会增加,导致锂离子电池的循环性能变差。
由实施例1-9、实施例1-11、实施例1-12可知,主要变更负极极片中的硅添加量。当硅添加量提升时,负极极片中人造石墨与硅碳材料的质量百分含量的比值减小,锂离子电池的能量密度提高,但是由于硅含量增加,导致负极极片的电子传输与锂离子扩散都会受到一定的阻碍,锂离子电池的动力学性能变差,ΔE和25℃10C放电温升都会增大,更多的硅也会加剧负极对电解液的消耗,导致锂离子电池的循环性能变差。减少硅添加量则相反,锂离子电池的能量密度降低,但动力学性能和循环性能都有一定的提升。
由实施例1-9、实施例1-13至实施例1-16可知,主要变化人造石墨的性能指标。实施例1-13中,人造石墨的粒径与ID/IG均较大,导致其动力学性能较差,循环性能也会相应地变差。而实施例1-15同时减小人造石墨的粒径和ID/IG,其动力学性能和循环性能最好。而实施例1-9和实施例1-16中,碳材料的粒径不变,实施例1-16的碳材料的比表面积相对较大,ID/IG稍小一些,实施例1-16的动力学性能稍好一些,但由于比表面积大导致活性位点较多,副反应增多,会导致锂离子电池的循环性能较差。而实施例1-9和实施例1-14中,碳材料的粒径不变,实施例1-14的ID/IG较小,其动力学性能相对较好,循环性能也相对较好。
实施例1-17与实施例1-9相比,实施例1-17采用双极耳结构,这一类结构中,锂离子电池进行放电时,电子只能通过两个极耳向电极移动,导致极耳附近的电流密度较大,极片中的电流密度分布均匀性较差,负极极片中含有硅材料,导致负极极片的膜片电阻稍大,因此电流密度分布越集中,锂离子电池的极化亦越大,导致ΔE变大,循环性能亦变差。而实施例1-9中,通过在涂布时保留未涂覆材料层的空集流体,并在卷绕后通过揉平工艺将空集流体变为全极耳结构,电流可以通过空集流体进行传输,能够进一步提高极片中电流密度分布的均匀性,减小锂离子电池的极化,锂离子电池的动力学性能和循环性能较好。
对比例1通过进一步缩短硅烷通入时间,控制材料表面无硅包覆层,此时锂离子穿过碳包覆层后只能通过孔隙向颗粒内部扩散,从而锂离子电池的动力学性能较差。
对比例2的材料无碳包覆层,导致材料的导电子能力较差,进而造成锂离子电池的阻抗较大,动力学性能较差,循环过程中硅直接与电解液接触,也会造成电解液的快速消耗,造成锂离子电池的循环性能较差。
需要说明的是,在本文中,诸如第一和第二等之类的关系术语仅仅用来将一个实体或者操作与另一个实体或操作区分开来,而不一定要求或者暗示这些实体或操作之间存在任何这种实际的关系或者顺序。而且,术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含,从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法或物品不仅包括那些要素,而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素,或者是还包括为这种过程、方法或物品所固有的要素。
本说明书中的各个实施例均采用相关的方式描述,各个实施例之间相同相似的部分互相参见即可,每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处。
以上所述仅为本申请的较佳实施例,并不用以限制本申请,凡在本申请的精神和原则之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本申请保护的范围之内。

Claims (12)

  1. 一种二次电池,其包括电极组件,所述电极组件包括负极极片、正极极片和隔膜,所述负极极片包括负极集流体以及设置在负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极材料层,所述负极材料层包括硅碳材料,所述硅碳材料包括基体、硅包覆层以及碳包覆层,所述基体包括多孔碳和纳米硅颗粒,所述多孔碳的孔隙中具有所述纳米硅颗粒,所述硅包覆层设置在所述基体与所述碳包覆层之间。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的二次电池,其中,所述二次电池在-20℃条件下以10C倍率进行放电,放电初始电压E0与放电过程中的波谷电压E1的差值为ΔE,0.1V≤ΔE≤0.6V。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的二次电池,其中,所述硅包覆层的厚度为H1nm,所述碳包覆层的厚度为H2nm,1≤H1≤100,5≤H2≤100。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的二次电池,其中,基于所述硅碳材料的质量,所述硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量为W1%,所述硅碳材料中碳元素的质量百分含量为W2%,40≤W1≤70,30≤W2≤60。
  5. 根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的二次电池,其中,所述硅碳材料的首圈脱锂dQ/dV曲线中,在0.25V至0.32V范围内存在第一脱锂峰,在0.35V至0.45V范围内存在第二脱锂峰,所述第一脱锂峰的峰强为I1,所述第二脱锂峰的峰强为I2,0.1≤I1/I2≤3。
  6. 根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的二次电池,其中,所述硅碳材料在0.05C下的可逆容量为D0 mAh/g,1500≤D0≤2500。
  7. 根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的二次电池,其中,所述硅碳材料满足以下特征中至少一者:
    (1)所述硅包覆层的厚度为H1nm,所述碳包覆层的厚度为H2nm,3≤H1≤80,10≤H2≤50;
    (2)基于所述硅碳材料的质量,所述硅碳材料中硅元素的质量百分含量为W1%,所述硅碳材料中碳元素的质量百分含量为W2%,45≤W1≤65,35≤W2≤55;
    (3)所述硅碳材料的首圈脱锂dQ/dV曲线中,在0.25V至0.32V范围内存在第一脱锂峰,在0.35V至0.45V范围内存在第二脱锂峰,所述第一脱锂峰的峰强为I1,所述第二脱锂峰的峰强为I2,0.2≤I1/I2≤2。
  8. 根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的二次电池,其中,所述负极材料层还包括碳材料,所述碳材料满足以下特征中至少一者:
    (1)所述碳材料包括天然石墨、人造石墨或硬碳中的至少一种;
    (2)所述碳材料的粒径Dv50满足:5μm≤Dv50≤18μm;
    (3)所述碳材料的比表面积BET满足:0.5m2/g≤BET≤3m2/g;
    (4)在所述碳材料的拉曼光谱图中,在1300cm-1至1400cm-1范围内有峰强为ID的第一特征峰,在1550cm-1至1650cm-1范围内有峰强为IG的第二特征峰,0.1<ID/IG<0.4。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的二次电池,其中,基于所述碳材料和所述硅碳材料的质量之和,所述碳材料的质量百分含量与所述硅碳材料的质量百分含量的比值为1至20。
  10. 根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的二次电池,其中,所述电极组件还包括正极极耳和负极极耳,所述正极极片包括第一空箔区和正极材料层区域,所述正极极耳设置在所述第一空箔区,所述负极极片包括第二空箔区和负极材料层区域,所述负极极耳设置在所述第二空箔区。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的二次电池,其中,沿所述负极极片展开后的宽度方向,所述负极极片包括相对的第一边缘和第二边缘,从所述第一边缘到所述第二边缘,所述负极极片依次设置有所述第二空箔区和所述负极材料层区域。
  12. 一种电子装置,其包括权利要求1至11中任一项所述的二次电池。
PCT/CN2025/077321 2024-03-29 2025-02-14 一种二次电池及电子装置 Pending WO2025200846A1 (zh)

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CN119275266A (zh) * 2024-09-27 2025-01-07 贝特瑞新材料集团股份有限公司 负极材料及二次电池
CN120709351B (zh) * 2025-08-27 2025-11-21 清陶(昆山)能源发展集团股份有限公司 负极极片、固态电池、用电装置

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