WO2025011007A1 - 盘形永磁涡流制动装置及轨道车辆 - Google Patents

盘形永磁涡流制动装置及轨道车辆 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2025011007A1
WO2025011007A1 PCT/CN2024/074364 CN2024074364W WO2025011007A1 WO 2025011007 A1 WO2025011007 A1 WO 2025011007A1 CN 2024074364 W CN2024074364 W CN 2024074364W WO 2025011007 A1 WO2025011007 A1 WO 2025011007A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
permanent magnet
disc
inner ring
eddy current
outer ring
Prior art date
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Pending
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PCT/CN2024/074364
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
李志龙
赵谷蒙
梁海啸
公衍军
杨伟东
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CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co Ltd
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CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co Ltd
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Priority to DE112024002914.0T priority Critical patent/DE112024002914T5/de
Publication of WO2025011007A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025011007A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L7/00—Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
    • B60L7/28—Eddy-current braking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K49/00—Dynamo-electric clutches; Dynamo-electric brakes
    • H02K49/10—Dynamo-electric clutches; Dynamo-electric brakes of the permanent-magnet type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2200/00—Type of vehicles
    • B60L2200/26—Rail vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64—Electric machine technologies in electromobility

Definitions

  • the non-friction braking technologies mainly include: resistance braking, regenerative braking and eddy current braking. Resistance braking and regenerative braking cannot be used on trailer bogies without traction motors, while eddy current braking is not subject to this limitation.
  • Linear eddy current is similar to magnetic rail braking, which is to lower the electromagnet to a few millimeters away from the rail surface without contacting the rail. It uses the relative movement of the electromagnet and the rail to induce eddy currents on the rail. The braking force generated converts the kinetic energy of the train into heat energy that is dissipated into the atmosphere through the rail. Linear eddy current braking has been applied to German ICE3 EMUs, but the temperature rise of the track has a direct impact on operational safety and affects the transmission of track signals.
  • the disc eddy current brake is to install a metal induction disc (brake disc) and a magnetic field generating device on the output shaft of the axle or gearbox. When braking, the magnetic field is induced on the surface of the rotating induction disc. The powerful eddy currents generate braking force and convert the train's kinetic energy into heat and dissipate it into the atmosphere. Disc eddy current brakes are used in Japan's 100 series and 300 series EMUs.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device.
  • the device uses a permanent magnet (stator) to generate a magnetic field to prevent the rotation of the brake disc (rotor), and controls the rotation of the stator by driving a motor to start and stop the eddy current and braking force, which can replace friction braking and reduce friction pair wear.
  • the magnetic poles of the outer ring permanent magnets and the inner ring permanent magnets are perpendicular to the disc surface of the brake disc.
  • it further includes pole pieces corresponding to the outer ring permanent magnets and the inner ring permanent magnets, and the pole pieces have the same phase as the outer ring permanent magnets.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet and the inner ring permanent magnet are provided with a spring at one end away from the brake disc.
  • a spring is provided to keep the outer ring permanent magnet and the inner ring permanent magnet in full contact with the corresponding magnetic yoke and pole piece through elastic force.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet assembly and the inner ring permanent magnet assembly are installed in a support box, and the support box is connected to the frame through a connecting rod and is rotatably matched with the axle through a bearing.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet assembly and the inner ring permanent magnet assembly are installed inside the support box through two parallel mounting disks, and a plurality of outer ring fixing seats are provided on the mounting disks.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet and the yoke are located inside the outer ring fixing seats, and the inner ring permanent magnet and the yoke are located in the slots of the inner ring turntable, and the inner ring turntable can rotate relative to the mounting disks.
  • the pole piece is fixed to a side of the support box adjacent to the brake disc.
  • a driving motor is provided inside the supporting box, and the inner ring turntable is provided with a gear ring.
  • the driving motor is meshed with the gear ring through gears to drive the inner ring turntable to rotate.
  • the present invention provides a rail vehicle, including a vehicle body, a frame and a braking device, characterized in that the braking device is a disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current braking device as described in any of the above-mentioned technical solutions.
  • the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device uses permanent magnet technology to solve the problem of the stator coil of the disc-shaped eddy current brake device being too heavy, and can better meet the requirements of practical applications. Since it belongs to non-friction braking technology, it will not cause friction pair wear, brake dust and noise pollution. Moreover, it uses permanent magnets to generate magnetic fields, and does not require external excitation power supply and excitation winding, which can greatly save braking electricity and copper, reduce the weight of the eddy current brake device, and achieve lightweight and miniaturization of the eddy current brake device. It can maintain the stability and durability of the braking force, avoid the risk of brake failure during power failure, and has higher reliability. Compared with air brakes, the braking force is applied more linearly, which can reduce the longitudinal impact during train braking and improve riding comfort.
  • the rail vehicle provided by the present invention is provided with the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device. Since the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device has the above-mentioned technical effects, the rail vehicle provided with the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device should also have corresponding technical effects.
  • FIG1 is a braking principle diagram of a disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current braking device provided by an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG2 is a schematic diagram of eddy current generated by the brake disc shown in FIG1 ;
  • FIG3 is a partial schematic diagram of the inner ring permanent magnet and the outer ring permanent magnet with the same phase and opposite magnetic poles when there is no braking force;
  • FIG4 is a longitudinal sectional view of FIG3;
  • FIG5 is a partial schematic diagram showing that the magnetic poles of the inner ring permanent magnet and the outer ring permanent magnet of the same phase are consistent when there is a braking force;
  • FIG6 is a longitudinal sectional view of FIG5
  • FIG7 is a schematic structural diagram of a disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current braking device provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG8 is a schematic diagram of magnetic pole distribution when the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device shown in FIG7 is in a braking state;
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the magnetic pole distribution of the disk-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device shown in FIG. 7 when it is in motion.
  • Brake disc 20 Eddy current 30.
  • Outer ring permanent magnet assembly 31.
  • Inner ring permanent magnet assembly 41.
  • Gear 150 Locating pin.
  • Figure 1 is a braking principle diagram of a disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device provided by an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of eddy current generated by the brake disc shown in Figure 1.
  • the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device provided by the present invention has the following braking principle:
  • permanent magnets are arranged alternately in the order of S pole and N pole (or N pole and S pole) along the rotation direction. If the magnets are brought close to the brake disc 10, eddy currents 20 will be generated on the surface of the brake disc 10. Since the eddy currents 20 generate a magnetic field, a Lorentz force acts in the direction that hinders the rotation of the brake disc 10, which is manifested as a braking force on the brake disc 10. Since the resistance value of the brake disc 10 is very small, the eddy currents 20 generated are very strong, and the Lorentz force generated by the strong current cutting the magnetic lines of force in the magnetic field is also very strong, so a large braking force can be obtained by using a rotating permanent magnet eddy current brake device.
  • Figure 3 is a local schematic diagram of the inner ring permanent magnet and the outer ring permanent magnet with the same phase and opposite magnetic poles when there is no braking force
  • Figure 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of Figure 3
  • Figure 5 is a local schematic diagram of the inner ring permanent magnet and the outer ring permanent magnet with the same phase and consistent magnetic poles when there is braking force
  • Figure 6 is a longitudinal sectional view of Figure 5.
  • the disk-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device provided by the present invention has permanent magnets arranged in two groups: an outer ring permanent magnet assembly 30 and an inner ring permanent magnet assembly 40.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet assembly 30 has multiple groups of outer ring permanent magnets 31 uniformly distributed in the circumferential direction, and the S poles and N poles of the outer ring permanent magnets 31 are arranged alternately in sequence.
  • the inner ring permanent magnet assembly 40 has multiple groups of inner ring permanent magnets 41 uniformly distributed in the circumferential direction, and the S poles and N poles of the inner ring permanent magnets 41 are arranged alternately in sequence.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet assembly 30 is fixed, and the inner ring permanent magnet assembly 40 can rotate (in the circumferential direction) relative to the outer ring permanent magnet assembly 30 by the distance of at least one pair of magnetic poles to change the corresponding relationship between the magnetic poles of the inner ring permanent magnet 41 and the outer ring permanent magnet 31, so that the magnetic poles of the inner ring permanent magnet 41 and the outer ring permanent magnet 31 of the same phase are consistent or opposite, and are transformed and transitioned between the two consistent or opposite states.
  • the outer ring permanent magnets 31 and the inner ring permanent magnets 41 with the same phase have opposite magnetic poles, and the magnetic field forms a closed loop through the pole piece 60.
  • the magnetic field does not pass through the brake disc 10, so no eddy current is generated in the brake disc 10, and no braking force is generated on the brake disc 10.
  • a power drive device (such as a motor) is used to rotate the inner ring permanent magnet 41 so that the magnetic poles of the outer ring permanent magnet 31 and the inner ring permanent magnet 31 with the same phase are consistent, and the magnetic field passes through the pole piece 60 to form a closed loop in the brake disc 10.
  • a power drive device such as a motor
  • the brake disc 10 rotates, eddy currents are generated, and then braking force is generated, that is, the braking force at this time is 100%.
  • the braking force is 0%, and in the state shown in Figures 5 and 6, the braking force is 100%.
  • the inner ring permanent magnet 41 rotates continuously.
  • the braking force can be continuously increased or decreased to achieve stepless adjustment, that is, the braking force can be adjusted between 0% and 100%.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current braking device provided in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device provided by the present invention is mainly composed of a brake disc 10, an axle 70, and a permanent magnet eddy current brake device.
  • the brake disc 10 is installed on the axle 70, and the permanent magnet eddy current brake device is located on one side of the brake disc 10, wherein the permanent magnet eddy current brake device is provided with an outer ring permanent magnet assembly 30 and an inner ring permanent magnet assembly 40.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet assembly 30 and the inner ring permanent magnet assembly 40 are installed in the support box 80.
  • the support box 80 is connected to the frame through a connecting rod and rotates with the axle 70 through a bearing 90, so that the support box 80 remains relatively still when the vehicle is running.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet assembly 30 and the inner ring permanent magnet assembly 40 are installed inside the support box 80 through two parallel first mounting plates 110 and second mounting plates 120.
  • the first mounting plates 110 and the second mounting plates 120 are provided with outer ring fixing seats 32.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet 31 and the outer ring yoke 33 of the outer ring permanent magnet assembly 30 are placed inside the outer ring fixing seat 32.
  • the inner ring permanent magnet 41 and the inner ring yoke 43 of the inner ring permanent magnet assembly 40 are located in the slots of the inner ring turntable 42.
  • the inner ring turntable 42 can rotate relative to the first mounting plates 110 and the second mounting plates 120.
  • the inner ring rotating disk 42 has a cross-sectional shape similar to that of the outer ring fixing seat 32 , except that the outer ring fixing seat 32 is a plurality of separate units distributed in the circumferential direction, while the inner ring rotating disk 42 can be an integral component that rotates in the circumferential direction.
  • the magnetic poles of the outer ring permanent magnet 31 and the inner ring permanent magnet 41 are perpendicular to the disk surface of the brake disk 10.
  • Nd-Fe-B rare earth permanent magnets with high magnetic energy product, high coercive force and other characteristics can be selected, which can continuously generate a strong magnetic field without current excitation.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet 31 and the inner ring permanent magnet 41 are respectively provided with an outer ring yoke 33 and an inner ring yoke 43 at one end facing the brake disc.
  • the outer ring yoke 33 and the inner ring yoke 43 do not generate a magnetic field themselves, but only play the role of transmitting and restraining magnetic lines of force in the magnetic circuit, preventing the magnetic lines of force from dissipating outward and concentrating the magnetic line bundles to improve the efficiency of the mechanism.
  • outer ring permanent magnets 31 and outer ring yokes 33 there are twelve groups of outer ring permanent magnets 31 and outer ring yokes 33, which are placed in twelve outer ring fixing seats 32 and are evenly arranged every 30° along the circumferential direction.
  • the first mounting plate 110 and the second mounting plate 120 are fixed inside the supporting box 80.
  • the inner ring permanent magnet 41 and the inner ring magnetic yoke 42 can also be installed inside the supporting box 80 through a third mounting plate and a fourth mounting plate that are separately provided.
  • the pole piece 60 corresponds to the outer ring permanent magnet 31 and the inner ring permanent magnet 41, and its phase is the same as that of the outer ring permanent magnet 31. There are twelve groups in total, which are evenly arranged every 30° along the circumferential direction.
  • the pole piece 60 is fixed to the side of the support box 80 adjacent to the brake disc 10, and a small gap is maintained between the pole piece 60 and the brake disc 10.
  • the pole piece 60 can be made of a material with good magnetic conductivity to better transmit magnetic lines of force.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet 31 and the inner ring permanent magnet 41 are respectively provided with a pre-compressed spring 50 at the end away from the brake disc 10, so that the outer ring permanent magnet 31 and the inner ring permanent magnet 41 maintain full contact with the corresponding yoke and pole piece 60 through elastic force.
  • the outer ring yoke 33 and the outer ring fixing seat 32 are positioned by the positioning pin 150 to keep the position of the outer ring yoke 33 fixed.
  • a driving motor 130 is provided inside the supporting box 80, and the inner ring turntable 42 is provided with a gear ring.
  • the driving motor is meshed with the gear ring through a gear 140 to drive the inner ring turntable 42 to rotate, thereby changing the phase of the inner ring permanent magnet 41 to achieve the purpose of controlling the braking force.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the magnetic pole distribution of the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device shown in Figure 7 when it is in a braking state
  • Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the magnetic pole distribution of the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device shown in Figure 7 when it is in a moving state.
  • the motor 130 drives the inner ring turntable 42 to rotate.
  • the magnetic field passes through the pole piece 60 to generate a magnetic field in the brake disc 10 by forming a closed loop.
  • eddy currents are generated inside the brake disc 10, thereby generating braking force.
  • the motor 130 drives the inner ring turntable 42 to rotate again, so that the magnetic poles of the inner ring permanent magnet 41 and the outer ring permanent magnet 31 of the same phase are opposite, and the magnetic field passes through the pole piece 60 to form a closed loop.
  • the magnetic field does not pass through the brake disc 10, and the braking force is reduced to zero.
  • the above embodiments are only preferred solutions of the present invention and are not limited thereto. On this basis, targeted adjustments can be made according to actual needs to obtain different implementation methods.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet assembly 30 and the inner ring permanent magnet assembly 40 are installed inside the support box 80 in other ways, or the inner ring rotating disk 42 is driven to rotate in other ways, etc. There are many examples, so I will not explain them one by one here.
  • the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device uses a combination of permanent magnets, yokes and pole pieces to generate and transmit magnetic fields.
  • the outer ring permanent magnet 31 is fixed, and the inner ring permanent magnet 41 is driven by a motor 130 to rotate, thereby controlling the opening and closing of the braking force.
  • the permanent magnet generates a magnetic field, which can avoid the use of an excitation coil, thereby achieving lightweight and miniaturization of the brake device.
  • the rotary eddy current braking method is used to avoid the influence of linear eddy current braking on the track. Compared with air braking, no longitudinal impact will be generated.
  • the present invention also provides a rail vehicle, which has a vehicle body, a frame and a brake device, wherein the brake device is the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device described above.
  • the brake device is the disc-shaped permanent magnet eddy current brake device described above.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Dynamo-Electric Clutches, Dynamo-Electric Brakes (AREA)

Abstract

一种盘形永磁涡流制动装置，包括车轴（70）、安装于车轴（70）的制动盘（10）以及位于所述制动盘（10）一侧的永磁涡流制动装置；所述永磁涡流制动装置包括外圈永磁组件（30）和内圈永磁组件（40），所述外圈永磁组件（30）包括多组沿圆周方向均匀分布的外圈永磁体（31），所述外圈永磁体（31）的S极和N极依次交替排列，所述内圈永磁组件（40）包括多组沿圆周方向均匀分布的内圈永磁体（41），所述内圈永磁体（41）的S极和N极依次交替排列；所述内圈永磁组件（40）能够相对于所述外圈永磁组件（30）旋转，以通过改变所述内圈永磁体（41）的相位控制制动力。该装置使用永磁铁产生磁场来阻止制动盘的旋转，通过驱动电机控制定子旋转来启动和关闭涡流及制动力，可代替摩擦制动，减少摩擦副磨损。

Description

盘形永磁涡流制动装置及轨道车辆
本申请要求2023年07月11日提交中国专利局、申请号为202310849377.3、发明名称为“盘形永磁涡流制动装置及轨道车辆”的发明专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及轨道车辆技术领域，尤其涉及轨道车辆的盘形永磁涡流制动装置。本发明还涉及设有所述盘形永磁涡流制动装置的轨道车辆。
背景技术
随着动车组速度的提高，制动装置面临严峻的挑战。传统的摩擦制动受制于摩擦材料的热性能，运营速度过高会造成制动盘与闸片的磨耗加剧，摩擦性能降低，甚至出现制动盘热裂纹或是紧固件失效等现象，因此使用非摩擦制动与摩擦制动技术结合是高速动车组合理的搭配。
非摩擦制动技术主要有：电阻制动、再生制动和涡流制动。电阻制动和再生制动不能在没有牵引电机的拖车转向架上使用，而涡流制动则不受到此限制。
涡流制动分为盘形制动和线型涡流制动。涡流制动的原理是：导体在磁场中切割磁感线产生感应电流，根据楞次定律，导体上的感应电流受到的磁场力(安培力)总是反抗(或阻碍)导体的运动。即，磁场对导体有“来拒去留”的效果。
线性涡流类似于磁轨制动，是将电磁铁放下到离轨面几毫米处而不与钢轨接触。其利用电磁铁和钢轨的相对运动使钢轨感应出涡流，由此产生的制动力，把列车的动能转换为热能通过钢轨消散于大气中。线性涡流制动已应用在德国ICE3型动车组，但轨道温升对运行安全产生直接影响且影响轨道信号的传输。
盘形涡流制动是在车轴或是齿轮箱的输出轴上安装金属感应盘(制动盘)和磁场生成装置，在进行制动时，通过磁场在旋转的感应盘表面感应出 强大的涡流而产生制动力，并将列车的动能转化为热量消散于大气中。盘形涡流制动应用在日本100系和300系动车组。
既有的盘形涡流制动多数使用电磁铁励磁，磁场大小和开闭通过线圈电流的大小来调节，控制方便，但是，在实际研究和应用过程中发现采用电磁涡流制动有个严重的问题，那就是极大的励磁线圈，需要提供极大电流，因此制动装置的质量较大。例如日本300系动车组应用的一组涡流盘形制动装置的质量就有l吨左右。
综上，需研发不依赖电磁铁励磁的盘形涡流制动装置，即永磁盘形涡流制动装置。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种盘形永磁涡流制动装置。该装置使用永磁铁(定子)产生磁场来阻止制动盘(转子)的旋转，通过驱动电机控制定子旋转来启动和关闭涡流及制动力，可代替摩擦制动，减少摩擦副磨损。
为实现上述目的，本发明提供一种盘形永磁涡流制动装置，包括车轴、安装于车轴的制动盘以及位于所述制动盘一侧的永磁涡流制动装置；所述永磁涡流制动装置包括外圈永磁组件和内圈永磁组件，所述外圈永磁组件包括多组沿圆周方向均匀分布的外圈永磁体，所述外圈永磁体的S极和N极依次交替排列，所述内圈永磁组件包括多组沿圆周方向均匀分布的内圈永磁体，所述内圈永磁体的S极和N极依次交替排列；所述内圈永磁组件能够相对于所述外圈永磁组件旋转，以通过改变所述内圈永磁体的相位控制制动力。
可选地，所述外圈永磁体和内圈永磁体的磁极均垂直于所述制动盘的盘面。
可选地，所述外圈永磁体和内圈永磁体朝向所述制动盘的一端分别设有磁轭。
可选地，进一步包括对应于所述外圈永磁体和内圈永磁体的极片，所述极片与所述外圈永磁体的相位相同。
可选地，所述外圈永磁体和内圈永磁体远离所述制动盘的一端设有弹 簧，以通过弹力使所述外圈永磁体和内圈永磁体与对应的磁轭和极片保持充分接触。
可选地，所述外圈永磁组件和内圈永磁组件安装在支撑箱体内，所述支撑箱体与构架通过连杆相连接，并通过轴承与所述车轴转动配合。
可选地，所述外圈永磁组件和内圈永磁组件通过两道平行的安装盘安装在所述支撑箱体的内部，所述安装盘上设有若干外圈固定座，所述外圈永磁体和磁轭和位于所述外圈固定座的内部，所述内圈永磁体和磁轭位于内圈转盘的插槽内，所述内圈转盘能够相对于安装盘旋转。
可选地，所述极片固定在所述支撑箱体邻近所述制动盘的一侧。
可选地，所述支撑箱体内部设有驱动电机，所述内圈转盘设有齿圈，所述驱动电机通过齿轮与所述齿圈啮合传动，以驱动所述内圈转盘旋转。
为实现上述另一目的，本发明提供一种轨道车辆，包括车体、构架和制动装置，其特征在于，所述制动装置为上述任一项技术方案所述的盘形永磁涡流制动装置。
本发明所提供的盘形永磁涡流制动装置使用永磁技术，解决了盘形涡流制动装置定子线圈过重的问题，能够更好的满足实际应用的要求。由于属于非摩擦制动技术，因此不会产生摩擦副磨损、制动粉尘和噪声污染，而且，采用永磁铁产生磁场，不需外加励磁电源和励磁绕组，可大大节省了制动用电和用铜，降低涡流制动装置重量，实现了涡流制动装置的轻量化和小型化，可保持制动力的稳定性和持久性，避免断电时制动失效的风险，具有更高的可靠性，与空气制动相比，制动力施加更为线性，可减少列车制动时的纵向冲击，提高乘坐的舒适性。
本发明所提供的轨道车辆设有所述盘形永磁涡流制动装置，由于所述盘形永磁涡流制动装置具有上述技术效果，则设有该盘形永磁涡流制动装置的轨道车辆也应具有相应的技术效果。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例所提供的一种盘形永磁涡流制动装置的制动原理图；
图2为图1中所示制动盘产生涡流的示意图；
图3为无制动力时同相位的内圈永磁体与外圈永磁体的磁极相反的局部示意图；
图4为图3的纵向剖视图；
图5为有制动力时同相位的内圈永磁体与外圈永磁体的磁极相一致的局部示意图；
图6为图5的纵向剖视图；
图7为本发明实施例所提供的一种盘形永磁涡流制动装置的结构示意图；
图8为图7所示盘形永磁涡流制动装置处于制动状态时的磁极分布示意图；
图9为图7所示盘形永磁涡流制动装置处于运动状态时的磁极分布示意图。
图中：
10.制动盘  20.涡流  30.外圈永磁组件  31.外圈永磁体  32.外圈固定座  33.外圈磁轭  40.内圈永磁组件  41.内圈永磁体  42.内圈转盘  43.内圈磁轭  50.弹簧  60.极片  70.车轴  80.支撑箱体  90.轴承  110.第一安装盘  120.第二安装盘  130.驱动电机  140.齿轮  150.定位销。
具体实施方式
为了使本技术领域的人员更好地理解本发明方案，下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
在本文中，“上、下、内、外”等用语是基于附图所示的位置关系而确立的，根据附图的不同，相应的位置关系也有可能随之发生变化，因此，并不能将其理解为对保护范围的绝对限定；而且，诸如“第一”和“第二”等之类的关系术语仅仅用来将一个与另一个具有相同名称的部件区分开来，而不一定要求或者暗示这些部件之间存在任何这种实际的关系或者顺序。
请参考图1、图2，图1为本发明实施例所提供的一种盘形永磁涡流制动装置的制动原理图；图2为图1中所示制动盘产生涡流的示意图。
本发明所提供的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，其制动原理为：
在制动盘的一侧，沿旋转方向按S极、N极(或N极、S极)的顺序交替排列永磁铁，如果使磁铁靠近制动盘10，会在制动盘10表面会产生涡流20。由于该涡流20产生磁场，因此，在阻碍制动盘10旋转的方向上作用了劳伦兹力，表现在制动盘10上就是制动力。由于制动盘10的电阻值很小，因此产生的涡流20强度很大，而强大的电流在磁场中切割磁力线产生的劳伦兹力也很强大，所以利用旋转型永磁涡流制动装置，能够获得较大的制动力。
请参考图3至图6，图3为无制动力时同相位的内圈永磁体与外圈永磁体的磁极相反的局部示意图；图4为图3的纵向剖视图；图5为有制动力时同相位的内圈永磁体与外圈永磁体的磁极相一致的局部示意图；图6为图5的纵向剖视图。
本发明所提供的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，其永磁铁分两组布置：外圈永磁组件30和内圈永磁组件40，外圈永磁组件30具有多组沿圆周方向均匀分布的外圈永磁体31，外圈永磁体31的S极和N极依次交替排列，内圈永磁组件40具有多组沿圆周方向均匀分布的内圈永磁体41，内圈永磁体41的S极和N极依次交替排列；外圈永磁组件30是固定的，内圈永磁组件40能够相对于外圈永磁组件30旋转(沿圆周方向)至少一对磁极的距离，以改变内圈永磁体41与外圈永磁体31的磁极对应关系，使同相位的内圈永磁体41与外圈永磁体31的磁极相一致或相反，并在相一致或相反两种状态之间进行变换和过渡。
列车在正常运行时，同相位的外圈永磁体31与内圈永磁体41的磁极相反，磁场通过极片60构成闭合回路，磁场不通过制动盘10，因此制动盘10内就不会产生涡流，从而制动盘10上也就不会产生制动力。
列车制动过程中，利用动力驱动装置(如电机)旋转内圈永磁体41，使同相位的外圈永磁体31与内圈永磁体31的磁极相一致，磁场穿过极片60在制动盘10内形成闭合回路，此时在制动盘10存在磁场，随着制动盘10的旋转会产生涡流，进而产生制动力，即此时的制动力为100％。
在图3、图4所示的状态下，的制动力为0％，在图5、图6所示的状态下，制动力为100％，内圈永磁体41连续转动，在理论上制动力可连续增减，实现无极调节，也就是说，制动力可以在0％～100％进行调节。
请继续参考图7，图7为本发明实施例所提供的一种盘形永磁涡流制动装置的结构示意图。
在一种具体实施例中，本发明所提供的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，主要由制动盘10、车轴70、以及永磁涡流制动装置等部分组成，制动盘10安装于车轴70，永磁涡流制动装置位于制动盘10的一侧，其中，永磁涡流制动装置设有外圈永磁组件30和内圈永磁组件40。
外圈永磁组件30和内圈永磁组件40安装在支撑箱体80内，支撑箱体80与构架通过连杆相连接，并通过轴承90与车轴70转动配合，使支撑箱体80在车辆运行时保持相对静止。
具体地，外圈永磁组件30和内圈永磁组件40通过两道平行的第一安装盘110和第二安装盘120安装在支撑箱体80的内部，第一安装盘110和第二安装盘120上设有外圈固定座32，外圈永磁组件30的外圈永磁体31和外圈磁轭33和放置于外圈固定座32的内部，内圈永磁组件40的内圈永磁体41和内圈磁轭43位于内圈转盘42的插槽内，内圈转盘42能够相对于第一安装盘110和第二安装盘120旋转。
内圈转盘42具有类似于外圈固定座32的截面形状，不同之处在于，外圈固定座32为若干周向分布的单独个体，而内圈转盘42可以是周向转动的整体式构件。
外圈永磁体31和内圈永磁体41的磁极均垂直于制动盘10的盘面，可选用具有高磁能积、高矫顽力等特性的Nd-Fe-B的稀土永磁体，可以不通过电流励磁而持续产生较强的磁场。
外圈永磁体31和内圈永磁体41朝向制动盘的一端分别设有外圈磁轭33和内圈磁轭43，外圈磁轭33和内圈磁轭43本身不产生磁场，在磁路中只起磁力线传输和约束的作用，防止磁力线向外散放，使磁力线束集中，以提高该机构的效率。
在本实施例中，外圈永磁体31和外圈磁轭33共十二组，放置在十二个外圈固定座32内，沿圆周方向每30°均匀排布，外圈固定座32通过第 一安装盘110和第二安装盘120固定在支撑箱体80的内部。内圈永磁体41和内圈磁轭43共十二组，放置在内圈转盘42的十二个插槽内，沿圆周方向每30°均匀排布。
当然，内圈永磁体41和内圈磁轭42也可以通过另外单独设置的第三安装盘和第四安装盘安装在支撑箱体80的内部。
极片60对应于外圈永磁体31和内圈永磁体41，其相位与外圈永磁体31相同，共十二组，沿圆周方向每30°均匀排布，极片60固定在支撑箱体80邻近制动盘10的一侧，与制动盘10之间保持较小的间隙，极片60可采用导磁性能良好的材料制成，以较好的传递磁力线。
外圈永磁体31和内圈永磁体41在远离制动盘10的一端分别设有预压缩的弹簧50，以通过弹力使外圈永磁体31和内圈永磁体41与对应的磁轭和极片60保持充分接触，安装到位后，外圈磁轭33与外圈固定座32通过定位销150进行定位，使外圈磁轭33的位置保持固定。
支撑箱体80内部设有驱动电机130，内圈转盘42设有齿圈，驱动电机通过齿轮140与齿圈啮合传动，以驱动内圈转盘42旋转，从而使内圈永磁体41的相位发生变化，实现对制动力进行控制的目的。
请一并参考图8、图9，图8为图7所示盘形永磁涡流制动装置处于制动状态时的磁极分布示意图；图9为图7所示盘形永磁涡流制动装置处于运动状态时的磁极分布示意图。
在制动状态下，电机130驱动内圈转盘42旋转，当同相位的内圈永磁体41和外圈永磁体31的磁极相一致时，磁场穿过极片60在制动盘10内通过形成闭合回路产生磁场，随着制动盘10的旋转，制动盘10内部会产生涡流，进而产生制动力。
在正常运行状态下，电机130再次驱动内圈转盘42旋转，使同相位的内圈永磁体41和外圈永磁体31的磁极相反，磁场穿过极片60形成闭合回路，磁场不通过制动盘10，制动力减小为零。
上述实施例仅是本发明的优选方案，具体并不局限于此，在此基础上可根据实际需要作出具有针对性的调整，从而得到不同的实施方式。例如，外圈永磁组件30和内圈永磁组件40通过其他方式安装在支撑箱体80的内部，或者，通过其他方式驱动内圈转盘42旋转，等等。由于可能实现的方 式较多，这里就不再一一举例说明。
该盘形永磁涡流制动装置采用永磁铁、磁轭和极片的组合进行磁场的产生和传递，外圈永磁体31固定，内圈永磁体41使用电机130驱动进行旋转，从而控制制动力的开闭，永磁铁产生磁场，可避免励磁线圈的使用，实现了制动装置的轻量化和小型化，而且，采用旋转型涡流制动方式，避免了线性涡流制动对轨道的影响，与空气制动相比，不会产生纵向冲击。
除了上述盘形永磁涡流制动装置，本发明还提供轨道车辆，其具有车体、构架和制动装置，其中，制动装置为上文所描述的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，关于轨道车辆的其余结构，请参考现有技术，本文不再赘述。
以上对本发明所提供的盘形永磁涡流制动装置进行了详细介绍。本文中应用了具体个例对本发明的原理及实施方式进行了阐述，以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的核心思想。应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以对本发明进行若干改进和修饰，这些改进和修饰也落入本发明权利要求的保护范围内。

Claims (10)

  1. 盘形永磁涡流制动装置，其特征在于，包括车轴(70)、安装于车轴(70)的制动盘(10)以及位于所述制动盘(10)一侧的永磁涡流制动装置；所述永磁涡流制动装置包括外圈永磁组件(30)和内圈永磁组件(40)，所述外圈永磁组件(30)包括多组沿圆周方向均匀分布的外圈永磁体(31)，所述外圈永磁体(31)的S极和N极依次交替排列，所述内圈永磁组件(40)包括多组沿圆周方向均匀分布的内圈永磁体(41)，所述内圈永磁体(41)的S极和N极依次交替排列；所述内圈永磁组件(40)能够相对于所述外圈永磁组件(30)旋转，以通过改变所述内圈永磁体(41)的相位控制制动力。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，其特征在于，所述外圈永磁体(31)和内圈永磁体(41)的磁极均垂直于所述制动盘(10)的盘面。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，其特征在于，所述外圈永磁体(31)和内圈永磁体(41)朝向所述制动盘(10)的一端分别设有磁轭。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，其特征在于，进一步包括对应于所述外圈永磁体(31)和内圈永磁体(41)的极片(60)，所述极片(60)与所述外圈永磁体(31)的相位相同。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，其特征在于，所述外圈永磁体(31)和内圈永磁体(41)远离所述制动盘(10)的一端设有弹簧(50)，以通过弹力使所述外圈永磁体(31)和内圈永磁体(41)与对应的磁轭和极片(60)保持充分接触。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，其特征在于，所述外圈永磁组件(30)和内圈永磁组件(40)安装在支撑箱体(80)的内部，所述支撑箱体(80)与构架通过连杆相连接，并通过轴承(90)与所述车轴(70)转动配合。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，其特征在于，所述外圈永磁组件(30)和内圈永磁组件(40)通过两道平行的安装盘安装在所述支撑箱体(80)的内部，所述安装盘上设有若干外圈固定座(32)，所 述外圈永磁体(31)和磁轭和位于所述外圈固定座(32)的内部，所述内圈永磁体(41)和磁轭位于内圈转盘(42)的插槽内，所述内圈转盘(42)能够相对于安装盘旋转。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，其特征在于，所述极片(60)固定在所述支撑箱体(80)邻近所述制动盘(10)的一侧。
  9. 根据权利要求7或8所述的盘形永磁涡流制动装置，其特征在于，所述支撑箱体(80)内部设有驱动电机(130)，所述内圈转盘(42)设有齿圈，所述驱动电机(130)通过齿轮(140)与所述齿圈啮合传动，以驱动所述内圈转盘(42)旋转。
  10. 轨道车辆，包括车体、构架和制动装置，其特征在于，所述制动装置为上述权利要求1至9中任一项所述的盘形永磁涡流制动装置。
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