WO2023167837A1

WO2023167837A1 - 3d shaped glass article assembly forming apparatus and method

Info

Publication number: WO2023167837A1
Application number: PCT/US2023/014026
Authority: WO
Inventors: Christopher Lee Timmons
Original assignee: Corning Incorporated
Priority date: 2022-03-04
Filing date: 2023-02-28
Publication date: 2023-09-07
Also published as: TW202348410A

Abstract

Systems and methods for forming a 3D shaped glass article assembly including mechanical components to align components of the assembly for bonding or attachment. The assembly can include a cold-formed glass article bonded to at least one of a mid-frame or a frame. The glass article can be bonded to the mid-frame or the frame at a bond line. A bond line protrusion extending from the mid-frame or the frame can contact the glass article and control the height of the bond line. Transverse and/or lateral edges of the assembly components can be aligned using at least one of an alignment tab or an alignment coupling.

Description

3D SHAPED GLASS ARTICLE ASSEMBLY FORMING APPARATUS AND METHOD

PRIORITY

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63/316474 filed on March 4, 2022, the content of which is relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to forming assemblies for use in various industries, for example, consumer electronics, appliances, transportation, architecture, defense, and medicine. In particular, the present disclosure relates to forming of glass article assemblies with mechanical systems and methods for aligning assembly components.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Many products include a three-dimensional (3D) glass article. Some examples of 3D glass articles include curved LCD or LED TV screens, smartphones, and automotive windshields. Innovations in the shape of products bring new challenges, such as maintaining a shape during the lifetime of a 3D part, and in particular, 3D parts made of glass. For example, a 3D glass article can require a frame to maintain its shape during its lifetime.

[0004] Therefore, a continuing need exists for efficient and effective methods of forming 3D parts such that they maintain their shape, and in particular, 3D glass article assemblies having complex shapes.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0005] A first aspect (1) of the present application is directed to a curved glass assembly, the assembly comprising a cold-formed glass article, a mid-frame, and a frame. The cold-formed glass article comprises a first curved surface and a second curved surface opposite the first curved surface. The mid-frame comprises a mid-frame opening surrounded by a midframe perimeter wall comprising a first mid-frame surface and a second mid-frame surface opposite the first mid-frame surface, where the second mid-frame surface is directly bonded to the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at a bond line. The frame comprises a frame opening surrounded by a frame perimeter wall comprising a first frame surface and a second frame surface opposite the first frame surface, where the frame is attached to the midframe such that mid-frame opening at least partially overlaps the frame opening and the first mid-frame surface is in direct contact with the second frame surface. The mid-frame also comprises one or more of (i) a bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at a contact point located within the bond line or at an edge of the bond line, (ii) an alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, or (iii) a first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage a second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface.

[0006] In a second aspect (2), the mid-frame according to the first aspect (1) comprises

(i) the bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the contact point, the contact point located within the bond line or at the edge of the bond line.

[0007] In a third aspect (3), the mid-frame according to the first aspect (1) comprises

(ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article.

[0008] In a fourth aspect (4), the mid-frame according to the first aspect (1) comprises

(iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the frame perimeter surface.

[0009] In a fifth aspect (5), the mid-frame according to the first aspect (1) comprises (i) the bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the contact point, the contact point located within the bond line or at the edge of the bond line, and (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article.

[0010] In a sixth aspect (6), the mid-frame according to the first aspect (1) comprises (i) the bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the contact point, the contact point located within the bond line or at the edge of the bond line, and (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface.

[0011] In a seventh aspect (7), the mid-frame according to the first aspect (1) comprises

(ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface.

[0012] In an eighth aspect (8), the mid-frame according to the first aspect (1) comprises (i) the bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the contact point, the contact point located within the bond line or at the edge of the bond line, (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface.

[0013] In a ninth aspect (9), the mid-frame according to any one of aspects (1) - (8) comprises (i) the bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the contact point, the contact point located within the bond line or at the edge of the bond line, and the protrusion is configured to control a bond height of the bond line.

[0014] In a tenth aspect (10), the mid-frame according to any one of aspects (1) - (9) comprises (i) the bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the contact point, the contact point located within the bond line or at the edge of the bond line, and the bond line protrusion comprises a triangular shape.

[0015] In an eleventh aspect (11), the cold-formed glass article according to any one of aspects (1) - (10) comprises a glass article perimeter edge extending between the first curved surface and the second curved surface, the perimeter edge of the glass article comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and an edge comer at an intersection of the lateral side edge and the transverse side edge of the glass article perimeter edge, the mid-frame perimeter wall according to any one of aspects (1) - (10) comprises a mid-frame perimeter edge extending between the first mid-frame surface and the second mid-frame surface, the perimeter edge of the mid-frame comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and an edge corner at an intersection of the lateral edge and the transverse edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge, the mid-frame according to any one of aspects (1) - (10) comprises (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and the alignment tab vertically aligns the lateral side edge of the glass article perimeter edge and the lateral side edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge such that a transverse offset distance between the lateral side edge of the glass article perimeter edge and the lateral side edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge is no more than 250 microns. [0016] In a twelfth aspect (12), the cold-formed glass article according to any one of aspects (1) - (11) comprises a glass article perimeter edge extending between the first curved surface and the second curved surface, the glass article perimeter edge comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and a glass edge comer at an intersection of the lateral side edge and the transverse side edge of the glass article perimeter edge, the mid-frame perimeter wall according to any one of aspects (1) - (11) comprises a mid-frame perimeter edge extending between the first mid-frame surface and the second mid-frame surface, the perimeter edge of the mid-frame comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and an edge comer at an intersection of the lateral edge and the transverse edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge, the mid-frame according to any one of aspects (1) - (11) comprises (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and the alignment tab vertically aligns the transverse side edge of the glass article perimeter edge and the transverse side edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge such that a lateral offset distance between the transverse side edge of the glass article perimeter edge and the transverse side edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge is no more than 250 microns.

[0017] In a thirteenth aspect (13), the curved glass assembly according to any one of aspects (1) - (12) comprises an electronic display bonded to the a second curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, where the electronic display is disposed in the frame opening and is surrounded by the frame perimeter wall.

[0018] In a fourteenth aspect (14), the mid-frame according to the thirteenth aspect (13) comprises (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and the alignment tab contacts a perimeter edge of the electronic display.

[0019] In a fifteenth aspect (15), the mid-frame according to any one of aspects (1) -

(14) comprises (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and at least a portion of the alignment tab is removable.

[0020] In a sixteenth aspect (16), the mid-frame according to any one of aspects (1)-

(15) comprises (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and the alignment tab comprises a wedge shape.

[0021] In a seventeenth aspect (17), the mid-frame perimeter wall according to any one of aspects (1)— (16) comprises a mid-frame perimeter edge extending between the first midframe surface and the second mid-frame surface, the perimeter edge of the mid-frame comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and an edge comer at an intersection of the lateral edge and the transverse edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge, the frame perimeter wall according to any one of aspects (1) - (16) comprises a frame perimeter edge extending between the first frame surface and the second frame surface, the perimeter edge of the frame comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and an edge corner at an intersection of the lateral edge and the transverse edge of the frame perimeter edge, the mid-frame according to any one of aspects (1) - (16) comprises (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface, and the first alignment coupling and the second alignment coupling vertically align the lateral edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge and the lateral edge of the frame perimeter edge such that a transverse offset distance between the lateral edge of the midframe perimeter edge and the lateral edge of the frame perimeter edge is no more than 250 microns.

[0022] In an eighteenth aspect (18), the mid-frame perimeter wall according to any one of aspects (1) - (17) comprises a mid-frame perimeter edge extending between the first midframe surface and the second mid-frame surface, the mid-frame perimeter edge comprising a lateral mid-frame edge, a transverse mid-frame edge, and a mid-frame edge comer at an intersection of the lateral mid-frame edge and the transverse mid-frame edge, the frame perimeter wall according to any one of aspects (1) - (17) comprises a frame perimeter edge extending between the first frame surface and the second frame surface, the frame perimeter edge comprises a lateral frame edge, a transverse frame edge, and a frame edge comer at an intersection of the lateral frame edge and the transverse frame edge, the mid-frame according to any one of aspects (1) - (17) comprises (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface, and the first alignment coupling and the second alignment coupling vertically align the transverse mid-frame edge and the transverse frame edge such that a lateral offset distance between the transverse mid-frame edge and the transverse frame edge is no more than 250 microns.

[0023] In a nineteenth aspect (19), the mid-frame according to any one of aspects (1) - (18) comprises (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface, and a top end of the first alignment coupling comprises a heat-staked portion to maintain the attachment between the mid-frame to the frame. [0024] In a twentieth aspect (20), the mid-frame according to any one of aspects (1) - (19) comprises (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface, and the first alignment coupling comprises a shape with an effective diameter that progressively decreases in size as it extends from the first mid-frame surface toward the second frame surface. [0025] In a twenty-first aspect (21), at least a portion of the second mid-frame surface directly bonded to the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the bond line according to any one of aspects (1) - (20) comprises a textured surface area comprising a surface roughness average (Ra) ranging from about 1 micron to about 10 microns.

[0026] A twenty-second aspect (22) of the present application is directed to a curved glass assembly, the assembly comprising a cold-formed glass article and a frame. The cold- formed glass article comprises a first curved surface and a second curved surface opposite the first curved surface. The frame comprises a frame opening surrounded by a frame perimeter wall comprising a first frame surface and a second frame surface opposite the first frame surface, the second frame surface directly bonded to the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at a bond line, where the frame also comprises one or more of (i) a bond line protrusion extending from the second frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at a contact point located within the bond line or at an edge of the bond line, or (ii) an alignment tab extending from the second frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article.

[0027] In a twenty-third aspect (23), at least a portion of the second frame surface directly bonded to the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the bond line according to the twenty-second aspect (22) comprises a textured surface area comprising a surface roughness average (Ra) ranging from about 1 micron to about 10 microns.

[0028] A twenty-fourth aspect (24) of the present application is directed to a method of making a cold-formed glass article, the method comprising cold-forming a glass article to form a cold-formed glass article comprising a first curved surface and a second curved surface opposite the first curved surface; directly bonding a mid-frame to the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at a bond line, the mid-frame comprising an opening surrounded by a mid-frame perimeter wall, the mid-frame perimeter wall comprising a first mid-frame surface and a second mid-frame surface opposite the first mid-frame surface; and attaching the mid-frame to a frame comprising a frame opening surrounded by a frame perimeter wall, the frame perimeter wall comprising: a first frame surface and a second frame surface opposite the first frame surface, where the mid-frame is attached to the frame such that mid-frame opening at least partially overlaps the frame opening and the first mid-frame surface is in direct contact with the second frame surface, and where the mid-frame comprises one or more of (i) a bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at a contact point located within the bond line or at an edge of the bond line, (ii) an alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, or (iii) a first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage a second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRA WINGS

[0029] The accompanying figures, which are incorporated herein, form part of the specification and illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure. Together with the description, the figures further serve to explain the principles of and to enable a person skilled in the relevant art(s) to make and use the disclosed embodiments. These figures are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Although the disclosure is generally described in the context of these embodiments, it should be understood that it is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure to these particular embodiments. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements.

[0030] FIG. 1 shows an exploded view of a glass assembly according to some embodiments.

[0031] FIG. 2 shows a side view of a glass assembly according to some embodiments.

[0032] FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of a glass assembly according to some embodiments.

[0033] FIG. 4 shows a side view of a glass assembly according to some embodiments.

[0034] FIG. 5 shows a side view of a glass assembly according to some embodiments.

[0035] FIG. 6 shows a cross-section view of the glass assembly of FIG. 5 along crosssection line 6-6.

[0036] FIG. 7 shows a side view of a glass assembly according to some embodiments.

[0037] FIG. 8 shows a cross-section view of the glass assembly of FIG. 7 along crosssection line 8-8.

[0038] FIG. 9 shows a side view of a glass assembly according to some embodiments.

[0039] FIG. 10 shows a side view of a glass assembly according to some embodiments.

[0040] FIG. 11 shows a portion of a glass assembly according to some embodiments. [0041] FIG. 12 shows a side view of a glass assembly according to some embodiments. [0042] FIG. 13 shows a cross-section view of the glass assembly of FIG. 12 along cross-section line 13-13.

[0043] FIG. 14 shows a cross-section view of the glass assembly of FIG. 12 along cross-section line 14-14.

[0044] FIG. 15 shows a side view of a glass assembly according to some embodiments. [0045] FIG. 16 shows a cross-section view of the glass assembly of FIG. 15 along cross-section line 16-16.

[0046] FIG. 17 shows a cross-section view of the glass assembly of FIG. 15 along cross-section line 17-17.

[0047] FIGS. 18A-18C show a portion of a glass assembly according to some embodiments.

[0048] FIG. 19 shows a portion of a glass assembly according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0049] The following examples are illustrative, but not limiting, of the present disclosure. Other suitable modifications and adaptations of the variety of conditions and parameters normally encountered in the field, and which would be apparent to those skilled in the art, are within the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

[0050] Glass articles described herein can be used in a variety of applications. The glass articles can be part of a cold-formed 3D shaped glass assembly, which can be curved and utilized in various applications, for example automotive applications. Designing 3D shaped glass assemblies having lifetime reliability can be a challenge because the assemblies can experience significant thermal cycling and/or mechanical vibration during their lifetime. To facilitate lifetime reliability, the assembly can include a frame to maintain a curved shape of the glass article during its lifetime. In a non-limiting embodiment, the glass article can be shaped on a process chuck and the frame can be directly bonded to the glass article at a bond line using, for example, a structural adhesive. Proper alignment of components before and/or during placement can be essential. In some systems, forming the 3D shaped glass assembly with proper alignment can require complex automation tools having advanced visioning systems to ensure correct placement of the assembly components. Such systems can be both expensive and cumbersome. The mechanical systems and methods described herein can reduce the cost and complexity of cold-forming 3D shaped glass assemblies while maintaining a high production throughput and lifetime reliability.

[0051] As used herein, the term “cold-formed” or “cold-forming” (which also can be called “cold-bent” or “cold-bending”) refers to curving the glass substrate at a cold-forming temperature that is less than the softening point of the glass. For example, in some embodiments, cold-forming a glass substrate can be performed at a temperature of about 100 degrees Celsius or less. In some embodiments, cold-forming a glass substrate can be performed at a temperature of about 30 degrees Celsius or less. In some embodiments, cold-forming a glass substrate can be performed at a temperature ranging from about 20 degrees Celsius to about 100 degrees Celsius, including subranges. For example, cold-forming a glass substrate can be performed at a temperature ranging from about 20 degrees Celsius to about 100 degrees Celsius, about 20 degrees Celsius to about 60 degrees Celsius, or about 20 degrees Celsius to about 30 degrees Celsius, or within a range having any two of these values as endpoints.

[0052] In some embodiments, the frame can comprise a metal, such as an aluminum or magnesium alloy. In some embodiments, the frame can additionally or alternatively comprises a plastic. The bonding material used at the bond line, for example a structural adhesive, should accommodate any stress generated due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the glass article and the frame. In some cases, compared to metals, plastics can have larger CTEs, resulting in elevated stresses on the bonding material and other components. However, plastics can be preferable because they are generally cheaper and more lightweight than a metal.

[0053] The 3D shaped glass assemblies described herein can include a frame having a rigid frame and a mid-frame serving as an intermediate connecting frame between the glass article and the rigid frame. In some embodiments, the mid-frame can be a flexible plastic frame. In some embodiments, the mid-frame can be an injection -molded mid-frame. The mid-frame can have a low profile and can be flat or shaped before bonding to a glass article. Before or after the mid-frame is directly bonded to the glass article, the mid-frame can be coupled to the rigid frame.

[0054] In some embodiments, the rigid frame can be a metal frame. The rigid frame can have a curved shaped to maintain the glass article in a curved cold-formed shape through its lifetime. In this way, the rigid frame continuously imposes its curved shape onto the glass article for lifetime reliability.

[0055] Forming the 3D shaped glass assembly can include cold-forming the glass article on a process chuck. The process chuck can comprise a curved surface for cold-forming the glass article into a curved shape. In some embodiments, the process chuck can include a vacuum chuck for cold-forming the glass article into a curved shape.

[0056] In some embodiments, the mid-frame can facilitate alignment of the glass and the frame on the process chuck. In some embodiments, the glass article can be cold-formed on the process chuck and adhesive can be applied to the glass article and/or the mid-frame after the glass article is cold-formed. In some embodiments, the mid-frame and glass article can be directly bonded while flat and then cold-formed on the process chuck to form the 3D shaped glass assembly. In some embodiments, after cold-forming the glass article, the rigid frame can then be placed onto the mid-frame such that the lateral edges of the rigid frame, mid-frame, and glass article are aligned, and the transverse edges of the rigid frame, mid-frame, and glass article are aligned.

[0057] In some embodiments, the frame may not include a mid-frame. In such embodiments, the rigid frame can be directly bonded to the glass article.

[0058] In some embodiments, components of the 3D shaped glass assemblies can be clamped while on the process chuck until the bonding material cures or solidifies to prevent motion of the glass article relative to the frame during cold-forming. The rigid frames described herein are sufficiently rigid to maintain the shape of the glass article after curing or solidifying of the bonding material and release from the process chuck.

[0059] In some embodiments, employing an automated system for production of cold- formed glass article assemblies yields a rate of production of approximately one part per minute to approximately one part per two minutes. This production time can include adhesive bonding material curing rate. In some embodiments, a bonding material curing rate can be approximately one hour to achieve sufficient strength to hold the assembly together (“release time”). Accordingly, multiple process chucks and automation tools can be required to produce assemblies in parallel to achieve a particular production rate. A faster curing bonding material could reduce the number of assemblies that can be produced in parallel and simplify the overall process; however, the bonding material must also meet other process and product requirements to be compatible. Using commercially available adhesives that meet process and product requirements, conventional cold-form designs can require release times ranging from approximately fifteen minutes to approximately two hours. Accordingly, in automated systems, a minimum of fifteen process chucks can be used in parallel to meet production targets. This can result in significant type-tooling cost per assembly, along with system and process complexity to manage the queue of assembly parts for production. Additionally variability across production can occur due to, for example frame distortion, which can increase production time and implicate issues with precision and repeatability in placement and alignment of components.

[0060] The mechanical systems and methods described herein for cold-forming the 3D shaped glass assemblies can facilitate a high throughput manufacturing system having a high degree of precision and repeatability. Throughput can be increased compared to systems that rely primarily on complex automation and visioning systems for assembly control to produce 3D shaped glass assemblies. In particular, the mechanical systems and methods described herein can reduce type-tooling cost per assembly, along with system and process complexity. Additionally, the mechanical systems and methods described herein can reduce variability across production, and thus increase production efficiency.

[0061] In some embodiments, mechanical alignment features can extend from the midframe and/or the rigid frame to facilitate placement and alignment between the frame, the midframe, and/or the glass article.

[0062] In some embodiments, a bond line protrusion can extend into the bond line at which the frame or mid-frame is attached to the glass article and contact the glass article at a contact point. Thus, instead of controlling the z-position height of the bond line precisely using a complex automation and visioning system, the frame can be compressed to a specific load or pressure via the bond line protrusion. This can simplify manufacturing in cases where part distortion from weight and injection molding can cause process variability. Relying on a specific load or pressure rather than a z-position height can address these manufacturing concerns.

[0063] In some embodiments, the shape of the bond line protrusion can control the bond height. For example, in some embodiments, the bond line protrusion can comprise a generally triangular shape to control the bond height. In such embodiments, the triangular shape can displace the adhesive reliably for a consistent bond height. In addition to controlling the bond height, the bond line protrusion can increase the bonding surface area and thus strength of the bond. In some embodiments, a plurality of bond line protrusions can extend from the mid-frame and/or the rigid frame. In embodiments including one or more bond line protrusions, each bond line protrusion can be placed at a critical location, such as in the bonding area around a component, or outside the bonding area.

[0064] In some embodiments, an alignment tab can vertically align the mid-frame and/or the rigid frame to the glass article. In some embodiments with an electronic display, the alignment tab can vertically align the mid-frame and/or the rigid frame to the electronic display. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the alignment tab can be removable to limit visibility of the alignment tab in the final product for aesthetic reasons. For example, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the alignment tab can be thinly connected to a remainder of the alignment tab such that the portion can be snapped off for removal. Alternatively, the alignment tab can be located on an area not visible in the 3D shaped glass assembly. In some embodiments, the alignment tab can comprise an angular shape to facilitate alignment of components for the 3D shaped glass assemblies. For example, at least one alignment tab can be used for vertical alignment of components perpendicular to transverse and/or lateral axes. [0065] In some embodiments, an alignment coupling on the mid-frame and/or the rigid frame can align the mid-frame and the rigid frame. For example, in some embodiments, an alignment coupling can extend from the mid-frame toward the rigid frame. In some embodiments, the alignment coupling can have a dimension that progressively decreases in size toward the rigid frame so that a second alignment coupling in the form of a hole on the rigid frame can self-align with the alignment coupling on the mid-frame. In some embodiments, the hole on the rigid frame can be an elongated slot. In such embodiments, the slot can allow for relative sliding between the frame and the mid-frame during thermal cycling, which can reduce the amount of stress imparted on the frame and mid-frame resulting from a CTE mismatch between the material of the frame and the material of the mid-frame. In some embodiments, the alignment feature can be melted to form a mechanical attachment between the frame and the mid-frame.

[0066] In some embodiments, the frame can comprise at least one textured surface area. For example, in embodiments including a mid-frame, at least a portion of the mid-frame can be roughened to increase the surface area that contacts the bond line. Roughening the surface can increase bond strength at that interface. The increased surface area of the interface can limit or negate the need for priming or surface treatments, which can increase the cost and complexity of a manufacturing process.

[0067] FIG. 1 shows a process chuck 80 for cold-forming a glass article according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, glass assembly 100 can be cold-formed on process chuck 80. In some embodiments, glass assembly 100 can include a glass article 200, a bonding line 300, a mid-frame 400, and a frame 500. Bonding material 302 can define bond line 300 at which mid-frame 400 or frame 500 is directly bonded to a surface of glass article 200. Embodiments described herein may refer to one of each component, however, it should be understood that glass assembly 100 can include one or more of each of glass article 200, bond line 300, mid-frame 400, and frame 500. [0068] In some embodiments, process chuck 90 can include a vacuum mold 80. In some embodiments, vacuum mold 80 can include a cavity 82 and a plurality of openings 84 in fluid communication with a vacuum source for applying vacuum pressure. Plurality of openings 84 can extend through the thickness of vacuum mold 80 and can be in fluid communication with a plurality of openings 92 in process chuck 90. Accordingly, in some embodiments, glass assembly 100 mounted on process chuck 90 can be cold-formed by the vacuum pressure created using vacuum mold 80.

[0069] As shown in FIGS. 1-2, glass assembly 100 can be additively assembled along an axis parallel to a vertical axis 1 by applying bonding material 302 to glass article 200 and/or mid-frame 400, and successively bonding or attaching glass article 200 to mid-frame 400 and frame 500. In some embodiments, a first length LI of glass assembly 100 and components thereof can extend along an axis parallel to a lateral axis 2. In some embodiments, a second length L2 of glass assembly 100 and components thereof can extend along an axis parallel to a transverse axis 3. In some embodiments, lateral axis 2 and transverse axis 3 can form an angle of about 90 degrees. In some embodiments, vertical axis 1 can form an angle of about 90 degrees with both lateral axis 2 and transverse axis 3.

[0070] Glass article 200 can include a first curved surface 210, a second curved surface 220, and a perimeter edge 230. In some embodiments, first curved surface 210 can face downward such that it is a bottom surface of glass article 200. In some embodiments, second curved surface 220 can face upward such that it is a top surface of glass article 200. As used herein, the terms “top surface” and “bottom surface” reference the top and bottom surface of a layer, component, or article as is would be oriented during its normal and intended use with the top surface being the user-facing surface. Perimeter edge 230 can define a perimeter shape of glass article 200 and can include a lateral side edge 232, a transverse side edge 234, and an edge corner 236.

[0071] In some embodiments, bonding material 302 can be applied to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. In some embodiments, bonding material 302 can be applied to first curved surface 210 by dispensing the bonding material 302 on the first curved surface 210. When applied to first curved surface curved surface 210, bonding material 302 forms a bond line 300 for bonding another component of glass assembly 100 to glass article 200 (e.g., midframe 400 or frame 500). In some embodiments, bond line 300 can comprise an adhesive bonding material 302. In some embodiments, the adhesive bonding material 302 can be dispensed onto first curved surface 210. In some embodiments, bond line 300 can comprise a bonding material 302 in the form of an interlayer positioned between glass article 200 other components of glass assembly 100 (e.g., mid-frame 400 and/or frame 500).

[0072] In some embodiments, mid-frame 400 can be directly bonded with glass article 200 via bonding material 302 of bond line 300. In some embodiments, in addition to or instead of bonding material 302 for bond line 300 being initially applied to glass article 200, bonding material 302 for bond line 300 can be initially applied to mid-frame 400.

[0073] Mid-frame 400 can include one or more openings 410, a perimeter wall 420, and a perimeter edge 430. Perimeter wall 420 can define one or more surfaces of mid-frame 400 surrounding the one or more openings 410. Perimeter wall 420 can include a first midframe surface 422 and a second mid-frame surface 424. In some embodiments, first mid-frame surface 422 can face downward such that it is a bottom surface of mid-frame perimeter wall 420. In some embodiments, second mid-frame surface 424 can face upward such that it is a top surface of mid-frame perimeter wall 420. Perimeter edge 430 can define a perimeter shape of mid-frame 400 and can include a lateral side edge 432, a transverse side edge 434, and an edge corner 436 at an intersection of lateral side edge 432 and the transverse side edge 534.

[0074] In some embodiments, second mid-frame surface 424 can be directly bonded to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 at bond line 300. In some embodiments, bonding material 302 for bond line 300 can be applied to second mid-frame surface 424.

[0075] Frame 500 can include one or more openings 510, a perimeter wall 520, and a perimeter edge 530. Perimeter wall 520 can define one or more surfaces of frame 500 surrounding the one or more openings 510. Perimeter wall 520 can include a first frame surface 522 and a second frame surface 524. In some embodiments, first frame surface 522 can face downward such that it is a bottom surface of perimeter wall 520. In some embodiments, second frame surface 524 can face upward such that it is a top surface of perimeter wall 520. Perimeter edge 530 can define a perimeter shape of frame 500 and can include a lateral side edge 532, a transverse side edge 534, and an edge comer 536 at an intersection of lateral side edge 532 and the transverse side edge 534.

[0076] In some embodiments, frame 500 can be attached to mid-frame 400 before or after mid-frame 400 is directly bonded to glass article 200. Attaching mid-frame 400 and frame 500 can include attaching first mid-frame surface 422 of mid-frame 400 and second frame surface 524 of frame 500 such that they are in direct contact. In this way, mid-frame 400 can be an intermediate connector layer positioned between glass article 200 and frame 500 in glass assembly 100. In some embodiments, mid-frame 400 can extend along the entire length of glass article 200 parallel to lateral axis 2 and/or transverse axis 3 to facilitate attachment between glass article 200 and frame 500. In other embodiments, mid-frame 400 can partially extend across glass article 200 to selectively facilitate attachment between glass article 200 and frame 500.

[0077] In some embodiments, one or more openings 510 of frame 500 can at least partially align with one or more openings 410 of mid-frame 400. In some embodiments, frame 500 can be attached to mid-frame 400 such that openings 410 of mid-frame 400 can at least partially overlap openings 510 of frame 500. In this way, glass article 200, when directly bonded to mid-frame 400, can include one or more exposed portions 250 at the interface of openings 410 of mid-frame 400 and openings 510 of frame 500. Exposed portion(s) 250 can be open regions within the opening(s) 510 or frame 500 that are surrounded by perimeter wall 520 of frame 500.

[0078] Mid-frame 400 can include one or more materials, such as a metal, a thermoplastic, etc. In some embodiments, mid-frame 400 can include a plastic material. In some embodiments, mid-frame 400 can be flexible. In some embodiments, frame 500 can include a metal, such as an aluminum or magnesium alloy. Accordingly, frame 500 can be rigid (e.g., un-flexible) such that it can maintain the curved shape of glass article 200 after glass assembly 100 is removed from process chuck 90. In this way, the curved shape of glass article 200 can be maintained through its lifetime.

[0079] In some embodiments, mid-frame 400 and/or frame 500 can be shaped (e.g., mid-frame 400 and/or frame 500 can include one or more curvatures similar to the surface curvature(s) of glass article 200) before directly bonding with glass article 200. In some embodiments, glass article 200 and mid-frame 400 can be directly bonded before cold-forming of glass article 200. In such embodiments, glass article 200 and mid-frame 400 can be directly bonded at bond line 300 while flat. In such embodiments, glass article 200 and mid-frame 400 can be cold-formed (e.g., curved in at least one portion) after they are directly bonded. In such embodiments, mid-frame 400 can be flexible such that it can be subsequently curved. In some embodiments, second frame surface 524 of frame 500 can be curved such that when it is attached to mid-frame 400 and/or glass article 200 it shapes the glass article to have a desired curvature during a cold-forming process.

[0080] As shown in FIGS. 3-4, in some embodiments, glass assembly 100 can include glass article 200, bonding material 302, and a frame 500. Bonding material 302 can define a bond line 300 at which frame 500 is directly bonded to a surface of glass article 200. In such embodiments, mid-frame 400 (FIGS. 1-2) is not included in glass assembly 100. [0081] In such embodiments, frame 500 can be directly bonded to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 at bond line 300. In some embodiments, bonding material 302 for bond line 300 can be applied to second frame surface 524. In some embodiments, bonding material 302 can be applied to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. In some embodiments, bonding material 302 can be applied to second curved surface 524 of frame 500 or first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 by dispensing bonding material 320 onto second curved surface 524 of frame 500 or first curved surface 210 of glass article 200.

[0082] As shown in FIGS. 5-6, in some embodiments, glass assembly 100 can include one or more electronic displays 600. In some embodiments, the one or more electronic displays 600 can be attached to glass article 200. In some embodiments, the one or more electronic displays 600 can be directly attached to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. In some embodiments, the one or more electronic displays 600 can be directly laminated to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. In some embodiments, the one or more electronic displays 600 can be attached to frame 500. The one or more electronic displays 600 can be, for example, a liquid crystal display, a light emitting diode display, or an organic light emitting diode display. [0083] In some embodiments of glass assembly 100 including mid-frame 400, one or more electronic displays 600 can be positioned adjacent to mid-frame 400. In some embodiments, the one or more electronic displays 600 can be disposed within an opening 410 of mid-frame 400. In some embodiments, a perimeter edge 610 of electronic display 600 can contact perimeter wall 420 of mid-frame 400 within an opening 410. In some embodiments, a perimeter edge 610 of electronic display 600 can be spaced from perimeter wall 420 of midframe 400 within an opening 410. In some embodiments, an electronic display 600 can be directly attached to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 within an exposed portion 250 such that perimeter edge 610 of electronic display 600 is surrounded by perimeter wall 420 of mid-frame 400.

[0084] Similarly, in some embodiments, one or more electronic displays 600 can be positioned adjacent to frame 500. In some embodiments, the one or more electronic displays 600 can be disposed within an opening 510 of frame 500. In some embodiments, perimeter edge 610 of electronic display 600 can contact perimeter wall 520 of frame 500. In some embodiments, a perimeter edge 610 of electronic display 600 can be spaced from perimeter wall 520 of frame 500 within an opening 510. In some embodiments, an electronic display 600 can be directly attached to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 within an exposed portion 250 such that perimeter edge 610 of electronic display 600 is surrounded by perimeter wall 520 of frame 500. [0085] In some embodiments, one or more electronic displays 600 can extend upward from an exposed portion 250 of glass article 200 along an axis parallel to vertical axis 1 through one or more openings 510 of frame 500 and/or one or more openings 410 of mid-frame 400. One or more openings 510 of frame 500 can at least partially overlap with one or more openings 410 of mid-frame 400 to allow one or more electronic displays 600 to extend upward from glass article 200. In some embodiments, one or more electronic displays 600 extend upward past perimeter edge 530 of frame 500.

[0086] According to embodiments of the present application, proper alignment of glass article 200, mid-frame 400, and/or frame 500 in glass assembly 100 before and/or during direct bonding or attachment can be facilitated by one or more of a bond line protrusions 440 (FIGS. 7-8), an alignment tab 450 (FIGS. 9-11), first and second alignment couplings 460, 540 (FIGS. 12-18C), and/or a textured surface area 470 (FIG. 19). While various figures may show glass assembly 100 or components thereof in a curved form or a flat form, it should be appreciated that the mechanical systems and methods described herein can be applied to glass assembly 100 or components thereof in either curved form or flat form.

[0087] As shown in FIGS. 7-8, in some embodiments, mid-frame 400 can include one or more bond line protrusions 440. In such embodiments, bond line protrusion(s) 440 can extend from second mid-frame surface 424.

[0088] In some embodiments including one or more bond line protrusions 440, bond line protrusion(s) 440 can contact glass article 200 can include a contact point 240. In such embodiments, bond line protrusion(s) 440 can extend from second mid-frame surface 424 and contact first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 at contact point 240. In some embodiments, contact point 240 can be on first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. In some embodiments, contact point 240 can be on first curved surface 210 such that it is located within bond line 300. In some embodiments, contact point 240 can be on first curved surface 210 such that it is located at an edge of bond line 300.

[0089] In some embodiments, frame 500 can include one or more bond line protrusions 440. In such embodiments, bond line protrusion(s) 440 can extend from second frame surface 524 and contact first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 at contact point 240 located within bond line 300 or at an edge of bond line 300.

[0090] The one or more bond line protrusions 440 can control the bond height 50 of bond line 300. As discussed above, instead of using a complex automation and visioning system to control the height (e.g., z-position) of bond line 300, one or more bond line protrusions 440 can be compressed to a specific load or pressure to contact first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 at contact point 240. In this way, bond line protrusions can serve as a mechanical mechanism for facilitating a consistent and reliable bond height 50.

[0091] Bond line protrusion(s) 440 can be simple to manufacture. For example, in some embodiments, bond line protrusion(s) 440 can be fabricated using an injection molding process. In some embodiments, bond line protrusion(s) 440 can be integrally molded, for example integrally injection molded, with mid-frame 400. In some embodiments, bond line protrusion(s) 440 can be integrally formed, for example machined, with frame 500.

[0092] Bond line protrusion(s) 440 can comprise a shape to facilitate bonding between mid-frame 400 or frame 500 and glass article 200 at bond line 300. For example, in some embodiments, bond line protrusion(s) 440 can comprise a triangular shape. In such embodiments, the triangular shape of bond line protrusion(s) 440 can help to control the bond height 50 of bond line 300. For example, the triangular shape can reliably displace bonding material 302 of bond line 300 such that bond line 300 to create a consistent bond height 50. In addition to facilitating a consistent bond height 50, bond line protrusion(s) 440 can increase the bonding surface area as it increases the surface area of mid-frame 400 or frame 500 at bond line 300. Increasing the bonding surface area can increase the strength of the bond.

[0093] In some embodiments, a plurality of bond line protrusions 440 can extend from mid-frame 400 or frame 500. A plurality of bond line protrusions 440 can maintain a consistent bond height 50 of bond line 300 at various locations of bond line 300, and further increase the bonding surface area such that the bond strength and reliability is increased.

[0094] As shown in FIGS. 9-11, in some embodiments, mid-frame 400 can include one or more alignment tabs 450. In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can extend from second mid-frame surface 424 toward first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can be attached to perimeter edge 430 of perimeter wall 420. [0095] With reference to FIGS. 9-10, in some embodiments, one or more alignment tabs 450 can vertically align mid-frame 400 and glass article 200. In some embodiments, second mid-frame surface 424 of mid-frame 400 can be directly bonded to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 at bond line 300. In such embodiments, one or more alignment tabs 450 can extend from second mid-frame surface 424 toward first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. Vertical alignment of mid-frame 400 and glass article 200 can include vertical alignment perpendicular to lateral axis 2 and/or transverse axis 3.

[0096] As shown in FIG. 9, in some embodiments, one or more alignment tabs 450 can vertically align lateral side edge 232 of glass article 200 and lateral side edge 432 of mid-frame 400 perimeter edge 430 along an axis parallel to vertical axis 1. In this way, mid-frame 400 and glass article 200 can be vertically aligned perpendicularly to transverse axis 3. This vertical alignment can be a function of a transverse offset distance 10 between lateral side edge 232 of glass article 200 and lateral side edge 432 of mid-frame 400 perimeter edge 430. In some embodiments, before second mid-frame surface 424 of mid-frame 400 is bonded to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 at bond line 300, alignment tab 450 can guide mid-frame 400 to minimize transverse offset distance 10. Alignment tab 450 can guide mid-frame 400 to create a transverse offset distance 10 within an acceptable tolerance such that lateral side edge 232 and lateral side edge 432 are vertically aligned perpendicularly to transverse axis 3.

[0097] In some embodiments, the acceptable tolerance for transverse offset distance 10 (e.g., transverse distance parallel to transverse axis 3 between lateral side edge 232 of glass article 200 and lateral side edge 432 of mid-frame 400 perimeter edge 430) can be no more than about 250 microns (micrometers, pm). In some embodiments, transverse offset distance 10 can range from 0 microns to about 250, including subranges. For example, in some embodiments, transverse offset distance 10 can range from 0 microns to about 250 microns, 0 microns to about 200 microns, 0 microns to about 100 microns, 0 microns to about 50 microns, about 50 microns to about 250 microns, or about 100 microns to about 250 microns.

[0098] As shown in FIG. 10, in some embodiments, one or more alignment tabs 450 can vertically align transverse side edge 234 of glass article 200 and transverse side edge 434 of mid-frame 400 perimeter edge 430. In this way, mid-frame 400 and glass article 200 can be vertically aligned perpendicularly to lateral axis 2. This vertical alignment can be a function of a lateral offset distance 20 between transverse side edge 234 of glass article 200 and transverse side edge 434 of mid-frame 400 perimeter edge 430. In some embodiments, before second midframe surface 424 of mid-frame 400 is bonded to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 at bond line 300, alignment tab 450 can guide mid-frame 400 to minimize lateral offset distance 20. Alignment tab 450 can guide mid-frame 400 to create a lateral offset distance 20 within an acceptable tolerance, such that transverse side edge 234 and transverse side edge 434 are vertically aligned perpendicularly to lateral axis 2.

[0099] In some embodiments, the acceptable tolerance for lateral offset distance 20 (e.g., lateral distance parallel to lateral axis 2 between transverse side edge 234 of glass article 200 and transverse side edge 434 of mid-frame 400 perimeter edge 430) can be no more than about 250 microns (micrometers, pm). In some embodiments, lateral offset distance 20 can range from 0 microns to about 250, including subranges. For example, in some embodiments, lateral offset distance 20 can range from 0 microns to about 250 microns, 0 microns to about 200 microns, 0 microns to about 100 microns, 0 microns to about 50 microns, about 50 microns to about 250 microns, or about 100 microns to about 250 microns.

[0100] In some embodiments, once mid-frame 400 and glass article 200 are vertically aligned perpendicularly to both lateral axis 2 and transverse axis 3, second mid-frame surface 424 of mid-frame 400 can be directly bonded to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 at bond line 300.

[0101] In some embodiments, one or more alignment tabs 450 can vertically align frame 500 and glass article 200. In some embodiments, second frame surface 524 can be directly bonded to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 at bond line 300. In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can extend from second frame surface 524 toward first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. Alignment of frame 500 and glass article 200 can include vertical alignment perpendicular to lateral axis 2 and/or transverse axis 3. The alignment process for frame 500 and glass article 200 using one or more alignment tabs 450 can be the same as the process described above with respect to mid-frame 400 and glass article 200. In some embodiments, once frame 500 and glass substrate are vertically aligned perpendicularly to both lateral axis 2 and transverse axis 3, second frame surface 524 of frame 500 can be directly bonded to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200 at bond line 300.

[0102] As shown in FIG. 11, in some embodiments, one or more electronic displays 600 can be directly bonded or otherwise attached to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. In some embodiments, electronic display 600 can be disposed within an opening 410 of mid-frame 400. In such embodiments, one or more alignment tabs 450 can vertically align midframe 400 and electronic display 600. In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can extend from second mid-frame surface 424 toward first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can be attached to perimeter edge 430 of perimeter wall 420. Alignment tab 450 can contact perimeter edge 610 of electronic display 600 to vertically align mid-frame 400 and electronic display 600 perpendicularly to lateral axis 2 and/or transverse axis 3.

[0103] In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can vertically align frame 500 and electronic display 600. This alignment can be in addition to or alternatively to vertical alignment between mid-frame 400 and electronic display 600. In some embodiments, electronic display 600 can be disposed within an opening 510 of frame 500. In such embodiments, perimeter edge 610 of electronic display 600 can contact or be spaced from perimeter wall 520 of frame 500 within an opening 510. In such embodiments, one or more alignment tabs 450 can vertically align frame 500 and electronic display 600 along an axis parallel to vertical axis 1. In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can extend from second frame surface 524 toward first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can be attached to perimeter edge 530 of perimeter wall 520. Alignment tab 450 can contact perimeter edge 610 of electronic display 600 to vertically align frame 500 and electronic display 600.

[0104] In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can comprise a removable portion 452 that can be removable to limit visibility of alignment tab 450 in glass assembly 100 for aesthetic reasons. For example, in some embodiments, removable portion 452 can be thinly connected to a remainder of alignment tab 450 such that removable portion 452 can be snapped off for removal. Alternatively, in some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can be located on an area not visible in glass assembly 100. For example, in some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can be embedded in mid-frame 400 or frame 500 such that it is not visible in glass assembly 100.

[0105] In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can comprise an angular shape to facilitate vertical alignment of components of glass assembly 100. In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can comprise a triangular shape to facilitate vertical alignment of components glass assembly 100. In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can comprise a wedge shape to facilitate vertical alignment of components glass assembly 100.

[0106] In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can be utilized as described above to vertically align glass assembly 100 or components thereof on process chuck 90. Mechanical systems and methods including alignment tab 450 can efficiently align components of glass assembly 100 on process chuck 90.

[0107] Alignment tab 450 can be simple to manufacture. For example, in some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can be fabricated using an injection molding process. In some embodiments, alignment tab 450 can be integrally molded, for example integrally injection molded, with mid-frame 400. In other embodiments, alignment tab 450 can be integrally formed, for example machined, with frame 500.

[0108] As shown in FIGS. 12-17, in some embodiments, mid-frame 400 can include one or more first alignment couplings 460. In some embodiments, frame 500 can include one or more second alignment couplings 540. In some embodiments, frame 500 can be attached to mid-frame 400 before or after mid-frame 400 is bonded to glass article 200. In some embodiments, attaching mid-frame 400 and frame 500 can include attaching first mid-frame surface 422 of mid-frame 400 and second frame surface 522 of frame 500 such that they are in direct contact. In some embodiments, one or more first alignment couplings 460 can be disposed on first mid-frame surface 422. In some embodiments, one or more second alignment couplings 540 can be disposed on first frame surface 522.

[0109] First alignment coupling 460 can engage a second alignment coupling 540 to attach mid-frame 400 to frame 500. In some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can extend from first mid-frame surface 422 of mid-frame 400 toward second frame surface 524 of frame 500. In some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can engage second alignment coupling 540 to vertically align mid-frame 400 and frame 500. Alignment of mid-frame 400 and frame 500 can include vertical alignment perpendicular to lateral axis 2 and/or transverse axis 3.

[0110] As shown in FIG. 13, in some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can engage second alignment coupling 540 to vertically align lateral side edge 432 of mid-frame 400 perimeter edge 430 and lateral side edge 532 of frame 500 perimeter edge 530 along an axis parallel to vertical axis 1. In this way, mid-frame 400 and frame 500 can be vertically aligned perpendicularly to transverse axis 3. This vertical alignment can be a function of a transverse offset distance 30 between lateral side edge 432 of mid-frame 400 perimeter edge 430 and lateral side edge 532 of frame 500 perimeter edge 530. In some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can engage second alignment coupling 540 to attach first mid-frame surface 422 of mid-frame 400 and second frame surface 522 of frame 500. As shown in FIG. 16, once first alignment coupling 460 engages second alignment coupling 540 to attach first mid-frame surface 422 and second frame surface 522, transverse offset distance 30 can be within an acceptable tolerance to vertically align mid-frame 400 and frame 500 perpendicularly to transverse axis 3.

[OHl] In some embodiments, the acceptable tolerance for transverse offset distance 30 (e.g., transverse distance parallel to transverse axis 3 between lateral side edge 432 of midframe 400 perimeter edge 430 and lateral side edge 532 of frame 500 perimeter edge 530) can be no more than about 250 microns (micrometers, pm). In some embodiments, transverse offset distance 30 can range from 0 microns to about 250, including subranges. For example, in some embodiments, transverse offset distance 30 can range from 0 microns to about 250 microns, 0 microns to about 200 microns, 0 microns to about 100 microns, 0 microns to about 50 microns, about 50 microns to about 250 microns, or about 100 microns to about 250 microns.

[0112] As shown in FIG. 14, in some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can engage second alignment coupling 540 to vertically align transverse side edge 434 of midframe 400 perimeter edge 430 and transverse side edge 534 of frame 500 perimeter edge. In this way, mid-frame 400 and frame 500 can be vertically aligned perpendicularly to lateral axis 2. This vertical alignment can be a function of a lateral offset distance 40 between transverse side edge 434 of mid-frame 400 perimeter edge 430 and transverse side edge 534 of frame 500 perimeter edge 530. As shown in FIG. 17, once first alignment coupling 460 engages second alignment coupling 540 to attach first mid-frame surface 422 and second frame surface 522, lateral offset distance 40 can be within an acceptable tolerance to vertically align mid-frame 400 and frame 500 perpendicularly to lateral axis 2.

[0113] In some embodiments, the acceptable tolerance for lateral offset distance 40 (e.g., lateral distance parallel to lateral axis 2 between transverse side edge 434 of mid-frame 400 perimeter edge 430 and transverse side edge 534 of frame 500 perimeter edge 530) can be no more than about 250 microns (micrometers, pm). In some embodiments, transverse offset distance 30 can range from 0 microns to about 250, including subranges. For example, in some embodiments, transverse offset distance 30 can range from 0 microns to about 250 microns, 0 microns to about 200 microns, 0 microns to about 100 microns, 0 microns to about 50 microns, about 50 microns to about 250 microns, or about 100 microns to about 250 microns.

[0114] As shown for example in FIG. 15, in some embodiments, once mid-frame 400 and frame 500 are vertically aligned perpendicularly to both lateral axis 2 (FIG. 1) and/or transverse axis 3 (FIG. 1), first mid-frame surface 422 of mid-frame 400 and second frame surface 524 of frame 500 can be attached such that they are in direct contact.

[0115] In some embodiments, second alignment coupling 540 can be an opening that receives first alignment coupling 460 extending from first mid-frame surface 422 of mid-frame 400 toward second frame surface 524 of frame 500. In some embodiments, second alignment coupling 540 can be a hole that extends through perimeter wall 520 of frame 500. In some embodiments, second alignment coupling 540 can be a hole that extends through perimeter wall 520 of frame 500. In some embodiments, second alignment coupling 540 can be an elongated slot that extends through perimeter wall 520 of frame 500.

[0116] In some embodiments, second alignment coupling 540 can extend from second frame surface 524 of frame 500 toward first mid-frame surface 422 of mid-frame 400, and first alignment coupling 460 can be an opening that receives second alignment coupling 540. In some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can be a hole that extends through perimeter wall 420 of mid-frame 400. In some embodiments, second alignment coupling 460 can be an elongated slot that extends through perimeter wall 420 of mid-frame 400.

[0117] In some embodiments, first mid-frame surface 422 can include a plurality of first alignment couplings 460. Similarly, in some embodiments, second frame surface 524 of frame 500 can include a plurality of second alignment couplings 540. [0118] First alignment coupling 460 and second alignment coupling 540 can be simple to manufacture. For example, in some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can be fabricated using an injection molding process. In some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can be integrally molded, for example integrally injection molded, with mid-frame 400. In some embodiments, second alignment coupling 540 be integrally formed, for example machined, with frame 500.

[0119] As shown in FIG. 18 A, in some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can include a top end 462, a first portion 466, and a second portion 468. In some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can progressively decrease in size as it extends from first midframe surface 422 of mid-frame 400 toward second frame surface 524 of frame 500. In such embodiments, second portion 468 can include a largest effective diameter of first alignment coupling 460, and first portion 466 located at top end 462 can include a smallest effective diameter of first alignment coupling 460. In this way, frame 500 can self-align with mid-frame 400 during attachment. Second alignment coupling 540 (for example, a hole or a slot) form can easily engage with top end 462 to facilitate attachment due to the clearance between top end 462 of first alignment coupling 460 and the effective diameter of second alignment coupling 540.

[0120] In some embodiments, the effective diameter of second portion 468 can be equal to the effective diameter of second alignment coupling 540. In some embodiments, the effective diameter of second portion 468 can be less than the effective diameter of second alignment coupling 540.

[0121] As used herein, the term “effective diameter” is utilized to describe the size of a component, but this term should not be interpreted as requiring the component to have a circular diameter or shape. Instead, the component may have a non-circular shape, and in such embodiments the term “effective diameter” is intended to refer to the maximum cross-sectional dimension of the shape. For example, the “effective diameter” of a component having an elliptical cross-sectional shape would be the length of the major axis of the elliptical shape.

[0122] As shown in FIG. 18B, in some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can include a heat-staked portion 464. Heat-staked portion 464 can be located at top end 462 of first alignment coupling 460. In embodiment including heat-staked portion 464, heat-staked portion can maintain the attachment between mid-frame 400 and frame 500.

[0123] In some embodiments, once first mid-frame surface 422 of mid-frame 400 and second frame surface 524 of frame 500 are attached, top end 462 of first alignment coupling

460 can be melted to form heat-staked portion 464. In such embodiments, melting top end 462 to form heat-staked portion 464 can lock frame 500 in place such that mid-frame 400 and frame 500 remain attached. For example, heat-staked portion 464 can extend outwardly parallel to transverse axis 3 such that it extends over and contacts first frame surface 522 of frame 500. In this way, frame 500 can be locked between mid-frame 400 and heat staked portion 464 of first alignment coupling 460 along an axis parallel to vertical axis 1. Accordingly, in such embodiments, heat-staked portion 464 can form a mechanical attachment between mid-frame 400 and frame 500.

[0124] As shown in FIG. 18C, in some embodiments, second alignment coupling 540 can be a hole that can allow sliding in preferred directions to accommodate CTE mismatch stress during thermal cycling of glass assembly 100. Accordingly, second alignment coupling 540 can contact first alignment coupling 460 in one direction such that frame 500 cannot move related to mid-frame 400 in that direction (for example, in a direction parallel to lateral axis 2 or a direction parallel to transverse axis 3), and allow sliding of first alignment coupling 460 in the other direction (for example, in a direction parallel to transverse axis 3 or a direction parallel to lateral axis 2). In such embodiments, second alignment coupling 540 can be an elongated slot to allow for relative sliding between mid-frame 400 and frame 500 during thermal cycling, which can reduce the amount of stress imparted on mid-frame 400 and frame 500 resulting from a CTE mismatch between the material of mid-frame 400 and the material of frame 500. In some embodiments, melting top end 462 to form heat-staked portion 464 can a sliding engagement between frame 500 and mid-frame 400. For example, heat-staked portion 464 can extend outwardly parallel to lateral axis 2 or transverse axis 3 such that it extends over and contacts first frame surface 522 of frame 500. This extension of heat stake portion 464 can prevent relative vertical movement between frame 500 and mid-frame in a direction parallel to vertical axis 1 while allowing frame 500 to slide relative to mid-frame in a direction parallel to transverse axis 3 or a direction parallel to lateral axis 2.

[0125] In some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 can be coupled to bond line protrusion 440. In some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 and bond line protrusion 440 can be a single integral component of mid-frame 400. Accordingly, in some embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 and bond line protrusion 440 can be fabricated together with midframe 400 using an injection molding process. In other embodiments, first alignment coupling 460 and bond line protrusion 440 can be fabricated together and attached to mid-frame 400.

[0126] With reference to FIGS. 18A-C, although first alignment coupling 460 is shown as extending from first mid-frame surface 422, it should be understood that embodiments having second alignment coupling 540 extending from second frame surface 524 of frame 500 toward first mid-frame surface 422 can incorporate the features described therein.

[0127] As shown in FIG. 19, in some embodiments, at least a portion of second midframe surface 424 of mid-frame 400 can include one or more textured surface areas 470. Textured surface area(s) 470 can be a roughening of second mid-frame surface 424 on either a micro-level (< 0.1 pm) or macro-level (0.1 to 0.5 mm). In some embodiments, textured surface area(s) 470 can have a surface roughness average (Ra) of 1 micron or more. In some embodiments, textured surface area(s) 470 can have a surface roughness average (Ra) ranging from about 1 micron to about 10 microns, including subranges. For example, in some embodiments, textured surface area(s) 470 can have a surface roughness average (Ra) ranging from about 1 micron to about 5 microns, or 5 microns to 10 microns. Unless specified otherwise, a surface roughness average (Ra) described herein is measured according to ISO 4288: 1996 (“Surface texture: Profile method - Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture”).

[0128] In embodiments including textured surface area(s) 470, textured surface area(s) 470 can be located at the portion of second mid-frame surface 424 that is directly bonded to first curved surface 210 of glass article 200. Accordingly, textured surface area(s) 470 can be located at bond line 300.

[0129] Textured surface area(s) 470 can increase the bonding surface area as it increases the surface area of mid-frame 400. In such embodiments, increasing the bonding surface area can increase the strength of the bond between mid-frame 400 and glass article 200. In some embodiments, a plurality of portions of second mid-frame surface 424 can include a textured surface area 470. A plurality of textured surface areas 470 can further increase the bonding surface area such that the bond strength and reliability is increased. The increased bonding surface area created by textured surface area(s) 470 can reduce or eliminate the need for priming or surface treatments, which can increase the cost and complexity of a manufacturing process.

[0130] In some embodiments, textured surface area 470 as described with respect to mid-frame 400 can additionally or alternatively applied to second frame surface 524 of frame 500.

[0131] While various embodiments have been described herein, they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. It should be apparent that adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It therefore will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail can be made to the embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The elements of the embodiments presented herein are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but may be interchanged to meet various situations as would be appreciated by one of skill in the art.

[0132] Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail herein with reference to embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals are used to indicate identical or functionally similar elements. References to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “some embodiments,” “in certain embodiments,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

[0133] The examples are illustrative, but not limiting, of the present disclosure. Other suitable modifications and adaptations of the variety of conditions and parameters normally encountered in the field, and which would be apparent to those skilled in the art, are within the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

[0134] The indefinite articles “a” and “an” to describe an element or component means that one or more than one of these elements or components is present. Although these articles are conventionally employed to signify that the modified noun is a singular noun, as used herein the articles “a” and “an” also include the plural, unless otherwise stated in specific instances. Similarly, the definite article “the,” as used herein, also signifies that the modified noun may be singular or plural, again unless otherwise stated in specific instances.

[0135] Directional terms as used herein - for example up, down, right, left, front, back, top, bottom, inward, outward — are made only with reference to the figures as drawn and are not intended to imply absolute orientation.

[0136] As used in the claims, “comprising” is an open-ended transitional phrase. A list of elements following the transitional phrase “comprising” is a non-exclusive list, such that elements in addition to those specifically recited in the list may also be present. As used in the claims, “consisting essentially of’ or “composed essentially of’ limits the composition of a material to the specified materials and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel character! stic(s) of the material. As used in the claims, “consisting of’ or “composed entirely of’ limits the composition of a material to the specified materials and excludes any material not specified.

[0137] Where a range of numerical values is recited herein, comprising upper and lower values, unless otherwise stated in specific circumstances, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range. It is not intended that the scope of the claims be limited to the specific values recited when defining a range. Further, when an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as a range, one or more preferred ranges or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether such pairs are separately disclosed. Finally, when the term “about” is used in describing a value or an end-point of a range, the disclosure should be understood to include the specific value or end-point referred to. Whether or not a numerical value or end-point of a range recites “about,” the numerical value or end-point of a range is intended to include two embodiments: one modified by “about,” and one not modified by “about.”

[0138] As used herein, the term “about” refers to a value that is within ± 5% of the value stated. For example, about 3 MPa can include any number between 2.85 MPa and 3.15 MPa.

[0139] The present embodiment(s) have been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed.

[0140] It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. The breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A curved glass assembly, the assembly comprising: a cold-formed glass article comprising: a first curved surface and a second curved surface opposite the first curved surface; a mid-frame comprising: a mid-frame opening surrounded by a mid-frame perimeter wall comprising a first mid-frame surface and a second mid-frame surface opposite the first mid-frame surface, wherein the second mid-frame surface is directly bonded to the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at a bond line; and a frame comprising: a frame opening surrounded by a frame perimeter wall comprising a first frame surface and a second frame surface opposite the first frame surface, wherein the frame is attached to the mid-frame such that mid-frame opening at least partially overlaps the frame opening and the first mid-frame surface is in direct contact with the second frame surface, and wherein the mid-frame comprises one or more of:

(i) a bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at a contact point located within the bond line or at an edge of the bond line,

(ii) an alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, or

(iii) a first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage a second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface.

2. The curved glass assembly of claim 1, wherein the mid-frame comprises (i) the bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the contact point, the contact point located within the bond line or at the edge of the bond line.

3. The curved glass assembly of claim 1, wherein the mid-frame comprises (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article.

4. The curved glass assembly of claim 1, wherein the mid-frame comprises (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the frame perimeter surface.

5. The curved glass assembly of claim 1, wherein the mid-frame comprises:

(i) the bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the contact point, the contact point located within the bond line or at the edge of the bond line, and

6. The curved glass assembly of claim 1, wherein the mid-frame comprises:

(iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface.

7. The curved glass assembly of claim 1, wherein the mid-frame comprises:

(ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and

8. The curved glass assembly of claim 1, wherein the mid-frame comprises:

(i) the bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the contact point, the contact point located within the bond line or at the edge of the bond line,

9. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the mid-frame comprises (i) the bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the contact point, the contact point located within the bond line or at the edge of the bond line, and the protrusion is configured to control a bond height of the bond line.

10. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the mid-frame comprises (i) the bond line protrusion extending from the second mid-frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the contact point, the contact point located within the bond line or at the edge of the bond line, and wherein the bond line protrusion comprises a triangular shape.

11. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-10, wherein: the cold-formed glass article comprises a glass article perimeter edge extending between the first curved surface and the second curved surface, the perimeter edge of the glass article comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and an edge corner at an intersection of the lateral side edge and the transverse side edge of the glass article perimeter edge, the mid-frame perimeter wall comprises a mid-frame perimeter edge extending between the first mid-frame surface and the second mid-frame surface, the perimeter edge of the mid-frame comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and an edge comer at an intersection of the lateral edge and the transverse edge of the midframe perimeter edge, the mid-frame comprises (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second midframe surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and the alignment tab vertically aligns the lateral side edge of the glass article perimeter edge and the lateral side edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge such that a transverse offset distance between the lateral side edge of the glass article perimeter edge and the lateral side edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge is no more than 250 microns.

12. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-11, wherein: the cold-formed glass article comprises a glass article perimeter edge extending between the first curved surface and the second curved surface, the glass article perimeter edge comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and a glass edge comer at an intersection of the lateral side edge and the transverse side edge of the glass article perimeter edge, the mid-frame perimeter wall comprises a mid-frame perimeter edge extending between the first mid-frame surface and the second mid-frame surface, the perimeter edge of the mid-frame comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and an edge comer at an intersection of the lateral edge and the transverse edge of the midframe perimeter edge, the mid-frame comprises (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second midframe surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and the alignment tab vertically aligns the transverse side edge of the glass article perimeter edge and the transverse side edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge such that a lateral offset distance between the transverse side edge of the glass article perimeter edge and the transverse side edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge is no more than 250 microns.

13. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-12, further comprising an electronic display bonded to the second curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, wherein the electronic display is disposed in the frame opening and is surrounded by the frame perimeter wall.

14. The curved glass assembly of claim 13, wherein the mid-frame comprises (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and the alignment tab contacts a perimeter edge of the electronic display.

15. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the mid-frame comprises (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and wherein at least a portion of the alignment tab is removable.

16. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the mid-frame comprises (ii) the alignment tab extending from the second mid-frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article, and wherein the alignment tab comprises a wedge shape.

17. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-16, wherein: the mid-frame perimeter wall comprises a mid-frame perimeter edge extending between the first mid-frame surface and the second mid-frame surface, the perimeter edge of the mid-frame comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and an edge comer at an intersection of the lateral edge and the transverse edge of the midframe perimeter edge, the frame perimeter wall comprises a frame perimeter edge extending between the first frame surface and the second frame surface, the perimeter edge of the frame comprising a lateral side edge, a transverse side edge, and an edge corner at an intersection of the lateral edge and the transverse edge of the frame perimeter edge, the mid-frame comprises (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface, and the first alignment coupling and the second alignment coupling vertically align the lateral edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge and the lateral edge of the frame perimeter edge such that a transverse offset distance between the lateral edge of the mid-frame perimeter edge and the lateral edge of the frame perimeter edge is no more than 250 microns.

18. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-17, wherein: the mid-frame perimeter wall comprises a mid-frame perimeter edge extending between the first mid-frame surface and the second mid-frame surface, the mid-frame perimeter edge comprising a lateral mid-frame edge, a transverse mid-frame edge, and a mid-frame edge corner at an intersection of the lateral mid-frame edge and the transverse mid-frame edge, the frame perimeter wall comprises a frame perimeter edge extending between the first frame surface and the second frame surface, the frame perimeter edge comprises a lateral frame edge, a transverse frame edge, and a frame edge comer at an intersection of the lateral frame edge and the transverse frame edge, the mid-frame comprises (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface, and the first alignment coupling and the second alignment coupling vertically align the transverse mid-frame edge and the transverse frame edge such that a lateral offset distance between the transverse mid-frame edge and the transverse frame edge is no more than 250 microns.

19. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the mid-frame comprises (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface, and wherein a top end of the first alignment coupling comprises a heat-staked portion to maintain the attachment between the mid-frame to the frame.

20. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the mid-frame comprises (iii) the first alignment coupling disposed on the first mid-frame surface and configured to engage the second alignment coupling disposed on the second frame surface, and wherein the first alignment coupling comprises a shape with an effective diameter that progressively decreases in size as it extends from the first mid-frame surface toward the second frame surface.

21. The curved glass assembly of any one of claims 1-20, wherein at least a portion of the second mid-frame surface directly bonded to the first curved surface of the cold- formed glass article at the bond line comprises a textured surface area comprising a surface roughness average (Ra) ranging from 1 micron to 10 microns.

22. A curved glass assembly, the assembly comprising: a cold-formed glass article comprising: a first curved surface and a second curved surface opposite the first curved surface; and a frame comprising: a frame opening surrounded by a frame perimeter wall comprising a first frame surface and a second frame surface opposite the first frame surface, the second frame surface directly bonded to the first curved surface of the cold- formed glass article at a bond line, wherein the frame comprises one or more of:

(i) a bond line protrusion extending from the second frame surface and contacting the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at a contact point located within the bond line or at an edge of the bond line, or

(ii) an alignment tab extending from the second frame surface toward the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article.

23. The curved glass assembly of claim 22, wherein at least a portion of the second frame surface directly bonded to the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at the bond line comprises a textured surface area comprising a surface roughness average (Ra) ranging from about 1 micron to about 10 microns.

24. A method of making a cold-formed glass article, the method comprising: cold-forming a glass article to form a cold-formed glass article comprising a first curved surface and a second curved surface opposite the first curved surface; directly bonding a mid-frame to the first curved surface of the cold-formed glass article at a bond line, the mid-frame comprising an opening surrounded by a midframe perimeter wall, the mid-frame perimeter wall comprising a first mid-frame surface and a second mid-frame surface opposite the first mid-frame surface; and attaching the mid-frame to a frame comprising a frame opening surrounded by a frame perimeter wall, the frame perimeter wall comprising: a first frame surface and a second frame surface opposite the first frame surface, wherein the mid-frame is attached to the frame such that mid-frame opening at least partially overlaps the frame opening and the first mid-frame surface is in direct contact with the second frame surface, and wherein the mid-frame comprises one or more of: