Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
  • A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
  • A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a feed additive and livestock feed, and further to a method for raising livestock using livestock feed, and a method for improving weight gain and feed conversion rate in livestock.
• Methionine is an essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized in animals, and is known to be used as a feed additive for livestock.
• Creatine a type of amino acid, is present in animals' bodies and serves as an energy source during exercise. Creatine is produced by methylation of its precursor, guanidinoacetic acid. Since guanidinoacetic acid is a source of creatine, it has been proposed to use it as a feed additive (for example, JP-T 2008-501352 (Patent Document 1)).
• Feed additives and livestock feed are required to achieve good weight gain and feed conversion ratios.
• the present invention aims to provide a feed additive and livestock feed that can improve the weight gain and feed conversion rate of livestock.
• the present invention provides the following feed additives, livestock feed, livestock breeding methods, and methods for improving weight gain and feed conversion in livestock.
• a feed additive comprising a methionine hydroxy analog and/or a calcium salt thereof, methionine and/or a salt thereof, and guanidinoacetic acid and/or a salt thereof.
• the feed additive according to [1] further comprising a carrier.
• the carrier includes a solid carrier, The feed additive according to [2], wherein the solid carrier carries a methionine hydroxy analogue.
• a livestock feed comprising a methionine hydroxy analog and/or a calcium salt thereof, methionine and/or a salt thereof, guanidinoacetic acid and/or a salt thereof, and a basal feed.
• the carrier includes a solid carrier, The livestock feed according to [5], wherein the solid carrier carries a methionine hydroxy analogue.
• a method for raising livestock comprising a step of feeding livestock the livestock feed according to any one of [4] to [6].
• the method according to [7] wherein the livestock is poultry.
• a method for improving weight gain and feed conversion ratio in livestock comprising a step of feeding the livestock feed according to any one of [4] to [6] to livestock.
• the method according to [9], wherein the livestock is poultry.
• the present invention provides a feed additive and livestock feed that can improve the weight gain and feed conversion rate of livestock.
• the feed additive of the present invention contains methionine hydroxy analogue and/or its calcium salt (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "LMA”), methionine and/or its salt (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "DLM”), and guanidinoacetic acid and/or its salt (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "GAA").
• LMA methionine hydroxy analogue and/or its calcium salt
• DLM methionine and/or its salt
• GAA guanidinoacetic acid and/or its salt
• the LMA may be a methionine hydroxy analog, a calcium salt of a methionine hydroxy analog, or a mixture thereof.
• the methionine hydroxy analog may be in the D-form, the L-form, or a mixture thereof.
• the calcium salt of a methionine hydroxy analog may be in the D-form, the L-form, or a mixture thereof. It is preferred that the LMA is a methionine hydroxy analog.
• DLM may be methionine, a salt of methionine, or a mixture thereof.
• As the salt of methionine sodium salt is preferable.
• Methionine may be L-methionine, D-methionine, or a mixture thereof.
• DLM is preferably L-methionine and/or DL-methionine.
• GAA may be guanidinoacetic acid, a salt of guanidinoacetic acid, or a mixture thereof.
• Examples of salts of guanidinoacetic acid include hydrochloride of guanidinoacetic acid, hydrobromide of guanidinoacetic acid, and phosphate of guanidinoacetic acid.
• GAA is preferably guanidinoacetic acid.
• the mass ratio of LMA to DLM (LMA/DLM) contained in this feed additive may be 0.05 or more, 0.1 or more, 0.3 or more, or 0.5 or more.
• LMA/DLM may be 10.0 or less, 5.0 or less, 3.0 or less, or 2.0 or less.
• LMA/DLM may be 0.05 or more and 10.0 or less, 0.1 or more and 5.0 or less, 0.3 or more and 3.0 or less, or 0.5 or more and 2.0 or less.
• the mass of LMA refers to the total amount of these.
• DLM contains two or more of the above-mentioned components
• the mass of DLM refers to the total amount of these.
• the content of GAA in the feed additive may be 5% by mass or more, 10% by mass or more, 15% by mass or more, or 18% by mass or more of the total amount of LMA and DLM.
• the content of GAA in the feed additive may be 50% by mass or less, 40% by mass or less, 30% by mass or less, or 25% by mass or less of the total amount of LMA and DLM.
• the content of GAA in the feed additive may be 5% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less, 10% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, 15% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, 15% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, 15% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less, 18% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, or 18% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less.
• the content of LMA when the total amount of LMA, DLM and GAA in the feed additive is taken as 100% by mass may be 5% by mass or more, 10% by mass or more, 15% by mass or more, 20% by mass or more, 25% by mass or more, 30% by mass or more, or 35% by mass or more.
• the content of LMA in the feed additive may be 75% by mass or less, 55% by mass or less, or 45% by mass or less.
• the content of LMA in the feed additive may be 5% by mass or more and 75% by mass or less, 10% by mass or more and 55% by mass or less, 15% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less, 20% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less, 25% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less, 30% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less, or 35% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less.
• the content of DLM when the total amount of LMA, DLM and GAA in the feed additive is taken as 100% by mass may be 5% by mass or more, 10% by mass or more, 15% by mass or more, 20% by mass or more, 25% by mass or more, 30% by mass or more, or 35% by mass or more.
• the content of DLM in the feed additive may be 75% by mass or less, 55% by mass or less, or 45% by mass or less.
• the content of DLM in the feed additive may be 5% by mass or more and 75% by mass or less, 10% by mass or more and 55% by mass or less, 15% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less, 20% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less, 25% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less, 30% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less, or 35% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less.
• the GAA content (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "GAA content in this feed additive") may be 5% by mass or more, 10% by mass or more, or 15% by mass or more.
• the GAA content in this feed additive may be 45% by mass or less, 35% by mass or less, or 25% by mass or less.
• the GAA content in this feed additive may be 5% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less, 10% by mass or more and 35% by mass or less, or 15% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less.
• the total amount of LMA, DLM and GAA in this feed additive may be 15% by mass or more, 20% by mass or more, 30% by mass or more, 50% by mass or more, 80% by mass or more, 90% by mass or more, or 95% by mass or more.
• the total amount of LMA, DLM and GAA in this feed additive is 100% by mass or less, 95% by mass or less, 90% by mass or less, 80% by mass or less, 70% by mass or less, 60% by mass or less, 50% by mass or less, or 40% by mass or less.
• the total amount of LMA, DLM and GAA in this feed additive may be 15% by mass or more and 100% by mass or less, 20% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less, 30% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less, 50% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less, 20% by mass or more and 100% by mass or less, 80% by mass or more and 100% by mass or less, 90% by mass or more and 100% by mass or less, 95% by mass or more and 100% by mass or less, 50% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, 50% by mass or more and 60% by mass or less, 20% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, 30% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less, or 30% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less.
• the feed additive may further contain a carrier.
• the carrier contained in the feed additive may be one that formulates the feed additive into a powder or granules, or one that formulates LMA, DLM, and/or GAA. Examples of the carrier include excipients used in the art.
• solid carriers examples include lactose, sucrose, glucose, dextrin, corn starch, corn flour, gelatin, casein, starch, gum arabic, cellulose derivatives such as ethyl cellulose, alginic acid, rice husk, diatomaceous earth, silicic acid anhydride, silicates, light silicic acid anhydride, silicic acid, silicates, hydrous silicon dioxide, hydrous amorphous silicon oxide, talc, vermiculite, kaolin, perlite, bentonite, zeolite, calcium carbonate, etc.
• the feed additive preferably contains a solid carrier.
• the solid carrier can support the methionine hydroxy analogue, thereby solidifying the methionine hydroxy analogue. This can improve handling.
• the carrier is preferably an inorganic carrier.
• the particle size of the carrier is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 2000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 850 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 50 ⁇ m or more and 710 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably an inorganic carrier of 100 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less.
• the carrier may be an organic carrier or an inorganic carrier.
• organic carriers include sugars such as lactose, starches (including starch hydrolysates), dextrin, cyclodextrin, sucrose, maltose, glucose, ethyl cellulose, gum arabic, xanthan gum, guar gum, and tracant gum; sugar alcohols such as maltitol, erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, trehalose, and reduced palatinose; and corn starch.
• sugars such as lactose, starches (including starch hydrolysates), dextrin, cyclodextrin, sucrose, maltose, glucose, ethyl cellulose, gum arabic, xanthan gum, guar gum, and tracant gum
• sugar alcohols such as maltitol, erythritol, xylitol, sorb
• inorganic carriers include sodium chloride, anhydrous silicic acid, anhydrous silicates, light anhydrous silicic acid, silicic acid, silicates, hydrous silicon dioxide, hydrous amorphous silicon oxide, calcium sulfate, and calcium hydrogen phosphate.
• the organic carrier is one or more selected from the group consisting of lactose, dextrin, ethyl cellulose, and corn starch, and more preferably, dextrin. These may be used alone or in combination.
• the sugar alcohol may be either anhydrous or hydrated. When preparing the feed additive by spray drying, a carrier is not required.
• the content of the carrier in the feed additive may be 5% by mass or more, 10% by mass or more, 15% by mass or more, 50% by mass or less, 45% by mass or less, or 40% by mass or less.
• the content of the carrier in the feed additive may be 5% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less, 10% by mass or more and 45% by mass or less, or 15% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less.
• the feed additive When the feed additive is prepared by spray drying, the feed additive may or may not contain a carrier.
• the content of the carrier in the suspension used to prepare the feed additive by spray drying may be 5% by mass or less, 3% by mass or less, 2% by mass or less, or 1% by mass or less.
• the feed additive can be produced by mixing LMA, DLM, and GAA.
• the mixing of LMA, DLM, and GAA can be carried out by putting all three of these components into a mixing container, or by first mixing two of these three components and then mixing the remaining one into the mixture.
• the feed additive contains a carrier, other components, and/or additives, these may be mixed at an appropriate time.
• a carrier may be mixed into a mixture of components other than the carrier contained in the feed additive, or a specific component contained in the feed additive may be mixed with the carrier and then the remaining components may be mixed therewith.
• the feed additive can be produced by mixing the solidified methionine hydroxy analog with the remaining components contained in the feed additive.
• the methionine hydroxy analog can be improved in handleability by solidification, so that it is easier to mix uniformly with DLM and GAA.
• the method and equipment are not particularly limited, and can be made by techniques known in the technical field to which the present invention belongs.
• the above-mentioned methods generally include methods of preparation by grinding, mixing, granulation, etc.
• roller mills, jet mills, hammer mills, pin mills, W-type mixers, V-type mixers, drum mixers, ribbon mixers, paddle mixers, conical screw mixers, fluidized bed granulators, agitator granulators, etc. are widely used.
• the particle size of the carrier may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 2000 ⁇ m or less, 50 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less, 100 ⁇ m or more and 850 ⁇ m or less, 150 ⁇ m or more and 710 ⁇ m or less, 180 ⁇ m or more and 600 ⁇ m or less, or 210 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less, from the viewpoint of supporting the methionine hydroxy analogue.
• the particle size of DLM and GAA may be independently 5 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less, 50 ⁇ m or more and 810 ⁇ m or less, 100 ⁇ m or more and 850 ⁇ m or less, 150 ⁇ m or more and 710 ⁇ m or less, 180 ⁇ m or more and 600 ⁇ m or less, or 210 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less, from the viewpoint of facilitating uniform mixing with the methionine hydroxy analogue supported on the carrier.
• the mass ratio may be, for example, 0.1 or more and 30.0 or less, 0.5 or more and 20.0 or less, 1.0 or more and 15.0 or less, 2.0 or more and 10.0 or less, or 2.0 or more and 5.0 or less.
• DLM, GAA, and the carrier are pulverized and mixed to homogenize thoroughly, and then LMA diluted with a solvent such as water is added, and a suspension containing DLM, GAA, LMA, and the carrier is produced while the temperature is raised.
• the present feed additive containing a carrier can be obtained by spray drying this suspension while keeping it warm and stirring.
• This feed additive can be fed to livestock as is, or mixed with basal livestock feed as described below.
• the amount fed to livestock can be set to meet the methionine requirements of the livestock.
• This feed additive can be fed to livestock throughout the entire feeding period, or during a specific period of the feeding period.
• Livestock that may be fed this feed additive include poultry such as chickens (meat chickens and egg-laying hens), ducks, quails, ducks, geese, pigeons, turkeys, and ostriches; and mammals such as cows, goats, horses, camels, buffalo, pigs, and sheep.
• poultry is preferably poultry, and more preferably chickens.
• the livestock feed of the present invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "the livestock feed") contains LMA, DLM, GAA, and a basal feed. That is, the livestock feed may contain the feed additive and a basal feed. The livestock feed may further contain a carrier. Details of the components contained in the livestock feed and the feed additive, such as LMA, DLM, GAA, and a carrier, are as described above.
• the basal feed is a feed composition that can be combined with the feed additive, and is not particularly limited as long as it is one that is generally used as livestock feed.
• the feed ingredients contained in the basal feed include corn, rice, wheat (barley, wheat), milo, grain sorghum, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, bran, defatted rice bran, fish meal, skim milk powder, dried whey, alfalfa meal, North Sea meal, soybean oil, palm oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, animal fats and oils (meat meal, chicken meal, lard, beef tallow, etc.), wheat flour, meat and bone meal (feather meal), calcium phosphate, corn gluten meal, corn distillers grain soluble, corn jam meal, molasses, calcium carbonate, tri ...
• vitamins include calcium, sodium chloride, choline chloride, vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium pantothenate, nicotinamide, folic acid, etc.), amino acids other than LMA and DLM (lysine, threonine, etc.), trace inorganic salts (magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, potassium iodide, cobalt sulfate, selenium compounds, etc.), organic acids (formic acid, fumaric acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, etc.), enzymes (phytase, etc.), live bacteria agents, prebiotics, killed bacteria agents, etc.
• vitamins vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium pantothenate, nicotinamide, folic acid, etc.
• amino acids other than LMA and DLM
• This livestock feed contains LMA, DLM, and GAA, and therefore can improve the weight gain and feed conversion rate of livestock.
• Examples of livestock that can be fed this livestock feed include the livestock listed above.
• the content of LMA, DLM, and GAA in this livestock feed may be set based on the component composition of the basal feed so as to satisfy the methionine requirement of livestock. Since the component composition of basal feed is usually adjusted according to the growth stage of livestock, the content of these components may be adjusted according to the component composition of the basal feed in which LMA, DLM, and GAA (or this feed additive) are blended.
• the content of LMA in this livestock feed may be, for example, 0.01% by mass to 3.00% by mass, 0.02% by mass to 2.50% by mass, 0.03% by mass to 2.00% by mass, or 0.05% by mass to 1.00% by mass.
• the content of DLM in this livestock feed may be, for example, 0.01% by mass to 4.00% by mass, 0.03% by mass to 3.00% by mass, 0.05% by mass to 2.00% by mass, or 0.10% by mass to 1.00% by mass.
• the content of GAA in the livestock feed may be, for example, 0.01% by mass or more and 2.00% by mass or less, 0.01% by mass or more and 1.50% by mass or less, 0.02% by mass or more and 1.00% by mass or less, or 0.03% by mass or more and 0.50% by mass or less.
• the mass ratio of LMA to DLM (LMA/DLM) contained in this livestock feed may be 0.05 or more, 0.1 or more, 0.3 or more, or 0.5 or more.
• LMA/DLM may be 10.0 or less, 5.0 or less, 3.0 or less, or 2.0 or less.
• LMA/DLM may be 0.05 or more and 10.0 or less, 0.1 or more and 5.0 or less, 0.3 or more and 3.0 or less, or 0.5 or more and 2.0 or less.
• the content of GAA in the livestock feed may be 5% by mass or more, 10% by mass or more, 15% by mass or more, or 18% by mass or more of the total amount of LMA and DLM.
• the content of GAA in the livestock feed may be 50% by mass or less, 40% by mass or less, 30% by mass or less, or 25% by mass or less of the total amount of LMA and DLM.
• the content of GAA in the livestock feed may be 5% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less, 10% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, 15% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, 15% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, 15% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less, 18% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less, or 18% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less.
• the livestock feed may be produced by mixing LMA, DLM, GAA, and a basal feed, by mixing the feed additive with a basal feed, or by mixing LMA, DLM, GAA, and the feed ingredients that make up the basal feed.
• the LMA, DLM, GAA, and basal feed (or feed ingredients) may be mixed after all of them are placed in a mixing vessel, or by sequentially adding each component to the mixing vessel and mixing.
• the livestock feed contains a methionine hydroxy analog
• the methionine hydroxy analog solidified by being supported on a solid carrier may be mixed with the remaining ingredients contained in the livestock feed.
• the livestock feed can be ingested by livestock.
• the livestock feed can be used in a method for raising livestock and/or a method for improving weight gain and feed conversion rate in livestock. Both the method for raising livestock and the method for improving weight gain and feed conversion rate in livestock include a step of feeding the livestock feed to livestock.
• the livestock feed can be used to improve weight gain and feed conversion rate in livestock.
• the amount of this livestock feed ingested by livestock may be set so as to satisfy the methionine requirement of the livestock.
• This livestock feed may be ingested by the livestock throughout the entire rearing period, or during a specific period of the rearing period. When the livestock is poultry, it is preferable to ingest this livestock feed throughout the entire rearing period.
• Test Examples 1 and 2 The raw materials used in Test Examples 1 and 2 are as follows. DLM: DL-methionine (purity: 99%) LMA: DL form of methionine hydroxy analogue (purity: 88%) GAA: Guanidinoacetic acid (purity: 96%) Diatomaceous earth: Radiolite #200, Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Zeolite: Minezeon #7, Nitto Funka Kogyo Co., Ltd. Perlite: Topco 5B, Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Hydrous silicon dioxide: CARPLEX XR, Evonik
• the metabolizable energy and content of each component calculated from the composition of the basal feeds (1) to (3) are as shown in Table 2 (calculated values based on the Japanese Standard Feed Composition Table (2009 edition)). Table 2 also shows the sufficiency rate of the calculated metabolizable energy and content of each component relative to the requirements of broilers (Ross Nutrition Specification 2019).
• DLM, LMA, and GAA were mixed in the ratios shown in Table 3 (1-6), (2-6), and (3-6) to prepare the feed additives.
• Livestock feeds were prepared by mixing the feed additive obtained above and basal feeds (1) to (3) in the ratios shown in Table 3 (1-6), (2-6), and (3-6).
• the other livestock feeds in Table 3 were prepared by mixing DLM, LMA, GAA, and basal feeds (1) to (3) in the ratios shown in Table 3.
• the total content of DLM and LMA in the livestock feeds was set to 98% of the total amount of methionine and cystine required by broilers (the column "digestible methionine + cystine" in Table 2).
• Test area Six test groups were set up as shown in Table 4. The test period was divided into an early period from 0 to 7 days of age, a middle period from 8 to 21 days of age, and a late period from 22 to 42 days of age, and the livestock feed shown in Table 4 was given to the broilers during each period.
• test group 6 in which broilers were fed livestock feed containing LMA, DLM, and GAA in addition to the basal feed, showed improved weight gain and feed conversion rate compared to the other test groups 1 to 5.
• the metabolizable energy and content of each component calculated from the composition of the basal feeds (4) to (6) are as shown in Table 7 (calculated values based on the Japanese Standard Feed Composition Tables (2009 edition)). Table 7 also shows the sufficiency rate of the calculated metabolizable energy and content of each component relative to the requirements of broilers (Ross Nutrition Specification 2019).
• a feed additive was obtained using DLM, LMA, GAA, and a carrier in the proportions shown in Table 8. Specifically, when preparing the present feed additive for producing 1,000 kg of livestock feed (4-1), 4.8 kg of diatomaceous earth was placed in the container of a universal mixer "30DM-rr", and 1.7 kg of LMA was added to the container in small amounts while stirring at 68 revolutions per minute. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes to fully impregnate the diatomaceous earth with the LMA, and the mixture was stopped once to check the impregnation state. Next, 1.5 kg of DLM and 0.6 kg of GAA were added to the container and stirred for another 5 minutes to obtain a total of 8.6 kg of the present feed additive. The present feed additive to be mixed with livestock feed (4-2) to (6-3) was obtained in the same manner.
• the feed additive obtained above and the basal feeds (4) to (6) were mixed in the ratios shown in Table 8 to prepare livestock feed.
• the total content of DLM and LMA in the livestock feed was set to 98 to 100% of the total amount of methionine and cystine required by broilers (the column "digestible methionine + cystine" in Table 7).
• 991.4 kg of the basal feed (4) was weighed out and placed in a tank of a ribbon mixer (RM-300, manufactured by Fuji Denki Co., Ltd.), and while mixing at a predetermined rotation speed, 8.6 kg of the feed additive obtained above was added, and further mixed for 10 minutes to obtain 1,000 kg of livestock feed (4-1).
• Other livestock feeds were mixed in the same manner to obtain the required amount.
• Test area Three test groups were set up as shown in Table 9. The test period was divided into an early period from 0 to 7 days of age, a middle period from 8 to 21 days of age, and a late period from 22 to 42 days of age, and the livestock feed shown in Table 9 was given to the broilers during each period.
• test area 8 which used zeolite, had the best results.
• feed additives can be prepared with the compositions shown in Tables 11 and 12.
• the resulting feed additives can be mixed with livestock feed in the same manner as above and fed to livestock to improve weight gain and feed conversion rate.

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