Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
  • A01P7/00—Arthropodicides
  • A01P7/04—Insecticides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
  • A01N43/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom rings with more than six members
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
  • A01P19/00—Pest attractants

Definitions

• This invention relates to a novel sustained release solid semiochemical/s dispenser wherein Semiochemicals may be any of pheromone or allelochemicals and method of preparation thereof. More specifically, the solid tablet semiochemical dispenser, comprises low-cost release controlling agent in addition to Semiochemicals and other functional ingredients, releases semiochemical/s in sustained manner for longer period when placed in open environment or in agricultural field and can be used for mating disruption or mass trapping-control of targeted insects.
• Solid tablet dispenser containing attractant semiochemical/s are additionally capable of releasing semiochemical even when submerged in water and providing attraction for mass trapping -control.
• IPM Integrated pest management
• Spraying chemical pesticides are the most practiced methods of controlling insects in agricultural fields. However, there are problems with such methods, as spraying insecticide may not aim only at the target insect and kills the beneficial insects. Also, these indiscriminate application methods lead to wastage of insecticide, demand frequent application upon resistance development in insects results in residual problems in the final harvest and environment. In addition to environmental hazards, there are dangers involved for the farmer spraying pesticides on crops.
• Patent US4325941A discloses solid formulations containing, as an active substance, a sex pheromone; as main vehicles, a carrier having absorbing properties and another carrier having adsorbing properties, and, furthermore, a wetting agent, a dispersant, a sticker, an ultraviolet (U.V.) stabilizer, an antioxidant and, optionally, a film-forming resin.
• the prepared mixture is directly utilized for insect control and active release duration of this formulation is less than seven days.
• Patent WO2001026462 discloses a biodegradable device with a slow release of volatile products which attract insects.
• the device consists of a biodegradable material based on starches and thermoplastic polymers impregnated with pheromones and molded in spiral or hook form.
• Patent EP3090631A1 discloses sustained release pheromone formulation comprising a pheromone contained in a porous clay material, characterized in that the clay material has a weight average particle size of less than 0.2 mm and it is powder like solid.
• US patent No 9936683B2 discloses a sustained release pheromone formulation that is not very likely to fall off from a tree branch or other support, once it is attached and secured to such a support, and which is capable of being quickly attached to large to small branches.
• the sustained release pheromone formulation needs to attach to a tree or other support.
• the formulation uses polymer sheet and impregnates with pheromones for insect control.
• Patent IN202041042517 discloses a solid tablet composition for the control of agricultural pest using pheromones or attractant semiochemical/s in combination with glyceryl behenate mixture as release controlling agent, flow controlling agent and other functional ingredients, wherein mixture of magnesium aluminometasilicate and glyceryl behenate were used as flow improving agent during compression and release duration from pheromone based solid tablet is more than 90 days in agricultural field.
• this patent doesn’t describe the semiochemical/s release behavior when submerged in water. This is our older patent and considered as prior art.
• an object of the present invention is to address at least some of the advantages over the prior arts.
• the objective of the present invention is to provide a sustained release semiochemical/s based solid tablet semiochemical dispenser replacing magnesium aluminometasilicate and glyceryl behenate with relatively low-cost material oils and mesoporous silica mixture as release and flow controlling agent with comparable sustained release profile in open agricultural field and also provide efficient semiochemical release even when dipped in water or wet soil over the entire fertile period of the insect.
• Figure 1 illustrates the field efficacy data of solid tablet ME (methyl eugenol) dispenser in guava field submerged in water and arial exposure.
• Figure 2 illustrates the field efficacy data of CL(cue lure) solid tablet semiochemical dispenser in scarlet gourd field submerged in water and arial exposure.
• Figure 3 illustrates Comparative release profile of solid tablet semiochemical dispenser with different semiochemical on open field exposure.
• Figure 4 illustrates Effect of control release agent on solid tablet verbenone dispenser release profile on open field exposure.
• Figure 5 illustrates effect of control release agent concentration on solid tablet RPW dispenser release profile on field exposure.
• Figure 6 illustrates effect of holes on blister pack of solid tablet DBM Dispenser on field exposure.
• Figure 7 illustrates attractive effect of variable weight TUTA solid tablet dispenser on insect catches.
• Figure 8 illustrates solid tablet dispensers with single, two and Multi tablets blister pack.
• the present invention provides solid tablet semiochemical dispenser comprises semiochemical/s pheromone or allomone or kairomone, mesoporous adsorbent, matrix forming agent or filler, low-cost release modifier or controlling agent, binder, antioxidant, UV absorber and lubricant which used for insect management either by mating disruption or mass trapping- control technique.
• the solid semiochemical dispenser releases active ingredients in the open environment and even when immersed or submerged in water.
• solid tablet semiochemical dispensers are used in McPhail traps and can be used for any sticky traps, water traps, and bucket traps.
• the tablets are used as uncoated or coated tablets of biconvex, Polo type tablets and Mini tablets shapes and prepared by compressing on suitable tableting machine.
• the present invention provides semiochemical based formulations which are optionally film coated.
• the tablet or mini tablet formulations of the present invention provide continued and sustained release of the active into the air over a period of 100 to 180days or more.
• AI- Active ingredient BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene DCP: Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate ME: Methyl eugenol CL: Cue lure Carbon HBET: Carbon with high surface area SBA15/Syloid 244P: Mesoporous silica
• Compritol 888 Glyceryl behenate, UV: Ultraviolet, RPW: Red palm weevil, DBM: Diamond back moth, FAW: Fall armyworm, BFSB: Brinjal fruit and shoot borer, DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• the present invention discloses sustained release semiochemical/s based solid tablet semiochemical dispenser or formulation comprises semiochemical/s, matrix forming agent, release controlling agent, binder, antioxidant, UV absorber and lubricant, releases active ingredients in open environment
• the solid dispenser releases semiochemical/s even when submerged in water over the entire fertile period of the insect, and can be placed in water trays / traps, wherein release controlling agent is mixture of oils in suitable ratio with mesoporous materials different from glyceryl behenate and as reported in IN202041042517.
• release controlling agent is mixture of oils in suitable ratio with mesoporous materials different from glyceryl behenate and as reported in IN202041042517.
• the solid tablet semiochemical dispenser or pheromones-based solid formulations are capable of gradually releasing pheromone substance suitable for insect pest control over a long period of time and can be easily placed/dispersed/distributed on the soil of an agricultural field or can be sprayed on the plants by dissolving in suitable medium and can be stored up to two years under normal storage conditions.
• the solid tablet or mini tablet semiochemical dispenser or formulations of the present invention provide continued and controlled release of the active into the air over a period of 100 to 180days or more preferably 120 days. However active release can be from 50 to 100days if submerged in water.
• the semiochemical/s selected from straight-chained lepidopteran pheromones (SCLP), a group of pheromones consisting of unbranched aliphatic hydrocarbon chain of nine to eighteen carbons, containing up to three double bonds, ending with an alcohol or acetate or aldehyde functional groups, in addition to other semiochemical/s.
• SCLP straight-chained lepidopteran pheromones
• the pheromones used in the present invention selected from the group consisting of the active blend of (Z, Z)-7, 11- hexadecadien-1-yl acetate and (Z, E)-7, 11- hexadecadien-1-yl acetate; the active blend of Z 9- Tetradecenyl acetate, Z7- Dodecenyl acetate and 15 Z11- Hexadecenyl acetate; the active blend of E-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate and (E)-11-hexadecen-1-ol; the active blend of 3E,8Z,11Z- Tetradecatrienyl acetate and 3E,8Z-Tetradecadienyl acetate; the active, (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-Hexadeca trien-1-al; the active blend of Z-11-Hexadecenal, Z-11-Hexadecenyl-1-acetate
• the attractant semiochemical selected from the group Methyl eugenol, Cue lure, active blend of RPW, Trimedlure, Spiroketal, verbenone or other attractant semiochemical either alone or a mixture thereof.
• the release controlling agent selected from a mixture of vegetable oil and synthetic oils in specific ratio wherein vegetable oils further selected form the group comprising soybean oil, rice bran oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, castor oil, jojoba oil, oleic acid, safflower oil, corn oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, castor oil, medium chain triglycerides, Isopropyl palmitate, and synthetic oils selected from mineral or paraffin oils.
• Most preferred release controlling agent selected herein a mixture of soyabean and paraffin oil.
• the ratio of paraffin oil to vegetable oil selected from 1:1 to 4:1 w/w for sustained and prolonged release of Semiochemicals.
• antioxidant selected either butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) or butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) for the present solid formulation.
• semiochemical adsorbent material selected from the group consisting of mesoporous materials with very narrow pore size including Magnesium Aluminometasilicate, and mesoporous silica.
• mesoporous silica used as intragranular as well as extra-granular carriers in the preparation of solid formulations of the present invention.
• mesoporous Carbon HBET selected as UV absorbent and active adsorbent in the present invention.
• filler selected from the group dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, Lactose, Starch or mannitol preferably dicalcium phosphate.
• binder is selected from the group consisting of Hydroxy propyl cellulose, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, Ethyl cellulose, poly (vinyl pyrrolidone co vinyl acetate), polyvinyl pyrrolidone either alone or in combination thereof.
• lubricant selected from stearic acid, magnesium stearate, Zinc stearate, calcium stearate preferably magnesium stearate.
• the solid tablet semiochemical dispenser exhibits an average release rate from 0.02mg per day to 0.2mg per day for straight chain lepidopteran pheromones like FCM, PBW, Carob moth, DBM, ESB, ISB, RYSB , NOW, FAW, Helico, Spodopetra littura, BESB, CLM or other SCLP’s, whereas 5 mg per day for others attractive semiochemical/s.
• solid tablet dispenser can be optionally film coated with available ready mix water dispersible coating system comprises water soluble polymers not limited to Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, and acrylates.
• the general method of preparation for the solid tablet semiochemical dispenser comprises following steps, a) Pheromone or semiochemical in an amount 0.5 to 40% w/w of the total composition was dissolved in highly volatile organic solvent dichloromethane along with antioxidant in an amount 0.05 to 1% w/w of total composition, oil mixture 5 to 15% w/w of total composition (7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil). b) a premix intragranular part is prepared by adsorbing Semiochemicals solution prepared in step a) onto mixture of mesoporous materials and carbon HBET adsorbent present in an amount 1 to 30 % w/w of total composition. Organic solvent was evaporated during drying up to 50 0 C.
• Example 1 Solid tablet PBW dispenser [0046] A mixture of 20 g of mesoporous silica and 10g of Carbon HBET were prepared and weighed.10g of PBW active ingredient (AI), 0.08 g of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT ) and 50 g oil mixture (7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil) dissolved with 250 ml of Dichloromethane (DCM ) and added to adsorb onto mesoporous silica and Carbon HBET mixture.
• AI PBW active ingredient
• BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
• oil mixture (7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil) dissolved with 250 ml of Dichloromethane (DCM ) and added to adsorb onto mesoporous silica and Carbon HBET mixture.
• DCM Dichloromethane
• DCM dibasic Calcium phosphate dihydrate
• AI retention percent results from present invention indicates that 86% of PBW AI is retained by loading 10mg /tablet after 21 days irrespective of coating, while the Control release is expected up to 150 days for both coated and uncoated tablet formulation for effective control of Pink Bollworm (PBW).
• PBW Pink Bollworm
• Example 2 Solid tablet FAW dispenser [0048] A mixture of 20 g of mesoporous silica and 10g of Carbon HBET were prepared and weighed.10g of FAW active ingredient (AI), 0.08 g of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and 50 g oil mixture (7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil) dissolved with 250 ml of Dichloromethane (DCM ) and added to adsorb onto mesoporous silica and Carbon HBET mixture. Subsequently DCM was flashed out at 50 ⁇ C.
• AI FAW active ingredient
• BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
• oil mixture 7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil
• DCM Dichloromethane
• the premix was then sieved through # 50 mesh and blended with 100 g extra granular mesoporous silica, and 10 g of poly vinyl pyrrolidone, 295 g Dibasic Calcium phosphate dihydrate ( DCP).
• the blend thus obtained was lubricated with 5 g magnesium stearate and then compacted to form a circular tablet/mini tablet using suitable tablet punching machine equipped with circular tablet die with variable target weight of 500 and 1000mg.
• the percentage active retained with respect to time was determined using the standard GC method.
• Example 3 Solid tablet DBM dispenser [0050] A mixture of 20 g of mesoporous silica and 10g of Carbon HBET were prepared and weighed.10g of DBM active ingredient (AI), 0.08 g of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and 50 g oil mixture (7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil) dissolved with 250 ml of Dichloromethane (DCM ) and added to adsorb onto mesoporous silica and Carbon HBET mixture. Subsequently DCM was flashed out at 50 ⁇ C.
• DBM active ingredient AI
• BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
• oil mixture 7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil
• DCM Dichloromethane
• the premix was then sieved through # 50 mesh and blended with 100 g extra granular mesoporous silica, and 10 g of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone co vinyl acetate), 295 g Dibasic Calcium phosphate dihydrate ( DCP).
• the blend thus obtained was lubricated with 5 g magnesium stearate and then compacted to form a circular tablet/mini tablet using suitable tablet punching machine equipped with circular tablet die with variable target weight of 500 and 1000mg.
• the percentage active retained with respect to time was determined using the standard GC method.
• Example 4 Solid tablet TUTA dispenser [0052] A mixture of 20 g of mesoporous silica and 2.5g of Carbon HBET were prepared and weighed.2.5g of TUTA active ingredient (AI), 0.02 g of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and 50 g oil mixture (7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil) dissolved with 250 ml of Dichloromethane (DCM ) and added to adsorb onto mesoporous silica and Carbon HBET mixture. Subsequently DCM was flashed out at 50 ⁇ C.
• AI TUTA active ingredient
• BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
• oil mixture 7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil
• DCM Dichloromethane
• BFSB active ingredient AI
• BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
• oil mixture 7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil
• DCM Dichloromethane
• the premix was then sieved through # 50 mesh and blended with 100 g extra granular mesoporous silica, and 10 g of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone co vinyl acetate), 295 g Dibasic Calcium phosphate dihydrate ( DCP).
• the blend thus obtained was lubricated with 5 g magnesium stearate and then compacted to form a circular tablet/mini tablet using suitable tablet punching machine equipped with circular tablet die with variable target weight of 500, and 1000mg.
• the percentage active retained with respect to time was determined using the standard GC method.
• Example 6 Solid tablet RYSB dispenser [0056] A mixture of 20 g of mesoporous silica and 10g of Carbon HBET were prepared and weighed.10g of RYSB active ingredient (AI), 0.08 g of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and 50 g oil mixture (7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil) dissolved with 250 ml of Dichloromethane (DCM ) and added to adsorb onto mesoporous silica and Carbon HBET mixture. Subsequently DCM was flashed out at 50 ⁇ C.
• AI RYSB active ingredient
• BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
• oil mixture (7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil)
• DCM Dichloromethane
• the premix was then sieved through # 50 mesh and blended with 100 g extra granular mesoporous silica, and 10 g of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone co vinyl acetate), 295 g Dibasic Calcium phosphate dihydrate ( DCP).
• the blend thus obtained was lubricated with 5 g magnesium stearate and then compacted to form a circular tablet/mini tablet using suitable tablet punching machine equipped with circular tablet die with variable target weight of 500, and 1000mg.
• the percentage active retained with respect to time was determined using the standard GC method.
• Example 7 Solid tablet Carb moth dispenser [0058] A mixture of 20 g of mesoporous silica and 10g of Carbon HBET were prepared and weighed.10g of Carb moth active ingredient (AI), 0.08 g of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and 50 g oil mixture (7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil) dissolved with 250 ml of Dichloromethane (DCM ) and added to adsorb onto mesoporous silica and Carbon HBET mixture. Subsequently DCM was flashed out at 50 ⁇ C.
• AI Carb moth active ingredient
• BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
• oil mixture (7:3 w/w of paraffin: soyabean oil)
• DCM Dichloromethane
• Example 9 Solid tablet RPW dispenser: [0062] A mixture of 20g of mesoporous silica and 150g of Carbon HBET were weighed.
• Example 10 Solid tablet Spiroketal dispenser: [0064] A mixture of 20 g of mesoporous silica and 150g of Carbon HBET were weighed.
• Example 11 Solid tablet Verbenone dispenser: [0066] A mixture of 20 g of mesoporous silica and 150g of Carbon HBET were weighed.
• the blend thus obtained was lubricated with 5 g magnesium stearate and then compacted to form a circular tablet/mini tablet using suitable tablet punching machine equipped with circular tablet die with variable target weight of 500mg,1000 mg and 2000mg.
• the percentage active retained with respect to time was determined using the standard GC method. Release study: [0072] About seventy number of solid tablets semiochemical dispensers were placed in the open agricultural field and allowed to be exposed in an open environment specifically in summer season (35 to 450C temperature range). After each predetermined time point, ten similar tablets were removed from the field and pulverized uniformly.
• Electroantennography (EAG) study [0073] Electroantennography was performed on active ingredients and final product solid tablet semiochemical/s dispenser using electroantennographic system (Syntech) to assess insect antennal response in laboratory which was further supported by bio-efficacy study in field condition.
• Treatment 1 consisted of one ME (2g with 30% ai) tablet placed in yellow coloured lower portion of McPhail trap containing about 300ml of water premixed with 1% insecticide solution (Spinosad 45 SC).
• Treatment 2 consisted of one ME (2g with 30% ai) tablet placed in lure holder of the McPhail trap along with 300 ml of water premixed with 1% insecticide (Spinosad 45 SC) at yellow bottom.
• the treatments were replicated thrice.
• the observations were carried out at regular intervals up to 41 days.
• the study results are provided in Fig 1.
• Cue lure semiochemical formulation can be used for suppression of Bactocera cucurbitae a major pest of cucurbits viz., Gherkins, pumpkin, cucumber, watermelon, musk melon, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, scarlet gourd, bitter gourd, snake gourd, ash gourd, white gourd, sponge gourd and other cucurbits.
• the trial was carried out in a Scarlet Gourd field beginning from the first week of October 2021. There were two treatments.
• Treatment 1 consisted of one CL (2g with 30% ai) tablet placed in yellow coloured lower portion of McPhail trap containing about 300ml of water premixed with 1% insecticide solution (Spinosad 45 SC).
• Treatment 2 consisted of one CL (2g with 30% ai) tablet placed in lure holder of the McPhail trap along with 300 ml of water premixed with 1% insecticide (Spinosad 45 SC) at yellow bottom.
• the treatments were replicated thrice.
• the observations were carried out at regular intervals up to 41 days.
• the study results are provided in Fig 2.
• the present study also in accordance with the results observed in ME 2g tablet lure trials.
• placement of tablets in water up to 20 days during high population situations helps to trap maximum number of B. cucurbitae males effectively than any other placement methods.
• RPW semiochemical formulation can be used for suppression of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus a major pest of palms producing holes at stem with chewed up fibers.
• the trial was carried out in a Palm oil plantation field beginning from the first week of September 2022 at Turkapally region of Telangana. There were two treatments.
• Treatment 1 consisted of one RPW (2g with 30% ai) tablet placed in bucket traps containing about 1.5 litres of fermented liquid food bait.
• Treatment 2 (T2) consisted of one RPW (2g with 30% ai) tablet placed in bucket trap lid along with 1.5 litre of fermented liquid food bait.
• Both the bucket traps are installed at 1.5meter above the ground.
• the liquid food bait is prepared by dissolving 200gm of jaggery in 1.5 ltr of water and allowed to ferment in the trap. The treatments were replicated thrice.
• the traps were observed every three days for red palm weevil catches which were carried out at regular intervals up to 45 days. This study concludes that the tablet-based lures are capable of releasing red palm weevil pheromone along with combination of food bait attracts the weevils when immersed in water also. Hence the technology is found to be efficient even under rainy conditions.
• TUTA semiochemical formulation can be used for suppression of Tuta absoluta, a major pest of tomato, although potato, aubergine, common bean, and various wild solanaceous plants are also affected by the same.
• T1 consisted of one TUTA (250mg with 0.5% ai) tablet fixed in center of yellow sticky traps.
• Treatment 2 consisted of one TUTA (250mg with 0.5% ai) tablet fixed in center of yellow sticky traps.
• Figure 1 illustrates the field efficacy of solid tablet ME dispenser in guava field submerged in water and arial exposure and found that solid tablet dispenser is releasing ME in both dry and water environment due to presence of good insect catches, however release duration under water is shorter in comparison to arial exposure.
• Figure 2 illustrates the field efficacy data of solid tablet CL dispenser in scarlet gourd field when solid tablet submerged in water and arial exposure and found that solid tablet dispenser releasing CL in both dry and water environment due to presence of good insect catches, however release duration under water is shorter in comparison to arial exposure.
• Figure 3 illustrates Comparative release profile of solid tablet semiochemical dispenser with different semiochemical or SCLP on open field exposure.
• FIG. 4 illustrates Effect of control release agent on solid tablet verbenone dispenser release profile on open field exposure. This figure clearly indicates the effect of oil mixture as release controlling agent on verbenone semiochemical. Without oil mixture in solid tablet verbenone dispenser, release duration in hardly up to 20 days but addition of this release controlling agent increase release duration of verbenone up to 120 days.
• Figure 5 illustrates the effect of control release agent composition on solid tablet RPW dispenser release profile on field exposure.
• RPW F7 represents a solid tablet RPW dispenser without oil mixture and hardly able to sustain up to 28 days and showed highest average release rate
• RPW F5 represents the optimum quantity of oil mixture concentration and able to release active up to 120 days with moderate release rate.
• Use of Synthetic oil compared to vegetable oils alone as release controlling agent is found to drastically increase release duration by minimizing average release rate RPW F1.
• presence of vegetable oil alone in formulation increasing the release duration up to 60 days with slight reduction in average release rate.
• Figure 6 illustrates the effect of holes on blister pack of solid tablet DBM Dispenser. It is found that the number of holes on blister packs increases number of catches significantly when applied in a delta trap may be due to increased number of holes release more semiochemical. Consequently, blister pack provides efficient protection of solid semiochemical DBM dispenser. In all blister packed tablets applied in delta trap including blank delta trap, slight initial catches less than base line of 45 is due combined effect of spilled semiochemical/s at the pack surface and color of delta trap. Spillage of semiochemical is lower in lower weight tablet and higher in high weight tablet.
• Figure 7 illustrates the effect of solid tablet TUTA dispenser on the attraction of insects. All tablets with variable weight showed significant attraction of insect with respect to blank sticky trap.
• Figure 8 illustrates solid tablet dispensers with single tablet , two tablet and Multi tablets blister pack which were used for our field study.

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