WO2024190850A1 - 酸化ストレスによる傷害を受けた神経細胞の製造方法およびその応用 - Google Patents
酸化ストレスによる傷害を受けた神経細胞の製造方法およびその応用 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress, and a method for culturing the cells.
- the present invention further relates to nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress.
- the present invention further relates to a method for evaluating a test substance, a method for screening a preventive and/or therapeutic agent for a neurodegenerative disease, a method for screening a necroptosis inhibitor, and a method for screening a ferroptosis inhibitor, using the above-mentioned nerve cells.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are diseases in which nerve cells are gradually damaged and lost (Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2), and it is known that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathological mechanism (Non-Patent Documents 3 and 4).
- rat or mouse cells were traditionally used because it was difficult to obtain human central nervous system cells.
- iPS cells induced pluripotent stem cells
- Non-Patent Document 8 The effects of oxidative stress on neurodegenerative diseases are being studied using iPS cell-derived nerve cells. For example, in a study by Feng-Lan Chiu et al., oxidative stress was applied to iPS cell-derived nerve cells by treating them with hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours, reproducing nerve cell damage in neurodegenerative diseases (Non-Patent Document 8).
- Patent Document 1 describes that damage is induced in motor nerves created from iPS cells derived from familial ALS patients by treating them with arsenite for 16 hours.
- Patent Document 2 describes that motor nerve cells created from human-derived iPS cells are damaged by transient treatment with hydrogen peroxide.
- neurodegenerative diseases are diseases in which nerve cells gradually fall out over a long period of time
- conditions using oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide cause nerve damage by short-term oxidative stress stimulation, so there is a possibility that the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases that actually occur in living organisms cannot be reproduced.
- Non-Patent Document 9 neuronal damage was induced only when weak oxidative stress was applied and the disease-related gene was knocked out, so it is thought that familial neurodegenerative diseases are reproduced.
- Patent Document 3 and Non-Patent Document 10 describe that oxidative stress is enhanced in cerebral cortical neurons created from iPS cells derived from familial AD patients when they are cultured in a medium that does not contain antioxidants, causing neuronal damage.
- Non-Patent Document 11 95% of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD (Non-Patent Document 11), and 90% of ALS (Non-Patent Document 12), are sporadic, and the majority of patients have no mutations in disease-related genes. Therefore, there is a demand for an evaluation system that can easily reproduce the pathology of sporadic neurodegenerative diseases, but satisfactory results have not been obtained.
- the present invention aims to provide a method for producing nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress from human-derived pluripotent stem cells, and a cell culture method capable of producing nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress from human-derived pluripotent stem cells.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide a method for evaluating a test substance, a method for screening a preventive and/or therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disease, a method for screening a necroptosis inhibitor, and a method for screening a ferroptosis inhibitor, using the above-mentioned nerve cells.
- nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress can be produced by seeding nerve cells induced to differentiate from human-derived pluripotent stem cells at a cell density of 20.0 x 104 cells/ cm2 or less in a culture medium substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidants, and further culturing the cells in a culture medium substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidants.
- the present invention was completed based on these findings.
- a method for producing nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress comprising: step a) seeding nerve cells, which have been induced to differentiate from human-derived pluripotent stem cells, at a cell density of 20.0 x 104 cells/ cm2 or less using a culture medium that is substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidants; and step b) culturing the nerve cells using a culture medium that is substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidants.
- the cell density is 0.2 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or more and 20.0 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less.
- ⁇ 3> The method according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>, wherein the human-derived pluripotent stem cells are pluripotent stem cells that have no mutation in a disease-related gene.
- ⁇ 4> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, wherein the nerve cells are motor nerve cells, cerebral cortical excitatory nerve cells, or substantia nigra nerve cells.
- Nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress exhibit the following (i) to (iv): (i) positive markers related to oxidative stress; (ii) neurites are retracted; (iii) necroptosis is induced; and (iv) ferroptosis is induced:
- a method for culturing cells comprising: step a) seeding neural cells, which have been induced to differentiate from human-derived pluripotent stem cells, at a cell density of 20.0 x 104 cells/ cm2 or less using a culture medium that is substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidizing agents; and step b) culturing the neural cells using a culture medium that is substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidizing agents.
- ⁇ 7> The culture method according to ⁇ 6>, wherein the cell density is 0.2 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or more and 20.0 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less.
- ⁇ 8> The culture method according to ⁇ 6> or ⁇ 7>, wherein the human-derived pluripotent stem cells are pluripotent stem cells that have no mutation in a disease-related gene.
- ⁇ 9> The culture method according to any one of ⁇ 6> to ⁇ 8>, wherein the nerve cells are motor nerve cells, cerebral cortical excitatory nerve cells, or substantia nigra nerve cells.
- ⁇ 10> The following (i) to (iv) obtained by the production method according to ⁇ 1>: (i) positive markers related to oxidative stress; (ii) neurite length is retracted; (iii) necroptosis is induced; and (iv) ferroptosis is induced: A neuron that satisfies at least one of the above criteria.
- a method for evaluating a test substance comprising contacting the nerve cell according to ⁇ 10> with the test substance.
- ⁇ 13> A method for evaluating a test substance according to ⁇ 12>, further comprising producing the neuronal cell according to ⁇ 10> by the method according to ⁇ 1>, and contacting the neuronal cell with a test substance.
- ⁇ 14> A method for screening for a preventive and/or therapeutic agent for a neurodegenerative disease, comprising contacting the neuron according to ⁇ 10> with a test substance.
- ⁇ 16> The method of screening according to ⁇ 14>, wherein the neurodegenerative disease is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease (AD), spinocerebellar degeneration, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Lewy body disease, Huntington's disease, and Niemann-Pick disease.
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- FTLD frontotemporal lobar degeneration
- Parkinson's disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Lewy body disease Huntington's disease
- Niemann-Pick disease the neurodegenerative disease is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease (AD), spinocerebellar degeneration, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Lewy body disease, Huntington's disease, and Niemann-Pick disease.
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- FTLD frontotemporal lobar degeneration
- ⁇ 17> After contacting the nerve cell according to ⁇ 10> with a test substance, (A) culturing the neuronal cells contacted with the test substance and control neuronal cells not contacted with the test substance; (B) measuring nerve damage in the nerve cells; and (C) selecting a test substance that suppresses the nerve damage as compared to a control that has not been contacted with the test substance, as a candidate for a preventive and/or therapeutic drug for a neurodegenerative disease.
- the screening method according to ⁇ 14> comprising: ⁇ 18> The screening method according to ⁇ 17>, wherein the step (B) is a step of measuring the number of cells and/or the neurite length of the nerve cells obtained in the step (A).
- step (C) is a step of selecting a test substance that causes a higher cell number and/or neurite length of nerve cells contacted with the test substance than a control, as a candidate for a preventive and/or therapeutic drug for a neurodegenerative disease.
- a step of contacting the nerve cell according to ⁇ 10> with a test substance (2) culturing the nerve cells contacted with the test substance in the above step (1) and control nerve cells not contacted with the test substance; (3) measuring nerve damage in the nerve cells; and (4) selecting a test substance that suppresses the nerve damage as a candidate for a necroptosis inhibitor, as compared to a control that has not been contacted with the test substance.
- a method for screening for a necroptosis inhibitor comprising: ⁇ 21> The screening method according to ⁇ 20>, further comprising producing the neuronal cell according to ⁇ 10> by the method according to ⁇ 1>, and contacting the neuronal cell with a test substance.
- a step of contacting the nerve cell according to ⁇ 10> with a test substance (2) culturing the nerve cells contacted with the test substance in the above step (1) and control nerve cells not contacted with the test substance; (3) measuring nerve damage in the nerve cells; and (4) selecting a test substance that suppresses the nerve damage as a candidate for a ferroptosis inhibitor, as compared to a control that has not been contacted with the test substance.
- a method for screening for a ferroptosis inhibitor comprising: ⁇ 23> The screening method according to ⁇ 22>, further comprising producing the neuronal cell according to ⁇ 10> by the method according to ⁇ 1>, and contacting the neuronal cell with a test substance.
- nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress can be produced from human-derived pluripotent stem cells.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time in nerve cells whose medium was replaced after 48 hours of culture.
- FIG. 2 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time in nerve cells whose medium was replaced after 72 hours of culture.
- FIG. 3 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time in nerve cells whose medium was replaced after 96 hours of culture.
- FIG. 4 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length of nerve cells over time when cells were seeded at a cell seeding density of 0.3 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 .
- FIG. 5 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length of nerve cells over time when cells were seeded at a cell seeding density of 0.9 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 .
- FIG. 1 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time in nerve cells whose medium was replaced after 48 hours of culture.
- FIG. 2 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time in nerve cells whose medium was replaced after 72 hours of culture.
- FIG. 3 shows the results
- FIG. 6 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length of nerve cells over time when cells were seeded at a cell seeding density of 1.9 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 .
- FIG. 7 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length of nerve cells over time when cells were seeded at a cell seeding density of 4.7 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 .
- FIG. 8 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length of nerve cells over time when cells were seeded at a cell seeding density of 9.4 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 .
- FIG. 9 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length of nerve cells over time when cells were seeded at a cell seeding density of 12.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 .
- FIG. 10 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time of nerve cells cultured using BrainPhys medium as the basal medium.
- FIG. 11 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time of nerve cells cultured using Neurobasal medium as the basal medium.
- FIG. 12 shows the results of quantifying the amount of LDH in the medium from the third to sixth days of culture.
- FIG. 13 shows the results of quantifying intracellular ROS in nerve cells after 6 days of culture.
- Figure 14 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time in neurons treated with a necroptosis inhibitor (Necrostatin-1), and images of representative cells.
- Necrostatin-1 necroptosis inhibitor
- FIG. 15 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time in nerve cells treated with a ferroptosis inhibitor (ferrostatin-1).
- FIG. 16 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time in nerve cells treated with a ferroptosis inhibitor (riproxistatin-1).
- FIG. 17 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time in nerve cells treated with a ferroptosis inhibitor (UAMC-3203).
- FIG. 18 shows the results of calculating the area under the curve (AUC) from the time-course curve of neurite length over 14 days of nerve cells treated with various compounds from a compound library.
- FIG. 19 shows the results of quantifying the neurite length over time in nerve cells treated with an ALS therapeutic drug (edaravone).
- the present invention relates to a method for producing nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress, comprising step a of seeding nerve cells, which have been induced to differentiate from human-derived pluripotent stem cells, at a cell density of 20.0 ⁇ 104 cells/ cm2 or less using a culture medium substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidants, and step b of culturing the nerve cells using a culture medium substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidants. That is, in the present invention, nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress can be produced by chronically applying weak oxidative stress to nerve cells produced from human-derived pluripotent stem cells.
- the present invention further relates to a method for culturing cells, comprising step a) seeding neural cells, which have been induced to differentiate from human-derived pluripotent stem cells, at a cell density of 20.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less using a culture medium that is substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidants, and step b) culturing the neural cells using a culture medium that is substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidants. That is, in the present invention, by chronically applying weak oxidative stress to neural cells, which have been induced to differentiate from human-derived pluripotent stem cells, it is possible to culture neural cells that have been damaged by oxidative stress.
- the cell density at the time of seeding may be 20.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less.
- the cell density that enables induction of cell damage due to chronic oxidative stress has been found even in nerve cells produced from iPS cells derived from a specimen without a mutation in a disease-related gene.
- the cell density at the time of seeding is preferably set to a range in which the presence or absence of cell damage due to chronic oxidative stress can be determined.
- the lower limit of the cell density is not particularly limited, but is preferably, for example, 0.2 x 104 cells/ cm2 or more, more preferably 0.3 x 104 cells/ cm2 or more, even more preferably 1.0 x 104 cells/cm2 or more, even more preferably 2.0 x 104 cells/ cm2 or more, particularly preferably 3.0 x 104 cells/cm2 or more, and most preferably 4.0 x 104 cells/ cm2 or more.
- the upper limit of the cell density may be, for example, 20.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less, preferably less than 20.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 , more preferably 12.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less, even more preferably 12.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less, even more preferably 11.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less, and particularly preferably 10.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less.
- the cell density is preferably 0.2 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or more and 20.0 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less, more preferably 0.3 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or more and 20.0 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less, even more preferably 1.0 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or more and 20.0 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less, still more preferably 3.0 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or more and 12.5 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less, and particularly preferably 4.0 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or more and 10.0 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less.
- pluripotent stem cells derived from humans include human iPS cells (human induced pluripotent stem cells), human ES cells (human embryonic stem cells), and human mesenchymal stem cells.
- Human iPS cells are preferred, but are not limited thereto.
- Human iPS cells are iPS cells created from human cells.
- Human-derived pluripotent stem cells are preferably pluripotent stem cells that have no mutations in disease-related genes.
- No mutations in disease-related genes means that there are no mutations in disease-related genes that cause nervous system diseases. In other words, if there is a mutation in a gene, but the mutation does not cause a disease, it is interpreted as there being no mutation in the disease-related gene.
- ES cells can be established, for example, by culturing early pre-implantation embryos, inner cell masses constituting the above-mentioned early embryos, single blastomeres, and the like (Manipulating the Mouse Embryo A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1994); Thomson, JA et al., Science, 282, 1145-1147 (1998)).
- an early embryo produced by nuclear transfer of a nucleus from a somatic cell may be used (Wilmut et al. (Nature, 385, 810 (1997)), Cibelli et al. (Science, 280, 1256 (1998)), Akira Iritani et al.
- ES cells are available from collection institutions, and some are commercially available.
- human ES cells are available from the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University (e.g. KhES-1, KhES-2, and KhES-3), WiCell Research Institute, ESIBIO, etc.
- iPS cells are cells that have pluripotency (multi-lineage potential) and the ability to proliferate, and are produced by reprogramming somatic cells through the introduction of reprogramming factors. iPS cells exhibit properties similar to ES cells. There are no particular limitations on the somatic cells used to produce iPS cells, and they may be differentiated somatic cells or undifferentiated stem cells. iPS cells can be produced by known methods, etc. It is also naturally expected that iPS cell production methods developed in the future will be applied.
- the most basic method for generating iPS cells is to introduce the four transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc into cells using a virus (Takahashi K, Yamanaka S: Cell 126 (4), 663-676, 2006; Takahashi K, et al: Cell 131 (5), 861-72, 2007).
- a virus Teakahashi K, Yamanaka S: Cell 126 (4), 663-676, 2006; Takahashi K, et al: Cell 131 (5), 861-72, 2007.
- There have been reports of human iPS cells being established by introducing the four factors Oct4, Sox2, Lin28, and Nonog (Yu J, et al: Science 318 (5858), 1917-1920, 2007).
- the establishment of iPS cells by introduction of the three factors excluding c-Myc (Nakagawa M, et al: Nat. Biotechnol.
- histone methyltransferase G9a inhibitor BIX-01294, or histone deacetylase inhibitors such as valproic acid (VPA) or BayK8644 can improve production efficiency and reduce the amount of factors introduced (Huangfu D, et al: Nat. Biotechnol. 26 (7), 795-797, 2008; Huangfu D, et al: Nat. Biotechnol. 26 (11), 1269-1275, 2008; Silva J, et al: PLoS.Biol. 6 (10), e253, 2008).
- Cells that have been transformed into iPS cells, i.e., reprogrammed, can be selected using the expression of pluripotent stem cell markers (undifferentiated markers) such as Fbxo15, Nanog, Oct3/4, Fgf-4, Esg-1, and Cript as indicators.
- pluripotent stem cell markers such as Fbxo15, Nanog, Oct3/4, Fgf-4, Esg-1, and Cript as indicators.
- the selected cells can be recovered as iPS cells.
- iPS cells can also be produced by inducing them from somatic cells through the addition of chemical compounds (Hou P et al: Science 341 (6146), 651-654, 2013).
- iPS cells can also be obtained from, for example, FUJIFILM Cellular Dynamics, Inc. (FCDI), Kyoto University, or the RIKEN BioResource Center.
- Neural cells induced to differentiate from human-derived pluripotent stem cells can be obtained, for example, by inducing them from somatic cells taken from healthy individuals (healthy subjects) who do not have any disease-related gene mutations that cause nervous system diseases or nervous system diseases, or from human iPS cells made from somatic cells taken from patients with nervous system diseases, or by inducing them from established human iPS cell lines.
- the nerve cells induced to differentiate from human-derived pluripotent stem cells are not particularly limited, but are preferably motor nerve cells, cerebral cortical excitatory nerve cells, or substantia nigra nerve cells, and are particularly preferably motor nerve cells or cerebral cortical excitatory nerve cells.
- Methods for inducing differentiation of human-derived pluripotent stem cells into neurons are not particularly limited, but include a method in which neural stem cells are produced from pluripotent stem cells using treatment with low molecular weight compounds, etc., and then the cells are induced to differentiate into neurons, and a method in which the cells are directly induced to differentiate into neurons through gene expression, etc.
- Examples of methods for inducing differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into neural cells include: (1) A method of culturing in a serum-free medium to form embryoid bodies (cell masses containing neural precursor cells) and then differentiating them (SFEB method: Watanabe K., et al., Nat. Neurosci., 8: 288-296, 2005; SFEBq method: Wataya T., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- a method of differentiating pluripotent stem cells by introducing and expressing neural induction factors such as neurogenin2 (Ngn2)
- neural induction factors such as neurogenin2 (Ngn2)
- WO2014/148646 WO2014/148646; and Zhang Y., et al, Neuron, 78: 785-98, 2013
- a method for differentiating pluripotent stem cells by introducing and expressing miR-9/9*-124 and combinations of these methods.
- the method of introducing and expressing neurogenin 2 into pluripotent stem cells is preferred because it allows for the production of mature nerve cells in a short period of time with high efficiency.
- cerebral cortical excitatory neurons induced to differentiate from human iPS cells it is preferable to use cells produced by forcibly expressing the Ngn2 gene from human iPS cells.
- nerve cells may be used as the nerve cells induced to differentiate from human-derived pluripotent stem cells, such as iCell (trademark) motor nerve cells (FCDI, C1050, C1048).
- iCell trademark
- FCDI motor nerve cells
- substantia nigra neurons induced to differentiate from human-derived pluripotent stem cells commercially available neurons may be used, such as iCell (trademark) dopamine neurons (FCDI, C1087, C1028).
- the nerve cells are preferably cells that express at least one of the nerve cell-specific marker genes consisting of ⁇ -III tubulin, NeuN, N-CAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), and MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2), and have ⁇ -III tubulin-positive processes (hereinafter referred to as neurites).
- nerve cell-specific marker genes consisting of ⁇ -III tubulin, NeuN, N-CAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), and MAP2 (microtubule-associated protein 2), and have ⁇ -III tubulin-positive processes (hereinafter referred to as neurites).
- the culture of neurons in the present invention can be carried out by selecting the medium, temperature, and other conditions appropriate for the neurons used.
- a culture medium that is substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidizing agents is used.
- Antioxidants include vitamin A, glutathione, vitamin E or its derivatives, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase.
- Oxidizing agents include hydrogen peroxide, arsenite, and sodium nitroprusside.
- Substantially free means that antioxidants or oxidants are not present in amounts that would allow them to perform their function.
- the culture medium may contain any components or additives, such as factors, that are appropriate for the purpose of the culture, as long as they do not interfere with the culture of the neural cells.
- the medium can be selected from known or commercially available media.
- the medium used for culturing can be a basal medium to which additives have been added.
- the basal medium can be, for example, DMEM, DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium)/F12, BrainPhys Neuronal Medium, Neurobasal Medium-A, Neurobasal Medium, Neural Progenitor Basal Medium, NS-A Basal Medium, Basal Medium Eagle (BME), BGJb Medium, CMRL 106
- DMEM/F12 or BrainPhys Neuronal Medium is preferred, and DMEM/F12 is more preferred.
- the medium may be a single medium or a combination of two or more types
- Additives that do not substantially exhibit antioxidant effects or that are added at concentrations that do not substantially exhibit antioxidant effects may be added. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, serum, retinoic acid, Wnt, BMP, bFGF, EGF, HGF, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), interleukins, heparin, heparan sulfate, collagen, fibronectin, progesterone, selenite, B-27TM supplement (containing no antioxidants), and ITS supplement. A preferred additive is B-27TM supplement (containing no antioxidants).
- the conditions for culturing nerve cells may be selected from those for general cell culture, such as conditions at 37°C and 5% CO2 .
- the medium may be changed at appropriate intervals during the culture (preferably once every 1 to 7 days, more preferably once every 2 to 3 days), but it is preferable not to change the medium during the culture period.
- Neuronal cells are preferably cultured in two dimensions.
- Cell culture vessels such as plates, dishes, cell culture inserts, and cell culture flasks can be used for cell culture.
- the nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress produced by the method for producing nerve cells according to the present invention preferably have the following characteristics (i) to (iv): (i) positive markers related to oxidative stress; (ii) neurites are retracted; (iii) necroptosis is induced; and (iv) ferroptosis is induced:
- the present invention provides a neuron that satisfies at least one or more of the above (i) to (iv), which is produced by the method for producing a neuron according to the present invention.
- the neuron of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably a motor neuron, a cerebral cortical excitatory neuron, or a substantia nigra neuron, and more preferably a motor neuron or a cerebral cortical excitatory neuron.
- Markers associated with oxidative stress include oxidative stress markers and secondary markers resulting from oxidative stress.
- Oxidative stress markers include reactive oxygen species (ROS), biological products generated by reactive oxygen, antioxidant enzymes, and antioxidant substances.
- ROS include superoxide anion radical (O 2 ⁇ ⁇ ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical ( ⁇ OH), singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), nitric oxide (NO ⁇ ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ⁇ ), ozone (O 3 ), and lipid peroxide (LOOH).
- Biological products generated by reactive oxygen include hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG), and lipid peroxide.
- Antioxidant enzymes include SOD, catalase, and GPx.
- Antioxidants include glutathione (GSH/GSSG), bilirubin, and vitamins.
- Secondary markers resulting from oxidative stress include phosphorylation, accumulation, and aggregation of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) protein, amyloid- ⁇ protein, tau protein, and ⁇ -synuclein.
- the marker associated with oxidative stress is preferably ROS, 8-OHdG, 8-OHG, lipid peroxide, glutathione, TDP-43 protein, amyloid ⁇ protein, tau protein or ⁇ -synuclein, more preferably ROS.
- ROS Positive reactive oxygen species
- Quantification of intracellular ROS levels can be performed using commercially available reagents such as CellROXTM Green Reagent, for oxidative stress detection (Thermo Fisher Scientific, C10444).
- Neurite retraction can be confirmed by measuring neurite length.
- neurite length can be quantified using Neurotrack software (Sartorius, 9600-0010) on an IncuCyte S3.
- necroptosis has been induced can be determined, for example, by assessing the degree of damage caused by oxidative stress when cells are treated with a necroptosis inhibitor (e.g., necrostatin-1) and when the cells are not treated with a necroptosis inhibitor (e.g., necrostatin-1), and if the degree of damage is reduced when the cells are treated with a necroptosis inhibitor (e.g., necrostatin-1), it can be determined that necroptosis has been induced.
- a necroptosis inhibitor e.g., necrostatin-1
- necrostatin-1 e.g., necrostatin-1
- RIPK1 receptor interacting protein kinase 1
- RIPK3 receptor interacting protein kinase 3
- MLKL mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein
- ferroptosis has been induced can be determined by, for example, evaluating the degree of damage caused by oxidative stress when cells are treated with a ferroptosis inhibitor (e.g., ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, or UAMC-3203, etc.) and when cells are not treated with a ferroptosis inhibitor (e.g., ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, or UAMC-3203, etc.), and determining that ferroptosis has been induced if the degree of damage is reduced when cells are treated with a ferroptosis inhibitor (e.g., ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, or UAMC-3203, etc.).
- a ferroptosis inhibitor e.g., ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, or UAMC-3203, etc.
- ferroptosis has been induced can also be determined by quantifying the amount of intracellular ferrous iron and lipid peroxides (4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde), which are known as markers related to ferroptosis.
- nerve cells that have been damaged by oxidative stress. Whether or not nerve damage has occurred due to oxidative stress can be evaluated by, but is not limited to, assessing cell death (neuron cell number), measuring a marker associated with oxidative stress, assessing cell damage, measuring a marker associated with nerve damage, or measuring neurite length. Among the above, it is preferable to assess cell death (neuron cell number) or measure neurite length.
- Cell death can be detected using live cell detection reagents such as Cell Titer Glo (Promega) or Cell counting kit-8 (Dojindo), or cell death detection reagents such as PropidiumIodide or NucGreen Dead (ThermoFisher Scientific).
- live cell detection reagents such as Cell Titer Glo (Promega) or Cell counting kit-8 (Dojindo), or cell death detection reagents such as PropidiumIodide or NucGreen Dead (ThermoFisher Scientific).
- Cytotoxicity can be evaluated using an evaluation method such as an LDH assay, a WST assay, or an ATP assay.
- an evaluation method such as an LDH assay, a WST assay, or an ATP assay.
- a kit such as Cytotoxicity Detection Kit PLUS (LDH) (Sigma Aldrich) can be used for the LDH assay.
- Markers for nerve damage include Enolase 2 (Neuron-Specific Enolase), which can be measured using the ELISA method.
- the nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress according to the present invention can be used to screen new drugs useful for neurodegenerative diseases known to be closely related to the onset and progression of oxidative stress.
- the nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress according to the present invention are particularly useful for the study of sporadic chronic neurodegenerative diseases, the development of therapeutic drugs, the identification of disease biomarkers, and the development of diagnostic drugs.
- sporadic chronic neurodegenerative diseases can be evaluated by using nerve cells produced from pluripotent stem cells, preferably having no mutations in disease-related genes, and chronically applying weak oxidative stress to the cells using a culture medium substantially free of antioxidants and substantially free of oxidants.
- cell death is observed two days or more after the start of culture, so that drugs can be evaluated within about two weeks. Furthermore, in the present invention, cell death due to necroptosis can be reproduced, so that necroptosis inhibitors can be screened. Furthermore, in the present invention, cell death due to ferroptosis can be reproduced, so that ferroptosis inhibitors can be screened.
- a method for evaluating a test substance which comprises contacting a nerve cell damaged by oxidative stress according to the present invention with the test substance.
- the present invention further provides a method for screening for a preventive and/or therapeutic agent for a neurodegenerative disease, which comprises contacting a neuronal cell according to the present invention with a test substance.
- the present invention (1) contacting a neuronal cell according to the present invention with a test substance; (2) culturing the nerve cells contacted with the test substance in the above step (1) and control nerve cells not contacted with the test substance; (3) measuring nerve damage in the nerve cells; and (4) selecting a test substance that suppresses the nerve damage as a candidate for a necroptosis inhibitor, as compared to a control that has not been contacted with the test substance.
- the present invention provides a method for screening for a necroptosis inhibitor, comprising:
- contacting a neuronal cell according to the present invention with a test substance (2) culturing the nerve cells contacted with the test substance in the above step (1) and control nerve cells not contacted with the test substance; (3) measuring nerve damage in the nerve cells; and (4) selecting a test substance that suppresses the nerve damage as a candidate for a ferroptosis inhibitor, as compared to a control that has not been contacted with the test substance.
- a method for screening for a ferroptosis inhibitor comprising:
- the above-mentioned methods for evaluating a test substance, the methods for screening for a preventive and/or therapeutic drug for a neurodegenerative disease, the methods for screening for a necroptosis inhibitor, and the methods for screening for a ferroptosis inhibitor may further include producing the nerve cells of the present invention by the method for producing nerve cells damaged by oxidative stress according to the present invention.
- Test substances include, for example, proteins, peptides, antibodies, nucleic acids (gene expression vectors, siRNA, antisense oligonucleotides, mRNA), viral vectors (AAV, lentivirus, adenovirus, etc.), non-peptide compounds, synthetic compounds, synthetic low molecular weight compounds, natural compounds, cell extracts, extracellular vesicles, plant extracts, animal tissue extracts, plasma, extracts derived from marine organisms, cell culture supernatants, and microbial fermentation products.
- nucleic acids gene expression vectors, siRNA, antisense oligonucleotides, mRNA
- viral vectors AAV, lentivirus, adenovirus, etc.
- non-peptide compounds synthetic compounds, synthetic low molecular weight compounds, natural compounds, cell extracts, extracellular vesicles, plant extracts, animal tissue extracts, plasma, extracts derived from marine organisms, cell culture supernatants, and microbial fermentation products.
- test substances can be obtained using any of the many approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including (1) biological library methods, (2) synthetic library methods using deconvolution, (3) one-bead one-compound library methods, and (4) synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection. While the biological library method using affinity chromatography selection is limited to peptide libraries, the other approaches can be applied to small molecule libraries of peptides, non-peptide oligomers, or compounds (Lam (1997) Anticancer Drug Des. 12: 145-67). Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can be found in the art (DeWitt et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6909-13; Erb et al.
- the contact between the nerve cells and the test substance may be carried out by adding the test substance to the culture medium of the nerve cells.
- the contact time is not particularly limited as long as it is a time during which a change in the indicator can be confirmed, but may be, for example, 1 day or more, 2 days or more, 3 days or more, 4 days or more, 5 days or more, 6 days or more, or 7 days or more.
- the concentration of the test substance added can be adjusted as appropriate depending on the type of compound (solubility, toxicity, etc.).
- the culture medium for neurons used when contacting the neurons with the test substance is not particularly limited, as long as it is a medium capable of culturing neurons.
- the culture temperature when contacting the test substance with the nerve cells is not particularly limited, but is about 30 to 40°C, preferably about 37°C, and the culture is performed in an atmosphere of CO2- containing air, and the CO2 concentration is preferably about 2 to 5%.
- Neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease (AD), spinocerebellar degeneration, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Lewy body disease, Huntington's disease, and Niemann-Pick disease.
- Neurodegenerative diseases are preferably Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, or Niemann-Pick disease, and more preferably amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
- necroptosis diseases involving necroptosis include neurodegenerative diseases, acute kidney injury, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, heart failure, arteriosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer, malignant melanoma, glioblastoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, etc.
- Diseases involving necroptosis are preferably neurodegenerative diseases, more preferably multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), and more preferably amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
- MS multiple sclerosis
- ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- PD Parkinson's disease
- ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- ferroptosis diseases in which ferroptosis is involved include neurodegenerative diseases, age-related macular degeneration, Fuchs' intracorneal dystrophy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, radiation lung injury, acute lung injury, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, paraquat poisoning, ischemia-reperfusion injury, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, acetaminophen-induced liver injury, liver fibrosis, liver transplantation, acute pancreatitis, diabetes, islet transplantation, hemochromatosis, transfusion-associated immune modification, hemolytic anemia, and radiation-induced hematopoietic disorders.
- periventricular leukomalacia hemorrhagic/ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic dementia, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, ischemia-reperfusion injury, doxorubicin cardiomyopathy, iron overload cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction/fibrosis, atherosclerosis, heart transplantation, acute kidney injury, polycystic kidney disease, kidney transplantation, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, preeclampsia, endometriosis, infertility, neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, colon cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, etc.
- diseases involving ferroptosis include neurodegenerative diseases, preferably Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, or Niemann-Pick disease, and more preferably amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- PD Parkinson's disease
- ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- ALS Huntington's disease
- Niemann-Pick disease preferably amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- the neuronal cells After contacting the neuronal cells according to the present invention with a test substance, (A) culturing a neuronal cell contacted with a test substance and a control neuronal cell not contacted with the test substance; (B) measuring nerve damage in the nerve cells; and (C) selecting a test substance that suppresses the nerve damage as compared to a control that has not been contacted with the test substance, as a candidate for a preventive and/or therapeutic drug for a neurodegenerative disease. This can be done.
- step (B) is a step of measuring the cell number and/or neurite length of the nerve cells obtained in step (A).
- step (C) is a step of selecting a test substance that causes the cell number and/or neurite length of nerve cells contacted with the test substance to be higher than that of a control, as a candidate for a preventive and/or therapeutic agent for a neurodegenerative disease.
- the present invention will be specifically described with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited to the scope of the examples.
- Test Example 1 Evaluation of neurite length of nerve cells cultured in a medium containing no antioxidants from the time of cell seeding, and of nerve cells cultured in a medium that was replaced with a medium containing no antioxidants by medium exchange after cell seeding ⁇ Plate coating> iMatrix-511 silk (Matrixome, 892021) was diluted 16.7-fold with PBS (phosphate buffered saline) and added to a PDL (poly-D-lysine)-coated 96-well plate (Corning, 356461) at 70 ⁇ L/well, and incubated at 37° C. for 3 to 72 hours.
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- PDL poly-D-lysine
- the medium containing an antioxidant was +AO medium to which DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) was added so as to have a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (-)), and the medium not containing an antioxidant was -AO medium to which DMSO was added so as to have a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (+)).
- Neurons (thought to be cerebral cortical excitatory neurons) generated by forced expression of Ngn2 gene (Neurogenin2 gene) from iPS cells (Chao Wang., et al, Stem Cell Reports., 9: 1221-1233, 2017) were thawed in a 37°C warm bath. After thawing, the cells were added to the medium and centrifuged at 600 ⁇ g for 5 minutes at room temperature. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, the cells were suspended in the medium, and the number of cells was counted.
- Ngn2 gene Neurogenin2 gene
- the cells were diluted with the medium, seeded at 200 ⁇ L/well (9.4 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 ), and cultured under 37°C and 5% CO 2 conditions. Images were taken every 6 hours using IncuCyte S3 (Sartorius, Incucyte S3) to obtain images. After culturing, the medium was exchanged after 48, 72, or 96 hours.
- Neurite length was quantified using Neurotrack software (Sartorius, 9600-0010) on an IncuCyte S3. If the neurite length (total neurite length per area) at any time after process retraction under Stress (+) conditions cultured in a medium containing no antioxidants was less than half the maximum neurite length of the Stress (-) group cultured in a medium containing antioxidants by 14 days of culture, the process was judged to have retracted. The results of quantifying the neurite length are shown in Figures 1 to 3.
- Figure 1 shows the results of quantifying neurite length in neurons whose medium was changed after 48 hours of culture.
- the vertical axis shows the total neurite length per area, and the horizontal axis shows the number of days of culture.
- Test Example 2 Evaluation of the effect of cell seeding density on oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury ⁇ Plate coating> iMatrix-511 silk (Matrixome, 892021) was diluted 16.7-fold with PBS and added to a PDL-coated 96-well plate (Corning, 356461) at 70 ⁇ L/well, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 3 to 72 hours.
- the medium containing an antioxidant was +AO medium to which DMSO was added so as to have a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (-)), and the medium not containing an antioxidant was -AO medium to which DMSO was added so as to have a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (+)).
- Neurons (thought to be cerebral cortical excitatory neurons) prepared by forced expression of the Ngn2 gene from iPS cells in the same manner as in Test Example 1 were thawed in a 37°C warm bath. After thawing, the cells were added to the medium and centrifuged at 600 ⁇ g and room temperature for 5 minutes. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, the cells were suspended in the medium, and the number of cells was counted. Thereafter, the cells were diluted with the medium, seeded at 200 ⁇ L/well (0.3-37.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 ), and cultured under conditions of 37°C and 5% CO 2. After culture, images were taken every 6 hours using IncuCyte S3 (Sartorius, Incucyte S3) to obtain images.
- IncuCyte S3 Sartorius, Incucyte S3
- the time course of the neurite length when cells were seeded at a cell seeding density of 0.3, 0.9, 1.9, 4.7, 9.4, or 12.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 is shown in FIG. 4 to FIG. 9.
- the vertical axis indicates the total neurite length per area, and the horizontal axis indicates the number of days of culture.
- the cell seeding density was 0.3 to 12.5 cells/cm 2
- neurite retraction was confirmed in the Stress (+) group ( ⁇ ) cultured in a medium containing no antioxidant.
- the experimental results of seeding at a seeding density of 0.3 to 37.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 are shown in Table 3.
- the seeding density was 25.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 or more, the cell density was too high to detect neurite retraction (nerve damage). This makes it clear that it is important to seed and culture the cells at a cell density of 20.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 or less.
- the medium containing an antioxidant was +AO medium to which DMSO was added so as to have a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (-)), and the medium not containing an antioxidant was -AO medium to which DMSO was added so as to have a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (+)).
- Neurons (presumably cerebral cortical excitatory neurons) prepared by forced expression of the Ngn2 gene from iPS cells in the same manner as in Test Example 1 were thawed in a warm bath at 37°C. After thawing, the cells were added to the medium and centrifuged at 600 x g and room temperature for 5 minutes. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, the cells were suspended in the medium, and the number of cells was counted. Thereafter, the cells were diluted with the medium, seeded at 200 ⁇ L/well (4.7 x 10 4 cells/cm 2 ), and cultured under conditions of 37°C and 5% CO 2. After culture, images were taken every 6 hours using IncuCyte S3 (Sartorius, Incucyte S3) to obtain images.
- IncuCyte S3 Sartorius, Incucyte S3
- the vertical axis indicates the total neurite length per area, and the horizontal axis indicates the number of days of culture.
- neurite retraction neuronal injury was confirmed in the Stress (+) group ( ⁇ ) cultured in a medium that did not contain antioxidants, while no neurite retraction was confirmed in the Stress (-) group ( ⁇ ) cultured in a medium that contained antioxidants. This demonstrated that neuronal injury can be induced by culturing in BrainPhys medium or Neurobasal medium that does not contain antioxidants.
- Test Example 4 Quantitative evaluation of oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury ⁇ Plate coating> iMatrix-511 silk (Matrixome, 892021) was diluted 16.7-fold with PBS and added to PDL-coated flasks (Greiner Bio-one, 661940) at 20 mL/flask, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 3 to 72 hours.
- the medium containing an antioxidant was +AO medium to which DMSO was added so as to have a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (-)), and the medium not containing an antioxidant was -AO medium to which DMSO was added so as to have a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (+)).
- Neurons (presumably cerebral cortical excitatory neurons) prepared by forced expression of the Ngn2 gene from iPS cells in the same manner as in Test Example 1 were thawed in a warm bath at 37°C. After thawing, the cells were added to the medium and centrifuged at 600 x g for 5 minutes at room temperature. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, the cells were suspended in 1 mL of medium, and the number of cells was counted. Thereafter, the cells were diluted with medium, seeded to a density of 6.9 x 104 cells/ cm2 , and cultured under 37°C and 5% CO2 conditions. The medium was collected on the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th days after culture.
- LDH Assay Cytotoxicity Detection Kit PLUS (LDH) (Sigma Aldrich, 4744934001) was used for quantifying LDH. The measurement was carried out according to the attached instructions, and LDH in the medium was quantified from day 3 to day 6 of culture. The quantitative results are shown in FIG.
- the culture medium ( ⁇ ) of nerve cells from the Stress (+) group which were cultured in a medium that did not contain antioxidants, had higher LDH levels on the fifth and sixth days of culture than the culture medium ( ⁇ ) of nerve cells from the Stress (-) group, which were cultured in a medium that contained antioxidants, confirming that cell damage had occurred in the Stress (+) group.
- Test Example 5 Quantification of ROS signal ⁇ Plate coating> iMatrix-511 silk (Matrixome, 892021) was diluted 16.7-fold with PBS and added to a PDL-coated 96-well plate (Corning, 356640) at 70 ⁇ L/well, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 3 to 72 hours.
- the medium containing an antioxidant was +AO medium to which DMSO was added so as to have a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (-)), and the medium not containing an antioxidant was -AO medium to which DMSO was added so as to have a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (+)).
- Frozen cells iCell motor neurons, FCDI, C1048
- FCDI iCell motor neurons
- C1048 Frozen cells
- the cells were added to the medium and centrifuged at 600 ⁇ g for 5 minutes at room temperature. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, the cells were suspended in 1 mL of medium, and the number of cells was counted. The cells were then diluted with medium, seeded at 200 ⁇ L/well (4.7 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 ), and cultured at 37°C and 5% CO 2 for 6 days.
- the ROS signal was quantified using CellROXTM Green Reagent for oxidative stress detection (Thermo Fisher Scientific, C10444). The procedure was carried out according to the attached instructions, and the intracellular ROS signal of the neurons after 6 days of culture was quantified using a confocal quantitative image cytometer (CQ1, Yokogawa Electric). The results of quantifying the average fluorescence intensity in the nuclear region are shown in FIG. 13.
- Test Example 6 Evaluation of compounds against oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury (necroptosis inhibitors) ⁇ Plate coating> iMatrix-511 silk (Matrixome, 892021) was diluted 16.7-fold with PBS and added to a PDL-coated 96-well plate (Corning, 356461) at 70 ⁇ L/well, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 3 to 72 hours.
- the medium containing antioxidants was +AO medium to which DMSO had been added at 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (-)).
- the medium not containing antioxidants was -AO medium to which DMSO had been added at 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (+)).
- the medium for drug evaluation was -AO medium to which a compound dissolved in DMSO had been added at a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (0.01 to 20 ⁇ M).
- ⁇ Cell seeding> Frozen cells iCell motor neurons, FCDI, C1048, were thawed in a 37°C warm bath. After thawing, the cells were added to the medium and centrifuged at 600 ⁇ g for 5 minutes at room temperature. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, the cells were suspended in 1 mL of medium, and the number of cells was counted. The cells were then diluted with medium, seeded at 200 ⁇ L/well (4.7 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 ), and cultured at 37°C and 5% CO 2 conditions. After culture, images were taken every 6 hours using IncuCyte S3 (Sartorius, Incucyte S3) to obtain images.
- IncuCyte S3 Sartorius, Incucyte S3
- Neurite length was quantified using Neurotrack software (Sartorius, 9600-0010) on an IncuCyte S3. The quantification results of neurite length and representative cell images are shown in FIG.
- the group treated with necrostatin-1 known as a necroptosis inhibitor ( ⁇ ) suppressed the decrease in the total neurite length in a concentration-dependent manner. This indicates that the nerve damage in this evaluation system is caused by necroptosis.
- Test Example 7 Evaluation of compounds against oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury (ferroptosis inhibitors) ⁇ Plate coating> iMatrix-511 silk (Matrixome, 892021) was diluted 16.7-fold with PBS and added to a PDL-coated 96-well plate (Corning, 356461) at 70 ⁇ L/well, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 3 to 72 hours.
- the medium containing antioxidants was +AO medium to which DMSO had been added at 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (-)).
- the medium not containing antioxidants was -AO medium to which DMSO had been added at 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (+)).
- the medium for drug evaluation was -AO medium to which a compound dissolved in DMSO had been added at a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v) (0.004 to 20 ⁇ M).
- IncuCyte S3 Sartorius, Incucyte S3
- Neurite length was quantified using Neurotrack software (Sartorius, 9600-0010) on an IncuCyte S3. The results of quantification of neurite length are shown in Figures 15 to 17. Neurons cultured in a medium that did not contain antioxidants (Stress (+) group) ( ⁇ ) were damaged after about one day of culture, resulting in a decrease in the total neurite length. On the other hand, in the group treated with a ferroptosis inhibitor ( ⁇ ), both compounds suppressed the decrease in the total neurite length in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that the neuronal damage in this evaluation system is caused by ferroptosis.
- Test Example 8 Compound screening using an oxidative stress-induced nerve cell injury evaluation system ⁇ Plate coating> iMatrix-511 silk (Matrixome, 892021) was diluted 16.7-fold with PBS and added to a PDL-coated 96-well plate (Corning, 356461) at 70 ⁇ L/well, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 3 to 72 hours.
- the compound library used was StemSelect Library compounds (Merck, 569774).
- the antioxidant-containing medium was +AO medium to which DMSO was added at 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (-))
- the antioxidant-free medium was -AO medium to which DMSO was added at 0.1% by volume (v/v) (Stress (+))
- the medium for the drug evaluation group was -AO medium to which a DMSO-dissolved compound was added at a concentration of 0.1% by volume (v/v).
- ⁇ Cell seeding> Frozen cells iCell motor neurons, FCDI, C1048, were thawed in a 37°C warm bath. After thawing, the cells were added to the medium and centrifuged at 600 ⁇ g for 5 minutes at room temperature. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed, the cells were suspended in 1 mL of medium, and the number of cells was counted. The cells were then diluted with medium, seeded at 200 ⁇ L/well (4.7 ⁇ 10 4 cells/cm 2 ), and cultured at 37°C and 5% CO 2 conditions. After culture, images were taken every 6 hours using IncuCyte S3 (Sartorius, Incucyte S3) to obtain images.
- IncuCyte S3 Sartorius, Incucyte S3
- Neurite length was quantified using Neurotrack software (Sartorius, 9600-0010) on an IncuCyte S3.
- the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated from the time course of neurite length over 14 days, and the effects of the drugs were compared. In other words, a larger AUC indicates inhibition of neurite retraction (inhibition of nerve injury).
- the values of each compound and AUC are shown in Figure 18.
- the AUC was reduced in neurons cultured in a medium containing no antioxidant (Stress (+) group) ( ⁇ ) compared to neurons cultured in a medium containing an antioxidant (Stress (-) group) ( ⁇ ).
- Test Example 9 Evaluation of ALS Treatment Drug (Edaravone) on Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Damage Using the same method as Test Example 7, the effect of edaravone, which is used as a treatment drug for ALS, on oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage was evaluated. The results of quantifying neurite length are shown in Figure 19. Neurons (Stress (+) group) ( ⁇ ) cultured in a medium containing no antioxidants were damaged after about 4 days of culture, and the total neurite length decreased. In the group treated with edaravone ( ⁇ ), the decrease in the total neurite length was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. This demonstrated that this evaluation system can be used to screen candidates for ALS treatment drugs.
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Abstract
Description
<1> ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞から分化誘導した神経細胞を、抗酸化剤を実質的に含まず、かつ酸化剤を実質的に含まない培養培地を用いて20.0×104細胞/cm2以下の細胞密度で播種する工程aと、抗酸化剤を実質的に含まず、かつ酸化剤を実質的に含まない培養培地を用いて培養する工程bとを含む、酸化ストレスによる傷害を受けた神経細胞の製造方法。
<2> 細胞密度が、0.2×104細胞/cm2以上20.0×104細胞/cm2以下である、<1>に記載の製造方法。
<3> ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞が、疾患関連遺伝子に変異がない多能性幹細胞である、<1>または<2>に記載の製造方法。
<4> 上記神経細胞が、運動神経細胞、大脳皮質興奮神経細胞または黒質神経細胞である、<1>~<3>のいずれか1つに記載の製造方法。
<5> 酸化ストレスによる傷害を受けた神経細胞が、以下の(i)~(iv):
(i)酸化ストレスに関連するマーカーが陽性である;
(ii)神経突起が退縮している;
(iii)ネクロトーシスが誘導されている;および
(iv)フェロトーシスが誘導されている:
のうちの少なくとも一以上を満たす、<1>~<4>のいずれか1つに記載の製造方法。
<6> ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞から分化誘導した神経細胞を、抗酸化剤を実質的に含まず、かつ酸化剤を実質的に含まない培養培地を用いて20.0×104細胞/cm2以下の細胞密度で播種する工程aと、抗酸化剤を実質的に含まず、かつ酸化剤を実質的に含まない培養培地を用いて培養する工程bとを含む、細胞の培養方法。
<7> 上記細胞密度が、0.2×104細胞/cm2以上20.0×104細胞/cm2以下である、<6>に記載の培養方法。
<8> ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞が、疾患関連遺伝子に変異がない多能性幹細胞である、<6>または<7>に記載の培養方法。
<9> 上記神経細胞が、運動神経細胞、大脳皮質興奮神経細胞または黒質神経細胞である、<6>~<8>のいずれか1つに記載の培養方法。
<10> <1>に記載の製造方法により得られる、以下の(i)~(iv):
(i)酸化ストレスに関連するマーカーが陽性である;
(ii)神経突起の長さが退縮している;
(iii)ネクロトーシスが誘導されている;および
(iv)フェロトーシスが誘導されている:
のうちの少なくとも一以上を満たす、神経細胞。
<11> 上記神経細胞が、運動神経細胞、大脳皮質興奮神経細胞または黒質神経細胞である、<10>に記載の細胞。
<12> <10>に記載の神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させることを含む、被験物質の評価方法。
<13> <1>に記載の方法により<10>に記載の神経細胞を製造することをさらに含み、上記神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる、<12>に記載の被験物質の評価方法。
<14> <10>に記載の神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させることを含む、神経変性疾患の予防および/または治療薬のスクリーニング方法。
<15> <1>に記載の方法により<10>に記載の神経細胞を製造することをさらに含み、上記神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる、<14>に記載のスクリーニング方法。
<16> 上記神経変性疾患が、アルツハイマー病(AD)、脊髄小脳変性症、前頭側頭葉変性症(FTLD)、パーキンソン病、筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)、レビー小体病、ハンチントン病、ニーマンピック病からなる群から選択される、<14>に記載のスクリーニング方法。
<17> <10>に記載の神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させた後に、
(A)上記被験物質と接触させた神経細胞、および上記被験物質を接触させなかった対照の神経細胞とを培養する工程、
(B)上記神経細胞における神経傷害を測定する工程、および
(C)被験物質と接触させなかった対照と比較して、上記神経傷害を抑制する被験物質を、神経変性疾患の予防および/または治療薬の候補として選択する工程、
を含む、<14>に記載のスクリーニング方法。
<18> 上記工程(B)が、上記工程(A)で得られた神経細胞の細胞数および/または神経突起長を測定する工程である、<17>に記載のスクリーニング方法。
<19> 上記工程(C)が、上記被験物質と接触させた神経細胞の細胞数および/または神経突起長が、対照よりも高値であった被験物質を、神経変性疾患の予防および/または治療薬の候補として選択する工程である、<17>または<18>に記載の方法。
<20> (1)<10>に記載の神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる工程、
(2)上記工程(1)で上記被験物質と接触させた神経細胞、および上記被験物質を接触させなかった対照の神経細胞を培養する工程、
(3)上記神経細胞における神経傷害を測定する工程、および
(4)被験物質と接触させなかった対照と比較して、上記神経傷害を抑制する被験物質を、ネクロトーシス阻害剤の候補として選択する工程、
を含む、ネクロトーシス阻害剤のスクリーニング方法。
<21> <1>に記載の方法により<10>に記載の神経細胞を製造することをさらに含み、上記神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる、<20>に記載のスクリーニング方法。
<22> (1)<10>に記載の神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる工程、
(2)上記工程(1)で上記被験物質と接触させた神経細胞、および上記被験物質を接触させなかった対照の神経細胞を培養する工程、
(3)上記神経細胞における神経傷害を測定する工程、および
(4)被験物質と接触させなかった対照と比較して、上記神経傷害を抑制する被験物質を、フェロトーシス阻害剤の候補として選択する工程、
を含む、フェロトーシス阻害剤のスクリーニング方法。
<23> <1>に記載の方法により<10>に記載の神経細胞を製造することをさらに含み、上記神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる、<22>に記載のスクリーニング方法。
なお、ES細胞と体細胞の細胞融合によって得られる融合ES細胞も、本発明の方法に用いられる胚性幹細胞に含まれる。
(1)無血清培地中で培養して胚様体(神経前駆細胞を含む細胞塊)を形成させて分化させる方法(SFEB法:Watanabe K., et al, Nat.Neurosci., 8: 288-296, 2005;SFEBq法:Wataya T., et al Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA., 105: 11796-11801, 2008);
(2)ストローマ細胞上で培養して分化させる方法(SDIA法:Kawasaki H., et al, Neuron, 28: 31-40, 2000);
(3)薬剤を添加したマトリゲル上で培養して分化させる方法(Chambers S.M., et al, Nat.Biotechnol., 27: 275-280, 2009);
(4)サイトカインの代替物として低分子化合物を含む培地中で培養して分化する方法(米国特許第5,843,780号);
(5)多能性幹細胞に神経誘導因子(neurogenin2(Ngn2)など)を導入し発現させることで分化させる方法(WO2014/148646;およびZhang Y., et al, Neuron, 78: 785-98, 2013);
(6)多能性幹細胞にmiR-9/9*-124を導入し発現させることで分化させる方法;
およびこれらの方法の組み合わせなどが挙げられる。
また、上記標準配列および転写派生体の配列を有する核酸に、ストリンジェントな条件でハイブリダイズすることができる程度の相補性を有するDNAであってもよい。
(i)酸化ストレスに関連するマーカーが陽性である;
(ii)神経突起が退縮している;
(iii)ネクロトーシスが誘導されている;および
(iv)フェロトーシスが誘導されている:
のうちの少なくとも一以上(好ましくは二つ、より好ましくは三つ全て)を満たす。本発明によれば、本発明による神経細胞の製造方法により製造される上記の(i)~(iv)のうちの少なくとも一以上を満たす、神経細胞が提供される。本発明の神経細胞は、特には限定されないが、好ましくは、運動神経細胞、大脳皮質興奮神経細胞または黒質神経細胞であり、より好ましくは、運動神経細胞または大脳皮質興奮神経細胞である。
酸化ストレスマーカーとしては、活性酸素種(Reactive Oxygen Species、ROS)、活性酸素によって生じた生体内産物、抗酸化酵素、および抗酸化物質などが挙げられる。ROSとしては、スーパーオキシドアニオンラジカル(O2・-)、過酸化水素(H2O2)、ヒドロキシラジカル(・OH)、一重項酸素(1O2)、一酸化窒素(NO・)、二酸化窒素(NO2・)、オゾン(O3)、および過酸化脂質(LOOH)などが挙げられる。活性酸素によって生じた生体内産物としては、hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OHdG)、8-hydroxyguanosine(8-OHG)、および過酸化脂質などが挙げられる。抗酸化酵素としては、SOD、カタラーゼ、およびGPxなどが挙げられる。抗酸化物質としては、グルタチオン(GSH/GSSG)、ビリルビン、およびビタミン類などが挙げられる。
酸化ストレスに起因する二次的なマーカーとしては、TAR DNA結合タンパク質43(TDP-43)タンパク質、アミロイドβタンパク質、タウタンパク質、およびαシヌクレインのリン酸化、蓄積、凝集などが挙げられる。
酸化ストレスに関連するマーカーとしては、ROS、8-OHdG、8-OHG、過酸化脂質、グルタチオン、TDP-43タンパク質、アミロイドβタンパク質、タウタンパク質またはαシヌクレインが好ましく、ROSがより好ましい。
本発明においては、培養開始後2日以降に細胞死がみられるため、2週間程度までに薬剤の評価が可能である。さらに、本発明においては、ネクロトーシスによる細胞死が再現可能であることから、ネクロトーシス阻害剤のスクリーニングが可能である。さらに、本発明においては、フェロトーシスによる細胞死が再現可能であることから、フェロトーシス阻害剤のスクリーニングが可能である。
本発明によればさらに、本発明による神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させることを含む、神経変性疾患の予防および/または治療薬のスクリーニング方法が提供される。
(1)本発明による神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる工程、
(2)上記工程(1)で上記被験物質と接触させた神経細胞、および上記被験物質を接触させなかった対照の神経細胞を培養する工程、
(3)上記神経細胞における神経傷害を測定する工程、および
(4)被験物質と接触させなかった対照と比較して、上記神経傷害を抑制する被験物質を、ネクロトーシス阻害剤の候補として選択する工程、
を含む、ネクロトーシス阻害剤のスクリーニング方法が提供される。
(1)本発明による神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる工程、
(2)上記工程(1)で上記被験物質と接触させた神経細胞、および上記被験物質を接触させなかった対照の神経細胞を培養する工程、
(3)上記神経細胞における神経傷害を測定する工程、および
(4)被験物質と接触させなかった対照と比較して、上記神経傷害を抑制する被験物質を、フェロトーシス阻害剤の候補として選択する工程、
を含む、フェロトーシス阻害剤のスクリーニング方法が提供される。
本発明による神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させた後に、
(A)被験物質と接触させた神経細胞、および上記被験物質を接触させなかった対照の神経細胞とを培養する工程、
(B)上記神経細胞における神経傷害を測定する工程、および
(C)被験物質と接触させなかった対照と比較して、上記神経傷害を抑制する被験物質を、神経変性疾患の予防および/または治療薬の候補として選択する工程、
を行うことができる。
好ましくは、工程(C)は、上記被験物質と接触させた神経細胞の細胞数および/または神経突起長が、対照よりも高値であった被験物質を、神経変性疾患の予防および/または治療薬の候補として選択する工程である。
以下の実施例により本発明を具体的に説明するが、本発明は実施例の範囲に限定されるものではない。
<プレートコーティング>
iMatrix-511 silk(Matrixome,892021)をPBS(リン酸緩衝生理食塩水)にて16.7倍希釈したものを、PDL(ポリ-D-リジン)コーティングされた96ウェルプレート(Corning,356461)に70μL/well加え、3時間から72時間37℃にてインキュベートした。
抗酸化剤を含む培地には、+AO培地にDMSO(ジメチルスルホキシド)が0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(-))、抗酸化剤を含まない培地には-AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(+))を使用した。
iPS細胞からNgn2遺伝子(Neurogenin2遺伝子)を強制発現(Chao Wang., et al, Stem Cell Reports., 9: 1221-1233, 2017)することにより作製した神経細胞(大脳皮質興奮神経細胞であると考えられる)を37℃の温浴で解凍した。融解後、細胞を培地に添加し、600×g、室温で5分間遠心した。遠心後、上清を除去し、細胞を培地にて懸濁し、細胞数を計数した。その後、細胞を培地にて希釈し、200μL/well(9.4×104cells/cm2)にて播種し、37℃、5%CO2条件下にて培養した。6時間ごとにIncuCyte S3(Sartorius,Incucyte S3)にて撮影し、画像を取得した。培養後、48、72、または96時間後に培地交換を実施した。
神経突起長はIncuCyte S3のNeurotrackソフトウェア(Sartorius,9600-0010)を用いて定量した。培養14日後までに、抗酸化剤を含まない培地で培養したStress(+)の条件にて、突起退縮後のいずれかの時間の神経突起長(面積当たりの神経突起長の総和)が、抗酸化剤を含む培地で培養したStress(-)群の神経突起長の最大値の半分以下になっている場合、突起が退縮していると判断した。神経突起長を定量した結果を図1~図3に示す。
<プレートコーティング>
iMatrix-511 silk(Matrixome,892021)をPBSにて16.7倍希釈したものを、PDLコーティングされた96ウェルプレート(Corning,356461)に70μL/well加え、3時間から72時間37℃にてインキュベートした。
抗酸化剤を含む培地には、+AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(-))、抗酸化剤を含まない培地には-AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(+))を使用した。
試験例1と同様の方法でiPS細胞からNgn2遺伝子を強制発現することにより作製した神経細胞(大脳皮質興奮神経細胞であると考えられる)を37℃の温浴で解凍した。融解後、細胞を培地に添加し、600×g、室温で5分間遠心した。遠心後、上清を除去し、細胞を培地にて懸濁し、細胞数を計数した。その後、細胞を培地にて希釈し、200μL/well(0.3~37.5×104cells/cm2)にて播種し、37℃、5%CO2条件下にて培養した。培養後、6時間ごとにIncuCyte S3(Sartorius,Incucyte S3)にて撮影し、画像を取得した。
神経突起長はIncuCyte S3のNeurotrackソフトウェア(Sartorius,9600-0010)を用いて定量した。神経突起長を定量した結果を図4~図9に、および細胞播種密度と神経細胞の傷害検出の可否をまとめたものを表3に示す。なお、神経細胞の傷害検出の可否は、試験例1と同様の判断基準で神経突起長が退縮しているかどうかを評価し、退縮していると判断できた場合を傷害検出可とした。
<プレートコーティング>
iMatrix-511 silk(Matrixome,892021)をPBSにて16.7倍希釈したものを、PDLコーティングされた96ウェルプレート(Corning,356461)に70μL/well加え、3時間から72時間37℃にてインキュベートした。
抗酸化剤を含む培地には、+AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(-))、抗酸化剤を含まない培地には-AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(+))を使用した。
試験例1と同様の方法でiPS細胞からNgn2遺伝子を強制発現することにより作製した神経細胞(大脳皮質興奮神経細胞であると考えられる)を37℃の温浴で解凍した。融解後、細胞を培地に添加し、600×g、室温で5分間遠心した。遠心後、上清を除去し、細胞を培地にて懸濁し、細胞数を計数した。その後、細胞を培地にて希釈し、200μL/well(4.7×104cells/cm2)にて播種し、37℃、5%CO2条件下にて培養した。培養後、6時間ごとにIncuCyte S3(Sartorius,Incucyte S3)にて撮影し、画像を取得した。
神経突起長はIncuCyte S3のNeurotrackソフトウェア(Sartorius,9600-0010)を用いて定量した。神経突起長を定量した結果を図10および図11に示す。神経突起の退縮は、試験例1と同様の判断基準で評価した。
<プレートコーティング>
iMatrix-511 silk(Matrixome,892021)をPBSにて16.7倍希釈したものを、PDLコーティングされたフラスコ(Greiner Bio-one,661940)に20mL/flask加え、3時間から72時間37℃にてインキュベートした。
抗酸化剤を含む培地には、+AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(-))、抗酸化剤を含まない培地には-AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(+))を使用した。
試験例1と同様の方法でiPS細胞からNgn2遺伝子を強制発現することにより作製した神経細胞(大脳皮質興奮神経細胞であると考えられる)を37℃の温浴で解凍した。融解後、細胞を培地に添加し、600×g、室温で5分間遠心した。遠心後、上清を除去し、細胞を1mLの培地にて懸濁し、細胞数を計数した。その後、細胞を培地にて希釈し、6.9×104cells/cm2の密度になるように播種し、37℃、5%CO2条件下にて培養した。培養後3日目、4日目、5日目、6日目に培地を回収した。
LDHの定量にはCytotoxicity Detection KitPLUS(LDH)(Sigma aldrich,4744934001)を使用した。添付文書に従い実施し、培養3日目から6日目までの培地中のLDHの定量を行った。定量の結果を図12に示す。
<プレートコーティング>
iMatrix-511 silk(Matrixome,892021)をPBSにて16.7倍希釈したものを、PDLコーティングされた96ウェルプレート(Corning,356640)に70μL/well加え、3時間から72時間37℃にてインキュベートした。
抗酸化剤を含む培地には、+AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(-))、抗酸化剤を含まない培地には-AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(+))を使用した。
凍結細胞(iCell運動神経細胞,FCDI,C1048)を37℃の温浴で解凍した。融解後、細胞を培地に添加し、600×g、室温で5分間遠心した。遠心後、上清を除去し、細胞を1mLの培地にて懸濁し、細胞数を計数した。その後、細胞を培地にて希釈し、200μL/well(4.7×104cells/cm2)にて播種し、37℃、5%CO2条件下にて6日間培養した。
ROSシグナルの定量にはCellROX(商標)Green Reagent,for oxidative stress detection(Thermo Fisher Scientific,C10444)を使用した。添付文書に従い実施し、培養6日後の神経細胞の細胞内のROSシグナルを、共焦点定量イメージサイトメーター(CQ1,横河電機)を用いて定量した。核領域の蛍光強度の平均を定量した結果を図13に示す。
<プレートコーティング>
iMatrix-511 silk(Matrixome,892021)をPBSにて16.7倍希釈したものを、PDLコーティングされた96ウェルプレート(Corning,356461)に70μL/well加え、3時間から72時間37℃にてインキュベートした。
抗酸化剤を含む培地には、+AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(-))、抗酸化剤を含まない培地には-AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(+))、薬剤評価の群の培地には-AO培地にDMSO溶解化合物を0.1容量%(v/v)の濃度で添加したもの(0.01~20μM)を使用した。
凍結細胞(iCell運動神経細胞,FCDI,C1048)を37℃の温浴で解凍した。融解後、細胞を培地に添加し、600×g、室温で5分間遠心した。遠心後、上清を除去し、細胞を1mLの培地にて懸濁し、細胞数を計数した。その後、細胞を培地にて希釈し、200μL/well(4.7×104cells/cm2)にて播種し、37℃、5%CO2条件下にて培養した。培養後、6時間ごとにIncuCyte S3(Sartorius,Incucyte S3)にて撮影し、画像を取得した。
神経突起長はIncuCyte S3のNeurotrackソフトウェア(Sartorius,9600-0010)を用いて定量した。神経突起長を定量した結果、および代表的な細胞の画像を図14に示す。
<プレートコーティング>
iMatrix-511 silk(Matrixome,892021)をPBSにて16.7倍希釈したものを、PDLコーティングされた96ウェルプレート(Corning,356461)に70μL/well加え、3時間から72時間37℃にてインキュベートした。
抗酸化剤を含む培地には、+AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(-))、抗酸化剤を含まない培地には-AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(+))、薬剤評価の群の培地には-AO培地にDMSO溶解化合物を0.1容量%(v/v)の濃度で添加したもの(0.004~20μM)を使用した。
iPS細胞からNgn2遺伝子を強制発現することにより作製した神経細胞(大脳皮質興奮神経細胞であると考えられる)を37℃の温浴で解凍した。融解後、細胞を培地に添加し、600×g、室温で5分間遠心した。遠心後、上清を除去し、細胞を1mLの培地にて懸濁し、細胞数を計数した。その後、細胞を培地にて希釈し、200μL/well(4.7×104cells/cm2)にて播種し、37℃、5%CO2条件下にて培養した。培養後、6時間ごとにIncuCyte S3(Sartorius,Incucyte S3)にて撮影し、画像を取得した。
神経突起長はIncuCyte S3のNeurotrackソフトウェア(Sartorius,9600-0010)を用いて定量した。神経突起長を定量した結果を図15~17に示す。
抗酸化剤を含まない培地で培養した神経細胞(Stress(+)群)(▲)は培養1日を過ぎたあたりから傷害を受け神経突起長の総和が減少した。一方で、フェロトーシス阻害剤を処理した群(●)は、いずれの化合物も神経突起長の総和の減少を濃度依存的に抑制した。これらのことから本評価系の神経傷害はフェロトーシスにより起きていることが示された。
<プレートコーティング>
iMatrix-511 silk(Matrixome,892021)をPBSにて16.7倍希釈したものを、PDLコーティングされた96ウェルプレート(Corning,356461)に70μL/well加え、3時間から72時間37℃にてインキュベートした。
化合物ライブラリーはStemSelect Library compounds(Merck、569774)を使用した。抗酸化剤を含む培地には、+AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(-))、抗酸化剤を含まない培地には-AO培地にDMSOが0.1容量%(v/v)となるように加えたもの(Stress(+))、薬剤評価の群の培地には-AO培地にDMSO溶解化合物を0.1容量%(v/v)の濃度で添加したものを使用した。
凍結細胞(iCell運動神経細胞,FCDI,C1048)を37℃の温浴で解凍した。融解後、細胞を培地に添加し、600×g、室温で5分間遠心した。遠心後、上清を除去し、細胞を1mLの培地にて懸濁し、細胞数を計数した。その後、細胞を培地にて希釈し、200μL/well(4.7×104cells/cm2)にて播種し、37℃、5%CO2条件下にて培養した。培養後、6時間ごとにIncuCyte S3(Sartorius,Incucyte S3)にて撮影し、画像を取得した。
神経突起長はIncuCyte S3のNeurotrackソフトウェア(Sartorius,9600-0010)を用いて定量した。14日間の突起長の経時的な曲線から曲線下面積(AUC)を算出し、薬剤の効果を比較した。すなわち、AUCが大きいものは突起の退縮を抑制(神経傷害を抑制)していることを示す。各化合物とAUCの値を図18に示す。抗酸化剤を含まない培地で培養した神経細胞(Stress(+)群)(▲)は抗酸化剤を含む培地で培養した神経細胞(Stress(-)群)(■)と比較してAUCが減少した。化合物を処理した群(〇)は、CD437/AHPN、Simvastatin、Mevastatin、Reversine、KB-R7943、Licochalcone-A、Telomerase Inhibitor IX 、Purmorphamine、LXRα/β Agonist、Mifepristone、AY 9944、γ-Secretase Inhibitor XXI、ATRA-BA Hybrid、及びMn-cpx 3が強くAUCの減少を抑制した。
試験例7と同様の方法にて、ALSの治療薬として使用されているエダラボンの酸化ストレス誘発神経細胞傷害に対する効果を評価した。神経突起長を定量した結果を図19に示す。抗酸化剤を含まない培地で培養した神経細胞(Stress(+)群)(▲)は培養4日を過ぎたあたりから傷害を受け神経突起長の総和が減少した。エダラボンを処理した群(●)では、神経突起長の総和の減少を濃度依存的に抑制した。このことから、本評価系にてALSの治療薬候補をスクリーニングできることが示された。
Claims (23)
- ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞から分化誘導した神経細胞を、抗酸化剤を実質的に含まず、かつ酸化剤を実質的に含まない培養培地を用いて20.0×104細胞/cm2以下の細胞密度で播種する工程aと、抗酸化剤を実質的に含まず、かつ酸化剤を実質的に含まない培養培地を用いて培養する工程bとを含む、酸化ストレスによる傷害を受けた神経細胞の製造方法。
- 細胞密度が、0.2×104細胞/cm2以上20.0×104細胞/cm2以下である、請求項1に記載の製造方法。
- ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞が、疾患関連遺伝子に変異がない多能性幹細胞である、請求項1または2に記載の製造方法。
- 前記神経細胞が、運動神経細胞、大脳皮質興奮神経細胞または黒質神経細胞である、請求項1または2に記載の製造方法。
- 酸化ストレスによる傷害を受けた神経細胞が、以下の(i)~(iv):
(i)酸化ストレスに関連するマーカーが陽性である;
(ii)神経突起が退縮している;
(iii)ネクロトーシスが誘導されている;および
(iv)フェロトーシスが誘導されている:
のうちの少なくとも一以上を満たす、請求項1または2に記載の製造方法。 - ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞から分化誘導した神経細胞を、抗酸化剤を実質的に含まず、かつ酸化剤を実質的に含まない培養培地を用いて20.0×104細胞/cm2以下の細胞密度で播種する工程aと、抗酸化剤を実質的に含まず、かつ酸化剤を実質的に含まない培養培地を用いて培養する工程bとを含む、細胞の培養方法。
- 前記細胞密度が、0.2×104細胞/cm2以上20.0×104細胞/cm2以下である、請求項6に記載の培養方法。
- ヒト由来の多能性幹細胞が、疾患関連遺伝子に変異がない多能性幹細胞である、請求項6または7に記載の培養方法。
- 前記神経細胞が、運動神経細胞、大脳皮質興奮神経細胞または黒質神経細胞である、請求項6または7に記載の培養方法。
- 請求項1に記載の製造方法により得られる、以下の(i)~(iv):
(i)酸化ストレスに関連するマーカーが陽性である;
(ii)神経突起の長さが退縮している;
(iii)ネクロトーシスが誘導されている;および
(iv)フェロトーシスが誘導されている:
のうちの少なくとも一以上を満たす、神経細胞。 - 前記神経細胞が、運動神経細胞、大脳皮質興奮神経細胞または黒質神経細胞である、請求項10に記載の細胞。
- 請求項10に記載の神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させることを含む、被験物質の評価方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法により請求項10に記載の神経細胞を製造することをさらに含み、前記神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる、請求項12に記載の被験物質の評価方法。
- 請求項10に記載の神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させることを含む、神経変性疾患の予防および/または治療薬のスクリーニング方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法により請求項10に記載の神経細胞を製造することをさらに含み、前記神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる、請求項14に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- 前記神経変性疾患が、アルツハイマー病(AD)、脊髄小脳変性症、前頭側頭葉変性症(FTLD)、パーキンソン病、筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)、レビー小体病、ハンチントン病、ニーマンピック病からなる群から選択される、請求項14に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- 請求項10に記載の神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させた後に、
(A)前記被験物質と接触させた神経細胞、および前記被験物質を接触させなかった対照の神経細胞とを培養する工程、
(B)前記神経細胞における神経傷害を測定する工程、および
(C)被験物質と接触させなかった対照と比較して、前記神経傷害を抑制する被験物質を、神経変性疾患の予防および/または治療薬の候補として選択する工程、
を含む、請求項14に記載のスクリーニング方法。 - 前記工程(B)が、前記工程(A)で得られた神経細胞の細胞数および/または神経突起長を測定する工程である、請求項17に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- 前記工程(C)が、前記被験物質と接触させた神経細胞の細胞数および/または神経突起長が、対照よりも高値であった被験物質を、神経変性疾患の予防および/または治療薬の候補として選択する工程である、請求項17または18に記載の方法。
- (1)請求項10に記載の神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる工程、
(2)前記工程(1)で前記被験物質と接触させた神経細胞、および前記被験物質を接触させなかった対照の神経細胞を培養する工程、
(3)前記神経細胞における神経傷害を測定する工程、および
(4)被験物質と接触させなかった対照と比較して、前記神経傷害を抑制する被験物質を、ネクロトーシス阻害剤の候補として選択する工程、
を含む、ネクロトーシス阻害剤のスクリーニング方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法により請求項10に記載の神経細胞を製造することをさらに含み、前記神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる、請求項20に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- (1)請求項10に記載の神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる工程、
(2)前記工程(1)で前記被験物質と接触させた神経細胞、および前記被験物質を接触させなかった対照の神経細胞を培養する工程、
(3)前記神経細胞における神経傷害を測定する工程、および
(4)被験物質と接触させなかった対照と比較して、前記神経傷害を抑制する被験物質を、フェロトーシス阻害剤の候補として選択する工程、
を含む、フェロトーシス阻害剤のスクリーニング方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法により請求項10に記載の神経細胞を製造することをさらに含み、前記神経細胞と被験物質とを接触させる、請求項22に記載のスクリーニング方法。
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| EP24770953.8A EP4682249A1 (en) | 2023-03-14 | 2024-03-14 | Method for producing nerve cells damaged by oxidation stress and application thereof |
| JP2025506918A JPWO2024190850A1 (ja) | 2023-03-14 | 2024-03-14 | |
| KR1020257030063A KR20250143346A (ko) | 2023-03-14 | 2024-03-14 | 산화 스트레스에 의한 상해를 입은 신경 세포의 제조 방법 및 그 응용 |
| CN202480016828.8A CN120826464A (zh) | 2023-03-14 | 2024-03-14 | 受氧化应激的损伤的神经细胞的制造方法及其应用 |
| AU2024236941A AU2024236941A1 (en) | 2023-03-14 | 2024-03-14 | Method for producing nerve cells damaged by oxidation stress and application thereof |
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