Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H02N11/00—Generators or motors not provided for elsewhere; Alleged perpetua mobilia obtained by electric or magnetic means
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10N15/00—Thermoelectric devices without a junction of dissimilar materials; Thermomagnetic devices, e.g. using the Nernst-Ettingshausen effect

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a thermoelectric device.
• thermoelectric conversion devices In order to make energy use more efficient, there is a need for the practical application of thermoelectric conversion devices that can generate electricity from waste heat or the environment.
• a thermoelectric conversion device applies a temperature gradient to the thermoelectric material inside the device by bringing the contact surface of the device into contact with a heat source, and outputs the electromotive force generated in the thermoelectric material from the output terminals of the device.
• thermoelectric conversion devices There are two types of conventional thermoelectric conversion devices: vertical thermoelectric conversion devices, in which the temperature gradient applied to the thermoelectric material and the electromotive force generated in the thermoelectric material are in the same direction (parallel), and horizontal thermoelectric conversion devices, in which the temperature gradient applied to the thermoelectric material and the electromotive force generated in the thermoelectric material are perpendicular.
• Patent Document 1 discloses a thermoelectric device constructed by stacking inclined laminates, in which metal layers and thermoelectric material layers are stacked at an angle, in the thickness direction (stacking direction) of the device.
• the temperature gradient is perpendicular to the stacking surface, and the interface between the metal layer and the thermoelectric material layer is inclined from the stacking direction.
• the thermoelectric device is constructed by alternately stacking inclined laminates with opposite inclination directions and electrically connecting them in series.
• Patent Document 2 discloses a thermoelectric conversion element in which a magnetic field is applied to a thermoelectric conversion material with a large Nernst effect to improve the Seebeck coefficient.
• p-type and n-type thermoelectric conversion material layers are alternately stacked in the x direction with a permanent magnet in between.
• the permanent magnet applies a magnetic field in the x direction to each thermoelectric conversion material layer.
• Each thermoelectric material layer is provided with electrodes on both sides in the x direction and at positions separated in the z direction, i.e., on the high-temperature side and the low-temperature side, and the p-type high-temperature side electrode and the n-type low-temperature side electrode are connected to each other to form a series circuit.
• thermoelectric conversion element If the two electrodes are provided at the same temperature, only the Nernst effect is observed, but by providing the two electrodes at positions separated in the z direction, i.e., on the high-temperature side and the low-temperature side, the Seebeck coefficient can also be improved by the action of the magnetic field. The same is true for the thermoelectric conversion element described in Patent Document 3.
• thermoelectric conversion device in Patent Document 1 is a horizontal type that generates an electromotive force in a direction perpendicular to the temperature gradient, and in the thermoelectric conversion devices in Patent Documents 2 and 3, the electromotive force generated when the electrodes are separated in the y direction is due to the Nernst effect, so it can be said to be horizontal thermoelectric conversion, but the electromotive force generated when the electrodes are separated in the z direction is due to the Seebeck effect, even though it is enhanced by the magnetic field, and is therefore vertical thermoelectric conversion.
• thermoelectric conversion devices are constructed by connecting many ⁇ -type structures in which p-type and n-type thermoelectric materials are connected in series.
• the temperature gradient and electromotive force of the thermoelectric material are in the same direction. This inevitably means that electrodes, substrates, etc. are present between the heat source and the thermoelectric material.
• a heat dissipation mechanism is provided on the low-temperature side, it will be provided on the low-temperature side of the electrodes. In this way, in vertical thermoelectric conversion devices, electrodes, substrates, etc.
• thermoelectric material are present as thermal resistance sources between the heat source and the thermoelectric material, and between the thermoelectric material and the heat dissipation mechanism, so the thermal energy of the heat source cannot be sufficiently supplied to the thermoelectric material, and as a result, the temperature difference applied to the thermoelectric material is small, and the material's inherent thermoelectric conversion ability is not fully utilized.
• thermoelectric conversion devices In contrast, in horizontal thermoelectric conversion devices, the direction of the temperature gradient and the direction of the electromotive force are perpendicular to each other, so there is no need to provide electrodes between the heat source and the thermoelectric material, or between the thermoelectric material and the heat dissipation mechanism.
• the thermoelectric material is configured as a thin film or multilayer film on a substrate, and the thermoelectric material has low thermal resistance and is thin compared to the substrate, so there is an issue that when configured as a thermoelectric device, there is effectively almost no temperature difference in the thermoelectric material.
• thermoelectric conversion element disclosed in Patent Document 1 is horizontal, but an electrical insulating layer is formed between the inclined laminates (FIG. 2, reference numeral 23). Furthermore, the thermoelectric device 91 is sandwiched between heat sinks 92 and 93 (FIG. 9). In this way, the heat sink and the electrical insulating layer are interposed in the middle of the temperature gradient from high to low, and the temperature difference applied to the thermoelectric material is accordingly reduced.
• the inclined laminate in which the metal and the thermoelectric material are obliquely laminated is laminated in the direction of the temperature gradient, so that no voltage loss is observed.
• a power generation amount of 25 to 50 mW was observed, which is 5.5 to 11 mW/ cm2 per unit area.
• the p-type high-temperature electrode and the n-type high-temperature electrode, and the p-type low-temperature electrode and the n-type low-temperature electrode are connected to form a series circuit, so that the wiring is formed or passes through the upper and lower surfaces of the element ( Figure 1). Therefore, the thermoelectric material cannot be directly contacted with the heat source on the high-temperature side and the low-temperature side.
• Figure 2B shows a configuration in which the length of the thermoelectric material is made longer than the permanent magnet in the temperature gradient direction and is directly in contact with the cold plate or the heating plate, but by configuring only n-type or p-type, a metal wire is not wired between the thermoelectric material and the cold source or the heating source.
• a configuration in which p-type and n-type are alternately connected in series cannot be adopted.
• the thermoelectric conversion element is viewed in plan from the temperature gradient direction, the area is shared between the thermoelectric conversion material and the permanent magnet, so the amount of power generation per unit area is reduced. If the thermoelectric material is in direct contact with the cold or hot plate as in Figure 2B, the heat flow can be relatively concentrated in the thermoelectric conversion material, but in other configurations the heat flow flows to the permanent magnet, reducing the thermal energy supplied to the thermoelectric material.
• thermoelectric material As discussed above, when a temperature gradient is viewed three-dimensionally, there is a serial heat flow path from the high temperature side to the low temperature side, and a parallel heat flow path when viewed in a plane from the direction of the temperature gradient. It was found that a serial heat flow path has a thermal resistance source such as an electrode inserted in series, while a parallel heat flow path has a material such as a permanent magnet that does not directly contribute to thermoelectric conversion inserted in parallel, which poses the issue of reducing the heat flow through the thermoelectric material.
• the objective of the present invention is to efficiently concentrate heat flow in thermoelectric materials, thereby realizing a highly efficient thermoelectric conversion element.
• the first embodiment of the present invention is a thermoelectric device comprising a bulk of thermoelectric material having residual magnetization (bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet), a contact surface for contacting an object, a heat dissipation surface facing the contact surface across the bulk, and an electrode surface sandwiching the bulk in a direction different from the contact surface and the heat dissipation surface, the heat dissipation surface being a heat dissipation structure integrally formed with the bulk.
• the "bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet” is a composite material containing a magnetic body, and is a group of materials that exhibit high thermoelectric performance by manifesting various horizontal and/or vertical thermoelectric conversion phenomena.
• thermoelectric permanent magnet may be simply referred to as "bulk of thermoelectric material” or even simply as “bulk”.
• bulk A general "bulk” that does not mean a bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet is a mass that is not defined by a numerical value in size, but is distinguished from a thin film or a powder.
• the residual magnetization has a component perpendicular to the contact surface.
• the heat dissipation structure has a surface area that is at least twice the area of the heat dissipation surface in a plan view.
• the contact surface is a surface of the bulk.
• thermoelectric device described in any of the first to fourth embodiments above, wherein the bulk consists of a plurality of unit structures arranged in a manner that is electrically insulated from the contact surface, the heat dissipation surface, and the electrode surface in different directions, and the plurality of unit structures are electrically connected to each other at the electrode surface.
• thermoelectric device described in the fifth embodiment the heat dissipation structure is the unevenness of the unit structure.
• the unit structure has a structure in which at least two types of thermoelectric materials are stacked in a direction inclined with respect to the direction perpendicular to the electrode surface, and one of the at least two types of thermoelectric materials is a magnetic material.
• thermoelectric material the heat flow can be efficiently concentrated in the thermoelectric material, resulting in a highly efficient thermoelectric conversion element.
• FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram that illustrates a basic configuration of a thermoelectric device according to the present invention.
• FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram that illustrates a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the thermoelectric device of the present invention.
• FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment of a thermoelectric device according to the present invention.
• FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of residual magnetization.
• FIG. 5 is a graph showing the measurement results of the power generation performance of the bulk thermoelectric module produced as Example 1.
• FIG. 6 is a graph showing the measurement results of the power generation performance of the bulk thermoelectric module produced as Example 2.
• thermoelectric device with heat dissipation structure integrated into bulk thermoelectric material (Figure 1)
• a representative embodiment disclosed in this application is a thermoelectric device comprising a bulk of thermoelectric material having residual magnetization (bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet) (1), a contact surface (3) for contacting an object, a heat dissipation surface (2) facing the contact surface across the bulk, and an electrode surface (4) sandwiching the bulk between the contact surface and the heat dissipation surface in a direction different from that of the heat dissipation surface, and the heat dissipation surface is a heat dissipation structure formed integrally with the bulk.
• residual magnetization makes it easy to bring the contact surface into close contact with a magnetic object such as iron.
• thermoelectric device described in [1] Residual magnetization perpendicular to the contact surface
• the residual magnetization has a component perpendicular to the contact surface. This makes it possible to strengthen the adhesion of the contact surface to a magnetic object such as iron. Even if the residual magnetization were completely parallel to the contact surface, the bonding force would be reduced but would not be completely eliminated, and it would be possible to bring the thermoelectric device of [1] into close contact with a magnetic object such as iron.
• thermoelectric device The thermoelectric device according to [1] or [2], wherein the heat dissipation structure has a surface area at least twice the area of the heat dissipation surface in a plan view.
• the heat dissipation structure can increase the heat transfer coefficient and dissipate heat efficiently. This allows heat to be dissipated directly from the bulk thermoelectric material without the need for electrodes, a substrate, a heat sink, or the like.
• the contact surface is a part of the bulk thermoelectric material.
• the contact surface is a surface of the bulk. This allows heat to be dissipated directly from the bulk thermoelectric material without the intervention of electrodes, substrates, heat sinks, etc.
• the contact surface of the bulk thermoelectric material is made flat, thereby reducing the thermal resistance and enabling efficient heat dissipation.
• thermoelectric device described in any one of items [1] to [4], wherein the bulk is composed of a plurality of unit structures (11, 12) arranged in a manner that is electrically insulated from the contact surface, the heat dissipation surface, and the electrode surface in different directions, and the plurality of unit structures are electrically connected to each other at the electrode surface. This allows a plurality of thermoelectric materials to be electrically connected in series, thereby increasing the output voltage.
• thermoelectric device described in [5]
• the heat dissipation structure is the unevenness of the unit structures. This makes it possible to easily form the heat dissipation structure.
• thermoelectric device (Fig. 3) A thermoelectric device according to [5] or [6], wherein the unit structure has a structure in which at least two types of thermoelectric materials are stacked in a direction inclined with respect to a direction perpendicular to the electrode surface, and one of the at least two types of thermoelectric materials is a magnetic material.
• the heat dissipation structure can be integrated, and the device can be attached to an object by magnetic force.
• thermoelectric device of the present invention includes a bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet (bulk of thermoelectric material having residual magnetization) 1, a contact surface 3 for contacting an object (-z surface of the bulk 1; a plane perpendicular to the -z direction when the height direction of the bulk 1 is a rectangular parallelepiped is the z axis), a heat dissipation surface 2 (+z surface of the bulk 1) facing the contact surface 3 with the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 in between, and an electrode surface 4 that sandwiches the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 between the contact surface 3 and the heat dissipation surface 2 in a direction different from that (+y/-y direction).
• the heat dissipation surface 2 is a heat dissipation structure formed integrally with the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1.
• thermoelectric material bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1
• the contact surface 3 is directly in contact with a high-temperature object, and heat can be dissipated directly into the atmosphere, etc. from the heat dissipation structure that is integrally configured with the heat dissipation surface 2. Since there are no components other than the thermoelectric material, such as electrodes, substrates, and heat sinks, in the path of the temperature gradient (heat flow) from the object to the atmosphere, etc., the entire temperature gradient is applied to the thermoelectric material.
• thermoelectric conversion the area of the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 when viewed in a plane from the z-axis direction coincides with the path of the heat flow from the contact surface 3 to the heat dissipation surface 2, so all of the heat flow contributes to thermoelectric conversion.
• the entire temperature gradient is applied to the thermoelectric material, so the heat flow does not include a thermal resistance source in series, and there is no parallel path that passes through anything other than the thermoelectric material, so this can be said to be an ideal structure in which all of the supplied thermal energy is supplied to the thermoelectric material and used for thermoelectric conversion.
• the residual magnetization of the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 has a component perpendicular to the contact surface 3.
• the residual magnetization has a component parallel to the contact surface 3
• the thermoelectromotive force due to the anomalous Nernst effect in the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet can be superimposed.
• the residual magnetization of the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet superimposes the magneto-thermoelectric effect on the thermoelectric material, and the same residual magnetization can be used to magnetically attach the contact surface 3 to an object made of a magnetic metal such as iron, making the installation of the thermoelectric device extremely easy.
• the heat dissipation structure also has a surface area that is at least twice the area of the heat dissipation surface 2 in a plan view (the area when viewed in the -z direction from the +z side). This allows heat to be dissipated directly from the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 without going through an electrode, substrate, heat sink, etc.
• surface area means the area in contact with the medium that is the target of heat dissipation.
• the contact surface 3 is also one surface of the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 itself. This allows the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 to be heated directly without the need for an electrode, substrate, heat sink, or the like.
• making the contact surface 3 of the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 flat and making contact with it reduces the interfacial thermal resistance and allows for efficient heating.
• heating does not mean active heating, but rather means transferring heat from the object to the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 via the contact surface 3.
• FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram illustrating a schematic configuration example of a thermoelectric device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
• the thermoelectric device includes a bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet (bulk of thermoelectric material having residual magnetization) 1, a contact surface 3 (-z surface of the bulk 1) for contacting an object, a heat dissipation surface 2 (+z surface of the bulk 1) facing the contact surface 3 with the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 in between, and an electrode surface 4 that sandwiches the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 in a direction (+y/-y direction) different from the contact surface 3 and the heat dissipation surface 2.
• the heat dissipation surface 2 is a heat dissipation structure integrally formed with the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1.
• the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 is composed of a plurality of unit structures 11, 12 arranged in an electrically insulated manner in a direction (+/-x direction) different from the contact surface 3 (-z direction), the heat dissipation surface 2 (+z direction), and the electrode surface 4 (+/-y direction), and the plurality of unit structures 11, 12 are electrically connected to each other at the electrode surface 4.
• multiple thermoelectric material unit structures 11 and 12 can be electrically connected in series in an alternating manner to increase the output voltage.
• the output voltage can be maximized by designing the thermoelectric material so that a potential difference occurs in the opposite directions between unit structures 11 and 12 with respect to the temperature gradient in the z direction, for example, in the +y direction in unit structure 11 and in the -y direction in unit structure 12.
• the heat dissipation structure can be configured with unevenness due to the differences in length between unit structures 11 and 12. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, by making the height (length in the z direction) of unit structure 11 longer than the height (length in the z direction) of unit structure 12, and by bringing contact surface 3 into close contact with a planar object and arranging unit structures 11 and 12 in the x direction, unevenness due to the difference in height between unit structures 11 and 12 is formed on heat dissipation surface 2, which functions as a heat dissipation structure.
• the unit structures 11 and 12 are generally sintered bodies of thermoelectric material, they are not suitable for machining into complex shapes by cutting or stamping. However, as shown in this embodiment, the unit structures 11 and 12 are made up of rectangular parallelepipeds with only the heights changed, and the heat dissipation structure can be formed simply by arranging them alternately.
• the unit structures 11 and 12 are bulk thermoelectric permanent magnets 1 with residual magnetization as in the first embodiment, and it is more preferable that the residual magnetization has a component perpendicular to the contact surface 3.
• the residual magnetization of the bulk thermoelectric permanent magnet 1 can be used to magnetically attach the contact surface 3 to an object made of a magnetic material such as iron, making it extremely easy to install the thermoelectric device.
• a thermoelectric device of any length can be constructed according to the number of units. In particular, since it can be adjusted at the installation stage, it is extremely convenient in that it can be adjusted to suit the object at the installation site.
• wiring between adjacent unit structures may be formed by placing them in close contact with each other with an isolation layer having a conductive region and an insulating region sandwiched therebetween.
• the residual magnetization has not only a component perpendicular to the contact surface 3 but also a component perpendicular to the stacking surface, they can be attached to each other by the magnetic force.
• FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram that illustrates a schematic configuration example of a thermoelectric device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
• thermoelectric device of this embodiment 3 is basically the same as the thermoelectric devices of the above-mentioned embodiments 1 and 2, and is particularly characterized in that the unit structures 11 and 12 have a structure in which at least two types of thermoelectric materials are stacked in a direction inclined with respect to the direction perpendicular to the electrode surface 4, and one of the at least two types of thermoelectric materials is a magnetic material.
• the unit structures 11 and 12 have a structure in which at least two types of thermoelectric materials are stacked in a direction inclined with respect to the direction perpendicular to the electrode surface 4, and one of the at least two types of thermoelectric materials is a magnetic material.
• FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of residual magnetization.
• the residual magnetization 10 of unit structures 11 and 12 in the yz plane is shown as a vector with the residual magnetization 10 of unit structure 11 in the right quadrant and the residual magnetization 10 of unit structure 12 in the left quadrant, centered on the origin. However, the origin has no meaning.
• the unit structure 11 is a laminate of two types of thermoelectric materials including a magnetic thermoelectric material, and is stacked at a predetermined angle ⁇ from the direction perpendicular to the electrode surface 4 (y-axis direction (+y direction)). It has residual magnetization 10 in the stacking direction, and the residual magnetization 10 has a component perpendicular to the contact surface 3.
• the unit structure 12 is also preferably a laminate of two types of thermoelectric materials including a magnetic thermoelectric material, and is stacked at an angle (-y to - ⁇ ) in the opposite direction from the direction perpendicular to the electrode surface 4 (y-axis direction).
• the unit structure 12 also has residual magnetization 10 in the stacking direction, and the residual magnetization 10 has a component perpendicular to the contact surface 3.
• thermoelectric element was fabricated by stacking unit structures of a gradient laminate to evaluate the thermoelectric performance, and its characteristics were evaluated.
• a samarium cobalt ( SmCo5 ) magnet (diameter 20 mm x thickness 0.5 mm, YX24 manufactured by Magfine Corporation) was demagnetized by heating in a vacuum at 800 °C for 40 minutes.
• the demagnetized SmCo5 magnet and 1.05 g of p -type thermoelectric material bismuth antimony tellurium Bi0.3Sb1.7Te3 powder (manufactured by Toshima Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 3N, 200 ⁇ m mesh pass) were alternately stacked in a carbon die and pressed with a punch to obtain a multilayered compact.
• the standard condition for this multilayered compact was a stacking number of 10 to 13 times.
• This multilayered compact was sintered in an atmosphere-controlled spark plasma sintering device (SPS-212HFEG manufactured by Fuji Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.) to obtain a bulk thermoelectric material.
• the sintering conditions were a uniaxial pressure of 30 MPa, 450 °C, and 20 minutes in a vacuum atmosphere created by an oil rotary pump.
• thermoelectric material obtained above was cut out using a diamond wire saw (DWS100 manufactured by Sakae Research Co., Ltd.). The material was cut out at an angle of about 23° to the laminated surface of the SmCo5 magnet and Bi0.3Sb1.7Te3 to create a contact surface with the heat source, and a rectangular shape was obtained by cutting out the material based on this contact surface.
• DWS100 manufactured by Sakae Research Co., Ltd.
• the SmCo5 magnet was magnetized in the stacking direction of this inclined laminate by applying a magnetic field of 8 T to the stacking direction using a pulse magnetic field generator (manufactured by Toei Scientific Industry Co., Ltd.).
• a pulse magnetic field generator manufactured by Toei Scientific Industry Co., Ltd.
• the angle between the magnetization direction and the direction perpendicular to the contact surface with the object was approximately 23°, and the bulk thermoelectric material had a residual magnetization vector component perpendicular to the contact surface.
• the inclined laminate was cut into a width of approximately 1.5 mm using the diamond wire saw to form a unit structure.
• one unit structure 11 and the other unit structure 12 rotated 180° around the z axis were aligned in the x direction and laminated.
• the direction of residual magnetization is reversed in the y axis direction and aligned in the z axis direction, so that for the entire laminate, a residual magnetization vector component is generated in the height direction as a sum.
• the heights of unit structures 11 and 12 are the same, but by producing unit structures of different heights for various applications and stacking them alternately with the contact surfaces aligned, a heat dissipation structure is formed on the heat dissipation surface by the thermoelectric material of the inclined laminate itself.
• various methods can be used, such as changing the height of the above-mentioned rectangular parallelepiped-shaped inclined laminate and cutting out unit structures 11 and 12 from each, or, as described later in Example 2, cutting out a tall unit structure 11 from the above-mentioned rectangular parallelepiped-shaped inclined laminate, and then reducing the height of the rectangular parallelepiped-shaped inclined laminate with a diamond wire saw and cutting out a short unit structure 12.
• Copper wires (Nilaco Corporation) were connected to both ends of the electrical circuit of the fabricated bulk thermoelectric module, and the sides other than the contact surface and heat dissipation surface were fixed with a heat dissipation adhesive (COM-G52, Com Lab LLC).
• a heat dissipation adhesive COMP-G52, Com Lab LLC.
• Four-terminal DC electrical measurements were performed on the two copper wires with a temperature difference ⁇ T applied between the contact surface and the heat dissipation surface.
• One of the copper wires was defined as a positive voltage (V+) and a negative current (I-), and the other was defined as a negative voltage (V-) and a positive current (I+).
• the load current I load (A) was swept to measure the voltage V (V).
• the power generation output P (W) is expressed as the product of the load current I load and the voltage V.
• the load current I load was swept from 0 A to 1 A to 1.2 A, and the voltage V was measured to determine the power generation output P.
• Fig. 5 is a graph showing the measurement results of the power generation performance of the bulk thermoelectric module produced as an example.
• the horizontal axis represents the swept load current I load
• the vertical axis represents the voltage V on the left side (left axis) and the power generation output P on the right side (right axis).
• the circle plot represents the measured voltage V (left axis)
• the triangle plot represents the power generation output P (right axis).
• thermoelectric element with a concave-convex structure made up of high and low inclined laminates was fabricated and its characteristics were evaluated, primarily to evaluate heat dissipation performance.
• thermoelectric material obtained above was cut out using the same diamond wire saw (DWS100 manufactured by Sakae Research Co., Ltd.) as in Example 1.
• the material was cut out at an angle of about 27° with respect to the laminated surface of the SmCo5 magnet and Bi0.3Sb1.7Te3 to prepare a contact surface with the heat source, and cut out into a rectangular shape based on this contact surface to obtain a rectangular parallelepiped inclined laminate with a height of 8.4 mm and a length of 11.0 mm.
• the inclined laminate was cut using the diamond wire saw to a width of approximately 1.5 mm to form the unit structure of the convex portion.
• This unit structure of the convex portion was then cut using the diamond wire saw to a height of 6.3 mm to form the unit structure of the concave portion.
• thermoelectric material of the gradient laminate itself formed an uneven heat dissipation structure on the heat dissipation surface with a height of 2.1 mm, width of 1.5 mm and spacing of 1.5 mm.
• This heat dissipation structure has a surface area 2.4 times that of a planar structure.
• the four convex unit structures (corresponding to unit structure 11 in FIG. 3) and the four concave unit structures (corresponding to unit structure 12 in FIG. 3) were alternately connected to form an electrical series circuit by alternately wiring and connecting them to each other using electrodes 5 made of indium (manufactured by Nilaco Corporation) formed on the electrode surfaces 4 of the unit structures, thereby obtaining a bulk thermoelectric module.
• electrodes 5 made of indium (manufactured by Nilaco Corporation) formed on the electrode surfaces 4 of the unit structures thereby obtaining a bulk thermoelectric module.
• one unit structure 11 and the other unit structure 12 rotated 180° around the z-axis were stacked in an array in the x-direction.
• the inclined laminate was magnetized in the lamination direction, which is the easy axis of magnetization of the SmCo5 magnet, by applying a magnetic field of 8 T to the height direction of the laminate using a pulse magnetic field generator (manufactured by Toei Scientific Industry Co., Ltd.).
• the angle between the magnetization direction and the direction perpendicular to the contact surface with the object was approximately 27°, and the bulk thermoelectric material has a residual magnetization vector component perpendicular to the contact surface.
• the direction of the residual magnetization is reversed in the y-axis direction and aligned in the z-axis direction as shown in Figure 4, so that the laminate as a whole generates a residual magnetization vector component in the height direction as a total.
• thermoelectric module 6 is a graph showing the measurement results of the power generation performance of the bulk thermoelectric module produced as Example 2.
• the horizontal axis represents the swept load current I load
• the vertical axis represents the voltage V on the left side (left axis)
• the vertical axis represents the power generation output P on the right side (right axis).
• the circle plot represents the measured voltage V (left axis)
• the triangle plot represents the power generation output P (right axis).
• the plots with a blower are filled in black, and those without a blower are open. As a result of the measurement, air-cooled heat dissipation type thermoelectric power generation of up to 1 mW was demonstrated with a blower.

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