WO2025007299A1 - 一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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WO2025007299A1
WO2025007299A1 PCT/CN2023/105921 CN2023105921W WO2025007299A1 WO 2025007299 A1 WO2025007299 A1 WO 2025007299A1 CN 2023105921 W CN2023105921 W CN 2023105921W WO 2025007299 A1 WO2025007299 A1 WO 2025007299A1
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positive electrode
electrode material
ion conductor
fast ion
material according
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French (fr)
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虞亚霖
李长东
阮丁山
刘伟健
陈希文
罗翠苹
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Hunan Brunp Recycling Technology Co Ltd
Guangdong Brunp Recycling Technology Co Ltd
Hunan Bangpu Automobile Circulation Co Ltd
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Hunan Brunp Recycling Technology Co Ltd
Guangdong Brunp Recycling Technology Co Ltd
Hunan Bangpu Automobile Circulation Co Ltd
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Priority to PCT/CN2023/105921 priority Critical patent/WO2025007299A1/zh
Priority to CN202380010614.5A priority patent/CN117121234A/zh
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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  • the present invention belongs to the technical field of electrode materials, and in particular relates to a fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof.
  • Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used due to their high energy density, long cycle life, environmental friendliness, and rapid charge and discharge.
  • the positive electrode material is one of the key factors that determine the performance of lithium-ion batteries.
  • the commercially available positive electrode materials are mainly lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, and ternary systems, which are mainly used in 3C, power batteries, and energy storage fields.
  • the key and difficulty in the research of lithium-ion batteries is still the cycle life of the battery.
  • the cycle life of the battery generally depends on the positive electrode material.
  • the positive electrode material is in direct contact with the electrolyte, and the active material dissolves, resulting in battery capacity decay;
  • the layered structure of the material will change periodically due to the insertion/extraction of lithium ions, thereby generating stress strain, resulting in the generation of microcracks in the material, and the cracks will multiply the new surface in contact with the electrolyte, resulting in more serious surface side reactions and surface phase changes, resulting in a significant decrease in capacity. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a positive electrode material that can effectively improve the cycle life of the battery.
  • the present disclosure aims to solve at least one of the technical problems existing in the related art. To this end, the present disclosure proposes a fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material can effectively improve the cycle life of the battery.
  • a fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material having a general chemical formula: LiNi x Co y Mn 1-xy O 2 @(Li 7- ⁇ La 3 Zr 2 M z O 12 ) i , wherein x>0.8, y>0, 0 ⁇ 1-xy ⁇ 0.1, 0 ⁇ i ⁇ 0.003, 0 ⁇ 1.0, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.5, and M is at least one of Al, K, Ca, Nb, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ta, and Ti.
  • M is at least one of Al, Ta, and Ti, 0 ⁇ 0.6, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.3.
  • the chemical formula of the positive electrode material coated with the fast ion conductor is one of LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 O 2 @(Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.2 O 12 ) 0.001 , LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 O 2 @(Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.2 O 12 ) 0.002 and LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 O 2 @(Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.2 O 12 ) 0.003 .
  • a method for preparing the positive electrode material coated with the fast ion conductor as described above comprises the following steps:
  • step (3) adding an aldehyde compound to the composite solution obtained in step (2) to react and obtain a phenolic resin prepolymer complexed with lanthanum ions, zirconium ions and M ions;
  • step (3) (4) dissolving the phenolic resin prepolymer obtained in step (3) in a solvent, stirring, and allowing to stand for aging to obtain a hydrogel;
  • step (1) The ternary positive electrode material obtained in step (1) is mixed with the hydrogel obtained in step (4), freeze-dried, and calcined to obtain the positive electrode material coated with a fast ion conductor.
  • step (1) the molar ratio of the transition metal element in the nickel-based ternary precursor to the lithium element in the lithium source is 1:(1.02-1.05).
  • the nickel-based ternary precursor is prepared by the following steps: dissolving NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O, CoSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O and MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O in water to obtain an aqueous solution of transition metal sulfates, adding ammonia water and NaOH to stir and react, filtering, washing, and drying to obtain the nickel-based ternary precursor, wherein drying refers to vacuum drying at 110-130° C. for 12-24 hours.
  • the lithium source is at least one of LiNO 3 , LiCl, LiOH and Li 2 CO 3 .
  • step (1) the rotation speed of the ball mill is 100-300 r/min.
  • the calcination refers to calcination at a temperature of 700-1050° C. for 10-24 hours in an oxygen-containing atmosphere.
  • the alkaline catalyst is at least one of lithium hydroxide and ammonia water.
  • the phenolic solution is a solution of diphenol.
  • the solution is prepared by mixing resorcinol and water in a ratio of 10 g: (30-100) mL.
  • the lanthanide is at least one of lanthanum oxide, carbonate and nitrate.
  • the zirconide is at least one of zirconium oxide, carbonate and nitrate.
  • the M compound is at least one of an oxide, a carbonate and a nitrate of M.
  • step (3) the reaction is carried out in a water bath heated at 40-60° C., and the reaction time is 1-3 h.
  • the aldehyde compound in step (3), is formaldehyde or hexaldehyde.
  • the molar ratio of the phenolic compound in the phenolic solution in step (2) to the aldehyde compound added in step (3) is (0.3-1.0):1.
  • the solvent in step (4), is an ethanol solution with a concentration of 25 wt%-40 wt%.
  • step (4) static aging refers to static aging for 36-48 hours at 60-90° C. under sealed conditions.
  • step (5) the ratio of the ternary cathode material to the hydrogel is 1 g: (1-5) mL.
  • the third object of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium ion battery:
  • a lithium ion battery comprises the positive electrode material coated with the fast ion conductor as described above.
  • the lithium-ion battery has a first-cycle discharge capacity of 198.3 mAh/g or more at 0.1C in the range of 2.8-4.3 V, a coulombic efficiency of 84.9 or more, and a cycle performance test at 1C in the range of 2.8-4.25 V. After 80 cycles, the capacity retention rate is above 91.5%.
  • the present invention is to coat Li 7- ⁇ La 3 Zr 2 M z O 12 on the surface of the positive electrode material, which can protect the electrode material from the corrosion of the electrolyte on the one hand, and promote the transmission of Li + between layers on the other hand, while inhibiting the increase of the interface electrode and charge transfer resistance during the electrochemical cycle, thereby improving the electrochemical performance of the material.
  • the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material of the present invention has a first cycle discharge capacity of 2.5 % under the conditions of 0.1C and 2.8-4.3V. It can reach more than 198.3mAh/g, and the coulombic efficiency can reach more than 84.9%. In the range of 2.8-4.25V, the cycle performance test is carried out at 1C. After 80 cycles, the capacity retention rate is more than 91.5%, which can effectively improve the cycle life of the battery.
  • the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material disclosed in the present invention utilizes aldehydes and phenols to synthesize phenolic resin as an auxiliary coating medium under the catalytic action of an alkaline catalyst, and metal ions such as La 3+ , Zr 4+ , and Al 3+ can enter the skeleton of the phenolic resin for complexation, and then the coating layer is wrapped on the surface of the positive electrode material by freeze drying, and finally calcined at high temperature in an oxygen-permeable state to remove the aerogel, and a doped garnet-type fast ion conductor coating layer with uniform thickness is synthesized on the surface to improve the electronic conductivity of the material, thereby greatly improving the cycle performance of the positive electrode material;
  • the method for preparing the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material disclosed in the present invention uses lithium hydroxide and ammonia water as catalysts. During high-temperature sintering, the gel is removed and the lithium ions participate in the reaction to form a coating, thereby improving the utilization rate of the material and avoiding the introduction of other impurities.
  • the perovskite-like Li 7- ⁇ La 3 Zr 2 M z O 12 is reorganized on the surface of the high nickel positive electrode material by an in-situ synthesis method.
  • the structure of the perovskite-like Li 7- ⁇ La 3 Zr 2 M z O 12 is obtained by superimposing the perovskite structure La 2 NiLiO 5 and the layered La 2 O 3 along the c-axis.
  • the perovskite-like structure has a larger interplanar spacing along the c-axis, which is more conducive to the insertion and extraction of Li + .
  • Li 7- ⁇ La 3 Zr 2 M z O 12 is coated on the surface of the positive electrode material, which can protect the electrode material from the erosion of the electrolyte on the one hand, and promote the transmission of Li + between layers on the other hand, while suppressing the increase of the interface electrode and charge transfer resistance during the electrochemical cycle, thereby improving the electrochemical performance of the material.
  • the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material disclosed in the present invention can improve the cycle performance of the positive electrode material, has low material cost, and has a simple preparation process, which is fully compatible with the existing industrial preparation process of nickel-based positive electrode materials.
  • FIG1 is a SEM image of a positive electrode material coated with a fast ion conductor according to Example 1 of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the cycle performance test of the positive electrode materials of Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-2 of the present disclosure.
  • Embodiment 1 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 1:
  • a fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material the chemical formula of which is: LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 O 2 @(Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.2 O 12 ) 0.001 , the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material
  • the SEM image of the material is shown in Figure 1.
  • the method for preparing the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material as described above comprises the following steps:
  • Embodiment 2 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 1:
  • a fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material whose chemical formula is: LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 O 2 @(Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.2 O 12 ) 0.002 .
  • the method for preparing the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material as described above comprises the following steps:
  • Embodiment 3 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 3
  • a fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material whose chemical formula is: LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 O 2 @(Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.2 O 12 ) 0.003 .
  • the method for preparing the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material as described above comprises the following steps:
  • Comparative Example 1 (Compared with Example 1, the only difference is that the fast ion conductor is not used for coating)
  • a positive electrode material whose chemical formula is: LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 O 2 .
  • the method for preparing the positive electrode material as described above comprises the following steps:
  • Comparative Example 2 (Compared with Example 1, the only difference is that the positive electrode material coated with the fast ion conductor is not doped with Al)
  • a fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material whose chemical formula is: LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 O 2 @(Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 ) 0.001 .
  • the method for preparing the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material as described above comprises the following steps:
  • the lithium sheet was used as the negative electrode sheet, and a CR2430 button half-cell was assembled in an inert gas glove box, and the battery was tested for performance under the test conditions of 0.1C, 2.8-4.3V.
  • the test results are shown in Table 1.
  • the first cycle discharge capacity of the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material disclosed in the present invention can reach 198.3 mAh/g or more in the range of 2.8-4.3 V, and the coulomb efficiency can reach 84.9% or more.
  • the first cycle discharge capacity of NCM-LLZA-10 in Example 1 is 198.3 mAh/g, and the coulomb efficiency is 85.0%.
  • the first cycle discharge capacity of NCM-LLZA-20 in Example 2 is 200.1 mAh/g, and the coulombic efficiency is 85.3%.
  • the first-cycle discharge capacity of NCM-LLZA-30 in Example 3 is 200.3mAh/g, and the coulombic efficiency is 84.9%; while the first-cycle discharge capacity of the NCM material in Comparative Example 1 is 196.9mAh/g, and the coulombic efficiency is 84.4%, while the first-cycle discharge capacity of NCM-LLZ in Comparative Example 2 is 194.0, and the coulombic efficiency is 83.5%.
  • the results show that the in-situ synthesis of Al-doped garnet-type fast ion conductor coating can improve the discharge capacity and first-cycle coulombic efficiency of the material.
  • the first-cycle discharge capacity of the material is the highest coulomb efficiency of 85.3%, but when the coating ratio is increased to 1:0.003, the first-cycle coulomb efficiency drops to 84.9%. This is because when the coating amount is greater than 0.2%, the garnet-type fast ion conductor begins to over-coat the ternary positive electrode material, hindering the transmission of lithium ions during the reversible charge and discharge process, thereby reducing the coulomb efficiency of the material.
  • the positive electrode material coated with the fast ion conductor of the present disclosure is in the range of 2.8-4.25V, and the cycle performance test is carried out at 1C. After 80 cycles, the capacity retention rate is above 91.5%, which are 91.5%, 92.5%, and 92.0% respectively.
  • the capacity retention rate of Comparative Example 1 is 89.5%, and the capacity retention rate of Comparative Example 2 is 89.7%, that is, the cycle stability of the material after coating is significantly improved.
  • Example 1 With Comparative Example 2, it can be seen that the chemical properties of the garnet-type fast ion conductor doped with Al are more stable, and it is not easy to participate in the reaction during the charge and discharge process. It can ensure that the coating layer remains intact during multiple cycles, which helps to reduce the material from generating new contact surfaces during the charge and discharge process, thereby inhibiting the side reactions caused by the contact between the electrolyte and the material, and improving the material cycle stability.
  • the fast ion conductor coated positive electrode material disclosed in the present invention can effectively reduce direct contact between the electrolyte and the material, avoid dissolution of the active substance, thereby reducing interfacial side reactions, inhibiting battery polarization, and improving the material structure stability and electrochemical performance.

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Abstract

涉及一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料及其制备方法和应用,其中该快离子导体包覆的正极材料,其化学通式为:LiNi xCo yMn 1-x-yO 2@(Li 7-δLa 3Zr 2M zO 12) i,其中x>0.8,y>0,0<1-x-y<0.1,0≤i≤0.003,0≤δ≤1.0,0≤z≤0.5,M 为Al、K、Ca、Nb、Co、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ta、Ti 中的至少一种。

Description

一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料及其制备方法和应用 技术领域
本公开属于电极材料技术领域,特别涉及一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
锂离子电池因其具有能量密度高,循环寿命长,环境友好以及可快速充放电等特点目前得到了广泛应用,另外正极材料是决定锂离子电池性能的关键因素之一。目前,商业化的以钴酸锂、锰酸锂、磷酸铁锂、三元系正极材料为主,主要应用在3C、动力电池、和储能领域。锂离子电池的研究重难点仍然是电池的循环寿命,电池的循环寿命一般取决于正极材料,主要原因为电池在充放电过程中,正极材料直接与电解液接触,活性物质发生溶解,导致电池容量衰减;另一方面,镍基三元正极材料在可逆充放电过程中,材料的层状结构由于锂离子的嵌入/脱出会发生周期性变化,从而产生应力应变,导致材料生成微裂纹,裂纹会成倍地增加与电解液接触的新表面,产生更加严重的表面副反应和表面相变,使得容量大幅下降。因此亟需开发一种能有效提高电池循环寿命的正极材料。
发明内容
本公开旨在至少解决相关技术中存在的技术问题之一。为此,本公开提出一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料及其制备方法和应用,该快离子导体包覆的正极材料能有效提高电池的循环寿命。
本公开的上述技术目的是通过以下技术方案得以实现的:
一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料,其化学通式为:LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2@(Li7-δLa3Zr2MzO12)i,其中x>0.8,y>0,0<1-x-y<0.1,0≤i≤0.003,0≤δ≤1.0,0≤z≤0.5,M为Al、K、Ca、Nb、Co、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ta、Ti中的至少一种。
在一实施例,所述M为Al、Ta、Ti中的至少一种,0≤δ≤0.6,0≤z≤ 0.3。
在一实施例,所述快离子导体包覆的正极材料的化学式为LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.001、LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.002及LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.003中的一种。
一种如上所述快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将镍基三元前驱体和锂源进行球磨混合,煅烧,得到三元正极材料;
(2)将镧化物、锆化物及M化物溶于酚类溶液中,并加入碱性催化剂,得到复合溶液;
(3)向步骤(2)制得的所述复合溶液中加入醛类化合物,反应,制得络合有镧离子、锆离子及M离子的酚醛树脂预聚物;
(4)将步骤(3)制得的所述酚醛树脂预聚物溶于溶剂中,搅拌,静置老化,制得水凝胶;
(5)将步骤(1)制得的所述三元正极材料与步骤(4)制得的所述水凝胶混合,冷冻干燥,煅烧,制得所述快离子导体包覆的正极材料。
在一实施例,步骤(1)中,所述镍基三元前驱体中的过渡金属元素与所述锂源中的锂元素的摩尔比为1:(1.02-1.05)。
在一实施例,步骤(1)中,所述镍基三元前驱体由以下步骤制备而成:将NiSO4·6H2O、CoSO4·7H2O和MnSO4·H2O溶于水中,得到过渡金属硫酸盐水溶液,再加入氨水和NaOH搅拌反应,过滤,洗涤,干燥,得到所述镍基三元前驱体,其中干燥是指在110-130℃下真空干燥12-24h。
在一实施例,步骤(1)中,所述锂源为LiNO3、LiCl、LiOH及Li2CO3中的至少一种。
在一实施例,步骤(1)中,所述球磨的转速为100-300r/min。
在一实施例,步骤(1)中,所述煅烧是指在含氧氛围中以700-1050℃的温度,煅烧10-24h。
在一实施例,步骤(2)中,所述碱性催化剂为氢氧化锂及氨水中的至少一种。
在一实施例,步骤(2)中,所述酚类溶液为间二苯酚溶液,所述酚 类溶液是由间苯二酚与水的配比按照10g:(30-100)mL配制得到。
在一实施例,步骤(2)中,所述镧化物为镧的氧化物、碳酸化物和硝酸化物中的至少一种。
在一实施例,步骤(2)中,所述锆化物为锆的氧化物、碳酸化物和硝酸化物中的至少一种。
在一实施例,步骤(2)中,所述M化物为M的氧化物、碳酸化物和硝酸化物中的至少一种。
在一实施例,步骤(3)中,所述反应是在40-60℃水浴加热下进行,所述反应的时间为1-3h。
在一实施例,步骤(3)中,所述醛类化合物为甲醛或已醛。
在一实施例,步骤(2)中所述酚类溶液中的酚类化合物与步骤(3)中加入的醛类化合物的摩尔比为(0.3-1.0):1。
在一实施例,步骤(4)中,所述溶剂为浓度为25wt%-40wt%的乙醇溶液。
在一实施例,步骤(4)中,静置老化是指密闭条件,在60-90℃下,静置老化36-48h。
在一实施例,步骤(5)中,所述三元正极材料与所述水凝胶的配比为1g:(1-5)mL。
本公开的第三个目的在于提供一种锂离子电池:
一种锂离子电池,包括如上所述的快离子导体包覆的正极材料。
在一实施例,所述锂离子电池在2.8-4.3V范围内,0.1C的首圈放电容量能达到198.3mAh/g以上,库伦效率能达到84.9%以上,且在2.8-4.25V范围内,以1C进行循环性能测试,循环80圈后,容量保持率在91.5%以上。
本公开的有益效果是:
(1)本公开是将Li7-δLa3Zr2MzO12包覆在正极材料表面,一方面可以保护电极材料免受电解液的侵蚀,另一方面促进了Li+在层间传输,同时又抑制了界面电极和电荷转移电阻在电化学循环过程中的增加,提升材料的电化学性能。本公开的快离子导体包覆的正极材料在0.1C,2.8-4.3V条件下,首圈放电容量 能达到198.3mAh/g以上,库伦效率能达到84.9%以上,且在2.8-4.25V范围内,以1C进行循环性能测试,循环80圈后,容量保持率在91.5%以上,能有效提高电池的循环寿命;
(2)本公开的快离子导体包覆的正极材料是利用醛类和酚类在碱性催化剂的催化作用下合成酚醛树脂当作辅助包覆介质,且La3+、Zr4+、Al3+等金属离子能进酚醛树脂的骨架发生络合,然后通过冷冻干燥使包覆层包裹在正极材料表面,最后通氧状态下,高温煅烧,去除气凝胶,并在表面重组合成厚度均匀的掺杂石榴石型快离子导体包覆层,改善材料的电子电导率、从而极大提高了正极材料的循环性能;
(3)本公开的快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法中使用氢氧化锂和氨水作为催化剂,在高温烧结时,凝胶被去除,锂离子参与反应形成包覆物,提高材料的利用率和避免引入其它杂质。
(4)本公开的快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法中通过原位合成法,将类钙钛矿Li7-δLa3Zr2MzO12在高镍正极材料表面重组。类钙钛矿作为快离子导体材料,它的结构是由钙钛矿结构La2NiLiO5和层状La2O3沿着c轴叠加得到。因此相比于钙钛矿结构,该类钙钛矿结构沿c轴的晶面间距更大,更有利于Li+的嵌入嵌出。Li7-δLa3Zr2MzO12包覆在正极材料表面,一方面可以保护电极材料免受电解液的侵蚀,另一方面促进了Li+在层间传输,同时又抑制了界面电极和电荷转移电阻在电化学循环过程中的增加,提升材料的电化学性能。
(5)本公开的快离子导体包覆的正极材料能提高正极材料的循环性能,材料成本低廉,且制备工艺简单,与现有的工业制备镍基正极材料工艺完全相容。
附图说明
图1为本公开实施例1快离子导体包覆的正极材料的SEM图;
图2为本公开实施例1-3和对比例1-2的正极材料循环性能测试图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本公开做进一步的说明。
实施例1:
一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料,其化学式为:LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.001,该快离子导体包覆的正极材 料的SEM图如图1所示。
如上所述的快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)按照Ni:Co:Mn=90:5:5的摩尔比将硫酸镍、硫酸钴和硫酸锰溶于去离子水,制得2mol/L过渡金属硫酸盐溶液6L,同时,配置7.2L浓度为2mol/L的NH3·H2O水溶液和5L浓度为5mol/L的NaOH水溶液,将制得的金属硫酸盐水溶液、氨水溶液和氢氧化钠溶液分别用蠕动泵连续注入间歇式反应器中,反应过程中通入氮气做保护气氛,待前驱体陈化、生长至约8μm后将其过滤,然后多次洗涤,最后在120℃下真空干燥18h,得到前驱体Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05(OH)2
(2)取1000g干燥后的镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05(OH)2和468.7g单水氢氧化锂倒入球磨罐子中进行球磨混合,球磨速度为150rpm,球磨的时间为6h,得到混合均匀的粉末,将混合粉末在氧气气氛中,以800℃煅烧15h,然后过400目筛,最后制得LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2三元正极材料,记为NCM;
(3)按间苯二酚和去离子水的浓度为0.2g/mL,称取20g间苯二酚溶于100mL去离子水中,并搅拌0.5h,得到间苯二酚溶液;
(4)按NCM:包覆合成物的质量比为1:0.001,分别称取硝酸镧0.116g、硝酸锆0.077g,硝酸铝0.005g、单水氢氧化锂0.032g和适量氨水溶于间苯二酚溶液中,使用磁力搅拌器搅拌1h,得到混合溶液A;
(5)50℃水浴加热状态下,往混合溶液A中加入10.92g的甲醛,反应2h至粘稠状,制得酚醛树脂预聚物;La3+、Zr4+、Al3+在反应过程中与酚和醛之间生成络合物,进入酚醛树脂骨架,且生成的络合离子具有中等程度的稳定性;
(6)将酚醛树脂预聚物倒入50wt%的乙醇溶液中,将其溶解成酚醛树脂预聚物质量分数为30%的溶液,搅拌2h,将其倒入密闭容器中,在80℃下,静置老化36h,制得水凝胶;
(7)取100gNCM倒入300mL水凝胶中,搅拌1h,得到搅拌均匀的混合物;
(8)将混合物进行冷冻干燥,得到气凝胶包覆的三元正极复合材 料;
(9)将复合材料在氧气气氛中,以680℃烧结10h,制得石榴石型快离子导体包覆的LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.001复合正极材料,记为NCM-LLZ-10。
实施例2:
一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料,其化学式为:LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.002
如上所述的快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)按照Ni:Co:Mn=90:5:5的摩尔比将硫酸镍、硫酸钴和硫酸锰溶于去离子水,制得2mol/L过渡金属硫酸盐溶液6L,同时,配置7.2L浓度为2mol/L的NH3·H2O水溶液和5L浓度为5mol/L的NaOH水溶液,将制得的金属硫酸盐水溶液、氨水溶液和氢氧化钠溶液分别用蠕动泵连续注入间歇式反应器中,反应过程中通入氮气做保护气氛,待前驱体陈化、生长至约8μm后将其过滤,然后多次洗涤,最后在120℃下真空干燥18h,得到前驱体Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05(OH)2
(2)取1000g干燥后的镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05(OH)2和468.7g单水氢氧化锂倒入球磨罐子中进行球磨混合,球磨速度为150rpm,球磨的时间为6h,得到混合均匀的粉末,将混合粉末在氧气气氛中,以800℃煅烧15h,然后过400目筛,最后制得LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2三元正极材料,记为NCM;
(3)按间苯二酚和去离子水的浓度为0.2g/mL,称取20g间苯二酚溶于100mL去离子水中,并搅拌0.5h,得到间苯二酚溶液;
(4)按NCM:包覆合成物的质量比为1:0.002,分别称取硝酸镧0.232g、硝酸锆0.155g、硝酸铝0.010g、单水氢氧化锂0.064g和适量氨水溶于间苯二酚溶液中,使用磁力搅拌器搅拌1h,得到混合溶液B;
(5)50℃水浴加热状态下,往混合溶液B中加入10.92g的甲醛,反应2h至粘稠状,制得酚醛树脂预聚物;La3+、Zr4+、Al3+在反应过程中与酚和醛之间生成络合物,进入酚醛树脂骨架,且生成的络合离子具有中等程度的稳定性;
(6)将酚醛树脂预聚物倒入50wt%的乙醇溶液中,将其溶解成酚醛树脂预聚物质量分数为30%的溶液,搅拌2h,将其倒入密闭容器中,在80℃下,静置老化36h,制得水凝胶;
(7)取100gNCM倒入300mL水凝胶中,搅拌1h,得到搅拌均匀的混合物;
(8)将混合物进行冷冻干燥,得到气凝胶包覆的三元正极复合材料;
(9)将复合材料在氧气气氛中,以680℃烧结10h,制得石榴石型快离子导体包覆的LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.002复合正极材料,记为NCM-LLZ-20。
实施例3:
一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料,其化学式为:LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.003
如上所述的快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)按照Ni:Co:Mn=90:5:5的摩尔比将硫酸镍、硫酸钴和硫酸锰溶于去离子水,制得2mol/L过渡金属硫酸盐溶液6L,同时,配置7.2L浓度为2mol/L的NH3·H2O水溶液和5L浓度为5mol/L的NaOH水溶液,将制得的金属硫酸盐水溶液、氨水溶液和氢氧化钠溶液分别用蠕动泵连续注入间歇式反应器中,反应过程中通入氮气做保护气氛,待前驱体陈化、生长至约8μm后将其过滤,然后多次洗涤,最后在120℃下真空干燥18h,得到前驱体Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05(OH)2
(2)取1000g干燥后的镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05(OH)2和468.7g单水氢氧化锂倒入球磨罐子中进行球磨混合,球磨速度为150rpm,球磨的时间为6h,得到混合均匀的粉末,将混合粉末在氧气气氛中,以800℃煅烧15h,然后过400目筛,最后制得LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2三元正极材料,记为NCM;
(3)按间苯二酚和去离子水的浓度为0.2g/mL,称取20g间苯二酚溶于100mL去离子水中,并搅拌0.5h,得到间苯二酚溶液;
(4)按NCM:包覆合成物的质量比为1:0.003,分别称取硝酸镧 0.348g、硝酸锆0.232g、硝酸铝0.015g、单水氢氧化锂0.096g和适量氨水溶于间苯二酚溶液中,使用磁力搅拌器搅拌1h,得到混合溶液C;
(5)50℃水浴加热状态下,往混合溶液C中加入10.92g的甲醛,反应2h至粘稠状,制得酚醛树脂预聚物;La3+、Zr4+、Al3+在反应过程中与酚和醛之间生成络合物,进入酚醛树脂骨架,且生成的络合离子具有中等程度的稳定性;
(6)将酚醛树脂预聚物倒入50wt%的乙醇溶液中,将其溶解成酚醛树脂预聚物质量分数为30%的溶液,搅拌2h,将其倒入密闭容器中,在80℃下,静置老化36h,制得水凝胶;
(7)取100gNCM倒入300mL水凝胶中,搅拌1h,得到搅拌均匀的混合物;
(8)将混合物进行冷冻干燥,得到气凝胶包覆的三元正极复合材料;
(9)将复合材料在氧气气氛中,以680℃烧结10h,制得石榴石型快离子导体包覆的LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.003复合正极材料,记为NCM-LLZA-30。
对比例1:(与实施例1相比,区别仅在于未利用快离子导体进行包覆)
一种正极材料,其化学式为:LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2
如上所述的正极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)按照Ni:Co:Mn=90:5:5的摩尔比将硫酸镍、硫酸钴和硫酸锰溶于去离子水,制得2mol/L过渡金属硫酸盐溶液6L,同时,配置7.2L浓度为2mol/L的NH3·H2O水溶液和5L浓度为5mol/L的NaOH水溶液,将制得的金属硫酸盐水溶液、氨水溶液和氢氧化钠溶液分别用蠕动泵连续注入间歇式反应器中,反应过程中通入氮气做保护气氛,待前驱体陈化、生长至约8μm后将其过滤,然后多次洗涤,最后在120℃下真空干燥18h,得到前驱体Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05(OH)2
(2)取1000g干燥后的镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05(OH)2和468.7g单水氢氧化锂倒入球磨罐子中进行球磨混合,球磨速度为150rpm,球磨的时间为6h,得到混合均匀的粉末, 将混合粉末在氧气气氛中,以800℃煅烧15h,然后过400目筛,最后制得LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2三元正极材料,记为NCM。
对比例2:(与实施例1相比,区别仅在于快离子导体包覆的正极材料中没有掺杂Al)
一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料,其化学式为:LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li7La3Zr2O12)0.001
如上所述的快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)按照Ni:Co:Mn=90:5:5的摩尔比将硫酸镍、硫酸钴和硫酸锰溶于去离子水,制得2mol/L过渡金属硫酸盐溶液6L,同时,配置7.2L浓度为2mol/L的NH3·H2O水溶液和5L浓度为5mol/L的NaOH水溶液,将制得的金属硫酸盐水溶液、氨水溶液和氢氧化钠溶液分别用蠕动泵连续注入间歇式反应器中,反应过程中通入氮气做保护气氛,待前驱体陈化、生长至约8μm后将其过滤,然后多次洗涤,最后在120℃下真空干燥18h,得到前驱体Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05(OH)2
(2)取1000g干燥后的镍钴锰氢氧化物前驱体Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05(OH)2和468.7g单水氢氧化锂倒入球磨罐子中进行球磨混合,球磨速度为150rpm,球磨的时间为6h,得到混合均匀的粉末,将混合粉末在氧气气氛中,以800℃煅烧15h,然后过400目筛,最后制得LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2三元正极材料,记为NCM;
(3)按间苯二酚和去离子水的浓度为0.2g/mL,称取20g间苯二酚溶于100mL去离子水中,并搅拌0.5h,得到间苯二酚溶液;
(4)按NCM:包覆合成物的质量比为1:0.001,分别称取硝酸镧0.116g、硝酸锆0.078g、单水氢氧化锂0.035g和适量氨水溶于间苯二酚溶液中,使用磁力搅拌器搅拌1h,得到混合溶液D;
(5)50℃水浴加热状态下,往混合溶液D中加入10.92g的甲醛,反应2h至粘稠状,制得酚醛树脂预聚物;La3+、Zr4+在反应过程中与酚和醛之间生成络合物,进入酚醛树脂骨架,且生成的络合离子具有中等程度的稳定性;
(6)将酚醛树脂预聚物倒入无水乙醇中,加水将其溶解成质量分 数为30%的乙醇溶液,搅拌2h,将其倒入密闭容器中,在80℃下,静置老化36h,制得水凝胶;
(7)取100gNCM倒入300mL水凝胶中,搅拌1h,得到搅拌均匀的混合物;
(8)将混合物进行冷冻干燥,得到气凝胶包覆的三元正极复合材料;
(9)将复合材料在氧气气氛中,以680℃烧结10h,制得快离子导体包覆的LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li7La3Zr2O12)0.001复合正极材料,记为NCM-LLZ。
试验例:
分别将实施例1-3及对比例1-2的正极材料作为锂离子电池正极材料,按照质量比正极材料:乙炔黑:聚偏二氟乙烯=90:5:5比例混合制浆后,均匀涂布至光铝箔上制得正极片。以锂片为负极片,在惰性气体手套箱内组装成CR2430扣式半电池,并对电池进行性能测试,测试条件为:0.1C,2.8-4.3V,测试结果如表1所示。
表1:性能测试结果
由图1的SEM图可以看出,包覆物已均匀覆盖在球形颗粒表面。
由表1可知,本公开的快离子导体包覆的正极材料在2.8-4.3V范围内,0.1C的首圈放电容量能达到198.3mAh/g以上,库伦效率能达到84.9%以上,具体为实施例1中NCM-LLZA-10的首圈放电容量为198.3mAh/g,库伦效率为85.0%,实施例2中NCM-LLZA-20的首圈放电容量为200.1 mAh/g,库伦效率为85.3%,实施例3中NCM-LLZA-30的首圈放电容量为200.3mAh/g,库伦效率为84.9%;而对比例1中NCM材料的首圈放电容量为196.9mAh/g,库伦效率为84.4%,而对比例2中NCM-LLZ的首圈放电容量为194.0,库伦效率为83.5%,结果表明原位合成Al掺杂石榴石型快离子导体包覆层,会提高材料的放电容量和首圈库伦效率。同时,当包覆比例为1:0.002时,材料的首圈放电容量为库伦效率最高85.3%,但包覆比例提升至1:0.003时,首圈库伦效率下降至84.9%,这是因为当包覆量大于0.2%时,石榴石型快离子导体开始过度包覆三元正极材料,阻碍锂离子在可逆充放电过程中的传输,从而降低材料的库伦效率。同时对比实施例1及对比例2可知,对比例2中未引入Al掺杂时,由于Li7La3Zr2O12的电子电导率较小,导致其粉末电阻增大,不利于整体正极材料的电化学性能。
同时结合表1及图2可知,本公开的快离子导体包覆的正极材料在2.8-4.25V范围内,以1C进行循环性能测试,循环80圈后,容量保持率在91.5%以上,分别为91.5%,92.5%,92.0%,对比例1的容量保持率为89.5%,对比例2的容量保持率为89.7%,即包覆后材料循环稳定性均有明显的提高。通常由于高镍正极材料在可逆充放电过程中,会有大量的Li+从层状结构中嵌入/脱出,容易引起结构坍塌,从而造成大量不可逆容量损失和不可逆的电化学性能衰减。但对比实施例1与对比例2可知,含Al掺杂的石榴石型快离子导体化学性质更加稳定,不易在充放电过程中参与反应,可以保证包覆层在多次循环过程中保持完好,有助于减少材料在充放电过程中产生新的接触面,从而抑制电解液与材料接触而发生的副反应,提高材料循环稳定性。
综上所述,本公开的快离子导体包覆正极材料,可以有效减少电解液和材料直接接触,避免活性物质发生溶解,从而降低界面副反应,抑制电池极化,提高了材料结构稳定性和电化学性能。

Claims (21)

  1. 一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料,其特征在于:其化学通式为:LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2@(Li7-δLa3Zr2MzO12)i,其中x>0.8,y>0,0<1-x-y<0.1,0≤i≤0.003,0≤δ≤1.0,0≤z≤0.5,M为Al、K、Ca、Nb、Co、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ta、Ti中的至少一种。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料,其特征在于:所述M为Al、Ta、Ti中的至少一种,0≤δ≤0.6,0≤z≤0.3。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料,其特征在于:所述快离子导体包覆的正极材料的化学式为LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.001、LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.002及LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2@(Li6.4La3Zr2Al0.2O12)0.003中的一种。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
    (1)将镍基三元前驱体和锂源进行球磨混合,煅烧,得到三元正极材料;
    (2)将镧化物、锆化物及M化物溶于酚类溶液中,并加入碱性催化剂,得到复合溶液;
    (3)向步骤(2)制得的所述复合溶液中加入醛类化合物,反应,制得络合有镧离子、锆离子及M离子的酚醛树脂预聚物;
    (4)将步骤(3)制得的所述酚醛树脂预聚物溶于溶剂中,搅拌,静置老化,制得水凝胶;
    (5)将步骤(1)制得的所述三元正极材料与步骤(4)制得的所述水凝胶混合,冷冻干燥,煅烧,制得所述快离子导体包覆的正极材料。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,所述镍基三元前驱体中的过渡金属元素与所述锂源中的锂元素的摩尔比为1:(1.02-1.05)。
  6. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,所述镍基三元前驱体由以下步骤制备而成:将NiSO4·6H2O、CoSO4·7H2O和MnSO4·H2O溶于水中,得到过渡金属 硫酸盐水溶液,再加入氨水和NaOH搅拌反应,过滤,洗涤,干燥,得到所述镍基三元前驱体。
  7. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,所述锂源为LiNO3、LiCl、LiOH及Li2CO3中的至少一种。
  8. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,所述球磨的转速为100-300r/min。
  9. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,所述煅烧是指在含氧氛围中以700-1050℃的温度,煅烧10-24h。
  10. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,所述碱性催化剂为氢氧化锂及氨水中的至少一种。
  11. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,所述酚类溶液为间二苯酚溶液,所述酚类溶液是由间苯二酚与水的配比按照10g:(30-100)mL配制得到。
  12. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,所述镧化物为镧的氧化物、碳酸化物和硝酸化物中的至少一种。
  13. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,所述锆化物为锆的氧化物、碳酸化物和硝酸化物中的至少一种。
  14. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,所述M化物为M的氧化物、碳酸化物和硝酸化物中的至少一种。
  15. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中,所述反应是在40-60℃水浴加热下进行,所述反应的时间为1-3h。
  16. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特 征在于:步骤(3)中,所述醛类化合物为甲醛或已醛。
  17. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中所述酚类溶液中的酚类化合物与步骤(3)中加入的醛类化合物的摩尔比为(0.3-1.0):1。
  18. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)中,所述溶剂为浓度为25wt%-60wt%的乙醇溶液。
  19. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)中,静置老化是指密闭条件,在60-90℃下,静置老化36-48h。
  20. 根据权利要求4所述的一种快离子导体包覆的正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(5)中,所述三元正极材料与所述水凝胶的配比为1g:(1-5)mL。
  21. 一种锂离子电池,其特征在于,包括权利要求1-3任一项所述的快离子导体包覆的正极材料。
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