WO2024045362A1 - 车载多普勒分集mimo合成孔径雷达时域成像方法 - Google Patents
车载多普勒分集mimo合成孔径雷达时域成像方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024045362A1 WO2024045362A1 PCT/CN2022/133528 CN2022133528W WO2024045362A1 WO 2024045362 A1 WO2024045362 A1 WO 2024045362A1 CN 2022133528 W CN2022133528 W CN 2022133528W WO 2024045362 A1 WO2024045362 A1 WO 2024045362A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
- G01S13/9004—SAR image acquisition techniques
- G01S13/9005—SAR image acquisition techniques with optical processing of the SAR signals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
- G01S7/41—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00 using analysis of echo signal for target characterisation; Target signature; Target cross-section
Definitions
- the invention relates to the technical field of radar signal processing, and in particular to a vehicle-mounted Doppler diversity MIMO synthetic aperture radar time domain imaging method.
- FMCW Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave
- the imaging of vehicle radar mainly has two technical forms: point cloud and synthetic aperture.
- the point cloud imaging process includes steps such as constant false alarm detection, which only retains the image of the target of interest and discards the environmental information of the scene.
- point clouds are usually sparse, and it is generally necessary to fuse multiple frames of images to be used for target detection and recognition.
- vehicle-mounted synthetic aperture radar uses broadband emission waveforms and the motion of the radar platform to achieve two-dimensional high-resolution imaging while retaining scattering information at all locations within the scene.
- vehicle-mounted SAR currently has some unique challenges: vehicle-mounted radar is relatively close to the area to be observed and does not meet far-field conditions; vehicle-mounted SAR needs to provide a wide field of view (FOV, Field of View). ), which puts forward high requirements for motion compensation and bending correction; vehicle-mounted SAR requires the algorithm to have better real-time imaging performance, which requires the algorithm to have a high degree of parallelism.
- FOV Field of View
- FMCW-SAR that can provide high real-time imaging performance and wide field of view is an urgent problem that needs to be solved.
- the present invention provides a vehicle-mounted Doppler diversity MIMO synthetic aperture radar time domain imaging method.
- DDM encoding and filtering By performing DDM encoding and filtering on the transmitter, the echo data corresponding to each single channel is obtained and two-dimensional imaging is achieved based on the echo data. Wide viewing angle and high resolution imaging.
- a vehicle-mounted Doppler diversity MIMO synthetic aperture radar time domain imaging method includes:
- Doppler filtering is performed on the echo data to obtain the echo data corresponding to each channel, and distance Fourier transform is performed on the echo data corresponding to each channel to obtain the transformed echo matrix corresponding to the channel. , and project the transformed echo matrix into the two-dimensional imaging coordinate system according to the preset algorithm to obtain the two-dimensional imaging result of the channel;
- the imaging results corresponding to all the sub-apertures are fused to obtain a total imaging result corresponding to the synthetic aperture.
- performing Doppler filtering on the echo data to obtain echo data corresponding to each channel includes:
- the echo data corresponding to the channel is obtained in the following way:
- the echo data Perform Doppler domain filtering to separate the echo data corresponding to the channel
- m is the sampling point index within a single pulse
- n is the pulse index
- n 1,2...N
- j is the imaginary unit
- h is the Doppler unit index
- PRF is the pulse repetition frequency.
- the two-dimensional imaging results of all the channels corresponding to the sub-aperture are synthesized to obtain the imaging results corresponding to the sub-aperture, including:
- the weighted images corresponding to all channels are synthesized to obtain the imaging result corresponding to the sub-aperture.
- the two-dimensional imaging results of this channel in the two-dimensional imaging coordinate system include:
- estimating the Doppler center frequency corresponding to the channel based on the echo matrix corresponding to the channel includes:
- R a S a *S * a /N 0 ;
- N 0 represents the number of columns of the echo matrix
- S * a is the conjugate transpose of S a ;
- A is the number of rows of the echo matrix
- R a ′ is the inverse Fourier transform of R a
- angle() represents the phase operation
- f s is the sampling frequency of the receiver corresponding to the channel.
- the Doppler modulation frequency estimate ⁇ d corresponding to the channel is determined according to the following formula:
- ⁇ is the modulation frequency
- PRF is the pulse repetition frequency
- N is the pulse index
- ⁇ R is the movement amount of the front and rear views calculated through the echo matrix.
- determining the estimated current navigation speed of the radar corresponding to the channel based on the Doppler modulation frequency and the Doppler center frequency includes:
- the estimated current navigation speed of the radar is determined according to the following formula:
- v is the current navigation speed estimate of the radar
- R 0 is the scene center distance
- ⁇ is the wavelength corresponding to the carrier frequency of the MIMO synthetic aperture radar
- f dc is the Doppler center frequency corresponding to the channel
- ⁇ d is the Doppler modulation frequency estimate corresponding to the channel.
- projecting the transformed echo matrix into a two-dimensional imaging coordinate system according to a preset algorithm to obtain the two-dimensional imaging result of the channel includes:
- the imaging area of the MIMO synthetic aperture radar is divided into grids according to a preset grid division mode to constitute the two-dimensional imaging coordinate system, and each grid element partition in the grid constitutes one of the pixels point.
- determining the distance unit index corresponding to the pixel point according to the coordinate value of the pixel point in the two-dimensional imaging coordinate system includes:
- y is the ordinate of the pixel
- x is the abscissa of the pixel
- v is the estimated current navigation speed of the radar
- PRF is the pulse repetition frequency
- the distance unit index Id n corresponding to the pixel point under the n-th pulse is determined according to the following formula:
- ⁇ r is the signal sampling interval before sampling
- ⁇ is the interpolation multiple
- determining the compensation phase factor required for coherent accumulation of the pixel point based on the current navigation speed estimate includes:
- the compensation phase factor required for coherent accumulation of the pixel is determined based on the slope distance corresponding to the pixel.
- the compensation phase factor required for determining the coherent accumulation of the pixel point based on the slant distance corresponding to the pixel point includes:
- R n (x, y) is the slant distance from the radar antenna phase center to the pixel point x, y in the n-th pulse
- ⁇ is the wavelength corresponding to the carrier frequency of the MIMO synthetic aperture radar.
- performing coherent accumulation according to its corresponding compensation phase factor and distance unit index and the transformed echo matrix to obtain the imaging value of the pixel includes:
- the imaging value corresponding to each pixel is calculated according to the following formula:
- I represents the imaging value corresponding to the pixel point under the n-th pulse
- s r (Id, n) represents the distance unit index corresponding to the pixel point under the n-th pulse in the transformed echo matrix s r
- the matrix element indicated by Id n , j is the imaginary unit, is the compensation phase factor corresponding to the pixel point under the nth pulse.
- each grid element partition in the grid is not larger than the minimum resolution area of the MIMO synthetic aperture radar.
- the echo data can be Doppler filtered to obtain the echo data corresponding to each channel.
- the echo data is imaged, and then according to the division of sub-apertures, the imaging results corresponding to all channels are synthesized into the imaging results of each sub-aperture. Finally, the total imaging result is obtained based on the fusion of the imaging results corresponding to all sub-apertures, thus effectively The problem of near-field and wide-angle focusing is solved, so that the synthetic aperture radar has high imaging performance and a wide imaging field of view.
- the present invention can According to the main beam direction and width of the area of interest, the weight coefficient corresponding to each channel is obtained, so that the imaging effect of the area of interest is better. On the other hand, if the area of interest only occupies a small part of the imaging area, then use this The method proposed by the invention can significantly reduce computational complexity and improve real-time imaging performance.
- Figure 1 is a flow chart of a vehicle-mounted Doppler diversity MIMO synthetic aperture radar time domain imaging method in an embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 2 is the imaging geometry of MIMO synthetic aperture radar in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the illumination range of the MIMO synthetic aperture radar during the imaging process in the embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 4 is a waveform parameter diagram of a single-channel SAR imaging experiment in Experiment 1 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 5a is an optical image corresponding to single-channel SAR imaging in Experiment 1 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 5b is a single-channel SAR imaging experiment result diagram of Experiment 1 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 6 is a waveform parameter diagram of the MIMO SAR imaging experiment of Experiment 2 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 7 is a diagram of the antenna arrangement pattern of the MIMO SAR imaging experiment in Experiment 2 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 8 is a certain channel distance-Doppler diagram of the MIMO SAR imaging experiment in Experiment 2 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 9a is the MIMO SAR imaging result of Experiment 2 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 9b is the single-channel SAR imaging result of Experiment 2 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 10 is an optical diagram of the MIMO SAR imaging experimental imaging scene in Experiment 2 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 11 is a comparison diagram of MIMO SAR imaging experiment power modes in Experiment 2 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 12 is a MIMO SAR single vehicle position imaging diagram in Experiment 2 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- Figures 13a-13d are single-aperture imaging comparison diagrams of the MIMO SAR imaging experiment of Experiment 2 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- the echo signals are sampled within the pulse interval.
- the echo sampling interval and the pulse repetition interval are on the same time axis, they are very different in magnitude. Therefore, the echo sampling interval and the pulse repetition period are divided into two dimensions, called fast time and pulse period respectively.
- Slow time Divide the echo within each pulse interval as a row and store the sampled echo signal in the form of a two-dimensional array. Then the horizontal axis on the time axis represents fast time and the vertical axis represents slow time.
- MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, Multiple Input Multiple Output
- MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, Multiple Input Multiple Output
- the core technology of communication refers to the use of multiple transmitting antennas and receiving antennas at the transmitting end and receiving end respectively, so that signals are transmitted and received through multiple antennas at the transmitting end and receiving end, thereby improving Communication quality. It can make full use of space resources and achieve multiple transmissions and multiple receptions through multiple antennas. It can double the system channel capacity without increasing spectrum resources and antenna transmission power. It shows obvious advantages and is regarded as the next generation of mobile phones.
- the core technology of communication refers to the use of multiple transmitting antennas and receiving antennas at the transmitting end and receiving end respectively, so that signals are transmitted and received through multiple antennas at the transmitting end and receiving end, thereby improving Communication quality. It can make full use of space resources and achieve multiple transmissions and multiple receptions through multiple antennas. It can double the system channel capacity without increasing spectrum resources and antenna transmission power. It shows obvious advantages and is regarded as
- DDM Doppler Division Multiple access, Doppler diversity
- Doppler diversity waveform is also called tightly interleaved frequency division multiplexing orthogonal waveform. Its spectrum almost overlaps and has a good multiple input single output cancellation ratio, which can avoid signals of different frequencies.
- the target or clutter RCS Rad Cross Section, radar cross section
- the frequency offset ⁇ f between DDM waveforms is very small, and the signals of different transmitting units can be separated from each other using a Doppler filter bank.
- the present invention provides a vehicle-mounted Doppler diversity MIMO synthetic aperture radar time domain imaging method, which method includes:
- S101 Collect echo data of linear frequency modulation signals emitted by a MIMO synthetic aperture radar moving along a straight line trajectory at a preset speed to the target.
- Different transmitters of the MIMO synthetic aperture radar have different DDM codes.
- the synthetic aperture radar can be a vehicle-mounted synthetic aperture radar.
- the working scenario of the radar needs to meet the following two conditions: (1) the synthetic aperture radar moves along a straight trajectory at a preset speed and emits linear frequency modulation signals; (2) ) During the signal transmission period, the synthetic aperture radar works looking sideways, and the center direction of the radar beam does not change. Since the present invention is directed to synthetic aperture radar, the working scenario of the synthetic aperture radar must meet the requirement that during the signal transmission period, the synthetic aperture radar is facing forward. The side view works, and the radar beam center direction does not change, so the condition (2) is implicit in the above steps.
- the specific method of DDM encoding the transmitted pulse is: the transmitted pulse of the p-th transmitter of the frequency modulated continuous wave radar It can be expressed as:
- t r is the fast time between pulses
- t m is the slow time between pulses
- G p is the transmission gain
- T is the pulse width
- f c is the radar carrier frequency
- ⁇ is the modulation frequency
- rect() is the rectangular window function
- PRF pulse repetition frequency
- the echo data can be Doppler filtered to obtain the echo data corresponding to each channel.
- the echo data is imaged, and then the two-dimensional imaging results of all channels corresponding to each sub-aperture are synthesized to obtain the imaging results corresponding to the sub-aperture. Finally, the total imaging result is obtained based on the fusion of the imaging results corresponding to all sub-apertures, thus It effectively solves the problems of near-field and wide-angle focusing, so that the synthetic aperture radar has high imaging performance and a wide imaging field of view, realizing wide viewing angle and high-resolution imaging.
- Doppler filtering is performed on the echo data to obtain echo data corresponding to each channel, including:
- the echo data corresponding to the channel is obtained in the following way:
- the echo data Perform Doppler domain filtering to separate the echo data corresponding to the channel
- m is the sampling point index within a single pulse
- n is the pulse index
- n 1,2...N
- j is the imaginary unit
- h is the Doppler unit index
- PRF is the pulse repetition frequency.
- the echo data is de-chirped and analog-to-digital converted, and then Doppler is performed on the echo data.
- Le filtering specifically:
- f c is the radar carrier frequency
- G q is the receiving gain
- m 1, 2,...
- M is the sampling point index within a single pulse
- n 1, 2,...
- N is the pulse index
- k 1, 2,...
- K is the scattering point index
- ⁇ k is the reflection coefficient of the kth scattering point
- the scattering points are distributed on the target in the scene and correspond to the target.
- ⁇ is the wavelength corresponding to the radar carrier frequency
- ⁇ k is the angle of the k-th scattering point relative to the vertical array direction
- d p and d q are the baseline lengths of the transmitter and receiver in the array respectively.
- the discrete intermediate frequency signal corresponding to the q-th receiver The expression is:
- h is the Doppler unit index. It can be seen that after DDM encoding, the echo signals of different transmission channels occupy different bandwidths in the Doppler domain, so the single-channel signal can be separated by Doppler filtering.
- the two-dimensional imaging results of all channels corresponding to the sub-aperture are synthesized to obtain the imaging results corresponding to the sub-aperture, including:
- the weighted images corresponding to all channels are synthesized to obtain the imaging result corresponding to the sub-aperture.
- a digital beamforming algorithm based on the alternating direction multiplier method can be used to obtain the weight coefficient, or a traditional digital beamforming method based on two-dimensional image coordinates can be used to obtain the weight coefficient.
- the traditional digital beamforming method based on two-dimensional image coordinates The specific steps of forming the method to obtain the weight coefficient are:
- P and Q are the total number of transmitters and receivers of the radar respectively. Therefore, one element in the weight vector corresponds to a channel, which is the weight coefficient of the channel.
- the ⁇ 45° wide field of view is evenly divided into L grids, and the power pattern at ⁇ l can be expressed as:
- 2 represents the second norm of the orientation vector.
- the minimum mean square error is used to measure the approximation between the actual power mode P( ⁇ l ) and the desired power mode D( ⁇ l ), and an optimization problem is obtained.
- the objective function is:
- E is a diagonal matrix whose first element is 1 and other elements are 0. It is very difficult to directly solve the above equation.
- An auxiliary variable v can be introduced, and the original problem form becomes:
- the rewritten problem form only contains mutually independent quadratic terms of u and v, and can be solved under the ADMM framework.
- the augmented Lagrangian function can be expressed as
- r 1 and r 2 are dual variables, and ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are penalty coefficients.
- Update u use u as a variable, can be expressed as
- each element in the weight vector is obtained according to u, thereby determining the weight coefficients corresponding to all channels.
- the weight coefficients corresponding to all channels can be calculated based on the main beam direction and beam width of the area of interest.
- the present invention can obtain the weight coefficient corresponding to each channel according to the main beam direction and width of the area of interest, so that the imaging effect of the area of interest is better.
- the area of interest only occupies a certain area of the imaging area, A small part, then using the method proposed by the present invention can significantly reduce the computational complexity and improve the real-time imaging performance.
- the range Fourier transform is performed on the echo data corresponding to each channel to obtain the transformed echo matrix corresponding to the channel, and the transformed echo matrix is projected to the two-dimensional imaging coordinates according to the preset algorithm System to obtain the two-dimensional imaging results of this channel include:
- estimating the Doppler center frequency corresponding to the channel based on the echo matrix corresponding to the channel includes:
- R a S a *S * a /N 0 ;
- N 0 represents the number of columns of the echo matrix
- S * a is the conjugate transpose of S a ;
- A is the number of rows of the echo matrix
- R a ′ is the matrix after the inverse Fourier transform of R a
- angle() represents the phase operation
- f s is the sampling frequency of the receiver corresponding to the channel.
- ⁇ is the modulation frequency
- PRF is the pulse repetition frequency
- N is the pulse index
- ⁇ R is the movement amount of the front and rear views calculated through the echo matrix.
- determining the current radar navigation speed estimate corresponding to the channel based on the Doppler modulation frequency and the Doppler center frequency includes:
- v is the estimated current navigation speed of the radar
- R 0 is the scene center distance
- ⁇ is the wavelength corresponding to the carrier frequency of the synthetic aperture radar
- f dc is the Doppler center frequency corresponding to the channel
- ⁇ d is the Doppler corresponding to the channel.
- the scene is the imaging area
- the scene center distance is the vertical distance between the center of the scene and the synthetic aperture radar.
- the range direction of the scene is [a, b]
- the azimuth direction is [-c, c].
- the center of the scene is [(a+b)/2,0]
- ⁇ is the wavelength corresponding to the radar carrier frequency.
- the radar line of sight angle ⁇ 0 can also be determined through the Doppler center frequency.
- the calculation formula is as follows:
- projecting the transformed echo matrix into the two-dimensional imaging coordinate system according to the preset algorithm to obtain the two-dimensional imaging result of the channel includes:
- the imaging area of the synthetic aperture radar is divided into grids according to the preset grid division mode to form a two-dimensional imaging coordinate system, and each grid element partition in the grid constitutes a pixel point.
- the distance unit index corresponding to the pixel point is determined according to the coordinate value of the pixel point in the two-dimensional imaging coordinate system, including:
- y is the ordinate of the pixel
- x is the abscissa of the pixel
- v is the estimated current navigation speed of the radar
- PRF is the pulse repetition frequency
- ⁇ r is the signal sampling interval before sampling
- ⁇ is the interpolation multiple
- a distance model of the synthetic aperture radar before it reaches the target must be constructed first. Since the working scenario of the synthetic aperture radar in the present invention is (1) the synthetic aperture radar moves along a straight trajectory at a preset speed. , transmit linear frequency modulation signals; (2) During the signal transmission, the synthetic aperture radar works looking sideways, and the radar beam center direction remains unchanged, as shown in Figure 2, because the transmit pulse width and electromagnetic wave propagation delay are much smaller than the pulse repetition interval Time, for the same pulse, it can be considered that the radar emits and receives scattered echoes at the same location. Define the radar movement direction as the positive x-axis direction, and the radar beam center pointing as the positive y-axis direction. The fast time between pulses is not considered here. Influence of , the distance model can be approximated as:
- t m is the slow time between pulses
- v 0 is the radar speed.
- t m (n-1)/PRF, therefore, the slant distance R n (x, y) from the radar antenna phase center to the pixel point x, y in the n-th pulse can be obtained:
- the compensation phase factor required to determine the coherent accumulation of the pixel based on the current navigation speed estimate includes:
- the compensation phase factor required for coherent accumulation of the pixel is determined based on the slant distance corresponding to the pixel.
- determining the compensation phase factor required for coherent accumulation of the pixel based on the slant distance corresponding to the pixel includes:
- R n (x, y) is the slant distance from the radar antenna phase center to the pixel point x, y in the n-th pulse
- ⁇ is the wavelength corresponding to the carrier frequency of the synthetic aperture radar.
- coherent accumulation is performed based on its corresponding compensation phase factor and distance unit index and the transformed echo matrix to obtain the imaging value of the pixel, including:
- I represents the imaging value corresponding to the pixel point under the n-th pulse
- s r (Id, n) represents the distance unit index Id n corresponding to the pixel point under the n-th pulse in the transformed echo matrix s r
- the indicated matrix element, j is the imaginary unit, is the compensation phase factor corresponding to the pixel under the nth pulse.
- each grid element partition in the grid is not greater than the minimum resolution area of the synthetic aperture radar.
- the size of the divided grid should be as small as possible as small as the SAR imaging resolution, that is:
- ⁇ x is the azimuth grid size of the imaging plane
- ⁇ y is the range grid size
- the RF (Wireless Module) module and DSP (Digital Signal Processing) module of the TI (Texas Instruments) millimeter wave cascade radar were used to conduct field experiments in a typical scene parking lot and process the measured data.
- the ideal motion trajectory of the vehicle-mounted millimeter wave radar is to move along the positive direction of the x-axis at a speed v 1 , and the radar beam center is always along the positive direction of the y-axis.
- the radar adopted a single-transmitter and single-receiver working mode.
- Figure 4 shows the waveform parameters
- Table 1 shows the parameters of the single-channel SAR imaging experiment system.
- Figure 5a is the optical image of the actual scene
- Figure 5b is the single-channel two-dimensional imaging result. Comparing Figure 5a and Figure 5b, we can see that 1 is a manhole cover and 2 is an empty parking space.
- the SAR imaging results clearly show the outline of the car, reflecting the parking position of the vehicle and the location of the empty parking space. It can also be observed from the SAR image Go to the junction between the manhole cover and the concrete block.
- the imaging area is 10 to 30 meters away from the radar platform, and the field of view range is ⁇ 45°. There is no geometric distortion at the edge of the imaging result, which also illustrates the high-resolution performance of the imaging method proposed in the present invention under near-field and wide field of view conditions.
- the ideal movement trajectory of the vehicle-mounted millimeter wave radar is to move along the positive direction of the x-axis at a speed v 1.
- the center of the radar beam is always along the positive direction of the y-axis.
- the radar observes a certain parking lot with a front-side view.
- the radar adopted a 2-transmit and 8-receive working mode, and the DDM codes of the two transmitters were 0 or ⁇ , so the maximum unambiguous speed became half of the theoretical value.
- Figure 6 shows the waveform parameters
- Figure 7 shows the antenna array arrangement pattern
- Table 2 shows the MIMO SAR imaging experimental system parameters.
- the body contour corresponding to the area of interest in the multi-aperture synthetic image is more complete, and structures such as rearview mirrors are clearer, which shows that even if only incoherent in the image domain, the synthetic multi-aperture image Quality is still significantly improved.
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Abstract
一种车载多普勒分集 MIMO 合成孔径雷达时域成像方法,该方法包括:采集以预设的速度沿直线轨迹运动的 MIMO 合成孔径雷达向目标发射的线性调频信号的回波数据(S101);针对回波数据进行多普勒滤波得到每一通道对应的回波数据,并对根据每一通道对应的回波数据得到该通道对应的变换后的回波矩阵,以及将回波矩阵投影到二维成像坐标系内以得到该通道的二维成像结果(S102);将合成孔径雷达的合成孔径依序划分为多个子孔径,将每一子孔径对应的所有通道的二维成像结果进行合成得到该子孔径对应的成像结果(S103);将所有子孔径对应的成像结果进行图像融合得到合成孔径对应的总的成像结果(S104),从而实现宽视角高分辨成像。
Description
本发明涉及雷达信号处理技术领域,尤其涉及一种车载多普勒分集MIMO合成孔径雷达时域成像方法。
作为一种全天时、全天候微波传感工具,雷达在许多工程领域发挥了重要作用。其中,由于具有低成本、低功耗和尺寸小等优点,工作在毫米波段的调频连续波(FMCW,Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave)系统已被广泛应用于车辆自动驾驶。目前,L2级自动驾驶已基本实现,L3及更高级别的自动驾驶技术则对毫米波雷达的性能提出了更为严格的要求。
车载雷达的成像主要有点云和合成孔径两种技术形式。点云在成像过程包含恒虚警检测等步骤,仅保留了感兴趣目标的图像,丢弃了场景的环境信息。而且点云通常比较稀疏,一般需要对图像进行多帧融合才能用于目标检测与识别。
与点云不同,车载合成孔径雷达(SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar)使用宽带发射波形和雷达平台的运动实现二维高分辨率成像,同时保留了场景内所有位置的散射信息。相较于传统的机载或星载SAR,车载SAR目前存在一些独特的挑战:车载雷达距待观测区域较近,不满足远场条件;车载SAR需要提供很宽的视野(FOV,Field of View),这对运动补偿和弯曲校正等提出了很高的要求;车载SAR要求算法有较好的实时成像性能,这要求算法具有高度的并行性。
针对车载毫米波SAR成像存在的问题,国内外学者做了很多相关的工作, 如能够提供高实时成像性能和宽视野的FMCW-SAR是亟需解决的问题。
本发明提供了一种车载多普勒分集MIMO合成孔径雷达时域成像方法,通过对于发射机进行DDM编码并且滤波得到每一单通道对应的回波数据并基于该回波数据二维成像,实现宽视角高分辨成像。
第一方面,提供了一种车载多普勒分集MIMO合成孔径雷达时域成像方法,所述方法包括:
采集以预设的速度沿直线轨迹运动的MIMO合成孔径雷达向目标发射的线性调频信号的回波数据,其中,所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的不同发射机具有不同的DDM编码;
针对所述回波数据进行多普勒滤波得到每一通道对应的回波数据,并针对每一通道对应的回波数据进行距离向傅里叶变换以得到该通道对应的变换后的回波矩阵,以及按照预设算法将所述变换后的回波矩阵投影到二维成像坐标系内以得到该通道的二维成像结果;
将所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的合成孔径依序划分为多个子孔径,将每一子孔径对应的所有所述通道的二维成像结果进行合成得到该子孔径对应的成像结果;
将所有所述子孔径对应的所述成像结果进行融合得到所述合成孔径对应的总的成像结果。
进一步地,所述针对所述回波数据进行多普勒滤波得到每一通道对应的回波数据包括:
针对所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的每个通道,设该通道由第p个发射机以及第q个接收机组成,则通过如下方式得到该通道对应的回波数据:
进一步地,针对每一所述子孔径,将该子孔径对应的所有所述通道的二维成像结果进行合成得到该子孔径对应的成像结果包括:
根据所述MIMO合成孔径雷达成像范围内的感兴趣区域的主波束指向以及波束宽度确定每一通道对应的权重系数;
将所述每一通道的像素点乘以该通道对应的权重系数后得到每一通道对应的权重图像;
将所有通道对应的权重图像进行合成得到该子孔径对应的成像结果。
进一步地,所述针对每一通道对应的回波数据进行距离向傅里叶变换以得到该通道对应的变换后的回波矩阵,并按照预设算法将所述变换后的回波矩阵 投影到二维成像坐标系内以得到该通道的二维成像结果包括:
(1)基于该通道对应的所述回波矩阵估计该通道对应的多普勒中心频率以及多普勒调频率;
(2)基于所述多普勒中心频率以及所述多普勒调频率确定该通道对应的雷达当前航行速度估计值;
(3)针对每个所述二维成像坐标系下的像素点,根据该像素点在所述二维成像坐标系下的坐标值确定该像素点对应的距离单元索引,并基于所述当前航行速度估计值确定该像素点的相干累加所需的补偿相位因子;
(4)针对每个所述像素点,根据其对应的补偿相位因子以及距离单元索引和所述变换后的回波矩阵进行相干累加以得到该像素点的成像值。
进一步地,所述基于该通道对应的回波矩阵估计该通道对应的多普勒中心频率包括:
针对该通道对应的所述回波矩阵的每个行向量,设该行向量为S
a,则通过执行如下操作估计该通道对应的多普勒中心频率:
按照下式对该行向量S
a进行自相关以得到该行向量对应的自相关矩阵R
a;
R
a=S
a*S
*
a/N
0;
其中,N
0表示所述回波矩阵的列数,S
*
a是S
a的共轭转置;
根据下式确定该通道对应的所述多普勒中心频率f
dc:
其中,A为回波矩阵的行数,R
a′是R
a的逆傅里叶变换,angle()表示取相位操作,f
s是该通道对应的接收机的采样频率。
进一步地,根据下式确定该通道对应的所述多普勒调频率估计值γ
d:
其中,γ为调频率,PRF为脉冲重复频率,N为脉冲索引,ΔR为通过所述回波矩阵计算得到的前后视图的移动量。
进一步地,所述根据所述多普勒调频率以及所述多普勒中心频率确定该通道对应的所述雷达当前航行速度估计值包括:
根据下式确定所述雷达当前航行速度估计值:
其中,v为所述雷达当前航行速度估计值,R
0为场景中心距离,λ为MIMO所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的载频对应的波长,f
dc为所述通道对应的多普勒中心频率,γ
d为所述通道对应的多普勒调频率估计值。
进一步地,所述按照预设算法将所述变换后的回波矩阵投影到二维成像坐标系内以得到该通道的二维成像结果包括:
按照预设的网格划分模式将所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的成像区域划分成网格以构成所述二维成像坐标系,并且所述网格中的每个网格元素分区构成一个所述像素点。
进一步地,所述针对每个所述二维成像坐标系下的像素点,根据该像素点在所述二维成像坐标系下的坐标值确定该像素点对应的距离单元索引,包括:
按照下式计算第n个脉冲内雷达天线相位中心到像素点x,y的斜距R
n(x,y):
其中,y为该像素点的纵坐标,x是该像素点的横坐标,v为所述雷达当前航行速度估计值,PRF为脉冲重复频率;
根据下式确定第n个脉冲下该像素点对应的所述距离单元索引Id
n:
进一步地,针对每个所述二维成像坐标系下的像素点,基于所述当前航行速度估计值确定该像素点的相干累加所需的补偿相位因子包括:
根据该像素点对应的所述斜距确定该像素点的相干累加所需的所述补偿相位因子。
进一步地,所述根据该像素点对应的所述斜距确定该像素点的相干累加所需的所述补偿相位因子包括:
其中,R
n(x,y)为第n个脉冲内雷达天线相位中心到像素点x,y的斜距,λ为所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的载频对应的波长。
进一步地,所述针对每个所述像素点,根据其对应的补偿相位因子以及距离单元索引以及所述变换后的回波矩阵进行相干累加以得到该像素点的成像值包括:
根据下式计算每一所述像素点对应的所述成像值:
其中,I表示第n个脉冲下该像素点对应的成像值,s
r(Id,n)表示所述变换后的回波矩阵s
r中该第n个脉冲下该像素点对应的距离单元索引Id
n所指示的矩阵元素,j为虚数单位,
为第n个脉冲下该像素点对应的所述补偿相位因子。
进一步地,所述网格中的每个网格元素分区的面积不大于所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的最小分辨面积。
在本发明中,对每一个通道而言,由于对发射机的发射脉冲进行了DDM编码,因此,可以将回波数据进行多普勒滤波得到每一个通道对应的回波数据,针对每一个通道的回波数据进行成像,再根据对于子孔径的划分,将所有通道对应的成像结果合成为每一个子孔径的成像结果,最终根据所有子孔径对应的成像结果融合得到总的成像结果,从而有效解决了近场和广角聚焦问题,从而使得合成孔径雷达具有较高的成像性能以及较宽的成像视野。进一步地,在得 到所有通道对应的权重系数后,在对每一子孔径的成像结果进行合成时之前,将该子孔径的每一通道中图像的像素点均乘以该通道对应的权重系数之后,将子孔径的所有通道对应的乘以权重系数后的权重图像进行合成,从而得到该子孔径的图像,将所有子孔径的图像进行融合从而得到合成孔径的成像结果,一方面,本发明可以根据感兴趣区域的主波束指向以及宽度从而得到每一个通道对应的权重系数,使得感兴趣区域的成像效果更好,另一方面,如果感兴趣区域只占据成像区域某一小部分,那么使用本发明提出的方法可以明显降低计算复杂度,提高实时成像性能。
为了更清楚地说明本发明或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作一简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的实施例。
图1是本发明实施例中车载多普勒分集MIMO合成孔径雷达时域成像方法的流程图;
图2是本发明实施例中MIMO合成孔径雷达成像几何;
图3是本发明实施例中MIMO合成孔径雷达在成像过程中照射范围的示意图;
图4是本发明实施例中实验一的单通道SAR成像实验波形参数图;
图5a是本发明实施例中实验一的单通道SAR成像对应的光学图像;
图5b是本发明实施例中实验一的单通道SAR成像实验结果图;
图6是本发明实施例中实验二的MIMO SAR成像实验波形参数图;
图7是本发明实施例中实验二的MIMO SAR成像实验天线排布模式图;
图8是本发明实施例中实验二的MIMO SAR成像实验某一通道距离-多普勒图;
图9a是本发明实施例中实验二的MIMO SAR成像结果;
图9b是本发明实施例中实验二的单通道SAR成像结果;
图10是本发明实施例中实验二的MIMO SAR成像实验成像场景光学图;
图11是本发明实施例中实验二的MIMO SAR成像实验功率模式对比图;
图12是本发明实施例中实验二的MIMO SAR单车辆位置成像图;
图13a-13d是本发明实施例中实验二的MIMO SAR成像实验单孔径成像对比图。
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合本发明中的附图,对本发明中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
由于雷达工作时周期性发送脉冲信号,在脉冲间隔时间内对回波信号进行采样。回波采样间隔与脉冲重复间隔(脉冲周期)虽然在一个时间轴上,但是在量级上差别非常大,所以将回波采样间隔与脉冲重复周期分成了两个维度,分别称为快时间和慢时间。将每个脉冲间隔内的回波分割出来作为一行,以二维数组的形式存储采样到的回波信号,那么时间轴上的横轴表示快时间,纵轴表示慢时间。
MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,多输入多输出)技术是指在发射端和接收端分别使用多个发射天线和接收天线,使信号通过发射端与接收端的 多个天线传送和接收,从而改善通信质量。它能充分利用空间资源,通过多个天线实现多发多收,在不增加频谱资源和天线发射功率的情况下,可以成倍的提高系统信道容量,显示出明显的优势、被视为下一代移动通信的核心技术。
DDM(Doppler Division Multiple access,多普勒分集)波形又称为紧密交错型频分复用正交波形,它的频谱几乎重叠,拥有较好的多输入单输出对消比,可避免不同频率信号引起的目标或杂波RCS(Radar Cross Section,雷达截面积)去相关。DDM波形之间的频率偏移量△f很小,使用多普勒滤波器组可将不同发射单元的信号相互分离。
下面结合图1-12详细描述本发明的车载多普勒分集MIMO合成孔径雷达时域成像方法。
如图1所示,本发明提供了一车载多普勒分集MIMO合成孔径雷达时域成像方法,该方法包括:
S101、采集以预设的速度沿直线轨迹运动的MIMO合成孔径雷达向目标发射的线性调频信号的回波数据,其中,MIMO合成孔径雷达的不同发射机具有不同的DDM编码。
在发明中,合成孔径雷达可以为车载合成孔径雷达,该雷达的工作场景需要满足是以下两个条件:(1)合成孔径雷达以预设的速度沿直线轨迹运动,发射线性调频信号;(2)发射信号期间,合成孔径雷达正侧视工作,并且雷达波束中心指向不变,由于本发明中是针对于合成孔径雷达的,合成孔径雷达的工作场景必须要满足发射信号期间,合成孔径雷达正侧视工作,并且雷达波束中心指向不变,因此上述步骤中隐含了条件(2)。
其中,t
r为脉冲间的快时间,t
m为脉冲间的慢时间,G
p为发射增益,T为脉冲宽度,f
c是雷达载频,γ为调频率,rect()为矩形窗函数,
为多普勒调制相位,以四个发射机的情况为例,DDM编码分别为
其中,PRF(pulse repetition frequency)为脉冲重复频率。
S102、针对回波数据进行多普勒滤波得到每一通道对应的回波数据,并针对每一通道对应的回波数据进行距离向傅里叶变换以得到该通道对应的变换后的回波矩阵,以及按照预设算法将变换后的回波矩阵投影到二维成像坐标系内以得到该通道的二维成像结果。
S103、将MIMO合成孔径雷达的合成孔径依序划分为多个子孔径,针对每一子孔径,将该子孔径对应的所有通道的二维成像结果进行合成得到该子孔径对应的成像结果。
S104、将所有子孔径对应的成像结果进行融合得到合成孔径对应的总的成像结果。
在本发明中,对每一个通道而言,由于对发射机的发射脉冲进行了DDM编码,因此,可以将回波数据进行多普勒滤波得到每一个通道对应的回波数据,针对每一个通道的回波数据进行成像,再将每一子孔径对应的所有通道的二维成像结果进行合成得到该子孔径对应的成像结果,最终根据所有子孔径对应的 成像结果融合得到总的成像结果,从而有效解决了近场和广角聚焦问题,从而使得合成孔径雷达具有较高的成像性能以及较宽的成像视野,实现了实现宽视角高分辨成像。
进一步地,针对回波数据进行多普勒滤波得到每一通道对应的回波数据包括:
针对MIMO合成孔径雷达的每个通道,设该通道由第p个发射机以及第q个接收机组成,则通过如下方式得到该通道对应的回波数据:
在本实施例中,对针对回波数据进行多普勒滤波得到每一通道对应的回波数据之前,对回波数据进行解线性调频操作并做模数转换,而后对回波数据进行多普勒滤波,具体地:
单个通道的离散中频信号表达式为:
其中,f
c是雷达载频,G
q为接收增益,m=1,2,...,M为单个脉冲内采样点索引,n=1,2,...,N为脉冲索引,k=1,2,...,K为散射点索引,σ
k为第k个散射点的反射系数,散射点是分布在场景中的目标上的,与目标相对应。
为对于由第p个发射机以及第q个接收机组成的通道中对于第k个散射点,天线阵元位置产生的相位差,在远场和平面波条件下可以表示为:
对上述信号,沿第m行做离散傅里叶变换,可得:
进一步地,针对于每一子孔径,将该子孔径对应的所有通道的二维成像结果进行合成得到该子孔径对应的成像结果包括:
根据MIMO合成孔径雷达成像范围内的感兴趣区域的主波束指向以及波束宽度确定每一通道对应的权重系数;
将每一通道的像素点乘以该通道对应的权重系数后得到每一通道对应的权重图像;
将所有通道对应的权重图像进行合成得到该子孔径对应的成像结果。
在本步骤中,可以采用基于交替方向乘子法的数字波束形成算法得到权重系数,也可以基于二维图像坐标的传统数字波束形成方法得到权重系数,其中, 基于二维图像坐标的传统数字波束形成方法得到权重系数的具体步骤为:
其中,P和Q分别为雷达的发射机以及接收机的总数,因此,权重向量中的一个元素对应于一个通道,也即是该通道的权重系数。
在此基础上,将±45°的宽视野均匀划分为L个网格,θ
l处的功率模式可以表示为:
其中,||·||
2表示取向量的二范数。用最小均方误差来衡量实际功率模式P(θ
l)与期望功率模式D(θ
l)的近似程度,得到一个优化问题,目标函数为:
引入两个新变量:
那么优化问题可以更简洁地描述为:
其中,E为第一个元素为1,其他元素为0的对角矩阵。直接求解上式十分困难,可引入辅助变量v,原问题形式变为:
改写后的问题形式只包含相互独立的u和v的二次项,可以在ADMM框架下求解。增广拉格朗日函数可表示为
在每次迭代,直至收敛的过程中
上式关于u的共轭梯度为
令上式为0,那么第i次迭代中有
其中
(2)更新v:类似于更新u的过程,第i次迭代中有
其中
迭代结束,输出u
(i+1)和v
(i+1)。
在迭代结束后,根据u得到权重向量中每一个元素,从而确定所有通道对应的权重系数。
由此,可以根据感兴趣区域的主波束指向,波束宽度计算出所有通道对应的权重系数。
在得到所有通道对应的权重系数后,在对每一子孔径的成像结果进行合成时之前,将该子孔径的每一通道中图像的像素点均乘以该通道对应的权重系数之后,将子孔径的所有通道对应的乘以权重系数后的权重图像进行合成,从而得到该子孔径的图像,将所有子孔径的图像进行融合从而得到合成孔径的成像结果。一方面,本发明可以根据感兴趣区域的主波束指向以及宽度从而得到每一个通道对应的权重系数,使得感兴趣区域的成像效果更好,另一方面,如果感兴趣区域只占据成像区域某一小部分,那么使用本发明提出的方法可以明显 降低计算复杂度,提高实时成像性能。
进一步地,针对每一通道对应的回波数据进行距离向傅里叶变换以得到该通道对应的变换后的回波矩阵,并按照预设算法将变换后的回波矩阵投影到二维成像坐标系内以得到该通道的二维成像结果包括:
(1)基于该通道对应的回波矩阵估计该通道对应的多普勒中心频率以及多普勒调频率;
(2)基于多普勒中心频率以及多普勒调频率确定该通道对应的雷达当前航行速度估计值;
(3)针对每个二维成像坐标系下的像素点,根据该像素点在二维成像坐标系下的坐标值确定该像素点对应的距离单元索引,并基于当前航行速度估计值确定该像素点的相干累加所需的补偿相位因子;
(4)针对每个像素点,根据其对应的补偿相位因子以及距离单元索引和变换后的回波矩阵进行相干累加以得到该像素点的成像值。
进一步地,基于该通道对应的回波矩阵估计该通道对应的多普勒中心频率包括:
针对该通道对应的回波矩阵的每个行向量,设该行向量为S
a,则通过执行如下操作估计该通道对应的多普勒中心频率:
按照下式对该行向量S
a进行自相关以得到该行向量对应的自相关矩阵R
a;
R
a=S
a*S
*
a/N
0;
其中,N
0表示回波矩阵的列数,S
*
a是S
a的共轭转置;
根据下式确定该通道对应的多普勒中心频率f
dc:
其中,A为回波矩阵的行数,R
a
′是R
a的逆傅里叶变换后的矩阵,angle()表示取相位操作,f
s是该通道对应的接收机的采样频率。
进一步地,根据下式确定该通道对应的多普勒调频率估计值γ
d:
其中,γ为调频率,PRF为脉冲重复频率,N为脉冲索引,ΔR为通过回波矩阵计算得到的前后视图的移动量。
进一步地,根据多普勒调频率以及多普勒中心频率确定该通道对应的雷达当前航行速度估计值包括:
根据下式确定雷达当前航行速度估计值:
其中,v为雷达当前航行速度估计值,R
0为场景中心距离,λ为合成孔径雷达的载频对应的波长,f
dc为通道对应的多普勒中心频率,γ
d为通道对应的多普勒调频率估计值。具体地,场景为成像区域,场景中心距离为场景的中心到合成孔径雷达之间的垂直距离,示例性地,场景的距离向为[a,b],方位向为[-c,c],那么场景的中心为[(a+b)/2,0],λ是雷达载频对应的波长。
更进一步地,还可以通过多普勒中心频率确定雷达视线角θ
0,计算公式如下:
可以通过雷达视线角θ
0判断合成孔径雷达是否正侧视工作。
进一步地,按照预设算法将变换后的回波矩阵投影到二维成像坐标系内以得到该通道的二维成像结果包括:
按照预设的网格划分模式将合成孔径雷达的成像区域划分成网格以构成二维成像坐标系,并且网格中的每个网格元素分区构成一个像素点。
进一步地,针对每个二维成像坐标系下的像素点,根据该像素点在二维成像坐标系下的坐标值确定该像素点对应的距离单元索引,包括:
按照下式计算第n个脉冲内雷达天线相位中心到像素点x,y的斜距R
n(x,y):
其中,y为该像素点的纵坐标,x是该像素点的横坐标,v为雷达当前航行速度估计值,PRF为脉冲重复频率;
根据下式确定第n个脉冲下该像素点对应的距离单元索引Id
n:
在本实施例中,在进行投影之前,先要构建合成孔径雷达到目标之前的距离模型,由于本发明中合成孔径雷达的工作场景为(1)合成孔径雷达以预设的速度沿直线轨迹运动,发射线性调频信号;(2)发射信号期间,合成孔径雷达正侧视工作,并且雷达波束中心指向不变,如图2所示,由于发射脉冲宽度和电磁波传播时延都远小于脉冲重复间隔时间,对于同一脉冲可以认为雷达在同一位置发射和接收散射回波。定义雷达运动方向为x轴正方向,雷达波束中心指向为y轴正方向,在此不考虑脉冲间的快时间
的影响,距离模型可以近似为:
其中,t
m为脉冲间的慢时间,v
0为雷达速度。进一步地,t
m=(n-1)/PRF,因此,可得第n个脉冲内雷达天线相位中心到像素点x,y的斜距R
n(x,y):
进一步地,针对每个二维成像坐标系下的像素点,基于当前航行速度估计值确定该像素点的相干累加所需的补偿相位因子包括:
根据该像素点对应的斜距确定该像素点的相干累加所需的补偿相位因子。
具体地,根据该像素点对应的斜距确定该像素点的相干累加所需的补偿相位因子包括:
其中,R
n(x,y)为第n个脉冲内雷达天线相位中心到像素点x,y的斜距,λ为合成孔径雷达的载频对应的波长。
进一步地,针对每个像素点,根据其对应的补偿相位因子以及距离单元索引以及变换后的回波矩阵进行相干累加以得到该像素点的成像值包括:
根据下式计算每一像素点对应的成像值:
其中,I表示第n个脉冲下该像素点对应的成像值,s
r(Id,n)表示变换后的回波矩阵s
r中该第n个脉冲下该像素点对应的距离单元索引Id
n所指示的矩阵元素,j为虚数单位,
为第n个脉冲下该像素点对应的补偿相位因子。
进一步地,网格中的每个网格元素分区的面积不大于合成孔径雷达的最小分辨面积。
更进一步地,为精确补偿相位进行相干积累成像,在划分成像网格时,划分的网格大小尽量小于SAR成像分辨率,即:
其中,Δx为成像平面方位向网格大小,Δy为距离向网格大小。
为说明本发明SAR成像方法的有效性,使用TI(Texas Instruments)毫米波级联雷达的RF(Wireless Module)模块和DSP(Digital Signal Processing)模块,通过在典型场景停车场实地实验并处理实测数据来进行进一步的论证:
实验一
1、实验参数
参照图3,实验过程中车载毫米波雷达理想运动轨迹为沿x轴正方向以速度v
1运动,雷达波束中心始终沿y轴正方向。实验过程中雷达采取单发单收工作模式,图4给出了波形参数,表1给出了单通道SAR成像实验系统参数。
对单通道回波信号,无需进行DDM编码和多普勒滤波,使用回波数据估计运动参数后,进行二维成像即可。
表1
| 系统参数 | 变量 |
| 距离向分辨率 | 0.15m |
| 最大无模糊距离 | 76.8m |
| 方位向分辩率 | ≈0.2m |
| 最大无模糊速度 | ≈±4.7m/s |
2、实验过程与结果
图5a为实际场景光学图像,图5b为单通道二维成像结果。对比图5a以及图5b可以看出,其中1为井盖,2为空车位,SAR成像结果清晰显示了汽车的轮廓,反映了车辆的停车位置以及空车位的位置,同时也能从SAR图像中观察到井盖和混凝土块之间的交界处。成像区域距雷达平台10~30米,视野范围为±45°,成像结果的边缘未出现几何畸变,这也说明了本发明提出的成像方法在近场和宽视野条件下的高分辨率性能。
实验二
为进一步说明本发明提出的基于DDM的多通道二维成像方法的有效性,通过以下MIMO SAR实验进行验证:
1、实验参数
同样参照图3,实验过程中车载毫米波雷达理想运动轨迹为沿x轴正方向以速度v
1运动,雷达波束中心始终沿y轴正方向,雷达以正侧视对某处停车场进行观测。实验过程中雷达采取2发8收工作模式,2个发射机DDM编码为0或者π,因此最大无模糊速度变为理论值的一半。图6给出了波形参数,图7展示了天线阵列的排布模式,表2给出了MIMO SAR成像实验系统参数。
表2
| 系统参数 | 变量 |
| 距离向分辩率 | 0.0586m |
| 最大无模糊距离 | 30m |
| 方位向分辩率 | ≈0.05m |
| 最大无模糊速度 | ≈±9.5541m/s |
某个接收机回波信号信道分离前其距离-多普勒图像,如图8所示,可以看出两个发射通道对应的回波在图像中占据不同的位置,这也印证了本发明提出的成像方法中关于多普勒滤波的分析。对回波信号进行多普勒滤波,分离出共16个单通道信号。
为展示本发明使用的基于交替方向乘子法的数字波束形成算法的优点,首先基于经典的数字波束形成方法对单通道SAR图像进行融合,如图9a和图9b分别给出了MIMO SAR和单通道SAR成像结果,图10是对应的场景光学图像。可以看出,相较于单通道图像,MIMO阵列提供了额外的高增益,因此成像结果中汽车车身轮廓更加清晰一些。
为演示基于交替方向乘子法的数字波束方法,基于16个元素的均匀线性 阵列进行仿真实验。感兴趣区域设置为主波束指向10°,波束宽度为20°。在使用本发明提出的成像方法后,经过约40次迭代后算法收敛,图11给出了期望与算法结果的功率方向图对比结果,将这组权向量应用到16个通道的二维成像结果中。为便于观察,感兴趣区域为一个车辆位置,图12为成像场景中一个车辆位置的结果,图13a~13c分别展示了对同一车辆位置三个孔径的成像结果,图13d则是前三幅图像在图像域的合成结果。可以看出,与单孔径图像相比,多孔径合成图像中感兴趣区域对应的车身轮廓更加完整,后视镜等结构更加清晰,这表明即使仅在图像域中进行非相干,合成多孔径图像质量仍有明显提升。
单通道SAR成像和MIMO SAR成像实验结果表明,本发明所提出的基于DDM的MIMO车载毫米波雷达多通道二维成像方法无需波形设计即可完成MIMO信道分离,有效解决了进场成像和广角聚焦问题,数字波束灵活可控,并最终实现了高分辨率SAR成像。
最后应说明的是:以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其限制;尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解:其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换;而这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。
Claims (13)
- 一种车载多普勒分集MIMO合成孔径雷达时域成像方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括:采集以预设的速度沿直线轨迹运动的MIMO合成孔径雷达向目标发射的线性调频信号的回波数据,其中,所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的不同发射机具有不同的DDM编码;针对所述回波数据进行多普勒滤波得到每一通道对应的回波数据,并针对每一通道对应的回波数据进行距离向傅里叶变换以得到该通道对应的变换后的回波矩阵,以及按照预设算法将所述变换后的回波矩阵投影到二维成像坐标系内以得到该通道的二维成像结果;将所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的合成孔径依序划分为多个子孔径,针对每一所述子孔径,将该子孔径对应的所有所述通道的二维成像结果进行合成得到该子孔径对应的成像结果;将所有所述子孔径对应的所述成像结果进行融合得到所述合成孔径对应的总的成像结果。
- 如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,针对每一所述子孔径,将该子孔径对应的所有所述通道的二维成像结果进行合成得到该子孔径对应的成像结果包括:根据所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的成像范围内的感兴趣区域的主波束指向以及波束宽度确定每一通道对应的权重系数;将所述每一通道的像素点乘以该通道对应的权重系数后得到每一通道对应的权重图像;将所有通道对应的权重图像进行合成得到该子孔径对应的成像结果。
- 如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述针对每一通道对应的回波数据进行距离向傅里叶变换以得到该通道对应的变换后的回波矩阵,并按照预设算法将所述变换后的回波矩阵投影到二维成像坐标系内以得到该通道的二维成像结果包括:(1)基于该通道对应的所述回波矩阵估计该通道对应的多普勒中心频率 以及多普勒调频率;(2)基于所述多普勒中心频率以及所述多普勒调频率确定该通道对应的雷达当前航行速度估计值;(3)针对每个所述二维成像坐标系下的像素点,根据该像素点在所述二维成像坐标系下的坐标值确定该像素点对应的距离单元索引,并基于所述当前航行速度估计值确定该像素点的相干累加所需的补偿相位因子;(4)针对每个所述像素点,根据其对应的补偿相位因子以及距离单元索引和所述变换后的回波矩阵进行相干累加以得到该像素点的成像值。
- 如权利要求4-7中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述按照预设算法将所述变换后的回波矩阵投影到二维成像坐标系内以得到该通道的二维成像结果包括:按照预设的网格划分模式将所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的成像区域划分成网格以构成所述二维成像坐标系,并且所述网格中的每个网格元素分区构成一个所述像素点。
- 如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,针对每个所述二维成像坐标系下的像素点,基于所述当前航行速度估计值确定该像素点的相干累加所需的补偿相位因子包括:根据该像素点对应的所述斜距确定该像素点的相干累加所需的所述补偿相位因子。
- 如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述网格中的每个网格元素分区的面积不大于所述MIMO合成孔径雷达的最小分辨面积。
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| CN115128608B (zh) * | 2022-08-31 | 2022-11-18 | 南京隼眼电子科技有限公司 | 车载多普勒分集mimo合成孔径雷达时域成像方法 |
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