Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/26—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carbamate groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C271/28—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carbamate groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/325—Carbamic acids; Thiocarbamic acids; Anhydrides or salts thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C269/00—Preparation of derivatives of carbamic acid, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C269/08—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
  • C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
  • C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated

Definitions

• IP prostacyclin
• IP prostacyclin
• cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
• PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
• the present disclosure relates to various solid state forms of the prostacyclin (IP) receptor agonist ralinepag.
• Such forms of ralinepag are useful for modulating the activity prostacyclin (IP) receptor agonist in mammals that would benefit from such activity.
• crystalline form of ralinepag that is characterized as having: an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 1 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; or an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 2 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; or an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 3 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; or an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 4 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• a crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 1) that is characterized as having an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 1 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; or an XRPD pattern with peaks at 8.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 11.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 21.3 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta , 33.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• a crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 1) that is characterized as having an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in any one of Figure 12a, Figure 12b, Figure 12c, Figure 12d, Figure 12e, Figure 12f, Figure 13a, Figure 13b, Figure 13c, Figure 13d, Figure 13e, Figure 14a, Figure 14b, Figure 14c, Figure 14d, Figure 14e, Figure 14f, Figure 14g, Figure 15a, Figure 15b, Figure 15c, Figure 16, Figure 17a, or Figure 17b as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• the crystalline form of ralinepag is further characterized as having: a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 6; or a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 7.
• TGA/DTA Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis
• DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• the crystalline form of ralinepag is further characterized as having: a Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) thermogram showing a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.2 °C; a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram with a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.5 °C.
• DTA Differential Thermal Analysis
• DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• the crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 1) is further characterized as having a reversible water uptake of 0.1% (w/w) between 0% and 90% Relative Humidity (RH).
• the crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is further characterized as having an unchanged XRPD after Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS) analysis between 0% and 90% RH.
• DVD Dynamic Vapour Sorption
• a crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 1) that is characterized as having unit cell parameters substantially equal to the following at 100 K: [0013]
• a crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 2) that is characterized as having an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 2 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; or an XRPD pattern with peaks at 4.1 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 15.5 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.9 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 17.9 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 22.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 23.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• the crystalline form of ralinepag is further characterized as having a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 8.
• the crystalline form of ralinepag (Pattern 2) is further characterized as having a Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram showing weak endothermic and exothermic events from 81 to 89 °C and a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 124.7 °C.
• the crystalline form of ralinepag is further characterized as having an XRPD that converts to crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 1) on heating.
• the crystalline form of ralinepag (Pattern 2) is further characterized as a dimethylsulfoxide solvate.
• a crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 3) that is characterized as having an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 3 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; or an XRPD pattern with peaks at 3.6 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 22.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 24.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 24.3 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• the crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 3) is further characterized as having a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 9.
• the crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 3) is further characterized as having a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) trace showing mass loss of about 17.8 % from the onset of heating up to approximately 238 °C.
• the crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 3) is further characterized as having a Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) thermogram showing a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 74.6 °C.
• the crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 3) is further characterized as a hydrate.
• a crystalline form of ralinepag that is characterized as having an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 4 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; or an XRPD pattern with peaks at 15.0 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.0 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.9 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• the crystalline form of ralinepag is further characterized as having a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 10.
• the crystalline form of ralinepag (Pattern 4) is further characterized as having a Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) thermogram showing a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 29.0 °C, a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.8 °C, or both.
• DTA Differential Thermal Analysis
• the crystalline form of ralinepag is further characterized as having an XRPD that converts to crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 1) on drying.
• the crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is further characterized as having an XRPD that converts to amorphous ralinepag on drying.
• amorphous ralinepag that is characterized as having an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern showing a lack of crystallinity.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• the amorphous ralinepag is further characterized as converting to crystalline form of ralinepag (Form 1) on drying.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising the crystalline ralinepag that is described herein, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• the pharmaceutical composition is formulated in the form of a solid form pharmaceutical composition that is suitable for administration to a subject by oral administration, intranasal administration, or inhalation.
• the pharmaceutical composition is formulated in the form of a solid form pharmaceutical composition for oral administration to a mammal.
• the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, a pill, or a capsule.
• the pharmaceutical composition is administered with a dry powder inhaler (DPI) or metered dose inhaler (MDI).
• DPI dry powder inhaler
• MDI metered dose inhaler
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising amorphous ralinepag and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• the pharmaceutical composition is formulated in the form of a solid form pharmaceutical composition that is suitable for administration to a subject by oral administration, intranasal administration, or inhalation.
• the pharmaceutical composition is formulated in the form of a solid form pharmaceutical composition for oral administration to a mammal.
• the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, a pill, or a capsule.
• the pharmaceutical composition is administered with a dry powder inhaler (DPI) or metered dose inhaler (MDI).
• DPI dry powder inhaler
• MDI metered dose inhaler
• a method of treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a subject in need thereof comprising administering crystalline ralinepag or amorphous ralinepag, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising crystalline ralinepag or amorphous ralinepag.
• PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
• the PAH is selected from: idiopathic PAH; familial PAH; PAH associated with a collagen vascular disease selected from: scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis; PAH associated with a congenital heart disease selected from: atrial septic defect (ASD), ventricular septic defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus in a patient; PAH associated with portal hypertension; PAH associated with HIV infection; PAH associated with ingestion of a drug or toxin; PAH associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; PAH associated with splenectomy; PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement; PAH associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD); and PAH associated with pulmonary veno-
• a method of synthesizing an amorphous ralinepag wherein the amorphous ralinepag is characterized as having an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern showing a lack of crystallinity, the method comprising converting ralinepag of Form 1, Form 3, Pattern 2, or Pattern 4 into an amorphous form.
• the method comprises drying ralinepag of crystalline Pattern 4.
• the method comprises lyophilizaing a ralinepag solution in an organic solvent.
• the organic solvent is 1,4-dioxane.
• a concentration of the ralinepag solution is at most 5 mg/mL. In some embodiments, a concentration of the ralinepag solution is at most 3 mg/mL.
• Figure 2 displays the X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) pattern of crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag.
• Figure 3 displays the X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) pattern of crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag.
• Figure 4. displays the X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) pattern of crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag.
• Figure 5 displays the X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) pattern of amorphous ralinepag.
• Figure 6 displays the Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram of crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag.
• Figure 7 displays the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag.
• Figure 8 displays the Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram of crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag.
• Figure 9 displays the Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram of crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag.
• Figure 10 displays the Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram of crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag.
• Figure 11 displays the overlay of simulated (top) and experimental (bottom) XRPD diffraction patterns of crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag.
• Figures 12a to 12f display X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) patterns of Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag obtained from the solvent solubility study screen in Example 3. All figures display a reference X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Form 1 at the top. XRPD patterns marked with a (PO) correspond to preferred orientations.
• XRPD X-Ray Powder Diffraction
• Figures 13a to 13e display X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) patterns of Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag obtained from the post-thermal cycling experiments in Example 4. All figures display a reference XRPD pattern of Form 1 at the top. XRPD patterns marked with a (PO) correspond to preferred orientations.
• XRPD X-Ray Powder Diffraction
• Figures 14a to 14e display X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) patterns of Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag obtained from the post-thermal cycling and drying in a vacuum oven at 40 °C in Example 4. All figures display a reference X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Form 1 at the top. XRPD patterns marked with a (PO) correspond to preferred orientations.
• Figures 14f displays X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) patterns of Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag post-thermal cycling. Only Form 1 was recovered in all samples when dried.
• Figures 14g displays X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) patterns of Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag post-thermal cycling.
• Form 1 was produced from 3 out of 5 solids recovered postthermal cycling. The form was retained on drying. Amorphous solids from DMA/water and NMP/water were found to dry to Form 1.
• Figures 15a to 15c display X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) patterns of Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag obtained after evaporation of the mother liquors in Example 4. (The last sample depicted was obtained after anti-solvent addition of the mother liquor in Example 4). All figures display a reference X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Form 1 at the top. XRPD patterns marked with a (PO) correspond to preferred orientations.
• XRPD X-Ray Powder Diffraction
• Figure 16 displays X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) patterns isolated Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag obtained after crash cooling of the mother liquors in Example 4. All figures display a reference X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Form 1 at the top. XRPD patterns marked with a (PO) correspond to preferred orientations.
• Figures 17a and 17b display X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) patterns of Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag obtained after anti-solvent addition of the mother liquors in Example 4. All figures display a reference X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) pattern of Form 1 at the top. XRPD patterns marked with a (PO) correspond to preferred orientations.
• XRPD X-Ray Powder Diffraction
• polymorphism While small molecule inhibitors are often initially evaluated for their activity when dissolved in solution, solid state characteristics such as polymorphism are also important. Polymorphic forms of a drug substance can have different physical properties, including melting point, apparent solubility, dissolution rate, optical and mechanical properties, vapor pressure, and density. These properties can have a direct effect on the ability to process or manufacture a drug substance and the drug product. Moreover, differences in these properties can and often lead to different pharmacokinetics profiles for different polymorphic forms of a drug. Therefore, polymorphism is often an important factor under regulatory review of the ‘sameness’ of drug products from various manufacturers.
• Pulmonary hypertension is a rare, progressive disease characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) that can lead to right ventricular enlargement, hypertrophy, heart failure and ultimately death.
• PVR pulmonary vascular resistance
• WHO Groups There are five different groups of PH based on different causes according to the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification. These are referred to as PH WHO Groups.
• Group 1 is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), which is characterized by a thickening and stiffening of the pulmonary vasculature. Although management of PAH has improved significantly in the past 15 years, the mortality rate is still unacceptably high, with a median life expectancy of 7 years after diagnosis. WHO Group 2 includes PH due to left heart disease.
• WHO Group 3 includes PH due to chronic lung disease and/or hypoxia (low oxygen levels).
• Group 3 includes pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease (PH-ILD) and PH associated with pulmonary fibrosis.
• WHO Group 4 is called chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
• WHO Group 5 is where PH is secondary to other diseases in ways that are not well understood. Treatment depends on the form of PH. For example, PAH is frequently treated with prostacyclins. Regardless of classification, PH is a serious and often fatal disease.
• Severity of PH is graded by four functional classes according to a system originally developed for heart failure by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) and then modified by the WHO for patients with PAH.
• NYHA New York Heart Association
• Patients are usually asymptomatic in the earliest stages of the disease (ie, functional class I), but as the disease progresses, their symptoms, which include exertional dyspnea, fatigue, peripheral edema, and syncope, can be indistinguishable from other cardiorespiratory diseases. Many patients are not diagnosed until they have developed symptoms of WHO/NYHA functional class II or III.
• Pulmonary arterial hypertension has a multifactorial pathobiology. Vasoconstriction, remodeling of the pulmonary vessel wall, and thrombosis contribute to increased pulmonary vascular resistance in PAH (Humbert et al., J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2004, 43: 13 S-24S.)
• PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
• WHO World Health Organization
• Those forms include idiopathic PAH (IP AH); familial PAH (FPAH); PAH associated with other conditions (APAH), such as PAH associated with collagen vascular disease, PAH associated with congenital systemic-to- pulmonary shunts, PAH associated with portal hypertension, PAH associated with HIV infection, PAH associated with drugs or toxins, or PAH associated with Other; and PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement.
• IP AH idiopathic PAH
• FPAH familial PAH
• APAH PAH associated with other conditions
• PAH associated with portal hypertension PAH associated with HIV infection, PAH associated with drugs or toxins, or PAH associated with Other
• PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement.
• Idiopathic PAH refers to PAH of undetermined cause.
• Familial PAH refers to PAH for which hereditary transmission is suspected or documented.
• PAH associated with collagen vascular disease shall be understood to encompass PAH associated with scleroderma, PAH associated with CREST (calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyl, and telangiectasias) syndrome, PAH associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), PAH associated with rheumatoid arthritis, PAH associated with Takayasu's arteritis, PAH associated with polymyositis, and PAH associated with dermatomyositis.
• SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
• PAH associated with rheumatoid arthritis PAH associated with Takayasu's arteritis
• PAH associated with polymyositis PAH associated with dermatomyositis.
• PAH associated with congenital systemic-to-pulmonary shunts shall be understood to encompass PAH associated with atrial septic defect (ASD), PAH associated with ventricular septic defect (VSD) and PAH associated with patent ductus arteriosus.
• PAH associated with drugs or toxins shall be understood to encompass PAH associated with ingestion of aminorex, PAH associated with ingestion of a fenfluramine compound (e.g., PAH associated with ingestion of fenfluramine or PAH associated with ingestion of dexfenfluramine), PAH associated with ingestion of certain toxic oils (e.g., PAH associated with ingestion of rapeseed oil), PAH associated with ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (e.g., PAH associated with ingestion of bush tea) and PAH associated with ingestion of monocrotaline.
• a fenfluramine compound e.g., PAH associated with ingestion of fenfluramine or PAH associated with ingestion of dexfenfluramine
• PAH associated with ingestion of certain toxic oils e.g., PAH associated with ingestion of rapeseed oil
• PAH associated with ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids e.g., PAH associated
• PAH associated with Other shall be understood to encompass PAH associated with a thyroid disorder, PAH associated with glycogen storage disease, PAH associated with Gaucher disease, PAH associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, PAH associated with a hemoglobinopathy, PAH associated with a myeloproliferative disorder, and PAH associated with splenectomy.
• PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement shall be understood to encompass PAH associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and PAH associated with pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH).
• PVOD pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
• PCH pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis
• Symptoms of PAH include dyspnea, angina, syncope and edema (McLaughlin et al., Circulation, 2006, 114: 1417-1431).
• the compounds disclosed herein are useful in the treatment of symptoms of PAH.
• pulmonary arterial hypertension is selected from: idiopathic PAH; familial PAH; PAH associated with a collagen vascular disease selected from: scleroderma, CREST syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Takayasu's arteritis, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis; PAH associated with a congenital heart disease selected from: atrial septic defect (ASD), ventricular septic defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus in a patient; PAH associated with portal hypertension; PAH associated with HIV infection; PAH associated with ingestion of a drug or toxin; PAH associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; PAH associated with splenectomy; PAH associated with significant venous or capillary involvement; PAH associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (P
• Treatment guidelines for PAH support the use of an oral endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA), a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5-I), or a soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator as monotherapy or in combination for PAH patients with WHO/NHYA functional class III.
• ERAs target the endothelin pathway
• PDE5-Is and sGC stimulators target the nitric oxide pathway.
• PGI2 is a metabolite of arachidonic acid and is formed via the cyclo-oxygenase pathway. Endothelial cells are the main source of PGI2.
• the vascular effects of PGI2 and its mimetics are largely mediated by activation of the PGI2 (IP) receptor, and include vasodilation, the inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation, and the inhibition of platelet aggregation.
• IP PGI2
• the IP receptor is expressed on platelets and on the smooth muscle cells of several tissues, including lung, heart, aorta, liver, kidney, and blood vessels.
• IP receptor Activation of the IP receptor results in increased cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) followed by vasodilation in arteries and inhibition of aggregation in platelets. Improved hemodynamics, exercise capacity, and survival have been clearly demonstrated for PGI2 replacement therapies.
• cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
• Epoprostenol a synthetic PGI2 analogue, is a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and was the first therapeutic that was approved for PAH therapy.
• Epoprostenol improves prognosis for patients with PAH compared to conventional therapy, validating the IP receptor as a target for PAH therapy.
• epoprostenol requires continuous infusion through a portable pump, it is unstable at room temperature, and is associated with intravenous catheter-related infections and thrombosis.
• injectable prostacyclin analogues should be administered in patients whose PAH severity is categorized as WHO/NYHA functional class III through IV.
• PGI2 analogues such as treprostinil (continuous subcutaneous and intravenous infusion, intermittent inhalation, and oral) and iloprost (intermittent inhalation), have demonstrated efficacy through improved exercise capacity and/or delay in clinical symptom worsening.
• These prostacyclins are prescribed for patients with WHO/NYHA functional class II through IV PAH.
• these prostacyclin analogs address some of the limitations associated with epoprostenol, they have drawbacks with respect to frequent dosing (iloprost) and injection site pain (subcutaneous treprostinil), in addition to typical prostacyclin-associated side effects, such as headache, nausea, flushing, diarrhea, and jaw pain.
• Selexipag is an oral, selective IP receptor agonist that is approved in the US and elsewhere for treatment of PAH to delay disease progression and reduce the risk of hospitalization for PAH.
• the ESC/ERS guidelines recommend using selexipag to treat patients with PAH whose severity is WHO/NYHA functional class II through III.
• selexipag and its active metabolite have modes of action similar to that of endogenous prostacyclin (IP receptor agonism), they are chemically distinct from prostacyclin analogues with different pharmacologic properties.
• Selexipag has been shown to reduce PVR after 17 weeks of treatment, and demonstrated a reduction in a composite morbidity and mortality endpoint by 40%.
• the short effective half-life of the active metabolite of selexipag (3 to 4 hours) leads to relatively large fluctuations between peak and trough plasma concentrations after BID administration.
• ralinepag and crystalline forms and the amorphous phase thereof, a pharmaceutical composition thereof may be an attractive oral alternative to the currently approved oral prostacyclin analogues and nonprostanoid IP receptor agonists to treat PAH.
• the compounds disclosed herein are useful in the treatment PH other than PAH.
• the compounds disclosed herein may be useful for treating forms of Group 3 PH, such as PH-ILD or PH associated with pulmonary fibrosis.
• the methods and compositions of the present disclosure can also be suitable for treating other conditions such as platelet aggregation; coronary artery disease; myocardial infarction; transient ischemic attack; angina; stroke; ischemia-reperfusion injury; restenosis; atrial fibrillation; blood clot formation in an angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery individual or in an individual suffering from atrial fibrillation; atherothrombosis; asthma or a symptom thereof; a diabetic-related disorder such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy or diabetic retinopathy; glaucoma or another disease of the eye with abnormal intraocular pressure; hypertension; inflammation; psoriasis; psoriatic arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; Crohn’s disease; transplant rejection; multiple sclerosis; systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); ulcerative colitis; atherosclerosis; acne; type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes; sepsis; and
• the methods and compositions of the present disclosure are useful for treating chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
• CTEPH chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
• the methods and compositions disclosed herein are useful for treating persistent/recurrent CTEPH (WHO Group 4) after surgical treatment.
• WHO Group 4 persistent/recurrent CTEPH
• the methods and compositions disclosed herein are useful for treating inoperable CTEPH to improve exercise capacity and/or WHO functional class.
• Ralinepag refers to “2-([(lr,4r)-4-(((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)carbamoyloxy)methyl)- cyclohexyl]methoxy)acetic acid”, “Acetic acid, 2-((trans-4-(((((4-chlorophenyl)phenylamino)- carbonyl)oxy)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)-”, “2-((trans-4-(((4- Chlorophenyl)(phenyl)carbamoyl)-oxy)methyl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)acetic acid”, or “APD-811”. Other names may be known.
• Ralinepag has the following chemical structure:
• Ralinepag is an oral, potent, and selective IP receptor agonist being developed to treat PAH.
• Ralinepag has been characterized in both single- and multiple-dose studies in a healthy volunteer population.
• Ralinepag demonstrates a longer ti/2 than selexipag (and its active metabolite MRE-269) with less variability in plasma concentrations between doses (peak:trough ratio).
• the relatively short half-life of selexipag results in the need for BID dosing.
• One embodiment herein provides a method of agonizing the IP receptor comprising contacting the IP receptor with ralinepag, or a solid state form thereof, disclosed herein.
• ralinepag is amorphous.
• amorphous or “amorphous solid form” or “amorphous phase” refers to a solid form lacking crystallinity.
• ralinepag is crystalline. In some embodiments, crystallinity is determined by methods known in the art.
• crystallinity of a solid form is determined by X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD). In some embodiments, crystallinity of a solid form is determined by solid state NMR. In some embodiments, crystallinity of a solid form is determined by Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy (FTIR).
• assessments of particle statistics (PS) and/or preferred orientation (PO) are possible. Consistency of relative intensity among XRPD patterns from multiple diffractometers indicates good orientation statistics. Alternatively, the observed XRPD pattern may be compared with a calculated XRPD pattern based upon a single crystal structure, if available. Two-dimensional scattering patterns using area detectors can also be used to evaluate PS/PO. If the effects of both PS and PO are determined to be negligible, then the XRPD pattern is representative of the powder average intensity for the sample and prominent peaks may be identified as “Representative Peaks.” In general, the more data collected to determine Representative Peaks, the more confident one can be of the classification of those peaks.
• Characteristic peaks are a subset of Representative Peaks and are used to differentiate one crystalline polymorph from another crystalline polymorph (polymorphs being crystalline forms having the same chemical composition). Characteristic peaks are determined by evaluating which representative peaks, if any, are present in one crystalline polymorph of a compound against all other known crystalline polymorphs of that compound to within ⁇ 0.2 °2 9. Not all crystalline polymorphs of a compound necessarily have at least one characteristic peak.
• the term “preferred orientation” as used herein refers to an extreme case of non-random distribution of the crystallites of a solid state form. In XRPD, the ideal sample is homogenous and the crystallites are randomly distributed in the bulk solid.
• amorphous ralinepag Provided herein is amorphous ralinepag. Some embodiments provide a composition comprising amorphous ralinepag.
• amorphous ralinepag is characterized as having an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern showing a lack of crystallinity.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• a method of synthesizing an amorphous ralinepag wherein the amorphous ralinepag is characterized as having an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern showing a lack of crystallinity, the method comprising converting ralinepag of Form 1, Form 3, Pattern 2, or Pattern 4 into an amorphous form.
• the method comprises drying ralinepag of crystalline Pattern 4.
• the method comprises drying ralinepag of crystalline Form 1.
• the method comprises lyophilizaing a ralinepag solution in an organic solvent.
• the organic solvent is 1,4-di oxane.
• a concentration of the ralinepag solution is at most 10 mg/mL. In some embodiments, a concentration of the ralinepag solution is at most 5 mg/mL. In some embodiments, a concentration of the ralinepag solution is at most 4 mg/mL.In some embodiments, a concentration of the ralinepag solution is at most 3 mg/mL. In some embodiments, a concentration of the ralinepag solution is at most 2 mg/mL. In some embodiments, a concentration of the ralinepag solution is at most 1 mg/mL. In some embodiments, a concentration of the ralinepag solution is about 0.1 mg/ml to about 5 mg/mL.
• a concentration of the ralinepag solution is about 0.1 mg/ml to about 3 mg/mL. In some embodiments, a concentration of the ralinepag solution is about 0.1 mg/ml to about 4 mg/mL.
• the crystalline ralinepag is unsolvated. [0088] In some embodiments, the crystalline ralinepag is solvated. In some embodiments, the crystalline ralinepag is a dimethylsulfoxide solvate.
• the crystalline ralinepag is a hydrate.
• the crystalline ralinepag is crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag.
• described herein is a composition comprising crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is referred to as crystalline Pattern 1 of ralinepag.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is anhydrous. In some embodiments, crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is not solvated. In some embodiments, crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is not hydrated.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is formed from the other solid- state forms described herein. In some embodiments, crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is the thermodynamically favored solid state form of ralinepag.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having an X- Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 1 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• XRPD X- Ray powder diffraction
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an XRPD pattern with peaks at 8.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 11.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 21.3 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 33.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an XRPD pattern with peaks at 8.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 11.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, and 16.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 6.
• TGA/DTA Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: a Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) thermogram showing a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.2 °C.
• DTA Differential Thermal Analysis
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 7.
• DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: a DSC thermogram with a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.5 °C.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: a reversible water uptake of 0.1% (w/w) between 0% and 90% Relative Humidity (RH).
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an unchanged XRPD after Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS) analysis between 0% and 90% RH.
• DVD Dynamic Vapour Sorption
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: unit cell parameters substantially equal to the following at 100 K:
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 1 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; and a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 6; or a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 7; or both.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• TGA/DTA Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis
• DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an XRPD pattern with peaks at 8.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 11.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 21.3
• DTA Differential Thermal Analysis
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an XRPD pattern with peaks at 8.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 11.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, and 16.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; and a Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) thermogram showing a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.2 °C; or a DSC thermogram with a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.5 °C; or both.
• DTA Differential Thermal Analysis
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 6.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having a DTA thermogram showing a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.2 °C.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having a DTA thermogram showing a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.2 °C and a peak at about 129.5 °C.
• the DTA thermogram of other solid-state forms shows an endothermic event having an onset of 125-128 °C, which may be attributed to the formation of crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag through the DTA experiment.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 7.
• DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having a a DSC thermogram with a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.5 °C.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having a a DSC thermogram with a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.5 °C and a peak at about 129.2 °C.
• the DSC thermogram of other solid-state forms shows an endothermic event having an onset of 125-128 °C, which may be attributed to the formation of crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag through the DSC experiment.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having a reversible water uptake of 0.1% (w/w) between 0% and 90% Relative Humidity (RH).
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having an unchanged XRPD after Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS) analysis between 0% and 90% RH.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is characterized as having unit cell parameters substantially equal to the following at 100 K: [00108]
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag has an XRPD pattern displaying a preferred orientation.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag has an XRPD pattern displaying some peaks with greater intensity than observed from a sample not in a preferred orientation.
• crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag has an XRPD pattern displaying only one or two peaks corresponding to a preferred orientation.
• the crystalline ralinepag is crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag.
• described herein is a composition comprising crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag.
• crystalline Pattern 2 is formed from lyophilization. In some embodiments, crystalline Pattern 2 is formed only from lyophilization. In some emboidments, crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag has poor crystallinity.
• crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is anhydrous. In some embodiments, crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is not solvated. In some embodiments, crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is not hydrated.
• the crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is characterized as having an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 2 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• the crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is characterized as having an XRPD pattern with peaks at 4.1 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 15.5 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.9 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 17.9 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 22.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 23.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• the crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is characterized as having an XRPD pattern with peaks at 4.1 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 15.5 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, and 16.9 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• the crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is further characterized as having a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 8.
• the crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is further characterized as having a Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram showing weak endothermic and exothermic events from 81 to 89 °C and a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 124.7 °C.
• the crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is further characterized as having an XRPD that converts to Form 1 on heating.
• the crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is further characterized as a dimethylsulfoxide solvate.
• the crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 2 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; and a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 8.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• TGA/DTA Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis
• the crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an XRPD pattern with peaks at 4.1 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 15.5 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.9 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 17.9 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 22.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 23.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; and a Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram showing weak endothermic and exothermic events from 81 to 89 °C and a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 124.7 °C.
• TGA/DTA Differential Thermal Analysis
• the crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an XRPD pattern with peaks at 4.1 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 15.5 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, and 16.9 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; and a Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram showing weak endothermic and exothermic events from 81 to 89 °C and a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 124.7 °C.
• TGA/DTA Differential Thermal Analysis
• crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is characterized as having a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 8.
• crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is characterized as having a DTA thermogram showing weak endothermic and exothermic events from 81 to 89 °C and a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 124.7 °C.
• crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is characterized as having a DTA thermogram showing weak endothermic and exothermic events from 81 to 89 °C and a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 124.7 °C and a peak at about 127.3 °C.
• the weak endothermic and exothermic events from 81 to 89 °C may be attributed to recrystallization of crystalline Pattern 2 and formation of crystalline Form 1.
• the broad endothermic event having an onset at about 124.7 °C may be attributed to crystalline Form 1.
• crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is characterized as having an XRPD that converts to Form 1 on heating.
• the crystalline ralinepag is crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag.
• described herein is a composition comprising crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is referred to as crystalline Pattern 3 of ralinepag.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is highly crystalline.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is partially crystalline.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag has poor crystallinity.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is recovered only from samples with dimethylsulfoxide. In some embodiments, crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is solvated. In some embodiments, crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is a dimethylsulfoxide solvate.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is characterized as having an X- Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 3 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• XRPD X- Ray powder diffraction
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is characterized as having an XRPD pattern with peaks at 3.6 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 22.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 24.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 24.3 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is characterized as having an XRPD pattern with peaks at 3.6 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, and 22.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• the crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is further characterized as having a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 9.
• the crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is further characterized as having a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) trace showing mass loss of 17.8 % from the onset of heating up to approximately 238 °C.
• the crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is further characterized as having a Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) thermogram showing a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 74.6 °C.
• the crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is further characterized as a hydrate.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is characterized as having an X- Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 3 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; and a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 9.
• XRPD X- Ray powder diffraction
• TGA/DTA Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an XRPD pattern with peaks at 3.6 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 22.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 24.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 24.3 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; and a TG trace showing mass loss of 17.8 % from the onset of heating up to approximately 238 °C; or a DTA thermogram showing a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 74.6 °C; or both.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an XRPD pattern with peaks at 3.6 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, and 22.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; and a TG trace showing mass loss of 17.8 % from the onset of heating up to approximately 238 °C; or a DTA thermogram showing a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 74.6 °C; or both.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is characterized as having a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 9.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is characterized as having a TGA trace showing mass loss of 17.8 % from the onset of heating up to approximately 238 °C.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is characterized as having a DTA thermogram showing a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 74.6 °C.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is characterized as having a DTA thermogram showing a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 74.6 °C and a peak at about 78.9 °C.
• crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag has an XRPD pattern displaying unknown additional peaks.
• the crystalline ralinepag is crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag.
• described herein is a composition comprising crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is highly crystalline. In some embodiments, crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is partially crystalline. In some embodiments, crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag has poor crystallinity.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is anhydrous. In some embodiments, crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is not solvated. In some embodiments, crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is not hydrated.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is recovered only from samples with water as an antisolvent. In some embodiments, crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is solvated. In some embodiments, crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is a hydrate.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 4 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having an XRPD pattern with peaks at 15.0 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.0 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.9 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having an XRPD pattern with peaks at 15.0 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, and 18.0 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation.
• the crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is further characterized as having a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 10.
• the crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is further characterized as having a Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) thermogram showing a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 29.0 °C, a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.8 °C, or both.
• the crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is further characterized as having an XRPD that converts to Form 1 on drying.
• the crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is further characterized as having an XRPD that converts to amorphous ralinepag on drying.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an X-Ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially the same as shown in Figure 4 as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; and a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 10.
• XRPD X-Ray powder diffraction
• TGA/DTA Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an XRPD pattern with peaks at 15.0 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.0 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 18.9 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; and a DTA thermogram showing a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 29.0 °C, and a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.8 °C.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having: an XRPD pattern with peaks at 15.0 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, and 18.0 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta as measured using Cu Ka.radiation; and a DTA thermogram showing a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 29.0 °C, and a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.8 °C.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having a Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) thermogram substantially the same as shown in Figure 10.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having a TG trace showing a significant loss in mass (21.6 %) prior to melting. In some embodiments, this loss in mass may be attributed to loss of residual solvent or water.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having a DTA thermogram showing a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 29.0 °C, and a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.8 °C.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having a DTA thermogram showing a broad endothermic event having an onset at about 29.0 °C and a peak at about 64.0 °C, and a sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.8 °C and a peak at about 130.4 °C.
• the broad endothermic event having an onset at about 29.0 °C may be attributed to loss of residual solvent or water and recrystallization of crystalline Pattern 4 and formation of crystalline Form 1.
• the sharp endothermic event having an onset at about 127.8 °C may be attributed to crystalline Form 1.
• crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having an XRPD that converts to Form 1 on drying. In some embodiments, crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having an XRPD that converts to Form 1 on drying in air at ambient conditions. In some embodiments, crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is characterized as having an XRPD that converts to amorphous ralinepag on drying.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts of ralinepag are prepared, including solvates, hydrates, and unsolvated forms thereof.
• solvates contain either stoichiometric or non- stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein and crystalline forms thereof are conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. In addition, the compounds and crystalline forms thereof provided herein optionally exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, refers to a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material is administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a form of a therapeutically active agent that consists of a cationic form of the therapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable anion, or in alternative embodiments, an anionic form of the therapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable cation.
• Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts Properties, Selection and Use. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Wiley-VCH 2002. S.M. Berge, L.D. Bighley, D.C. Monkhouse, J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19. P. H. Stahl and C. G. Wermuth, editors, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use, Weinheim/Zurich:Wiley-VCH/VHCA, 2002.
• Pharmaceutical salts typically are more soluble and more rapidly dissolved in stomach and intestinal juices than non-ionic species and so are useful in solid dosage forms. Furthermore, because their solubility often is a function of pH, selective dissolution in one or another part of the digestive tract is possible and this capability can be manipulated as one aspect of delayed and sustained release behaviours. Also, because the saltforming molecule can be in equilibrium with a neutral form, passage through biological membranes can be adjusted.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound disclosed herein with an acid.
• the compound disclosed herein i.e. free base form
• the compound disclosed herein is basic and is reacted with an organic acid or an inorganic acid.
• Inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and metaphosphoric acid.
• Organic acids include, but are not limited to, l-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; 2,2-dichloroacetic acid; 2-hydroxy ethanesulfonic acid; 2- oxoglutaric acid; 4-acetamidobenzoic acid; 4-aminosalicylic acid; acetic acid; adipic acid; ascorbic acid (L); aspartic acid (L); benzenesulfonic acid; benzoic acid; camphoric acid (+); camphor- 10-sulfonic acid (+); capric acid (decanoic acid); caproic acid (hexanoic acid); caprylic acid (octanoic acid); carbonic acid; cinnamic acid; citric acid; cyclamic acid; dodecylsulfuric acid; ethane- 1,2-disulfonic acid; ethanesulfonic acid; formic acid; fumaric acid; galactaric acid; gentisic acid; glucoheptonic acid (
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting ralinepag with a base.
• the acidic proton of ralinepag is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, or an aluminum ion.
• Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and the like.
• ralinepag coordinates with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, meglumine, N-m ethylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine.
• organic base such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, meglumine, N-m ethylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine.
• ralinepag forms salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like.
• ralinepag is prepared as a sodium salt, calcium salt, potassium salt, magnesium salt, meglumine salt, N-methylglucamine salt or ammonium salt.
• cocrystals of ralinepag are prepared, including solvates, hydrates, and unsolvated forms thereof.
• Salts are formed by complete transfer of proton from one compound to another.
• Salts and cocrystals can be differentiated based by a proton transfer from an acid to base. A complete transfer of proton takes place between acid-base pairs, whereas, no proton transfer occurs during cocrystal formation.
• Therapeutic agents such as ralinepag, that are administrable to mammals, such as humans, must be prepared by following regulatory guidelines. Such government regulated guidelines are referred to as Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). GMP guidelines outline acceptable contamination levels of active therapeutic agents, such as, for example, the amount of residual solvent in the final product. Preferred solvents are those that are suitable for use in GMP facilities and consistent with industrial safety concerns. Categories of solvents are defined in, for example, the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), “Impurities: Guidelines for Residual Solvents, Q3C(R3), (November 2005).
• ICH International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
• Solvents are categorized into three classes. Class 1 solvents are toxic and are to be avoided. Class 2 solvents are solvents to be limited in use during the manufacture of the therapeutic agent. Class 3 solvents are solvents with low toxic potential and of lower risk to human health. Data for Class 3 solvents indicate that they are less toxic in acute or short-term studies and negative in genotoxicity studies.
• Class 1 solvents which are to be avoided, include: benzene; carbon tetrachloride; 1,2- di chloroethane; 1,1 -di chloroethene; and 1,1,1 -tri chloroethane.
• Class 2 solvents are: acetonitrile, chlorobenzene, chloroform, cyclohexane, 1,2-di chloroethene, di chloromethane, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N- dimethylformamide, 1,4-di oxane, 2-ethoxy ethanol, ethyleneglycol, formamide, hexane, methanol, 2-methoxyethanol, methylbutyl ketone, methylcyclohexane, N-methylpyrrolidine, nitromethane, pyridine, sulfolane, tetralin, toluene, 1, 1,2-tri chloroethene and xylene.
• Class 3 solvents which possess low toxicity, include: acetic acid, acetone, anisole, 1- butanol, 2-butanol, butyl acetate, /c/V-butylmethyl ether (MTBE), cumene, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, ethyl formate, formic acid, heptane, isobutyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, methyl acetate, 3 -methyl- 1 -butanol, methylethyl ketone, methylisobutyl ketone, 2- m ethyl- 1 -propanol, pentane, 1 -pentanol, 1 -propanol, 2-propanol, propyl acetate, and tetrahydrofuran.
• acetic acid acetone
• anisole 1- butanol
• 2-butanol
• Residual solvents in active pharmaceutical ingredients originate from the preparation of API. In some cases, the solvents are not completely removed by practical manufacturing techniques. Appropriate selection of the solvent for the synthesis of APIs may enhance the yield, or determine characteristics such as crystal form, purity, and solubility. Therefore, the solvent is a critical parameter in the synthetic process.
• compositions comprising ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprise an organic solvent(s). In some embodiments, compositions comprising ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, include a residual amount of an organic solvent(s).
• compositions comprising ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprise a residual amount of a Class 3 solvent.
• the Class 3 solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, acetone, anisole, 1- butanol, 2-butanol, butyl acetate, te/7-butylmethyl ether, cumene, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, ethyl formate, formic acid, heptane, isobutyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, methyl acetate, 3 -methyl- 1 -butanol, methylethyl ketone, methylisobutyl ketone, 2-methyl-l- propanol, pentane, 1 -pentanol, 1 -propanol, 2-propanol, propyl acetate, and
• compositions comprising ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include a detectable amount of an organic solvent.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of ralinepag is a tosylate salt (i.e., ralinepag -Tosyl).
• the organic solvent is a Class 3 solvent (i.e., 1-butanol).
• compositions comprising ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the composition comprises a detectable amount of solvent that is less than about 1%, wherein the solvent is selected from acetone, 1,2-dimeth oxy ethane, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, heptane, and 2-propanol.
• the composition comprises a detectable amount of solvent which is less than about 5000 ppm.
• compositions comprising ralinepag, wherein the detectable amount of solvent is less than about 5000 ppm, less than about 4000 ppm, less than about 3000 ppm, less than about 2000 ppm, less than about 1000 ppm, less than about 500 ppm, or less than about 100 ppm.
• modulate means to interact with a target either directly or indirectly so as to alter the activity of the target, including, by way of example only, to enhance the activity of the target, to inhibit the activity of the target, to limit the activity of the target, or to extend the activity of the target.
• modulator refers to a molecule that interacts with a target either directly or indirectly.
• the interactions include, but are not limited to, the interactions of an agonist, partial agonist, an inverse agonist, antagonist, degrader, or combinations thereof.
• a modulator is an agonist.
• administer refers to the methods that may be used to enable delivery of compounds or compositions to the desired site of biological action. These methods include, but are not limited to oral routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), and topical administration. Those of skills in the art are familiar with administration techniques that can be employed with the compounds and methods described herein.
• the compounds and compositions described herein are administered orally.
• the compounds and compositions described herein are administered intranasally or by inhalation.
• co-administration or the like, as used herein, are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.
• an “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered, which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the diseases or conditions being treated. The result includes reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system.
• an “effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms.
• An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case is optionally determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.
• the terms “enhance” or “enhancing,” as used herein, means to increase or prolong either in potency or duration a desired effect.
• the term “enhancing” refers to the ability to increase or prolong, either in potency or duration, the effect of other therapeutic agents on a system.
• An “enhancing-effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount adequate to enhance the effect of another therapeutic agent in a desired system.
• subject or “patient” encompasses mammals.
• mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like.
• the mammal is a human.
• treat include alleviating, abating or ameliorating at least one symptom of a disease or condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition either prophylactically and/or therapeutically.
• the term “about” means within a statistically meaningful range of a value, such as a stated concentration range, time frame, molecular weight, particle size, temperature or pH. Such a range can be within an order of magnitude, typically within 10%, more typically within 5%, and even more typically within 3% of the indicated value or range. Sometimes, such a range can be within the experimental error typical of standard methods used for the measurement and/or determination of a given value or range. The allowable variation encompassed by the term “about” will depend upon the particular system under study, and can be readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. Whenever a range is recited within this application, every whole number integer within the range is also contemplated as an embodiment of the invention.
• the term “substantially the same,” as used herein to reference a figure is intended to mean that the figure is considered representative of the type and kind of characteristic data that is obtained by a skilled artisan in view of deviations acceptable in the art. Such deviations may be caused by factors related to sample size, sample preparation, particular instrument used, operation conditions, and other experimental condition variations known in the art. For example, one skilled in the art can appreciate that the endotherm onset and peak temperatures as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) may vary significantly from experiment to experiment. For example, one skilled in the art can readily identify whether two X-ray diffraction patterns or two DSC thermograms are substantially the same. In some embodiments, when characteristic peaks of two X-ray diffraction patterns do not vary more than ⁇ 0.2° 2-Theta, it is deemed that the X-ray diffraction patterns are substantially the same.
• DSC differential scanning calorimetry
• the compounds and solid state forms described herein are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions.
• Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that are used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. A summary of pharmaceutical compositions described herein is found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995);
• the compounds and solid state forms described herein are administered either alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents, in a pharmaceutical composition.
• Administration of the compounds and compositions described herein can be effected by any method that enables delivery of the compounds to the site of action.
• compositions suitable for oral administration are presented as discrete units such as capsules, sachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
• the active ingredient is presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
• compositions which can be used orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Tablets may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets are coated or scored and are formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
• the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
• the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In some embodiments, stabilizers are added. Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
• concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
• Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or Dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
• compositions described herein may include other agents conventional in the art with regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
• the formulations described herein are suitable for oral or nasal inhalation.
• the inhalable formulations described herein include allow for rapid delivery of ralinepag into the circulatory system and/or target organ (e.g., the lungs) of a mammal in need thereof.
• the inhalable formulation is in the form of a dry powder.
• dry powders are delivered with propellants.
• dry powders are delivered without propellants.
• dry powders are one-phase solidparticle blends.
• dry powders when actuated, dry powders are two-phase gas-solid systems wherein the dry powder is dispersed in air.
• dry powders contain at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient selected from pH-modifying agents, tonicity agents, propellants, preservatives, and surfactants.
• dry powders comprise micronized and/or nano-sized prostacyclin (IP) receptor agonist particles blended with larger carrier particles that prevent aggregation.
• IP prostacyclin
• the excipients and/or carriers in dry powders are endogenous to the lung and are easily metabolized or cleared.
• dry powders contain lactose as a carrier.
• dry powders comprise starch, mannitol or glucose as a carrier.
• dry powders are formulated as liposomes comprising phospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylcholine), cholesterol, or the like.
• a carrier particle has low hygroscopicity (e.g., lactose) to prevent aggregation or caking due to absorption of moisture.
• a dry powder inhalable formulation described herein comprises nano-particles of ralinepag. In some instances, dry powder inhalable formulations described herein comprise crystalline particles. In some embodiments, dry powder inhalable formulations described herein comprise amorphous particles.
• the inhalable formulation is administered with a dry powder inhaler (DPI), or a metered dose inhaler (MDI).
• DPI dry powder inhaler
• MDI metered dose inhaler
• the dry powder inhalable formulations described herein are administered with a dry power inhaler (DPI).
• DPI dry power inhaler
• the medication is usually loaded as a capsule inside a chamber of the inhaler, and then delivered by a patient’s inhalation, preferably a deep and forceful inhalation.
• the inhalable formulations described herein are administered with a metered dose inhaler (MDI).
• MDI metered dose inhaler
• the inhalable formulations described herein comprise a propellant and are pressure packaged for administration of ralinepag using pressurized aerosols.
• the metered-dose inhaler comprises three major parts: a canister, a metering valve, and an actuator.
• the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
• a single metered dose containing the medication in the propellant is released, resulting an aerosol, which is then inhaled by the patient.
• the dry powder inhalable formulations described herein are administered with a puffer.
• the dry powder is placed in the puffer and the puffer is squeezed. A portion of the powder is ejected from the spout into the air and is inhaled.
• Capsules and cartridges of, such as, by way of example only, gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a dry powder formulation described herein.
• the compounds and solid state forms disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are used in the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of diseases or conditions in a mammal that would benefit from modulation of prostacyclin (IP) receptor agonist activity.
• IP prostacyclin
• Methods for treating any of the diseases or conditions described herein in a mammal in need of such treatment involves administration of pharmaceutical compositions that include at least one compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, active metabolite, prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, in therapeutically effective amounts to said mammal.
• compositions containing the compounds and solid state forms described herein are administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments.
• the compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a disease or condition, in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest at least one of the symptoms of the disease or condition. Amounts effective for this use depend on the severity and course of the disease or condition, previous therapy, the patient’s health status, weight, and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
• Therapeutically effective amounts are optionally determined by methods including, but not limited to, a dose escalation and/or dose ranging clinical trial.
• the amount of a given agent that corresponds to such an amount varies depending upon factors such as the particular compound, disease condition and its severity, the identity (e.g., weight, sex) of the subject or host in need of treatment, but nevertheless is determined according to the particular circumstances surrounding the case, including, e.g., the specific agent being administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated, and the subject or host being treated.
• doses employed for adult human treatment are typically in the range of 0.01 mg-0.6 mg per day.
• the desired dose is conveniently presented in a single dose or in divided doses administered simultaneously or at appropriate intervals, for example as two or more sub-doses per day.
• the daily dosage or the amount of active in the dosage form are lower or higher than the ranges indicated herein, based on a number of variables in regard to an individual treatment regime.
• the daily and unit dosages are altered depending on a number of variables including, but not limited to, the activity of the compound used, the disease or condition to be treated, the mode of administration, the requirements of the individual subject, the severity of the disease or condition being treated, and the judgment of the practitioner.
• any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments in which the effective amount of the compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is: (a) systemically administered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to the mammal; and/or (c) administered by inhalation to the mammal.
• ralinepag is administered in an amount that is equivalent to about 0.01 mg, about 0.02 mg, about 0.03 mg, about 0.04 mg, about 0.05 mg, about 0.06 mg, about 0.07 mg, about 0.08 mg, about 0.09 mg, about 0.1 mg, about 0.12 mg, about 0.13 mg, about 0.14 mg, about 0.15 mg, about 0.16 mg, about 0.17 mg, about 0.18 mg, about 0.19 mg, about 0.2 mg, about 0.21 mg, about 0.22 mg, about 0.23 mg, about 0.24 mg, about 0.25 mg, about 0.26 mg, about 0.27 mg, about 0.28 mg, about 0.29 mg, about 0.3 mg, about 0.31 mg, about 0.32 mg, about 0.33 mg, about 0.34 mg, about 0.35 mg, about 0.36 mg, about 0.37 mg, about 0.38 mg, about 0.39 mg, about 0.4 mg, about 0.41 mg, about 0.42 mg, about 0.43 mg, about 0.44 mg, about 0.45 mg, about 0.
• ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at 0.05 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.10 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.15 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.20 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.25 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.30 mg per day.
• ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at 0.35 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.40 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.45 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.5 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.55 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.60 mg per day.
• ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at 0.65 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.70 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.75 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.80 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.85 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 0.9 mg per day.
• ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at 0.95 mg per day. In some embodiments, ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered at 1 mg per day. In some embodiments, the dose is administered once a day. In some embodiments, the dose is administered twice a day.
• HPLC-UV High Performance Liquid Chromatography -Ultraviolet Detection
• DIPE diisopropyl ether
• DIPE diisopropyl ether
• MEK methylethyl ketone
• MIBK methylisobutyl ketone
• NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
• amorphous material for primary polymorph screening 1.2 g of ralinepag was dissolved in 336 mL of 1,4-dioxane, split into 24 vials ( ⁇ 50 mg of ralinepag per sample). The vials of solution were frozen at -50 °C before being freeze-dried overnight. An aliquot of lyophilised solid was analysed by XRPD and confirmed to be poorly crystalline Form 1.
• Example 2b The solids from Example 2b were redissolved in 100 mL DCM and the solvent was removed via rotary evaporation. An aliquot of solid was analysed by XRPD and confirmed to be Form 1.
• Example 2c The solids from Example 2c were dissolved in 240 mL tert-butanol, the solution split between 24 vials and freeze-dried as described in Example 2a. An aliquot of solid was analysed by XRPD and confirmed to be Form 1.
• Example 2d The solid from one vial from Example 2d was dissolved in 200 pL DCM before 2 mL heptane was added in bulk as an anti-solvent to precipitate solid. A small amount of precipitate was noted which stuck to the sides of the vial. The solution was decanted and the solid was removed using a spatula for XRPD analysis. Form 1 was observed.
• Example 2f Attempt 6.
• Amorphous material was used for the primary polymorph screen to eliminate the presence of any potential seed material in the experiments.
• amorphous material for solubility testing 330 mg of ralinepag was dissolved in 33 mL tert-butanol (with gentle heating applied via a heatgun) before being split evenly into 33 vials ( ⁇ 10 mg of ralinepag per sample). The vials of solution were frozen at -50 °C before being freeze-dried overnight. One vial of solid was analyzed by XRPD to confirm that ralinepag had been rendered amorphous. However, as in Example 2g, a poorly crystalline Pattern 2 was observed.
• the poorly crystalline ralinepag was found to be soluble in 29 of the 32 solvent systems at a concentration of 10 mg/mL or greater.
• Any solid material remaining post-temperature cycle was isolated by centrifuge filtration and the isolated material was analyzed by XRPD. The solids were dried in a vacuum oven at 40 °C for 2 h before being analyzed by XRPD again.
• Form 1 was recovered in all samples when dried. Several solids which were amorphous/predominantly amorphous when wet, dried to Form 1, for example, solids from 2- methyl-tetrahydrofuran, benzyl alcohol, toluene, N,N-dimethylacetamide/water, and N-methyl-2- pyrrolidone/water.
• Amorphous material was obtained from 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran/heptane, ethanol/water, acetone/heptane, acetonitrile/water, butyl acetate/heptane, ethanol/heptane, and ethyl acetate/heptane.
• a new pattern was recovered from N,N-dimethylacetamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone when water was added as an anti-solvent, Pattern 4. Upon drying, Form 1 was produced from Pattern 4. To carry out analysis of Pattern 4, another sample was prepared from N-methyl-2- pyrrolidone/water.
• sample preparation can impact relative intensities of the peaks. That is, many of the sample preparations of Crystalline Form 1 displayed a preferred orientation, including:
• SR-XRPD Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Powder Diffraction
• Characteristic peaks are a subset of observed peaks and are used to differentiate one crystalline polymorph from another crystalline polymorph (polymorphs being crystalline forms having the same chemical composition). Characteristic peaks are determined by evaluating which observed peaks, if any, are present in one crystalline polymorph of a compound against all other known crystalline polymorphs of that compound to within ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta.
• XRPD analysis was carried out on a PANalytical X’pert pro with PIXcel detector (128 channels), scanning the samples between 3 and 35° 29.
• the material was gently ground to release any agglomerates and loaded onto a multi-well plate with Kapton or Mylar polymer film to support the sample.
• peak tables contain data identified only as “Prominent Peaks.” These peaks are a subset of the entire observed peak list. Prominent peaks are selected from observed peaks by identifying preferably non-overlapping, low-angle peaks, with strong intensity.
• Characteristic peaks of Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag can include 8.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 11.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 16.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 21.3 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, and 33.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta.
• Characteristic peaks of Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag can include peaks at 8.8 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, 11.7 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta, and 16.2 ⁇ 0.2 °2-Theta.
• sample preparation can impact relative intensities of the peaks.
• all samples prepared via solvent evaporation, and many samples prepared by other methods displayed a preferred orientation.
• Additional X-Ray powder diffraction patterns obtained from isolated crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag throughought the examples described herein are displayed in Figures 12a to 12f, Figures 13a to 13e, Figures 14a to 14e, Figures 15a to 15c, Figure 16, Figures 17a and 17b. These additional patterns show the variation in the XRPD pattern of crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag obtained throughout the examples herein.
• assessments of particle statistics (PS) and/or preferred orientation (PO) are possible. Consistency of relative intensity among XRPD patterns from multiple diffractometers indicates good orientation statistics. Alternatively, the observed XRPD pattern may be compared with a calculated XRPD pattern based upon a single crystal structure, if available. Two-dimensional scattering patterns using area detectors can also be used to evaluate PS/PO. If the effects of both PS and PO are determined to be negligible, then the XRPD pattern is representative of the powder average intensity for the sample and prominent peaks may be identified as “Representative Peaks.”.
• the term “preferred orientation” as used herein refers to an extreme case of non-random distribution of the crystallites of a solid state form.
• XRPD XRPD
• the ideal sample is homogenous and the crystallites are randomly distributed in the bulk solid.
• each possible reflection from a given set of planes will have an equal number of crystallites contributing to it.
• comparing the intensity between a randomly oriented diffraction pattern and a preferred oriented diffraction pattern can look entirely different. Quantitative analysis depending on intensity ratios are greatly distorted by preferred orientation.
• Pattern 2 was recovered only post-lyophilization from tert-butanol and 1,4-di oxane and is a poorly crystalline form.
• Pattern 2 converts to Form 1 on heating. Characterization of Crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag
• Form 3 was recovered only from DMSO, and is highly crystalline.
• Pattern 4 was observed only in wet solids obtained from N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) when water was added as a cosolvent.
• DMA N,N-dimethylacetamide
• NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
• Pattern 4 made from NMP/water converts to Form 1 upon drying (even with air drying).
• Pattern 4 made from DMA/water converts to a predominantly amorphous form with some Form 1 peaks present.
• TGA/DTA thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer
• DTA differential thermal events
• Nitrogen was used as the purge gas, at a flow rate of 300 cm 3 /min.
• the TGA/DTA thermogram for Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is displayed in Figure 6.
• the TGA/DTA thermogram for Crystalline Pattern 2 of ralinepag is displayed in Figure 8.
• the TGA/DTA thermogram for Crystalline Form 3 of ralinepag is displayed in Figure 9.
• the TGA/DTA thermogram for Crystalline Pattern 4 of ralinepag is displayed in Figure 10.
• TGA/DTA Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis
• Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag was heated beyond the melting point before being cooled back to 20 °C and subsequently re-heated.
• the DSC thermogram for Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is displayed in Figure 7.
• a sharp endothermic event consistent with the melt onset in the TGA/DTA was observed in the first heating step (onset at about 127.5 °C; peak at about 129.2 °C). No further events observed in the first heating step. No thermal events were observed on cooling post-melting. A weak thermal event was observed at approximately 193 °C in the second heating step, potentially due to onset of decomposition.
• Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag is non-hygroscopic. Reversible water uptake for crystalline Form 1 as determined by DVS was 0.1 % (w/w) between 0 % and 90 % RH. [00254] XRPD analysis was then carried out on any solid retained, and indicated that the material was unchanged after DVS analysis, remaining as Crystalline Form 1.
• Example 10 Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) of Crystalline Form 1 of ralinepag
• SXRD Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction
• a suitable crystal was selected and mounted in a loop using paratone oil. Data were collected using a Bruker D8 Venture diffractometer equipped with a Photon III detector operating in shutterless mode at 100(2) K with Cu-Ka radiation (1.54178 A). The structure was solved in the Olex2 software package (Dolomanov, O.V., Bourhis, L.J., Gildea, R.J, Howard, J.A.K. & Puschmann, H. J. AppL Cryst., 2009, 42, 339-341.) with the ShelXT (intrinsic phasing) (Sheldrick, G. M.
• Example A-l Oral Capsule (Immediate-Release Formulation)
• ralinepag form disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved in Kolliphor® RH4 or another suitable solubilizer, and is optionally thickened with silicon dioxide or another suitable thickener, and/or stabilized with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or another suitable stabilizer.
• BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
• the liquid mixture is incorporated into an oral dosage unit such as a hard gelatin capsule, which is suitable for oral administration.
• Example A-2 Oral Capsule (Extended-Release Formulation)
• ralinepag a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
• pol oxamer Pl 88 a suitable solubilizer
• glycerol monostearate a suitable emulsifier
• the liquid mixture is incorporated into an oral dosage unit such as a hard gelatin capsule, which is suitable for oral administration.
• the ratio of excipients can be varied to control the drug release rate.
• Example A-3 Oral Tablet (Extended-Release Formulation)
• a tablet is prepared by mixing 0.05-0.4 mg of ralinepag, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with 20-50% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose, 40-60% by weight of release modifying excipient such as a blend of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) K4M and HPMC K100LV, and 20-40% by weight of mannitol, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, or other appropriate excipients. Tablets are prepared by direct compression. The total weight of the compressed tablets is maintained at 100-200 mg.

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