WO2025005288A1 - 固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料、固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層、及び燃料電池 - Google Patents
固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料、固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層、及び燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/42—Platinum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/16—Pore diameter
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/90—Other properties not specified above
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8689—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to carbon materials for catalyst supports in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, catalyst layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, and fuel cells.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell which is a type of fuel cell, comprises a pair of catalyst layers arranged on both sides of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, a gas diffusion layer arranged on the outside of each catalyst layer, and a separator arranged on the outside of each gas diffusion layer.
- the pair of catalyst layers one catalyst layer serves as the anode of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, and the other catalyst layer serves as the cathode of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- multiple unit cells having the above components are stacked to obtain the desired output.
- a fuel gas such as hydrogen is introduced into the separator on the anode side.
- the gas diffusion layer on the anode side diffuses the fuel and then introduces it into the anode.
- the anode includes a catalyst component, a catalyst carrier that supports a fuel cell catalyst, and an electrolyte material having proton conductivity.
- the catalyst component that promotes the power generation reaction (oxidation reaction or reduction reaction described below) in the fuel cell is also referred to as a "fuel cell catalyst”.
- the catalyst carrier is often made of a porous carbon material.
- An oxidation reaction of the fuel gas occurs on the fuel cell catalyst, generating protons and electrons. For example, when the fuel gas becomes hydrogen gas, the following oxidation reaction occurs.
- H 2 ⁇ 2H + +2e - (E 0 0V)
- the protons produced in this oxidation reaction are introduced to the cathode through the electrolyte material (ionomer) in the anode and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the electrons are introduced to the external circuit through the catalyst support, gas diffusion layer, and separator. After performing work in the external circuit, these electrons are introduced to the separator on the cathode side. These electrons are then introduced to the cathode through the separator on the cathode side and the gas diffusion layer on the cathode side.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is made of an electrolyte material having proton conductivity, and introduces the protons generated in the oxidation reaction to the cathode.
- An oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air is introduced into the separator on the cathode side.
- the gas diffusion layer on the cathode side diffuses the oxidizing gas and then introduces it into the cathode.
- the cathode includes a fuel cell catalyst, a catalyst support that supports the fuel cell catalyst, and an electrolyte material having proton conductivity.
- the catalyst support is often made of a porous carbon material.
- a reduction reaction of the oxidizing gas occurs on the fuel cell catalyst, producing water. For example, when the oxidizing gas becomes oxygen gas or air, the following reduction reaction occurs.
- O 2 +4H + +4e - ⁇ 2H 2 O (E 0 1.23V)
- the water produced by the reduction reaction is discharged outside the fuel cell together with the unreacted oxidizing gas.
- solid polymer fuel cells generate electricity by utilizing the free energy difference (electric potential difference) that occurs with the oxidation reaction of the fuel gas.
- the free energy generated by the oxidation reaction is converted into work that electrons perform in an external circuit.
- carbon supports porous carbon materials that can be used as catalyst supports in polymer electrolyte fuel cells have been studied and various proposals have been made.
- Patent Document 1 proposes "a membrane electrode assembly including a polymer electrolyte membrane and a pair of electrode catalyst layers sandwiching the polymer electrolyte membrane, wherein at least one of the pair of electrode catalyst layers includes a catalyst-supporting particle, a polymer electrolyte, and a fibrous material having an average fiber diameter of 10 nm or more and 300 nm or less, wherein the mass of the fibrous material is 0.02 to 1.0 times the mass of the support in the catalyst-supporting particle, and the mass of the polymer electrolyte is 0.4 to 1.0 times the mass of the support in the catalyst-supporting particle.”
- Patent Document 2 proposes "a porous carbon material having a three-dimensional dendritic structure that is three-dimensionally branched, the branch diameter being 81 nm or less, and a carbon material for use as a catalyst support for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, which simultaneously satisfies the following (A) and (B)."
- (A) The BET specific surface area S BET determined by BET analysis of a nitrogen gas adsorption isotherm is 400 to 1500 m 2 /g.
- Patent Document 3 proposes a method for producing a catalyst ink to be applied to both sides of an electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell, the method comprising: (1) a step of pulverizing catalyst-supported particles having activated carbon black and a catalyst supported on the carbon black using a jet mill; (2) a step of stirring a suspension solution obtained by mixing the pulverized catalyst-supported particles, an electrolyte, and a solvent for suspending the catalyst-supported particles and the electrolyte; and (3) a step of dispersing the suspension solution using an ultrasonic homogenizer, wherein in the step (3), the catalyst-supported particles are dispersed so that, in a frequency distribution of particle sizes of the catalyst-supported particles in the catalyst ink as measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution measurement method, a first peak is present in a particle size range of 1 micrometer or less, and no peak is present in a particle size range of more than 1 micrometer that is 1 ⁇ 4 or more of the height of the first peak.
- Patent Document 4 proposes "a carbon material for catalyst supports used for catalyst supports of polymer electrolyte fuel cells, the carbon material having a three-dimensionally branched dendritic structure, and characterized in that the carbon material for catalyst supports simultaneously satisfies the following (1) and (2).”
- (1) In particle size distribution measurement using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer, the cumulative distribution [%] of particles with a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less based on volume diameter is DL, and the cumulative distribution [%] of particles with a particle diameter of more than 1 ⁇ m is DH, and the DL/DH ratio is 1.5 or more.
- the mode diameter in the range of pore diameters of 20 nm to 200 nm measured by mercury porosimetry is 40 nm to 70 nm.
- Patent Document 1 JP 2023-022654 A
- Patent Document 2 WO 2018/182047 A
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent No. 5790537
- Patent Document 4 JP 2022-156985 A
- PEFCs polymer electrolyte fuel cells
- FCVs fuel cell vehicles
- the power generation characteristics of PEFCs are governed by two factors: the contribution of metal catalysts (e.g., platinum nanoparticles) to the reaction (hereinafter also referred to as "catalyst utilization rate") and the diffusibility of oxidizing gases.
- the pore structure of the carbon support (porous carbon material) correlates with the catalyst utilization rate, and the three-dimensional structure of the carbon support (e.g., dendritic structure) correlates with the gas diffusivity.
- the pore structure is preferably one in which only pores of a size sufficient to accommodate metal catalysts of a few nm (such as platinum nanoparticles) are selectively present within the pores, and mesoporous carbon is generally considered to be a suitable support.
- the pore size suitable for gas diffusion is not clear, the pore size of the pores in the catalyst layer for nucleic acids is estimated to be several tens to 100 nm based on the various carbon carriers currently in use.
- the pores in the catalyst layer are realized by the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure, etc.) of the carbon carrier.
- the pore structure is preferably one in which only pores of a size sufficient for a catalytic metal of several nm to exist within the pores are selectively present, and mesoporous carbon materials are generally considered to be suitable as carbon supports.
- the carbon supports (porous carbon materials) of the prior art including those disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 5, still have room for improvement in terms of preventing a decrease in power generation characteristics (particularly, high load characteristics).
- the deterioration of power generation characteristics is due to the fact that when mechanical loads such as pulverization are applied during preparation of the ink for forming the catalyst layer, the three-dimensional structure of the carbon support is destroyed, and there is room for improvement.
- carbon black which is inexpensive and useful among carbon supports (porous carbon materials).
- the objective of this disclosure is to provide a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that exhibits reduced power generation characteristics (particularly high load characteristics), a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that uses the carbon material, and a fuel cell.
- a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising a porous activated carbon black that satisfies the following requirements (A) and (B):
- A) The BET specific surface area S BET determined by BET analysis of a nitrogen gas adsorption isotherm is 400 to 1200 m 2 /g.
- the carbon material for a catalyst support of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to ⁇ 1> further satisfies at least one of the following requirements (C) and (D):
- C) The ⁇ V ini is 0.80 mL or more and 1.50 mL/g or less.
- D In a Raman spectrum obtained by Raman spectrometry, when the intensity of a D band at 1300 to 1360 cm ⁇ 1 is I D and the intensity of a G band at 1560 to 1620 cm ⁇ 1 is I G , the intensity ratio I D /I G is 1.40 or more and 2.20 or less.
- a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the carbon material for a catalyst support of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>.
- a fuel cell comprising the catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to ⁇ 3>.
- a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that exhibits reduced power generation characteristics (particularly high load characteristics), a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell using the same, and a fuel cell.
- a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell using the same, and a fuel cell.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a fuel cell according to the present disclosure.
- a numerical range expressed using “to” means a range that includes the numerical values before and after “to” as the lower and upper limits.
- the numerical range does not include these numerical values as the lower or upper limit.
- the term “step” refers not only to an independent step, but also to a step that cannot be clearly distinguished from other steps, as long as the intended purpose of the step is achieved.
- the "electrolyte material having proton conductivity" used in the catalyst layer of a fuel cell is also referred to as an "ionomer.”
- the carbon material for a catalyst support of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to the present disclosure comprises a porous activated carbon black that satisfies the requirements (A) and (B) described below.
- the porous activated carbon black is carbon black that has been made porous by activation.
- the porous activated carbon black is also called “porous carbon black.”
- the carbon material for catalyst carriers disclosed herein is a carbon material whose power generation characteristics (particularly high load characteristics) decline.
- the carbon material disclosed herein was discovered based on the following findings.
- the power generation characteristics of a fuel cell depend heavily on the overvoltage of the cathode reaction.
- the following three factors are thought to be the main causes of overvoltage at the cathode: (1) The magnitude of the ohmic resistance of the catalyst layer, which is a combination of two resistances: electron conduction resistance and proton conduction resistance. (2) The diffusion resistance of oxidizing gases within the catalyst layer. (3) The resistance to electrochemical reactions on the catalyst metal surface, i.e., chemical reactions involving electron transfer (i.e., catalytic reaction resistance).
- the inventors investigated ways to increase the mechanical strength of the three-dimensional structure (i.e., the dendritic structure) derived from the aggregate structure in the porous carbon black. As a result, they obtained the following findings.
- the porous carbon black is subjected to mechanical loads such as stirring to improve the dispersion of the porous carbon black. It is preferable that the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) is not destroyed by this mechanical load, and only the agglomeration is broken down and disintegrated into the smallest unit of aggregates. Disintegration forms voids (i.e., pores) originating from the uniform three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) in the catalyst layer. As a result, the diffusion resistance of the oxidizing gas is reduced, and the power generation characteristics (especially the high-load characteristics) are improved.
- the mechanical strength of porous carbon black contributes to improving power generation characteristics (especially high-load characteristics).
- mercury porosimetry has been conventionally used to quantify the development of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) of the porous carbon black and to quantify the voids in the catalyst layer.
- the pressure (MPa) of mercury absorption in mercury porosimetry varies depending on the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) of porous carbon black (for example, the thickness of the branches of the dendritic structure (corresponding to the primary particle diameter of carbon black) and the size of the dendritic structure (corresponding to the aggregate diameter).
- the size of the voids formed by the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) is reflected in the amount of mercury absorption (mL/g).
- the mercury porosimetry method is suitable for quantifying the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) of porous carbon black.
- mercury absorption begins at an insertion pressure of 10 MPa or more.
- the primary particle diameter of carbon black, which corresponds to the branch thickness is practically upper limit of 80 nm, the upper limit of the insertion pressure of mercury is 100 MPa.
- the difference ⁇ V in the amount of mercury absorbed (mL/g) at insertion pressures of 10 MPa and 100 MPa, measured using a mercury porosimetry method is suitable as a quantitative indicator of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) of porous carbon black.
- the inventors carried out the following experiment.
- the ⁇ V of the porous carbon black was measured before and after the ink production process using a planetary ball mill.
- the porous carbon black was mechanically destroyed by pressing it with a mold, and the ⁇ V before and after the destruction was measured.
- the mechanical strength of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) of the porous carbon black which has a small deterioration in power generation characteristics (particularly high-load characteristics) in any ink process, was quantified as the ratio of ⁇ V before and after pressing with a mold.
- the inventors have investigated a method for producing porous carbon black that has a large BET specific surface area and a three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) with high mechanical strength. As a result, they have obtained the following findings.
- porous carbon black suitable for use as a catalyst carrier and having high power generation characteristics (particularly high load characteristics) and durability can be obtained.
- the following guidelines are required: (1) Activation to prevent deterioration of mechanical strength (2) Higher heat treatment temperature (3) Use of large-diameter carbon black as raw material
- Treatments suitable for selective oxidation of the surface of raw carbon black are low-temperature oxidation treatment using ozone at a temperature between room temperature (25° C.) and 70° C., or oxidation treatment using air at a temperature between 300° C. and 500° C.
- the carbon material for catalyst carriers disclosed herein is a carbon material with reduced power generation characteristics (particularly high load characteristics).
- the carbon material for a catalyst support of the present disclosure satisfies at least one of requirements (C) and (D) in addition to requirements (A) and (B).
- the BET specific surface area S BET of porous carbon black is the most suitable characteristic for quantitatively expressing the degree of pore development as a catalyst support. If the BET specific surface area S BET of the porous carbon black is less than 400 m 2 /g, the amount of carbon required to support the catalytic metal increases, the thickness of the catalytic layer increases, and the gas diffusion resistance increases, resulting in a deterioration in power generation characteristics (especially high load characteristics). On the other hand, when the BET specific surface area S BET of the porous carbon black exceeds 1200 m 2 /g, the requirement (B) described below cannot be satisfied.
- the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) of the porous carbon black since the mechanical strength of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) of the porous carbon black is low, the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) is destroyed during preparation of the ink for forming the catalyst layer, and fine particles are mixed into the ink. As a result, the fine powder blocks the pores of the catalyst layer. This increases the gas diffusion resistance, and the power generation characteristics (especially the high load characteristics) deteriorate.
- the lower limit of the BET specific surface area of the porous carbon black is preferably 450 m 2 /g or more, and more preferably 500 m 2 /g or more.
- the upper limit of the BET specific surface area of the porous carbon black is preferably 1150 m 2 /g or less, and more preferably 1100 m 2 /g or less.
- the BET specific surface area is a value measured by the method described in the examples below.
- the difference between the amount of mercury absorbed (mL/g) when the mercury is inserted at a pressure of 10 MPa and the amount of mercury absorbed (mL/g) when the mercury is inserted at a pressure of 100 MPa is "amount of mercury absorbed when the mercury is inserted at a pressure of 100 MPa" - “amount of mercury absorbed when the mercury is inserted at a pressure of 10 MPa.”
- the ratio ⁇ V fin / ⁇ V ini of the porous carbon black is an index utilizing the destruction behavior caused by die pressing, and is an index showing that the porous carbon black is difficult to destroy during, for example, the production of ink for forming a catalyst layer.
- the ratio ⁇ V fin / ⁇ V ini of the porous carbon black is less than 0.75, the mechanical strength of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) of the porous carbon black is low. Therefore, during the production of the ink, the porous carbon black is destroyed, and fine particles are mixed into the ink. As a result, the fine powder blocks the pores of the catalyst layer. This increases the gas diffusion resistance, and the power generation characteristics (especially the high load characteristics) are deteriorated.
- the upper limit (0.95) of the ratio ⁇ V fin / ⁇ V ini of porous carbon black is an upper limit in the substantial sense that no material exists that exhibits a ratio ⁇ V fin / ⁇ V ini greater than or equal to 0.95.
- the lower limit of the ratio ⁇ V fin / ⁇ V ini of the porous carbon black is preferably 0.76 or more, and more preferably 0.77 or more.
- the upper limit of the ratio ⁇ V fin / ⁇ V ini of the porous carbon black is preferably 0.94 or less, and more preferably 0.93 or less.
- the ratios ⁇ V fin and ⁇ V ini of the porous carbon black are values measured by the method described in the Examples section below.
- ⁇ V ini of porous carbon black is an index that quantitatively indicates the degree of development of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) of porous carbon black, and is an index that is strongly correlated with the volume of the voids in the catalyst layer.
- the ⁇ V ini of the porous carbon black is less than 0.80 mL/g, the pore volume of the voids formed in the catalyst layer is small, and the gas diffusion resistance increases, resulting in a decrease in power generation performance (particularly high load characteristics).
- the ⁇ V ini of the porous carbon black exceeds 1.50 mL/g, this corresponds to a large roughness of the porous carbon black surface, and therefore the requirement (B) is not satisfied.
- the mechanical strength of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) of the porous carbon black is low, and the porous carbon black is destroyed during ink production, and fine particles are mixed into the ink. As a result, the fine powder blocks the pores of the catalyst layer. This increases the gas diffusion resistance, and the power generation characteristics (especially the high load characteristics) are deteriorated.
- the lower limit of ⁇ V ini of the porous carbon black is preferably 0.82 mL/g or more, More preferably, it is 0.84 mL/g or more.
- the upper limit of ⁇ V ini of the porous carbon black is preferably 1.45 mL/g or less, and more preferably 1.40 mL/g or less.
- the ⁇ V ini of the porous carbon black is a value measured by the method described in the Examples section below.
- the intensity ratio I D /I G of the porous carbon black is an index showing the crystallinity of the porous carbon black.
- the intensity ratio I D /I G of the porous carbon black is less than 1.4, the crystallinity of the porous carbon black is too high, making it difficult to maintain the surface area of the pores required for power generation. This increases the amount of carbon required to support the catalytic metal, and increases the thickness of the catalyst layer. As a result, the gas diffusion resistance increases, leading to a deterioration in power generation characteristics (especially high load characteristics).
- the intensity ratio I D /I G of the porous carbon black exceeds 2.2, the crystallinity of the porous carbon black is too low to exhibit the minimum durability.
- the lower limit of the intensity ratio I D /I G of the porous carbon black is preferably 1.45 or more, and more preferably 1.50 or more.
- the upper limit of the intensity ratio I D /I G of the porous carbon black is preferably 2.15 or less, and more preferably 2.10 or less.
- the intensity ratio I D /I G is a value measured by the method described in the Examples section below.
- the method for producing a carbon material according to the present disclosure is, for example, a method including the following three steps.
- the method for producing a carbon material according to the present disclosure can provide a carbon material that satisfies requirements (A) and (B), and preferably a carbon material that satisfies at least one of requirements (C) and (D) in addition to requirements (A) and (B) (i.e., porous activated carbon black).
- Oxidation treatment step An oxidation treatment step in which the surface of raw carbon black is selectively oxidized with ozone or oxygen.
- Activation treatment step An activation treatment step in which the raw carbon black oxidized in the oxidation treatment step (hereinafter referred to as oxidized raw carbon) is made porous by activation.
- Heat treatment step a heat treatment step in which the oxidized raw carbon black (hereinafter referred to as porous raw carbon) that has been made porous in the activation treatment step is heat-treated.
- Ozone treatment step an ozone treatment step in which the porous raw carbon black that has been heat-treated in the heat treatment step (hereinafter referred to as heat-treated porous raw carbon black) is oxidized with ozone.
- Carbon black As the raw material carbon black, carbon black that satisfies the following three specific structural requirements can be used: primary particle size, three-dimensional structure (aggregate structure in which primary particles are linked together), and granulation state.
- the primary particle diameter exceeds 80 nm and becomes large, it becomes difficult to develop the three-dimensional structure, so 80 nm is the practical limit in terms of production. It is assumed that pores are formed from the outside to the inside by activation, and since the surface area continues to be exposed to oxidation treatment, the loss due to combustion is large. If this is the case, the larger the primary particle size, the smaller the pores that are formed in the interior, but the larger the pores that are formed near the surface, the more likely it is that pores with a relatively large pore size will be formed. In fact, in the activation treatment of raw carbon black with a large primary particle size, the development of pores is weaker than that of carbon black with a small particle size, even if the mass is reduced.
- raw carbon black with a larger primary particle size has higher resistance to oxidative wear than raw carbon black with a smaller primary particle size.
- the larger the primary particle size the greater the durability.
- raw carbon black having a primary particle size exceeding 40 nm is effective in improving durability.
- Raw carbon black having a primary particle size of 50 nm or more is effective in significantly improving durability, and raw carbon black having a primary particle size exceeding 60 nm is effective in significantly improving durability.
- the primary particle size of the raw material carbon black is one of the basic physical properties, and the primary particle size in the catalog value of the carbon black manufacturer is referred to.
- the arithmetic mean diameter of primary particles is calculated from images of primary particles measured by an electron microscope, which is the method recommended by the Carbon Black Association, i.e., the method described in the Carbon Black Yearbook. More specifically, "i. Electron microscope photography method”, “ii. Measurement of particle diameter”, and “iii. Calculation method of particle diameter” on page 176 of the Carbon Black Handbook (edited by the Carbon Black Association, first edition published in 1971) were referred to.
- the sizes of at least 100 primary particles are measured, and the arithmetic mean is determined as the primary particle diameter.
- Three-dimensional structure Porous carbon black with a developed three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) is preferred as a structure suitable for a catalyst carrier in a fuel cell.
- the catalyst layer becomes highly porous with voids, and the diffusion speed of oxidizing gas increases.
- the physical property value reflecting the three-dimensional structure for example, DBP oil absorption, BET specific surface area, and distribution of intrusion amount of mercury by mercury porosimetry method can be applied.
- the DBP oil absorption is an industrial index of a typical colloidal physical property of carbon black, and is a value listed in a catalog. In the physical property definitions in this disclosure, the values listed in the physical property tables of carbon black manufacturers are used. Specifically, the DBP oil absorption value is preferably 80 mL/100 g or more, more preferably 100 mL/100 g, and even more preferably 120 mL/100 g. Since the specific gravity of the raw carbon black is about 1.8 g/mL, if the DBP oil absorption is considered to correspond to the voids in the catalyst layer, then a DBP oil absorption of 80 mL/100 g corresponds to voids that are 1.4 times or more the volume of the raw carbon black.
- the DBP oil absorption indicates the amount of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) absorbed by 100 g of carbon black, and is a value defined in ASTM (American Standard Test Method) D2414-6TT.
- DBP dibutyl phthalate
- the BET specific surface area is the most basic physical property of porous carbon black.
- the BET specific surface area of the raw material carbon black affects the activation in the first activation treatment step.
- the BET specific surface area is preferably 20 to 200 m 2 /g, and more preferably 25 to 180 m 2 /g.
- the BET specific surface area is a value measured by the method described in the Examples section below.
- the evaluation of the three-dimensional structure by mercury porosimetry is carried out by converting the hydrostatic pressure applied to mercury into pore diameters when assuming a cylinder using the surface tension of mercury against the raw carbon black, and obtaining a distribution of the integral value of the volume of pores larger than the pore diameter on the vertical axis with the pore diameter on the horizontal axis.
- Raw material carbon black with a three-dimensional structure absorbs mercury in proportion to the pore volume at a relative injection pressure equivalent to the pore size caused by the three-dimensional structure, so the three-dimensional structure can be quantitatively evaluated from the pore size distribution of the amount of mercury absorbed.
- the increment in the amount of mercury absorbed when the mercury injection pressure is increased from 10 MPa (corresponding to pores of about 10 nm) to 100 MPa (corresponding to pores of about 100 nm) is preferably 0.5 to 1.5 mL/g, taking into consideration the DBP oil absorption suitable for the pores of the catalyst layer described above. If the increment in the amount of mercury is less than 0.5 mL/g, the development of the three-dimensional structure is too small, and the high-load characteristics are reduced. On the other hand, the increment in the amount of mercury of 1.5 mL/g is the theoretical upper limit in terms of production.
- the oxidation treatment step is a step of selectively oxidizing the surface of the raw carbon black with ozone or oxygen. That is, the oxidation treatment step may be either an ozone treatment step in which the surface of the raw carbon black is selectively oxidized with ozone, or an oxygen treatment step in which the surface of the raw carbon black is selectively oxidized with oxygen.
- -Ozone treatment process- Ozone has an oxidizing power second only to fluorine, and can be used in the oxidation treatment of raw carbon black.
- the blackness can be increased by adjusting the amount of oxygen-containing functional groups, so ozone is used industrially in the production of carbon black for coloring.
- the surface of raw carbon black can be selectively oxidized.
- the development of pores due to activation is significantly promoted, although the mechanism is not entirely clear. This allows both improved branch strength of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) of the resulting porous carbon black and the development of pores.
- the selective oxidation of the raw carbon black surface burns and burns off a thin surface skin of about several nanometers in thickness, forming pores in the raw carbon black for introducing an activation gas into the interior.
- the activation makes the oxidized raw carbon black in a state in which pores for introducing an activation gas into the interior are easily formed.
- the ozone treatment plays a role in developing the pores formed in the activated porous raw carbon black. That is, the ozone treatment plays a role in increasing the pore volume and the surface area of the pores, while at the same time forming only the pores that are favorable as a catalyst support. In addition, the ozone treatment also plays a role in preventing the surface roughening of the porous carbon black and the thinning of the branches of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) that are unsuitable for power generation characteristics (particularly high load characteristics) in the subsequent process.
- Ozone treatment requires the use of equipment that generates ozone at 10 mg/hour or more, and there are no restrictions on the ozone generation mechanism or equipment structure. Pure oxygen is usually used as the input gas to increase the ozone generation rate. This is because when air is input, the content of oxygen, which is the raw material for ozone, is low, and the amount of ozone generated is accordingly reduced. Ozone is unstable and self-decomposes over time, so it is best to contact the raw carbon black with a gas containing ozone in a constant state of flow. To increase the reaction rate, ozone gas and raw carbon black may also be contacted in a heated state.
- the ozone treatment temperature is from room temperature (25° C.) to 70° C. As the ozone treatment temperature increases, the rate of self-decomposition of ozone also increases, so 70° C. is the practical upper limit for oxidizing the raw material carbon black.
- the ozone treatment time is preferably 1 to 9 hours under conditions such that the time required for the oxidation consumption rate of the raw material carbon black to reach 3.0% is on the order of several hours. If the ozone treatment time is shorter than one hour, the amount of heat generated is large, and it is difficult for the entire raw material carbon black powder to be treated to react uniformly, which is inappropriate.
- the surface of the raw carbon black is significantly burned, which causes the surface of the porous carbon black to become rough and the branches of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) to become thinner due to the surface combustion, resulting in a decrease in the mechanical strength of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure).
- ozone treatment of raw carbon black is a strong exothermic reaction, so it is necessary to disperse the heat associated with the reaction to the outside without storing it. This requires some ingenuity in actual treatment. For example, it is effective to increase the flow rate of the ozone gas to release the heat generated by the gas, or to reduce the height at which the raw carbon black is piled up to shorten the heat diffusion path.
- the oxygen treatment step oxygen is brought into contact with the raw carbon black in a high temperature range, thereby obtaining the same effect as in the ozone treatment step.
- the oxygen treatment step is a step that plays the same role as the ozone treatment.
- the oxygen concentration of the oxidizing gas is preferably high, but is at least 70% by volume or less, and preferably 50% by volume or less.
- a high oxygen treatment temperature is also preferable, but if it is too high, the energy required for CO2 generation decreases. Therefore, the oxygen treatment temperature is 500° C. or less, and preferably 450° C. or less.
- the oxygen treatment temperature is preferably 300° C. or more. If the temperature is lower than 300° C., the reaction rate is slow, which is not practical and is not suitable for the purpose of selectively oxidizing the surface of the raw carbon black.
- the oxygen treatment time is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 to 15 hours. If the oxygen treatment time is less than 2 hours, oxidation is insufficient, and the pores formed in the activated porous raw carbon black do not develop. If the oxygen treatment time exceeds 15 hours, the surface of the raw carbon black is significantly burned. As a result, the surface of the porous carbon black becomes rough and the branches of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure) become thinner due to the surface combustion, resulting in a decrease in the mechanical strength of the three-dimensional structure (dendritic structure). However, when the treatment temperature is 450° C. or higher and 500° C. or lower, the oxygen treatment time is preferably 2 to 9 hours.
- the apparatus suitable for the oxygen treatment step may be, for example, a rotary kiln or a fluidized bed that forcibly brings gas into contact with the raw carbon black.
- the rotary kiln and the fluidized bed allow fresh oxidation gas to come into contact with the raw carbon black efficiently and uniformly, and can achieve oxygen treatment in a short time.
- the fluidized bed has a high gas utilization rate and can complete oxygen treatment in a short time, it generates a large amount of heat per unit time and unit volume, so it is important to design the equipment so that it is easy to remove heat.
- the oxidizing gas itself can act as a medium for removing the reaction heat.
- the activation treatment step is a step of making the oxidized raw carbon, which has been oxidized in the oxidation treatment step, porous by activation.
- the activation mechanism of the raw carbon black is believed to be as follows. By contacting the raw carbon black with an activation gas such as water vapor (H 2 O) or CO 2 and keeping it at 800°C to 1100°C, the carbon atoms that make up the raw carbon black are removed as CO. This reaction optimizes the reaction rate, and the peripheral parts (edge parts) of the easily combustible condensed polycyclic aromatic compounds of the crystallites of a few nm in size that form the raw carbon black are selectively oxidized and consumed. As a result, gaps are formed between the crystallites, and the consumption of the crystallites continues toward the inside. This results in the formation of porous carbon black. This is the process of making the carbon black porous by the activation operation.
- the oxidation reaction of raw carbon black with oxygen is an exothermic reaction, and if the amount of heat generated is greater than the amount of heat removed, the temperature at the reaction site rises monotonically, making the reaction difficult to control. This phenomenon accelerates with increasing size, so oxidation with oxygen is not suitable for mass production, and activation using water vapor or CO2 as an activation gas is more suitable.
- the specific activation conditions are to control the temperature according to the reaction strength of the activation gas, which is preferably water vapor or CO2 .
- the preferred temperature is 750°C to 900°C
- CO2 is used as the activation gas
- the preferred temperature is 800°C to 950°C.
- A BET surface area of 800 to 1,400 m2 /g
- the mass reduction rate of the raw porous carbon black due to activation is, for example, 60% by mass to 80% by mass.
- the treatment time required to reach such a mass reduction rate is, for example, 5 hours to 100 hours, preferably 10 to 80 hours, and more preferably 20 to 80 hours.
- the BET surface area is smaller than that when the time required for the same mass reduction rate is 20 hours.
- This difference in BET surface area occurs because, if the reaction rate is too high, the surface combustion of the oxidized raw material carbon black is relatively large compared to the internal combustion for forming internal pores, and part of the mass reduction is consumed in the surface combustion, so that the BET specific surface area does not increase.
- large irregularities of 10 nm or more are generated due to the surface combustion. That is, in order to suppress the surface combustion, it is preferable to lower the activation temperature and lengthen the activation time.
- the concentration of the activation gas is high, the rate of the oxidation reaction increases almost in proportion to the concentration, and the activation time can be shortened without changing the pore development, i.e., the BET surface area, or the ratio of surface combustion.
- the pressure is within the range of several atmospheres, the activation time can be shortened in proportion to the pressure.
- the activation time in the case of activation under pressurized conditions is, for example, 3 to 50 hours, preferably 5 to 30 hours, and more preferably 5 to 20 hours. The upper and lower limits of the activation time are determined to avoid the same phenomenon as that at normal pressure.
- the above activation treatment step pores are formed inside the raw carbon black, and porous carbon black satisfying requirement (A) can be produced.
- requirement (A) requirement
- the texture and crystal structure of the porous raw carbon black that has been made porous changes toward a more stable graphite structure, and the pores, which can be considered defects, change in the direction of collapsing. Therefore, the pore structure of the porous raw carbon black obtained in the activation treatment step must be made to be more developed than the final desired pore structure so that a preferable pore structure is maintained even if the pores are collapsed in the heat treatment step.
- the BET surface area of the porous raw carbon black obtained in the activation treatment step is preferably at least 400 m 2 /g, which is the lower limit of requirement (A), more preferably 600 m 2 /g, and even more preferably 800 m 2 /g or more.
- the heat treatment step is a step in which the porous raw carbon black obtained in the activation treatment step is heat-treated.
- the catalyst support In the operating environment of a fuel cell, the catalyst support is exposed to a noble potential of 1 V or more. Since the ionomer has sulfonic acid groups, the catalyst support coated with the ionomer is placed in a noble potential of 1 V or more and in a strongly acidic environment.
- the general countermeasure is to increase the crystallinity as much as possible to rapidly avoid oxidative consumption.
- the usual method for increasing the crystallinity of porous carbon black is to heat treat it in an inert gas atmosphere or a reducing atmosphere.
- the raw porous carbon black obtained in the activation treatment process is subjected to a heat treatment process (i.e., graphitization process) at 1400°C to 1800°C for 10 minutes to 10 hours in an inert gas atmosphere at normal pressure (i.e., 1 atm).
- the crystallinity of the porous raw carbon black can be increased by graphitizing the porous raw carbon black. More specifically, by subjecting the porous raw carbon black having a BET specific surface area that has been activated under the above-mentioned strong activation conditions to a heat treatment under the above-mentioned conditions, the crystallinity of the porous raw carbon black can be increased while maintaining the pores without collapsing. This makes it possible to produce porous carbon black that satisfies requirement (D) in addition to requirements (A) and (B).
- the heat treatment process is not particularly limited as long as it is a process that can heat the porous raw carbon black under the above conditions.
- Examples of the heating method include resistance heating, microwave heating, high-frequency heating, and furnace-type heating methods.
- furnace type such as graphitization furnaces, batch furnaces, and tunnel furnaces, as long as it can achieve normal pressure and an inert gas atmosphere.
- the mass reduction rate due to activation after heat treatment is preferably 15 mass% or less, more preferably 10 mass% or less, and even more preferably 8 mass% or less.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the general configuration of a fuel cell of the present disclosure.
- the solid polymer fuel cell 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes separators 110 and 120 , gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 , catalyst layers 150 and 160 , and an electrolyte membrane 170 .
- Separator 110 is an anode-side separator that introduces reducing gas such as hydrogen into gas diffusion layer 130.
- Separator 120 is a cathode-side separator that introduces oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air into the gas diffusion condensation phase.
- reducing gas such as hydrogen
- separator 120 is a cathode-side separator that introduces oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air into the gas diffusion condensation phase.
- oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air into the gas diffusion condensation phase.
- separators 110 and 120 may be separators used in conventional fuel cells (e.g., solid polymer fuel cells).
- the gas diffusion layer 130 is an anode-side gas diffusion layer that diffuses the reducing gas supplied from the separator 110 and then supplies it to the catalyst layer 150.
- the gas diffusion layer 140 is a cathode-side gas diffusion layer that diffuses the oxidizing gas supplied from the separator 120 and then supplies it to the catalyst layer 160.
- the type of gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 is not particularly limited, and may be any gas diffusion layer used in conventional fuel cells (e.g., solid polymer fuel cells). Examples of the gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 include porous carbon materials (carbon cloth, carbon paper, etc.), porous metal materials (metal mesh, metal wool, etc.), etc.
- a preferred example of the gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 is a two-layer gas diffusion layer.
- the gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 have a two-layer structure in which the layer on the separator 110 and 120 side is a gas diffusion fiber layer mainly composed of fibrous carbon material, and the layer on the catalyst layer 150 and 160 side is a micropore layer mainly composed of carbon black.
- the catalyst layer 150 is a so-called anode.
- an oxidation reaction of the reducing gas occurs, and protons and electrons are generated.
- the reducing gas becomes hydrogen gas, the following oxidation reaction occurs.
- H 2 ⁇ 2H + +2e - (E 0 0V)
- the protons produced by the oxidation reaction reach the catalyst layer 160 through the catalyst layer 150 and the electrolyte membrane 170.
- the electrons produced by the oxidation reaction reach the external circuit through the catalyst layer 150, the gas diffusion layer 130, and the separator 110. After performing work (generating electricity) in the external circuit, the electrons are introduced into the separator 120. The electrons then reach the catalyst layer 160 through the separator 120 and the gas diffusion layer 140.
- the configuration of the catalyst layer 150 that serves as the anode is not particularly limited.
- the configuration of the catalyst layer 150 may be the same as that of a conventional anode, may be the same as that of the catalyst layer 160, or may be more hydrophilic than the catalyst layer 160.
- the catalyst layer 160 is a so-called cathode.
- a reduction reaction of the oxidizing gas occurs, and water is generated.
- the oxidizing gas becomes oxygen gas or air, the following reduction reaction occurs.
- the water generated by the oxidation reaction is discharged to the outside of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 together with the unreacted oxidizing gas.
- O 2 +4H + +4e - ⁇ 2H 2 O (E 0 1.23V)
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 generates electricity by utilizing the energy difference (potential difference) between the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction.
- the electrons generated in the oxidation reaction perform work in the external circuit.
- the catalyst layer 160 contains the carbon material for catalyst carriers disclosed herein. That is, the catalyst layer 160 contains the carbon material for catalyst carriers disclosed herein, an electrolyte material (ionomer), and a catalyst component (platinum, etc.). This can improve the power generation characteristics (particularly high load characteristics) within the catalyst layer 160. And, the power generation characteristics (particularly high load characteristics) of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 can be improved.
- the catalyst loading rate in the catalyst layer 160 is not particularly limited, and is preferably 30% by mass or more and less than 80% by mass. When the catalyst loading rate is in this range, the power generation characteristics (particularly the high load characteristics) are further improved.
- the catalyst loading rate is expressed as the mass % of the catalyst component relative to the total mass of the catalyst-loaded particles (particles in which the catalyst component is loaded on a carbon material for the catalyst carrier). If the catalyst loading rate is less than 30% by mass, it may be necessary to thicken the catalyst layer 160 in order to make the solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 practical. On the other hand, if the catalyst loading rate is 80% by mass or more, catalyst aggregation is likely to occur. In addition, the catalyst layer 160 may become too thin, which may cause flooding.
- the mass ratio I/C of the mass I of the electrolyte material in the catalyst layer 160 to the mass C of the carbon material for the catalyst carrier is not particularly limited, and is preferably greater than 0.5 and less than 5.0. In this case, the pore network and the electrolyte material network can coexist, and the power generation characteristics (particularly the high-load characteristics) are improved. On the other hand, if the mass ratio I/C is 0.5 or less, the electrolyte material network becomes weak and the proton conduction resistance tends to increase. If the mass ratio I/C is 5.0 or more, the pore network may be disrupted by the electrolyte material. In either case, the power generation characteristics (particularly the high-load characteristics) may be degraded.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer 160 is not particularly limited, and is preferably more than 5 ⁇ m and less than 20 ⁇ m. In this case, the oxidizing gas is more likely to diffuse into the catalyst layer 160, and flooding is less likely to occur. If the thickness of the catalyst layer 160 is 5 ⁇ m or less, flooding is more likely to occur. If the thickness of the catalyst layer 160 is 20 ⁇ m or more, the oxidizing gas is less likely to diffuse into the catalyst layer 160, and the catalyst components near the electrolyte membrane 170 are less likely to work. In other words, there is a possibility that the catalyst utilization rate will decrease.
- the electrolyte membrane 170 is made of an electrolyte material having proton conductivity.
- the electrolyte membrane 170 introduces the protons generated in the above oxidation reaction to the catalyst layer 160 (cathode).
- the type of electrolyte material is not particularly limited, and may be any electrolyte material used in conventional fuel cells, such as solid polymer fuel cells.
- An example of a suitable electrolyte material is an electrolyte resin.
- electrolyte resins include polymers into which phosphoric acid groups, sulfonic acid groups, etc. have been introduced. Specifically, examples include perfluorosulfonic acid polymers, polymers into which benzenesulfonic acid, etc. have been introduced, etc.
- the electrolyte material may be other types of electrolyte material.
- Examples of such electrolyte materials include inorganic electrolyte materials, inorganic-organic hybrid electrolyte materials, etc.
- the solid polymer fuel cell 100 may be a fuel cell that operates within a range of room temperature (25°C) to 150°C.
- the method for manufacturing the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 is not particularly limited, and may be the same as the conventional manufacturing method.
- the carbon material for catalyst carriers of the present disclosure is used for the catalyst carrier.
- the catalyst layers 150 and 160 it is preferable to use the carbon material for catalyst carriers of the present disclosure for the catalyst carrier of at least the catalyst layer 160 that serves as the cathode.
- the carbon material for catalyst carriers of the present disclosure may be used for the catalyst carriers of both the catalyst layer 150 that serves as the anode and the catalyst layer 160 that serves as the cathode.
- ⁇ Measuring method for each parameter> Measurement of Nitrogen Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm (BET Specific Surface Area)
- the sample was set in an automatic specific surface area measuring device (MicrotrackBell, BELSORP MAX), and the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm was measured at a measurement temperature of liquid nitrogen temperature (approximately 77 K) using nitrogen gas as an adsorbate.
- the BET specific surface area was calculated by BET analysis of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm in the range of relative pressure P/ P0 from 0.05 to 0.15. The value was calculated.
- the difference in the measured values was defined as "the difference ⁇ V ini (mL/g) between the mercury absorption amount (mL/g) at a mercury insertion pressure of 10 MPa before the porous activated carbon black was pressurized with a pressure of 100 MPa by the mold and the mercury absorption amount (mL/g) at a mercury insertion pressure of 100 MPa.”
- a sample was packed into a cylindrical mold having a diameter of 10 mm to a height of about 5 mm, pressurized at 100 MPa and held for 1 minute, the pressure was released, the sample was removed from the mold and crushed in a mortar, and the crushed sample was packed into the mold again in the same manner as above and pressed at 100 MPa for 1 minute to obtain a measurement sample.
- the mercury absorption amount (mL/g) was measured in the same manner as above, except that the obtained measurement sample was used, when the mercury intrusion pressure values were 10 MPa and 100 MPa.
- the difference in the measured values was defined as "the difference ⁇ V fin (mL/g) between the mercury absorption amount (mL/g) when the mercury insertion pressure was 10 MPa and the mercury absorption amount (mL/g) when the mercury insertion pressure was 100 MPa after the porous activated carbon black was pressurized with a mold at a pressure of 100 MPa.”
- Ketjen Black EC300J and EC600JD manufactured by Lion Corporation were prepared as raw carbon black. Since these raw carbon blacks were porous, only the heat treatment process described below was carried out.
- Table 1 shows the primary particle size (arithmetic mean particle size), DBP oil absorption, and BET specific surface area of the raw carbon black cited from Carbon Black Yearbook No. 72 (2022), compiled by the Carbon Black Association, and posted on the Ketjen Black product website.
- the output gas from the ozone generator was mixed with argon gas to a level where carbon would not ignite due to the reaction heat, and ozone was diluted to create the oxidizing gas.
- the amount of gas sent to the reaction tube was also controlled.
- the reaction volume of the ozone treatment was adjusted by the contact time with the output gas, or by setting the reaction tube in an electric furnace and heating it.
- a vertical quartz reaction tube with an outer diameter of 35 mm was used, and a filter made of fused quartz beads was fused inside the tube as a dispersion plate. Quartz wool with a small fiber diameter was laid on the dispersion plate as necessary, and raw carbon black was placed on top of it.
- the oxidizing gas was passed from bottom to top, and the flow rate was increased to a level where the powder would not scatter outside the system, and the flow rate was adjusted to the flow rate shown in Table 2 so that reaction unevenness would be reduced.
- the reaction volume was determined by the change in mass. In the early stage of the reaction, the mass increase due to the addition of oxygen functional groups increased to a maximum of 0.5%, and then the mass decreased.
- the pore structure after ozone oxidation was investigated by nitrogen gas adsorption isotherm. As a result, the isotherms before and after the treatment were almost overlapped, that is, it was confirmed that the surface was burned off, and the pore size distribution due to combustion inside the pores was not changed by ozone oxidation.
- Table 2 shows the control factors of the ozone treatment process, namely, the treatment temperature (controlled by the temperature of the electric furnace) and the treatment time.
- a reaction tube was prepared by fusing a quartz filter as a dispersion plate inside a quartz tube having an outer diameter of 35 mm. Quartz wool was placed on the dispersion plate to a height of about 1 cm, and 5 g to 15 g of the oxidation raw material carbon black was placed on top of that.
- the reaction tube was then set in a vertical electric furnace normally used at 1,100°C. Before heating, argon gas was flowed from the bottom to the top of the reaction tube to replace the inside of the reaction tube with argon gas, and then the temperature was raised at a rate of 10 ° C./min., and the reaction tube was heated to 850-950 ° C., and when the predetermined temperature was reached, the gas was switched to CO 2 gas.
- the flow rate was adjusted so that the linear velocity was 1-2 cm/sec at the furnace temperature.
- the reaction tube was removed from the furnace, and the gas was simultaneously switched to argon gas and allowed to cool.
- the porous raw carbon black was taken out and its mass was measured, and the mass reduction rate of the yield relative to the charged mass (charged mass/recovered mass) was calculated.
- the activation temperature and activation time were adjusted as shown in Table 2 as activation treatment conditions so that the mass reduction rate was in the range of 55-80% by mass.
- Heat treatment process A so-called graphitization furnace was used as the heating furnace, which uses graphite material as a heating element.
- the porous raw carbon black obtained in the activation treatment process was placed in a graphite crucible with a volume of about 100 cc, and after the pressure was reduced and vacuum-replaced with argon gas, the temperature was raised at 10°C per minute with an argon flow rate that was sufficient to replace the furnace volume in several tens of minutes, and the furnace was held at a predetermined temperature for a certain period of time, and then cooled to near room temperature and taken out.
- the holding time of the heat treatment temperature was variable, and the conditions are shown in Table 2.
- the carbon material for catalyst support (porous activated carbon black) was obtained for each example.
- the reactive gases were supplied at a back pressure of 0.04 MPa, with air supplied to the cathode side and pure hydrogen supplied to the anode side, with the pressure adjusted by a back pressure valve installed downstream of the cell so that the utilization rates were 25% and 70%, respectively.
- the cell temperature was set to 80°C, and the reactive gases supplied were bubbled with distilled water kept at 80°C in a humidifier for both the cathode and anode, and humidified gas at 80°C was supplied to the 80°C cell to evaluate power generation.
- Table 2 shows the details of the experimental example.
- gas type/gas type mL/min/mL/min
- flow rate of each of the two gas types mL/min/mL/min
- the carbon material for catalyst supports (porous activated carbon black) of this example is superior in power generation characteristics (particularly high load characteristics) to the carbon material for catalyst supports of the comparative example. Furthermore, it can be seen from the Reference Examples that Ketjen Black EC300J and EC600JD manufactured by Lion Corporation do not provide sufficient power generation characteristics (particularly high load characteristics).
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Abstract
Description
H2→2H++2e- (E0=0V)
カソード側のセパレータには、酸素ガス又は空気等の酸化性ガスが導入される。カソード側のガス拡散層は、酸化性ガスを拡散させた後、カソードに導入する。カソードは、燃料電池用触媒と、燃料電池用触媒を担持する触媒担体と、プロトン伝導性を有する電解質材料とを含む。触媒担体は、多孔質炭素材料で構成されることが多い。燃料電池用触媒上では、酸化性ガスの還元反応が起こり、水が生成される。例えば、酸化性ガスが酸素ガスあるいは空気となる場合、以下の還元反応が起こる。
O2+4H++4e-→2H2O (E0=1.23V)
電極触媒層と、を備える膜電極接合体であって、前記一対の電極触媒層の少なくとも一方は、触媒担持粒子と、高分子電解質と、平均繊維径が10nm以上300nm以下の繊維状物質と、を含み、前記繊維状物質の質量は、前記触媒担持粒子における担体の質量の0.02倍以上1.0倍以下であり、前記高分子電解質の質量は、前記触媒担持粒子における担体の質量の0.4倍以上1.0倍以下であることを特徴とする膜電極接合体。」が提案されている。
(A)窒素ガス吸着等温線のBET解析により求められるBET比表面積SBETが400~1500m2/gであること。
(B)水銀ポロシメトリ法により測定される水銀圧力PHg(kPa)と水銀吸収量VHgとの関係において、前記水銀圧力PHgの常用対数LogPHgが4.3から4.8に増加した際に測定される水銀吸収量VHgの増加分ΔVHg:4.3-4.8が0.82~1.50cc/gであること。
(1)レーザー回折・散乱式粒度分布計を用いた粒度分布測定において、体積径基準における粒子径1μm以下の粒子の積算分布[%]をDLとし、粒子径1μm超える粒子の積算分布[%]をDHとしたときのDL/DHが1.5以上であること。
(2)水銀ポロシメトリ法により測定される細孔直径20nm~200nmの範囲のモード径が40nm~70nmであること。
特許文献2:国際公開公報第2018/182047号
特許文献3:特許5790537号
特許文献4:特開2022-156985号
細孔構造は、数nmの金属触媒(白金ナノ粒子等)が細孔内に存在するのに必要十分な大きさの細孔のみが選択的に存在することが望ましく、一般に、メソポーラス炭素が担体に適すると目されている。
ガス拡散に適する細孔は、明確ではないが、数10~100nmくらいが現在適用されている各種の炭素担体から推察される核酸の為の触媒層の空隙の細孔径である。触媒層の空隙は、炭素担体の立体構造(樹枝状構造等)で、実現されている。
細孔構造は、数nmの触媒金属が細孔内に存在するのに必要十分な大きさの細孔のみが選択的に存在することが望ましく、一般に、メソポーラス炭素材料が炭素担体に適すると目されている。
具体的には、発電特性(特に、高負荷荷特性)の低下は、その原因として、触媒層形成用のインク作製時等に、粉砕等の機械的負荷が加えられると、炭素担体の立体構造が崩れることがあり、改善の余地がある。
そして、当該改善を、炭素担体(多孔質炭素材料)のうち、安価で有用なカーボンブラックで実現することが要望されている。
<1>
下記要件(A)、及び(B)を満たす多孔質賦活カーボンブラックからなる固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
(A)窒素ガス吸着等温線のBET解析により求められるBET比表面積SBETが400~1200m2/gである。
(B)水銀ポロシメトリ法において、金型により前記多孔質賦活カーボンブラックを100MPaの圧力で加圧した後、及び金型により前記多孔質賦活カーボンブラックを100MPaの圧力で加圧する前の、水銀の挿入圧10MPaのときの水銀吸収量(mL/g)と水銀の挿入圧100MPaの水銀吸収量(mL/g)との差を、各々、ΔVfin、ΔViniとするとき、比ΔVfin/ΔViniが、0.75以上0.95以下である。
<2>
さらに、下記要件(C)及び(D)の少なくとも一方を満たす<1>に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
(C)前記ΔViniが0.80mL以上1.50mL/gである。
(D)ラマン分光測定により得られるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1300~1360cm-1のDバンドの強度をID、1560~1620cm-1のGバンドの強度をIGとするとき、強度比ID/IGが1.40以上2.20以下である。
<3>
<1>又は<2>に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料を含む固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層。
<4>
<3>に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層を含む燃料電池。
<5>
前記固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層は、カソード側の触媒層である<4>に記載の燃料電池。
本開示において、「~」を用いて表される数値範囲は、「~」の前後に記載される数値を下限値及び上限値として含む範囲を意味する。また、「~」の前後に記載される数値に「超」又は「未満」が付されている場合の数値範囲は、これら数値を下限値又は上限値として含まない範囲を意味する。
本開示において、「工程」との用語は、独立した工程だけではなく、他の工程と明確に区別できない場合であってもその工程の所期の目的が達成されるのであれば、本用語に含まれる。
本開示において、燃料電池の触媒層に用いられる「プロトン伝導性を有する電解質材料」は「アイオノマー」とも称する。
本開示の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料は、後述する要件(A)、及び(B)を満たす多孔質賦活カーボンブラックからなる。
ここで、多孔質賦活カーボンブラックとは、賦活により多孔質化したカーボンブラックである。なお、多孔質賦活カーボンブラックを「多孔質カーボンブラック」とも称する。
(1)触媒層のオーミックな抵抗の大小で、電子伝導抵抗とプロトン伝導抵抗の二つ抵抗の合成
(2)酸化性ガスの触媒層内での拡散抵抗
(3)触媒金属表面での電気化学的、すなわち、電子移動を伴う化学反応における抵抗(つまり触媒反応の抵抗)
一方で、機械的負荷に対して、立体構造(樹枝状構造)が破壊されると、インク中に微細粉が生じ、触媒層内に立体構造(樹枝状構造)に由来する空隙が微細粉により閉塞する。つまり、触媒層内に細孔が形成され難くなる。そのため、酸化性ガスの拡散抵抗が大きくなり、発電特性(特に高負荷特性)が低下する。
多孔質カーボンブラックの立体構造(樹枝状構造)の違いにより(例えば、樹枝状構造の枝の太さ(カーボンブラックの一次粒子径相当)と樹枝状構造の大きさ(アグリゲート径に相当)により、水銀ポロシメトリ法における水銀吸収の圧力(MPa)が変化する。つまり、立体構造(樹枝状構造)により形成される空隙の大きさは、水銀吸収量(mL/g)に反映される。
そのため、多孔質カーボンブラックの立体構造(樹枝状構造)の定量には、水銀ポロシメトリ法が適している。
多孔質カーボンブラックの立体構造(樹枝状構造)の機械的強度を高めるために最低限必要な、枝の太さを鑑みると、水銀の吸収は挿入圧力10MPa以上で始まる。一方、枝の太さに相当するカーボンブラック一次粒子径は、80nmが実質上の上限であることを考慮すると、水銀の挿入圧力は100MPaが上限である。
そのため、水銀ポロシメトリ法を利用した、10MPaと100MPaとの挿入圧力における水銀吸収量(mL/g)の差ΔVが、多孔質カーボンブラックの立体構造(樹枝状構造)の定量的指標に適している。
触媒層形成用のインク形成過程での、多孔質カーボンブラックに作用する機械的負荷を模擬する目的で、遊星ボールミルによるインク製造工程の前後の多孔質カーボンブラックのΔVを測定した。一方で、金型によりプレスすることで多孔質カーボンブラックを機械的に破壊させ、その前後のΔVを測定した。
そして、両者の相関関係の調査から、如何なるインク工程においても発電特性(特に高負荷特性)の低下が小さい、多孔質カーボンブラックの立体構造(樹枝状構造)の機械的強度を、金型によるプレスの前後のΔVの比率で、定量化した。
このような調査の結果、金型でのプレス前の水銀吸収量VΔini、金型でのプレス後の水銀吸収量ΔVfinとし、その比ΔVfin/ΔViniが、多孔質カーボンブラックのインク製造工程における機械的強度指標として最適であることが示された。
このような多孔質カーボンブラックの機械的強度の改善には、次の指針が必要である。
(1)機械的強度の低下を抑制する賦活
(2)熱処理温度を高温化
(3)大径の原料カーボンブラックの使用
原料カーボンブラックを、直接、賦活するのではなく、賦活の前に、原料カーボンブラック表面を選択的に酸化消耗させると、その後の賦活において、原料カーボンブラック表面の酸化を抑制できる。それにより、賦活において、原料カーボンブラック表面の酸化を抑制しつつ、原料カーボンブラック内部に発達した細孔が形成できる。表面酸化を抑えて、内部に細孔を発達させて得られる、多孔質カーボンブラックは、BET比表面積が高いにもかかわらず、機械的強度が向上する。
そして、原料カーボンブラック表面の選択酸化に適した処理(賦活の事前処理)は、オゾンによる室温(25℃)以上70℃以下の低温酸化処理、又は、空気による300℃以上500℃以下の酸化処理である。
ここで、さらに発電特性(特に、高負荷特性)の低下を抑制する観点から、観点から、本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料は、要件(A)及び(B)に加え、要件(C)及び要件(D)の少なくとも一方を満たすことが好ましい。
(A)窒素ガス吸着等温線のBET解析により求められるBET比表面積SBETが400~1200m2/gである。
多孔質カーボンブラックのBET比表面積SBETが400m2/g以下である場合、触媒金属を担持するのに必要な炭素量が多くなり、触媒層の厚みが増してガス拡散抵抗が増す。その結果、発電特性(特に高負荷特性)の低下を招く。
一方、多孔質カーボンブラックのBET比表面積SBETが1200m2/g超えである場合、後述する要件(B)を満たすことができない。すなわち、多孔質カーボンブラックの立体構造(樹枝状構造)の機械的強度が低いため、触媒層形成用のインク作製時に、立体構造(樹枝状構造)の破壊が生じて、インク中に微細分が混在する。その結果、微細粉が触媒層の空隙を閉塞する。それにより、ガス拡散抵抗が増して、発電特性(特に高負荷特性)が低下する。
多孔質カーボンブラックのBET比表面積の上限値は、1150m2/g以下が好ましく、1100m2/g以下がより好ましい。
(B)水銀ポロシメトリ法において、金型により多孔質カーボンブラックを100MPaの圧力で加圧した後、及び金型により多孔質カーボンブラックを100MPaの圧力で加圧する前の、水銀の挿入圧10MPaのときの水銀吸収量(mL/g)と水銀の挿入圧100MPaの水銀吸収量(mL/g)との差を、各々、ΔVfin、ΔViniとするとき、比ΔVfin/ΔViniが、0.75以上0.95以下である。
ここで、水銀の挿入圧10MPaのときの水銀吸収量(mL/g)と水銀の挿入圧100MPaの水銀吸収量(mL/g)との差は、「水銀の挿入圧100MPaの水銀吸収量」-「水銀の挿入圧10MPaのときの水銀吸収量」である。
多孔質カーボンブラックの比ΔVfin/ΔViniが0.75未満である場合、多孔質カーボンブラックの立体構造(樹枝状構造)の機械的強度が低い。そのため、インク製造時に、多孔質カーボンブラックが破壊し、微細分がインク中に混在する。その結果、微細粉が触媒層の空隙を閉塞する。それにより、ガス拡散抵抗が増して、発電特性(特に高負荷特性)が低下する。
一方、多孔質カーボンブラックの比ΔVfin/ΔViniの上限値(0.95)は、比ΔVfin/ΔViniが0.95以上の大きい値を示す材料が存在しないという実質的な意味での上限値である。
多孔質カーボンブラックの比ΔVfin/ΔViniの上限値は、0.94以下が好ましく、0.93以下がより好ましい。
(C)金型により多孔質カーボンブラックを100MPaの圧力で加圧する前の、水銀の挿入圧10MPaのときの水銀吸収量(mL/g)と水銀の挿入圧100MPaの水銀吸収量(mL/g)との差ΔViniが0.80mL以上1.50mL/gである。
多孔質カーボンブラックのΔViniが0.80mL/g未満である場合、触媒層中に形成される空隙の細孔容積が小さく、ガス拡散抵抗が増して、発電性能(特に高負荷特性)が低下する。
多孔質カーボンブラックのΔViniが1.50mL/g超えである場合、多孔質カーボンブラック表面の荒れが大きいことに相当するため、要件(B)を満たさなくなる。多孔質カーボンブラックの立体構造(樹枝状構造)の機械的強度が低く、インク製造時に、多孔質カーボンブラックが破壊し、微細分がインク中に混在する。その結果、微細粉が触媒層の空隙を閉塞する。それにより、ガス拡散抵抗が増して、発電特性(特に高負荷特性)が低下する。
0.84mL/g以上がより好ましい。
多孔質カーボンブラックのΔViniの上限値は、1.45mL/g以下が好ましく、1.40mL/g以下がより好ましい。
(D)ラマン分光測定により得られるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1300~1360cm-1のDバンドの強度をID、1560~1620cm-1のGバンドの強度をIGとするとき、強度比ID/IGが1.40以上2.20以下である。
多孔質カーボンブラックの強度比ID/IGが1.4未満である場合、多孔質カーボンブラックの結晶性が高すぎて、発電に必要な細孔の表面積を維持することが難しくなる。それにより、触媒金属を担持するのに必要な炭素量が多くなり、触媒層の厚みが増す。その結果、ガス拡散抵抗が増し、発電特性(特に高負荷特性)の低下を招く。
多孔質カーボンブラックの強度比ID/IGが2.2超えである場合、多孔質カーボンブラックの結晶性が低すぎて、最低限の耐久性が発現されない。
多孔質カーボンブラックの強度比ID/IGの上限値は、2.15以下が好ましく、2.10以下がより好ましい。
以下、本開示の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料の製造方法(以下、「炭素材料の製造方法」とも称する)の一例について説明する。
本開示の炭素材料の製造方法により、要件(A)及び要件(B)を満たす炭素材料、好ましくは、要件(A)及び要件(B)に加え、要件(C)及び要件(D)の少なくとも一方を満たす炭素材料(つまり多孔質賦活カーボンブラック)が得られる。
賦活処理工程:酸化処理工程で酸化された原料カーボンブラック(以下、酸化原料カーボン)を賦活により多孔質化する賦活処理工程。
熱処理工程:賦活処理工程で、多孔質化された酸化原料カーボンブラック(以下、多孔質原料カーボン)を、熱処理する熱処理工程
オゾン処理工程:熱処理工程で加熱処理された多孔質原料カーボンブラック(以下、熱処理多孔質原料カーボンブラック)を、オゾンにより酸化処理するオゾン処理工程。
まず、使用する原料カーボンブラックについて説明する。
原料カーボンブラックとしては、後述する所定の、一次粒子径、立体構造(一次粒子が連珠してなるアグリゲート構造)、及び造粒状態の三つの構造を満たすカーボンブラックが好適に適用できる。
原料カーボンブラックの立体構造と一次粒子径から、触媒層にした時の空隙の大きさが決まる。すなわち、一次粒子が連なって立体構造を作るので、一次粒子径×連珠数=空隙サイズ、となる。
立体構造が発達し、一次粒子径が20nm以上であれば、触媒層におけるガス拡散が律速になって発電特性が低下することはない。すなわち、一次粒子径の好ましい範囲は、20nm以上80nm以下である。80nm超えで一次粒子径が大きくなると立体構造を発達させることが困難となるため、80nmは実質的な製造上の限界である。
賦活による細孔形成は、外部から内部に向かって細孔が形成されると推察され、表面近傍は酸化処理にさらされ続けるため、燃焼による損失が大きい。そう仮定すると一次粒子径が大きいほど内部には細孔径の小さい細孔が形成されるが、表面近傍は比較的細孔径の大きさの細孔が形成される傾向となる。
実際、一次粒子径が大きい原料カーボンブラックの賦活処理は、質量減少を進めても細孔発達は小さい粒子径に比べて弱い。すなわち、一次粒子径が大きいほどBET表面積が大きくなり難い。
一方で、機構は必ずしも明確でないが、ラマン又はX回折による結晶性が同じであれば、一次粒子径が小さい原料カーボンブラックよりも一次粒子径が大きい原料カーボンブラックの方が、酸化消耗耐性が高くなる。すなわち耐久性は一次粒子径が大きいほど要綱となる。
特に40nmを超える一次粒子径の原料カーボンブラックは、耐久性改善に効果をもたらす。50nm以上の原料カーボンブラックは、顕著な耐久性改善に効果をもたらし、60nmを超える原料カーボンブラックは、著しい耐久性改善効果をもたらす。
ただし、カーボンブラックメーカーのカタログ値を参照できない場合、カーボンブラック協会の推奨の方法、すなわち、カーボンブラック年鑑に記載の方法である、電子顕微鏡により測定された一次粒子の画像から一次粒子径の算術平均値を算出する。より具体的には、カーボンブラック便覧(カーボンブラック協会編、昭和46年初版)の176ページ、「i.電子顕微鏡撮影法」、「ii.粒子径の計測」、「iii.粒子径の計算法」を参照した。統計的平均をとるために、少なくとも100個の一次粒子の大きさを計測し、その算術平均を一次粒子径として確定させる。なお、算術平均径は、以下の式により算出するものである。
d=Σnidi/Σni、ここに、niは粒子径diの個数である。
燃料電池の触媒担体に適した構造として、立体構造(樹枝状構造)が発達した多孔質カーボンブラックが好ましい。立体構造により触媒層を形成した際に、空隙を持つ多孔性の高い触媒層となり酸化性ガスの拡散速度が速くなる。
立体構造を反映する物性値は、例えば、DBP吸油量、BET比表面積、水銀ポロシメトリー法による水銀の圧入量分布を適用可能である。
具体的なDBP吸油量の数値は、80mL/100g以上が好ましく、より好ましくは100mL/100g、更に好ましくは、120mL/100gである。
原料カーボンブラックの比重が凡そ1.8g/mLであるから、DBP吸油量を触媒層の空隙に相当すると考えると、DBP吸油量80mL/100gは、原料カーボンブラックの体積の1.4倍以上の空隙に相当する。DBP吸油量が80mL/100gよりも小さいと立体構造の発達が小さすぎるために高負荷特性が低下する。一方、DBP吸油量の上限は、製造上の原理的な上限で、180mL/100gである。
なお、DBP吸油量は、カーボンブラック100gに吸収されるジブチルフタレート(DBP)の量を示すものであり、ASTM(アメリカ標準試験法)D2414-6TTに定義される値である。
具体的なBET比表面積は、好ましくは20~200m2/gであり、より好ましくは25~180m2/gである。
なお、BET比表面積は、後述の実施例に記載されている方法によって測定される値である。
立体構造を持つ原料カーボンブラックは、立体構造がもたらす空隙サイズに相当する圧入相対圧力で、空隙容積に比例した水銀の吸収を生じるため、立体構造を水銀吸収量の細孔径分布から定量的に評価できる。
具体的には、水銀圧入圧力が10MPa(約10nmの細孔に相当)から100MPa(約100nmの細孔に相当)までに圧力上昇した際に吸収される水銀量の増分は、上述の触媒層の空隙に適したDBP吸油量を考慮すると、0.5~1.5mL/gが好ましい。水銀量の増分が0.5mL/gよりも小さいと立体構造の発達が小さすぎるために高負荷特性が低下する。一方、水銀量の増分が1.5mL/gは、製造上の原理的な上限である。
酸化処理工程は、オゾン又は酸素により、原料カーボンブラック表面を選択的酸化する工程である。つまり、酸化処理工程は、オゾンにより、原料カーボンブラック表面を選択的酸化するオゾン処理工程、又は、酸素により、原料カーボンブラック表面を選択的酸化する酸素処理工程のいずであってもよい。
オゾン(O3)は、フッ素に次ぐ酸化力を持つため、原料カーボンブラックの酸化処理に適用することができる。原料カーボンブラックでは、含酸素官能基の量で黒色度を高めることができるため、カラー用カーボンブラックの生産で工業的に利用されている。
オゾンの強い酸化力を活かすと、原料カーボンブラックの表面を選択的酸化できる。すなわち、原料カーボンブラックを賦活により多孔質化する前に、原料カーボンブラック表面に選択的酸化を施すことにより、機構は必ずしも明確でないが、賦活による細孔発達が著しく促進される。それにより、得られる多孔性カーボンブラックの立体構造(樹枝状構造)の枝強度の向上と細孔発達の両立が図られる。
原料カーボンブラック表面の選択的酸化により、表面の数nm程度の薄皮を燃焼及び焼失させ、賦活のための賦活ガスを内部へ導入する細孔が、原料カーボンブラックに形成されると推測される。または、賦活で、賦活ガスを内部へ導入する細孔を、酸化原料カーボ
ンブラックに形成しやすい状態にさせていると推察される。
そのため、オゾン処理を施すことで、要件(A)及び要件(B)(好ましくは要件(A)及び要件(B)に加え、要件(C))を満たす多孔質カーボンブラックが得られる。
オゾン処理時間は、原料カーボンブラックの酸化消耗率が3.0%に達する時間が数時間オーダーとなるような条件で、1~9時間がよい。
オゾン処理時間が1時間よりも短いと発熱量が多く、処理する原料カーボンブラック粉体全体が均一に反応しにくいため不適当である。
オゾン処理時間が9時間を超えると、原料カーボンブラック表面の燃焼が著しくなる。それにより、表面燃焼に伴う、多孔質カーボンブラックの表面荒れ及び立体構造(樹枝状構造)の枝の細りが生じ、立体構造(樹枝状構造)の機械的強度の低下を招く。
酸素処理工程では、高い温度域で、酸素を原料カーボンブラックに接触させることで、オゾン処理工程と同様な効果が得られる。つまり、酸素処理工程は、オゾン処理と同じ役割を担う工程である。酸素処理工程を施すことで、要件(A)及び要件(B)(好ましくは要件(A)及び要件(B)に加え、要件(C)及び要件(D)の少なくとも一方)を満たす多孔質カーボンブラックが得られる。
酸化ガスの酸素濃度は、高い方が好ましいが、少なくとも、70体積%以下、好ましくは50体積%以下が好ましい。
酸素処理温度も、高い方が好ましいが、高すぎるとCO2生成のエネルギーが低下する。そのため、酸素処理温度は、500℃以下であり、450℃以下が好ましい。一方、酸
素処理温度は、300℃以上が好ましく、300℃より低温だと反応速度が遅く、実用的でなく、原料カーボンブラックの表面の選択的酸化の目的には適さない。
酸素処理時間は、特に制限はないが、2~15時間が好ましい。酸素処理時間が2時間未満であると、酸化が不十分で、賦活後の多孔質原料カーボンブラックに形成される細孔が発達しなくなる。酸素処理時間が15時間超えであると、原料カーボンブラック表面の燃焼が著しくなる。それより、表面燃焼に伴う、多孔質カーボンブラックの表面荒れ及び立体構造(樹枝状構造)の枝の細りが生じ、立体構造(樹枝状構造)の機械的強度の低下を招く。
ただし、処理温度が450℃以上500℃以下の場合、酸素処理時間は2~9時間が好ましい。
ただし、流動層は、ガスの利用率が高いので、短時間で酸素処理完了させることができるが、単位時間、単位体積当たりの発熱量が多いので、抜熱しやすい装置設計が重要である。例えば、床面積を大きくして、原料カーボンブラックの高さ方向の積載量を制限することで、酸化ガス自体が反応熱の抜熱媒体として作用させることができる。
賦活処理工程は、酸化処理工程で酸化された酸化原料カーボンを賦活により多孔質化する工程である。
原料カーボンブラックの賦活の機構は以下のように考えられている。
原料カーボンブラックを水蒸気(H2O)、又はCO2などの賦活ガスに接触させて、800℃~1100℃に保持することで、原料カーボンブラックを構成する炭素原子はCOとして除去される。この反応がその反応速度を最適にすることで、原料カーボンブラックを形成すする数nmサイズの結晶子の燃焼しやすい縮合多環芳香族の周辺部(エッジ部)が選択的に酸化消耗する。その結果、結晶子同士の間に隙間が生じて、更に、内部に向かって結晶子の消耗が続く。それにより、多孔質化したカーボンブラックが形成される。これが、カーボンブラックの賦活操作による多孔質化のプロセスである。
酸素による賦活の適用が工業化しないのは、次の通りである。水蒸気とCO2による原料カーボンブラックの酸化反応が吸熱反応であって、熱を与えなければ反応が進行せず、供給する熱量で制御できる観点で、大型化が容易である。それに対し、酸素による原料カーボンブラックの酸化反応は発熱反応であり、抜熱よりも発熱が多いと反応部位の温度が単調に上昇し反応が制御し難い。
この現象は大型化で加速されるため、酸素による酸化は大量生産には適さず、水蒸気、又はCO2を賦活ガスに用いた賦活が適する。
水蒸気を賦活ガスに用いた場合には、750℃~900℃が好ましい温度であり、CO2を賦活ガスに用いた場合には、800℃~950℃が好ましい温度である。
要件(A)(BET表面積800~1400m2/g)を満たす多孔質カーボンブラックを得るためには、賦活による多孔質原料カーボンブラックの質量減少率は、例えば、60質量%~80質量%である。このような質量減少率に達するまでに要する処理時間は、例えば5時~100時間であり、好ましくは、10~80時間、より好ましくは、20~80時間である。
質量減少率が50質量%に達するのに要する時間が5時間よりも短いような賦活条件では、例えば同じ質量減少率に要する時間が20時間の場合に比較して、BET表面積が小さい、という違いが生じる。このBET表面積の違いは、反応速度が大き過ぎると酸化原料カーボンブラックの表面燃焼が内部細孔形成のための内部燃焼に対して相対的に大きく、質量減少の一部が表面燃焼に費やされてBET比表面積が大きくならない、また、表面燃焼による10nm以上の大きな凹凸(一次粒子の結合部の凹みが表面燃焼により発達して形成される細孔)を生じるためである。すなわち、表面燃焼を抑制するために、賦活温度を低くして賦活時間を長くすることが好ましい。
他方、質量減少率が50質量%に達するのに要する時間が100時間を超えるような、長い時間の賦活では、賦活速度が遅すぎるために、表面燃焼が内部燃焼に対して優勢になり、細孔の発達が抑制され、好ましくない。
賦活ガス濃度が高いため、濃度にほぼ比例して酸化反応の速度が増加し、細孔発達、すなわち、BET表面積を変えずに、また、表面燃焼の比率を変えずに、賦活時間を短縮することができる。数気圧までの加圧範囲であれば圧力に比例して賦活時間を短縮可能である。
6気圧以上の圧力では実質圧力増の効果は見えにくく、6気圧以下の圧力が好ましい。加圧状態での賦活の場合の賦活時間は、例えば3~50時間であり、好ましくは5~30時間、より好ましくは5~20時間である。常圧の時と同じ現象を避けるために、賦活時間の下限と上限が決まる。
なお、熱処理工程で結晶性を高める過程では、多孔質化された多孔質原料カーボンブラックはより安定な黒鉛構造へ向かって組織構造・結晶構造が変化するため、欠陥ともいえる細孔は潰れる方向に変化する。したがって、賦活処理工程で得られた多孔質原料カーボンブラック細孔構造は、熱処理工程で細孔が潰れてもなお、好ましい細孔構造を維持するように、最終的に望む細孔構造よりも発達した構造を作る必要がある。すなわち、賦活処理工程を終えた状態で要件(A)を満たすためには、賦活処理工程で得られた、多孔質原料カーボンブラックのBET表面積は、少なくとも要件(A)の下限である400m2/g以上であることが好ましく、600m2/gがより好ましく、800m2/g以上がさらに好ましい。
熱処理工程は、賦活処理工程で得られた多孔質原料カーボンブラックを熱処理する熱処理工程である。
触媒担体は、燃料電池の運転環境において、1V以上の貴な電位にさらされる。アイオノマーはスルホン酸基を持つため、アイオノマーに被覆された触媒担体は、1V以上の貴な電位、且つ、強酸性環境に置かれることになる。このような環境に多孔質カーボンブラックを適用する場合、熱力学的安定性は望めないため、できる限りその結晶性を高めて、速度的に酸化消耗を回避するのが一般的な対策となる。
本開示の固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層とともに、固体高分子型燃料電池について説明する。
本開示の炭素材料は、例えば、図1に示す固体高分子型燃料電池100に設けられる触媒層150及び160に適用可能である。図1は、本開示の燃料電池の概略構成の一例を示す模式図である。
図1に示す固体高分子型燃料電池100は、セパレータ110及び120、ガス拡散層130及び140、触媒層150及び160、並びに電解質膜170を備える。
H2→2H++2e- (E0=0V)
O2+4H++4e-→2H2O (E0=1.23V)
固体高分子型燃料電池100の製造方法は特に制限されず、従来と同様の製造方法であればよい。ただし、触媒担体には本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料を用いる。触媒層150及び160のうち、少なくとも、カソードとなる触媒層160における触媒担体には、本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料を用いることが好ましい。もちろん、アノードとなる触媒層150及びカソードとなる触媒層160における両触媒層の触媒担体に、本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料を用いてもよい。
(窒素吸脱着等温線(BET比表面積)の測定)
試料を約30mg測り採り、120℃で2時間真空乾燥した。ついで、自動比表面積測定装置(マイクロトラックベル社製、BELSORP MAX)に試料をセットし、窒素ガスを吸着質に用いて液体窒素温度(約77K)の測定温度で窒素吸脱着等温線を測定した。
BET比表面積は、窒素吸着等温線における、相対圧P/P0が0.05~0.15の範囲でBET解析することにより算出した。装置に付属の計算ソフトを用いて、BET
値を算出した。
試料を0.3~1.0g計り取り、これを軽く圧密して塊状に成形し、測定用試料を調製した。
測定用試料を測定装置(株式会社島津製作所製 オートポアIV9520)のサンプル容器内に装填し、導入初期圧力5kPa及び最高圧入圧力は400MPaの条件で水銀を圧入した。その時の水銀圧入の圧力値が10MPaと100MPaの時の水銀吸収量(mL/g)を計測した。そして、計測値の差分を、「金型により多孔質賦活カーボンブラックを100MPaの圧力で加圧する前の、水銀の挿入圧10MPaのときの水銀吸収量(mL/g)と水銀の挿入圧100MPaの水銀吸収量(mL/g)との差ΔVini(mL/g)」とした。
得られた測定用試料を用いた以外は、上記同様にして、水銀圧入の圧力値が10MPaと100MPaの時の水銀吸収量(mL/g)を計測した。そして、計測値の差分を、「金型により多孔質賦活カーボンブラックを100MPaの圧力で加圧した後の、水銀の挿入圧10MPaのときの水銀吸収量(mL/g)と水銀の挿入圧100MPaの水銀吸収量(mL/g)との差ΔVfin(mL/g)」とした。
試料約3mgを測り採り、レーザラマン分光光度計(日本分光(株)製、NRS-3100型)を用い、ラマン分光スペクトルを測定した。下記測定条件で得られたラマン分光スペクトルから、Dバンドと呼ばれる1300~1360cm-1の範囲のピークと、Gバンドと呼ばれる1560~1620cm-1cm-1の範囲のピークを抽出し、この二つのピークの強度(ピークの面積)を、装置に付属のスペクトル解析ソフトで解析して、Dバンドの強度IDと、Gバンドの強度IGを算出した。これらの値から、強度比ID/IGを算出した。
-測定条件-
励起レーザー:532nm、レーザーパワー:10mW(試料照射パワー:1.1mW)、顕微配置:Backscattering、対物レンズ:×100倍、スポット径:1μm、露光時間:30sec、観測波数:2000cm-1~300cm-1、積算回数:6回。
(原料カーボンブラック)
原料カーボンブラックとして、日鉄カーボン社製のニテロン#200、ニテロン#SH、東海カーボン社製のトーカブラック#4500、GFYを準備し、これら原料カーボンブラックに、後述する酸化処理、賦活処理工程、及び熱処理工程を施した。
表2に従って、酸化処理として、オゾン処理工程(表中「O3」と表記された欄の例)、又は酸素処理工程(表中「O2」と表記された欄の例)のいずれかを実施した。
コトヒラ工業社製の研究用オゾン発生器に、入力ガスとして純酸素を用いた。この装置のオゾンガスの生成原理は、いわゆる放電式であり、電極間の電圧と電流量、流通させるガス流速によりオゾン濃度を調整するものである。すなわち、オゾンと酸素の混合ガスが発生器からの出力ガスとなる。電極電圧は装置固定で入力の酸素ガスの流量が可変であり、流量は2L/分とした。原料カーボンブラックは、表面積が大きいほどオゾンにより酸化されやすく、また、熱処理して結晶性を高めるほど酸化されにくくなる。原料カーボンブラックのオゾン酸化は発熱反応であるため、反応量が多いと熱がこもって局部的に温度上昇して着火するため、実験では、炭素が反応熱で着火しない程度にまでオゾン生成器からの出力ガスをアルゴンガスと混合することでオゾンを希釈し、酸化ガスとした。また、反応管に送るガス量を制御した。出力ガスとの接触時間、又は、電気炉内に反応管をセットして加熱することで、オゾン処理の反応量を調整した。
表2に、オゾン処理工程の制御因子である処理温度(電気炉の温度で制御)と、処理時間を記載した。
外径50mmφの石英管内に、石英フィルター(細孔径40~50μm)を分散板として融着した管を、反応管として用いた。反応管に、石英ウールを1cm程度の高さに詰めて、その上に、造粒状態にある原料カーボンブラックを入れた。仕込みは概ね20~25gとし、反応管の下部から上部に向かって、乾燥空気、又は乾燥空気にアルゴンガスを混合したガスを、表2に示す流速で、酸化ガスとして流した。
酸素処理温度は、発熱反応による蓄熱で着火しないように注意しながら選定した。
原料カーボンブラックの種類によって、燃焼速度が異なるので、カーボンブラックごとに条件を注意深く選定することが重要である。
表2に、酸素処理工程の制御因子である処理温度(電気炉の温度で制御)と、処理時間を記載した。
外径35mmφの石英管内に、石英フィルターを分散板として融着したものを反応管とし、分散板の上に石英ウールを1cm程度の高さに入れ、その上に酸化原料カーボンブラックカーボンブラックを5g~15g入れ、常用1100℃の縦型の電気炉内に反応管をセットした。
加熱前にアルゴンガスを反応管の下から上に向かって流して反応管内がアルゴンガスに置換してから10℃/分で昇温を開始し、850~950℃まで加熱し所定の温度に達してからCO2ガスに切り替えた。流量は炉内温度の状態で線速度が1~2cm/秒となるように調整した。所定の時間処理した後、炉から反応管を取り出し、同時にアルゴンガスに切り替えて放冷した。室温近傍に冷却を確認後、多孔質原料カーボンブラックを取り出して質量を計測して、仕込み質量に対する収量の質量減少率(仕込み質量/回収した質量)を算出した。質量減少率が、55~80質量%の範囲になるように、賦活処理条件として、表2に示すように賦活温度と賦活時間を調整した。
加熱炉として発熱体に黒鉛材料を用いる、いわゆる黒鉛化炉を用いた。容積約100ccの黒鉛製るつぼ内に、賦活処理工程で得られ多孔質原料カーボンブラックを入れ、アルゴンガスに減圧真空置換した後、数10分で炉内容積が置換できる程度のアルゴン流速で10℃毎分で昇温し、所定温度で一定時間保持した後に放冷し、室温近傍まで冷却し取り出した。熱処理温度の保持時間を可変とし、その条件を表2に示した。
(触媒の作製)
エタノール/水混合溶媒に、各例の触媒担体用炭素材料(多孔質賦活カーボンブラック)を加えて、超音波ホモジナイザーで2分間処理して分散させる。そこへジニトロジアンミン白金錯体の硝酸溶液を所定量加えて、白金担持率が40質量%になるように調整し、沸点よりも数度低い温度に保って、15時間オイルバスで撹拌した。
処理後、ろ過し、再度、蒸留水に分散させて、再ろ過し、真空乾燥90℃5時間処理して、触媒とした。
富士フィルム和光純薬社製のアイオノマー溶液を、エタノールで希釈して固形分濃度を10質量%に調整した後、あらかじめ触媒を分散したエタノール溶液に、滴下して、超音波ホモジナイザーで分散をさらに進め、1mmφのガラスビーズで10~15時間攪拌した。このようにして触媒層形成用のインクを得た。
テフロン(登録商標)シートの上に、上記インクを噴霧器で均一に塗布し、60℃空気流通乾燥機で乾燥し、触媒層が形成されたデカールを調製した。デカールから所定の36mmサイズの電極を切り出した。切り出した2枚の同じシートを正極と負極とし、ナフィオン膜の両面に正極と負極を合わせて、熱融着させた。このようにしてMEAを得た。
(発電特性(高負荷特性)の評価)
各例の触媒担体用炭素材料(多孔質賦活カーボンブラック)を用いて作製したMEAについて、それぞれセルに組み込み、燃料電池測定装置にセットして、次の手順で燃料電池の性能評価を行った。
〔合格ランク〕
A:出力電圧が0.3Vに1時間保持した後の電流密度が1200mA/cm2以上であるもの。
B:出力電圧が0.3Vに1時間保持した後の電流密度が1100mA/cm2以上であるもの。
〔不合格ランク〕
C:出力電圧が0.3Vに1時間保持した後の電流密度が1100mA/cm2未満であるもの。
なお、表2中、「ガス種/ガス種:mL/分/mL/分」は、2種類のガス種の各々の流速を意味する。
また、参考例から、ライオン(株)社製のケッチェンブラックEC300J、EC600JDでは、十分な発電特性(特に、高負荷特性)が得られないことがわかる。
100 固体高分子型燃料電池
110、120 セパレータ
130、140 ガス拡散層
150、160 触媒層
170 電解質膜
本明細書に記載された全ての文献、特許出願、および技術規格は、個々の文献、特許出願、および技術規格が参照により取り込まれることが具体的かつ個々に記された場合と同程度に、本明細書中に参照により取り込まれる。
Claims (5)
- 下記要件(A)、及び(B)を満たす多孔質賦活カーボンブラックからなる固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
(A)窒素ガス吸着等温線のBET解析により求められるBET比表面積SBETが400~1200m2/gである。
(B)水銀ポロシメトリ法において、金型により前記多孔質賦活カーボンブラックを100MPaの圧力で加圧した後、及び金型により前記多孔質賦活カーボンブラックを100MPaの圧力で加圧する前の、水銀の挿入圧10MPaのときの水銀吸収量(mL/g)と水銀の挿入圧100MPaの水銀吸収量(mL/g)との差を、各々、ΔVfin、ΔViniとするとき、比ΔVfin/ΔViniが、0.75以上0.95以下である。 - さらに、下記要件(C)及び(D)の少なくとも一方を満たす請求項1に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
(C)前記ΔViniが0.80mL以上1.50mL/gである。
(D)ラマン分光測定により得られるラマンスペクトルにおいて、1300~1360cm-1のDバンドの強度をID、1560~1620cm-1のGバンドの強度をIGとするとき、強度比ID/IGが1.40以上2.20以下である。 - 請求項1又は請求項2に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料を含む固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層。
- 請求項3に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層を含む燃料電池。
- 前記固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層は、カソード側の触媒層である請求項4に記載の燃料電池。
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| JP5790537B2 (ja) | 2012-02-16 | 2015-10-07 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 触媒インクの製造方法 |
| WO2018182047A1 (ja) | 2017-03-31 | 2018-10-04 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | 固体高分子形燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料およびその製造方法 |
| JP2019008955A (ja) * | 2017-06-23 | 2019-01-17 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池用電極触媒 |
| WO2021106838A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-27 | 2021-06-03 | アイオン株式会社 | レドックスフロー電池用電極及びその製造方法 |
| JP2023022654A (ja) | 2021-08-03 | 2023-02-15 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | 膜電極接合体、固体高分子形燃料電池、および膜電極接合体の製造方法 |
| JP2023108953A (ja) | 2022-01-26 | 2023-08-07 | 株式会社ジャパンディスプレイ | 圧力センサ |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5790537B2 (ja) | 2012-02-16 | 2015-10-07 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 触媒インクの製造方法 |
| WO2018182047A1 (ja) | 2017-03-31 | 2018-10-04 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | 固体高分子形燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料およびその製造方法 |
| JP2019008955A (ja) * | 2017-06-23 | 2019-01-17 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池用電極触媒 |
| WO2021106838A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-27 | 2021-06-03 | アイオン株式会社 | レドックスフロー電池用電極及びその製造方法 |
| JP2023022654A (ja) | 2021-08-03 | 2023-02-15 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | 膜電極接合体、固体高分子形燃料電池、および膜電極接合体の製造方法 |
| JP2023108953A (ja) | 2022-01-26 | 2023-08-07 | 株式会社ジャパンディスプレイ | 圧力センサ |
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| KR20260019666A (ko) | 2026-02-10 |
| CN121444228A (zh) | 2026-01-30 |
| JP7699744B2 (ja) | 2025-06-27 |
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