WO2023147350A1 - Blood glucose stabilizing methods and compositions - Google Patents

Blood glucose stabilizing methods and compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023147350A1
WO2023147350A1 PCT/US2023/061253 US2023061253W WO2023147350A1 WO 2023147350 A1 WO2023147350 A1 WO 2023147350A1 US 2023061253 W US2023061253 W US 2023061253W WO 2023147350 A1 WO2023147350 A1 WO 2023147350A1
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Prior art keywords
grams
milligrams
pea
amino acid
protein
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PCT/US2023/061253
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Wai Shun MAK
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Digestiva Inc
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Digestiva Inc
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Publication date
Priority to AU2023213894A priority Critical patent/AU2023213894B2/en
Priority to CN202380024192.7A priority patent/CN119136820B/zh
Priority to EP23747806.0A priority patent/EP4469075A4/en
Priority to JP2024545047A priority patent/JP2025504049A/ja
Priority to CA3250056A priority patent/CA3250056A1/en
Priority to KR1020247027802A priority patent/KR20250008727A/ko
Application filed by Digestiva Inc filed Critical Digestiva Inc
Priority to US18/184,476 priority patent/US11821013B2/en
Publication of WO2023147350A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023147350A1/en
Priority to US18/484,305 priority patent/US20240117333A1/en
Priority to US18/537,715 priority patent/US12516306B2/en
Priority to MX2024009289A priority patent/MX2024009289A/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to AU2025205298A priority patent/AU2025205298A1/en
Priority to US19/418,964 priority patent/US20260103698A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/48—Fabaceae or Leguminosae (Pea or Legume family); Caesalpiniaceae; Mimosaceae; Papilionaceae
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/168—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
    • A61K38/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
    • A61K38/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • A61K38/482—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A61K9/0056—Mouth soluble or dispersible forms; Suckable, eatable, chewable coherent forms; Forms rapidly disintegrating in the mouth; Lozenges; Lollipops; Bite capsules; Baked products; Baits or other oral forms for animals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
    • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
    • C12N9/6421—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from mammals
    • C12N9/6424—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/52—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from bacteria or Archaea
    • C12N9/54—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from bacteria or Archaea bacteria being Bacillus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y304/00—Hydrolases acting on peptide bonds, i.e. peptidases (3.4)
    • C12Y304/21—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12Y304/21014—Microbial serine proteases (3.4.21.14)

Definitions

  • High blood glucose is well-known to have a plethora of negative health effects. Long-term complications from hyperglycemia can range from cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, damage to kidney and blood vessels, to problems in bone and joint.
  • the most used method to control one’s blood glucose level is through controlling dietary sugar intake. While this is a sound and proven strategy, it requires a lot of attention from the individual to understand and calculate the amount of carbohydrate consumed every meal. Medications such as insulin are widely used, however, an array of issues can be associated with effectively controlling blood glucoses levels through medication.
  • compositions and methods useful for regulating useful for regulating (e.g., decreasing, stabilizing, etc.) high blood glucose.
  • the provided method and compositions are based on, in part, the surprising discovery that the regulation of high blood glucose can be achieved by providing a legume protein (e.g., pea protein) and an S53 family protease to an individual.
  • the S53 family protease pro-Kumamolisin.
  • the S53 protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro- Kumamolisin) comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 3-11. In some embodiments, the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 98% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 3-11 .
  • the active site of the S53 protease comprises amino acid residues E266, F295 or A295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350 or S350, G351 , D352, S353 or D353 or A353 or N353, D367 or E367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID NO:1 .
  • the S53 protease is active (e.g., as measure by protein digestion) at a pH less than about pH 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH less than about pH 4.5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH less than about pH 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH less than about pH 4. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH less than about pH 3.5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH less than about pH 3.
  • the S53 protease is active at a pH range between about pH 2 and pH 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH range between about pH 2.5 and pH 4.5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is at least 50% active (e.g., relative to its max activity) at a pH range between about pH 2.5 and pH 4.5.
  • the modulation of protein digestion patterns increases the concentration of certain dietary amino acids in the blood.
  • the modulation protein digestion patterns can induce different physiological responses, such as the discovered lowering of blood glucose levels.
  • digesting dietary proteins in the gut e.g., by administering a legume protein and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin)
  • a foodstuff comprised of a protein food (e.g., legume protein) with an acid protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) is capable of lowering the blood sugar level (e.g., when consumed with a sugar).
  • a protein food e.g., legume protein
  • an acid protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • the addition of a protein food (e.g., legume protein) with an acid protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • lowers the glycemic index of a foodstuff e.g., a foodstuff comprising a sugar.
  • kits and described herein are methods of decreasing blood glucose in a subject, comprising: administering to the subject a composition comprising: a legume protein; and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin). Also described and provided are methods of reducing an increase in blood glucose in a subject, comprising: administering to the subject a composition comprising a legume protein; and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin).
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 . In some embodiments, the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 . In some embodiments, the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the S53 protease comprises an active site comprising amino acid residues E266, F295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350, G351 , D352, S353, D367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID NO:1 .
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an active site comprising one or more amino acid substitutions of residues E266, F295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350, G351 , D352, S353, D367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the active site comprises between one and five amino acid substitutions.
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises one or more truncations of SEQ ID NO:1 , wherein the one or more truncations comprises an N- terminal truncation, a C-terminal truncation, or both an N-terminal and C-terminal truncation.
  • the legume protein is a pea protein.
  • the pea protein is derived from a pea.
  • the pea is a garden pea, a sugar pea, a field pea, or any combination thereof.
  • the pea is a garden pea.
  • the pea is a sugar pea.
  • the pea is a field pea.
  • the pea is any combination of a garden pea, a sugar pea, and/or a field pea.
  • the pea is a standard pea, a commoditized pea, a genetically modified pea, or a combination thereof.
  • the pea is a smooth pea, a wrinkled pea, or a combination thereof.
  • the administering occurs after the subject ingests a foodstuff comprising sugar.
  • the increase in blood sugar is reduced relative to administering a composition that does not comprise the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin).
  • the subject self-administers the composition.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the human has hyperglycemia.
  • the human has a condition associated with and/or caused by hyperglycemia.
  • the condition is cardiovascular disease or neuropathy or diabetic nephropathy or retinopathy or cataract or bone and joint problems or teeth and gum infections.
  • compositions for use in decreasing blood sugar in a subject comprising a legume protein and an S53 protease (e.g., pro- Kumamolisin).
  • compositions for use in reducing an increase blood sugar in a subject comprising a legume protein and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin).
  • compositions comprising a foodstuff, a legume protein (e.g., pea protein), and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) (e.g., any one of the S53 proteases (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) described herein).
  • an S53 protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • the composition comprising the foodstuff, the legume protein, and the S53 protease results in a lower increase in blood sugar after consumption than a second composition comprising the foodstuff alone.
  • FIG. 1 shows lowering of blood glucose after administering a legume protein and S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin).
  • S53 protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • FIG. 2 shows lowering of blood glucose after administering a low-carb protein drink and protease.
  • FIG. 3 shows lowering of blood glucose after administering a protein-fruit smoothie and protease.
  • FIG. 4 shows proteolytic activity of representative S53 proteases at low pH ranges.
  • the dysregulation of blood glucose and/or the presence of high blood glucose sugar level is associated with and/or causal of a variety of diseases that affect human health and wellbeing. Such diseases (e.g., diabetes) tend to be complex conditions having burdensome symptoms associated therewith, and are further hallmarked by glucose dysregulation.
  • the methods and compositions provided herein are useful in decreasing and/or reducing blood glucose levels in an individual.
  • the methods and compositions provided herein are based on the discovery that administering a legume protein (e.g., pea protein) and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) lowers (e.g., decreases or reduces) blood sugar levels.
  • the methods and compositions provided herein are useful in inhibiting, reducing, decreasing, and/or preventing an increase in blood glucose levels (e.g., the amount of glucose in the blood).
  • a legume is a plant of the family Fabaceae.
  • a legume as used herein, generally describes and refers to the fruit or seed of a legume plant.
  • the compositions and methods utilized a legume protein.
  • a legume protein generally described a protein derived from (e.g., obtained from) the fruit or seed of a legume plant. Both intact legume protein and hydrolyzed legume protein sources can be used.
  • the legume protein is an intact legume protein.
  • the legume protein is a hydrolyzed legume protein.
  • the legume protein is provided in solid form.
  • the legume protein is provided in liquid form.
  • the legume protein concentrate e.g., protein material that is obtained from pea upon removal of soluble carbohydrate, ash, and other minor constituents).
  • the legume protein is a pea protein.
  • a pea generally refers to and includes the seed or the seed-pod of the pod from a plant belonging to the genus Pisum sativum.
  • a pea protein generally described a protein derived from (e.g., obtained from) the fruit or seed of a pea plant. Both intact pea protein and hydrolyzed pea protein sources can be used.
  • the pea protein is an intact legume protein.
  • the pea protein is a hydrolyzed legume protein.
  • the pea protein is provided in solid form. In some embodiments, the pea protein is provided in liquid form.
  • the pea protein concentrate e.g., protein material that is obtained from pea upon removal of soluble carbohydrate, ash, and other minor constituents.
  • the pea is a garden pea, a sugar pea, a field pea, or any combination thereof.
  • the pea is a garden pea.
  • the pea is a sugar pea.
  • the pea is a field pea.
  • the pea is any combination of a garden pea, a sugar pea, and/or a field pea.
  • the pea is a standard pea, a commoditized pea, a genetically modified pea, or a combination thereof.
  • the pea is a smooth pea, a wrinkled pea, or a combination thereof.
  • compositions and methods described herein generally utilize an acid protease.
  • the acid protease is an S53 family protease.
  • S53 family proteases generally refer to and include the family of serine proteases found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • the S53 family proteases refer to and include proteases within and/or identified by MEROPS Accession MER0000995 (e.g., sedolisin, sedolisin-b, tripeptidyl-peptidase I, kumamolisin, kumamolisin-B, physarolisin, aorsin, physarolisin II, kumamolisin-As, grifolisin, scytalidolisin, among others).
  • the acid protease is an S53 protease (e.g., pro- Kumamolisin).
  • Pro-Kumamolisin generally refers to and includes the thermostable calcium-dependent endopeptidase derived from an acid/thermophilic Bacillus (Bacillus novosp. MN-32).
  • pro-Kumamolisin refers to and includes NCBI Gene ID: 18765799 (NCBI Reference Sequence XP_007297753.1 , XM_007297691 .1 to XP_007297753, and/or NW_006763082. 1 (137488..139728).
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. [0028] In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
  • a pro-Kumamolisin comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 .
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11 . In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11 .
  • the active site of the S53 protease comprises amino acid residues E266, F295 or A295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350 or S350, G351 , D352, S353 or D353 or A353 or N353, D367 or E367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the determination of percent identity or percent similarity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm.
  • a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of two sequences is the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul, 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264-2268, modified as in Karlin and Altschul, 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5877.
  • Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs of Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410.
  • PSI-Blast can be used to perform an iterated search which detects distant relationships between molecules (Id.).
  • sequence alignment is be carried out using the CLUSTAL algorithm, as described by Higgins et al., 1996, Methods Enzymol. 266:383-402.
  • the active site of an S53 protease comprises amino acid residues E266, F295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350, G351 , D352, S353, D367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID N0:1.
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an active site comprising one or more amino acid substitutions of residues E266, F295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350, G351 , D352, S353, D367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the active site comprises between one and five amino acid substitutions.
  • the active site comprises between one or more amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the active site comprises between two or more amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the active site comprises between three or more amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the active site comprises between four or more amino acid substitutions.
  • the active site comprises one amino acid substitution. In some embodiments, the active site comprises two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the active site comprises three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the active site comprises four amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the active site comprises five amino acid substitutions.
  • amino acid generally refers to and/or includes naturally occurring amino acids, unnatural amino acids, amino acid analogues and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acids.
  • Amino acids are generally referred to herein by either their name, the commonly known three letter symbols, or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission.
  • naturally occurring amino acids include and/or refer to amino acids which are generally found in nature and are not manipulated by man.
  • naturally occurring includes and/or further refers to the 20 conventional amino acids: alanine (A or Ala), cysteine (C or Cys), aspartic acid (D or Asp), glutamic acid (E or Glu), phenylalanine (F or Phe), glycine (G or Gly), histidine (H or His), isoleucine (I or lie), lysine (K or Lys), leucine (L or Leu), methionine (M or Met), asparagine (N or Asn), proline (P or Pro), glutamine (Q or Gin), arginine (R or Arg), serine (S or Ser), threonine (T or Thr), valine (V or Vai), tryptophan (W or Trp), and tyrosine (Y or Tyr).
  • a or Ala alanine
  • cysteine C or Cys
  • aspartic acid D or Asp
  • E or Glu glutamic acid
  • Glu phenylalanine
  • a non-polar amino acid can be substituted and replaced with another non-polar amino acid, wherein non-polar amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, glycine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine.
  • a neutrally charged polar am ino acids can be substituted and replaced with another neutrally charged polar amino acid, wherein neutrally charged polar amino acids include serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine.
  • a positively charged amino acid can be substituted and replaced with another positively charged amino acid, wherein positively charged amino acids include arginine, lysine and histidine.
  • a negatively charged amino acid can be substituted and replaced with another negatively charged amino acid, wherein negatively charged amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
  • a peptide includes and/or refers to any of various natural or synthetic compounds containing two or more amino acids joined by a peptide bond that link the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.
  • amino acid refers to and/or includes naturally occurring amino acids, unnatural amino acids, amino acid analogues and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acids.
  • Amino acids are generally referred to herein by either their name, the commonly known three letter symbols, or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission.
  • the active site comprises between one and five amino acid substitutions.
  • the S53 protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • the S53 protease comprises one or more truncations of SEQ ID NO:1 , wherein the one or more truncations comprises an N-terminal truncation, a C-terminal truncation, or both an N-terminal and C-terminal truncation.
  • the S53 protease is active (e.g., as measure by protein digestion) at a pH less than about pH 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH less than about pH 4.5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH less than about pH 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH less than about pH 4. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH less than about pH 3.5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH less than about pH 3.
  • the S53 protease is active at a pH range between about pH 2 and pH 5 In some embodiments, the S53 protease is active at a pH range between about pH 2.5 and pH 4.5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease is at least 50% active (e.g., relative to its max activity) at a pH range between about pH 2.5 and pH 4.5.
  • the S53 protease (e.g. , pro-Kumamolisin) can be administered as part of a composition comprising the S53 protease (e.g. , pro-Kumamolisin).
  • the composition can further comprise the legume protein.
  • a composition comprising the S53 protease e.g. , pro-Kumamolisin.
  • the composition further comprises a legume protein (e.g., pea protein).
  • a composition comprising a foodstuff, a legume protein (e.g., pea protein), and an S53 protease (e.g. , pro-Kumamolisin) (e.g., any one of the S53 proteases (e.g. , pro-Kumamolisin) described herein).
  • the foodstuff comprises a sugar.
  • the sugar comprises sucrose, lactose, maltose, or another di-, tri-, or polysaccharides that contain glucose as a monomer.
  • the sugar comprises sucrose.
  • the sugar comprises lactose.
  • the sugar comprises maltose.
  • the sugar comprises di-, tri- or polysaccharides that contain glucose as a monomer.
  • the addition of the legume protein (e.g., pea protein) and the S53 protease (e.g. , pro-Kumamolisin) lowers the glycemic index of the composition comprising the foodstuff.
  • the composition comprising the foodstuff, the legume protein, and the S53 protease (e.g. , pro-Kumamolisin) results in a lower increase in blood sugar after consumption than a second composition comprising the foodstuff alone.
  • composition comprises about 5 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein) to about 60 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein). In some embodiments, composition comprises about 5 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein) to about 10 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 5 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein) to about 15 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 5 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein) to about 20 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 5 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein) to about 25 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 5 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein) to about 30 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 5 grams (g) of legume protein (e
  • composition comprises about 5 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 10 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 15 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 20 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 25 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 30 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 35 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 40 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 45 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 50 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), or about 60 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein).
  • composition comprises at least about 5 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 10 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 15 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 20 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 25 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 30 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 35 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 40 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 45 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), or about 50 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein).
  • composition comprises at most about 10 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 15 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 20 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 25 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 30 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 35 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 40 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 45 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), about 50 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein), or about 60 grams (g) of legume protein (e.g., pea protein).
  • composition comprises about 50 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin to about 2,000 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin . In some embodiments, composition comprises about 50 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin to about 100 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 50 milligrams (mg) of pro- Kumamolisin to about 200 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 50 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin to about 300 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 50 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin to about 400 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 50 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin to about 500 milligrams (mg) of pro- Kum
  • composition comprises about 50 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 100 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 200 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 300 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 400 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 500 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 750 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 1 ,000 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 1 ,250 milligrams (mg) of pro- Kumamolisin, about 1 ,500 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, or about 2,000 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin .
  • composition comprises at least about 50 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 100 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 200 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 300 milligrams (mg) of pro- Kumamolisin, about 400 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 500 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 750 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 1 ,000 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 1 ,250 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, or about 1 ,500 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin .
  • composition comprises at most about 100 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 200 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 300 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 400 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 500 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 750 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 1 ,000 milligrams (mg) of pro- Kumamolisin, about 1 ,250 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, about 1 ,500 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin, or about 2,000 milligrams (mg) of pro-Kumamolisin .
  • providing a legume protein (e.g., pea protein) and an S53 protease (e.g., a pro-Kumamolisin) protease lowers (e.g., decreases or reduces) blood sugar levels.
  • methods of decreasing blood glucose in a subject comprising: administering to the subject a composition comprising: a legume protein and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin). (e.g., wherein the legume protein and the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) is administered to the subject).
  • a legume protein and an S53 protease for use in a method of decreasing blood glucose in a subject (e.g., wherein the legume protein and the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) is administered to the subject).
  • an S53 protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • Also provided are methods of reducing an increase in blood glucose in a subject comprising: administering to the subject a composition comprising a legume protein and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin). Further provided is the use of a legume protein and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) in a method of reducing an increase in blood glucose in a subject(e.g., wherein the legume protein and the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) is administered to the subject).
  • a composition comprising a legume protein and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin).
  • an S53 protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • a legume protein and an S53 protease for use in a method of reducing an increase in blood glucose in a subject (e.g., wherein the legume protein and the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) is administered to the subject).
  • an S53 protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • providing a legume protein (e.g., pea protein) and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) stabilizes (e.g., reducing or preventing the extent or degree of change) blood sugar levels associated with the intake of a foodstuff.
  • methods of reducing a change (positive or negative) in blood glucose in a subject comprising: administering to the subject a composition comprising: a legume protein and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) (e.g., wherein the legume protein and the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) is administered to the subject).
  • administering the legume protein and the S53 protease reduces the degree or amount of an increase in blood glucose upon intake of a foodstuff.
  • reducing the degree or amount of increase in blood glucose upon intake of a foodstuff can be compared to an increase in blood glucose upon intake of a foodstuff prior to or without administering the legume protein and the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin).
  • administering the legume protein and an S53 protease reduces the degree or amount of decrease in blood glucose upon intake of a foodstuff.
  • reducing the degree or amount of decrease in blood glucose upon intake of a foodstuff can be compared to a decrease in blood glucose upon intake of a foodstuff prior to or without administering the legume protein and the S53 protease (e.g., pro- Kumamolisin).
  • administering the legume protein and the S53 protease reduces a change (e.g., increase or decrease) in blood glucose upon intake of a foodstuff.
  • reducing a change (e.g., increase or decrease) in blood glucose upon intake of a foodstuff when the the legume protein and the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) is administered is be compared to chaange in blood glucose upon intake of a foodstuff prior to or without administering the legume protein and/or the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin).
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
  • a pro-Kumamolisin comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. [0061] In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 .
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11 . In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having equal to or greater than 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11 .
  • the active site of the S53 protease comprises amino acid residues E266, F295 or A295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350 or S350, G351 , D352, S353 or D353 or A353 or N353, D367 or E367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID NO:1.
  • any of the S53 proteases (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) described herein can be used in the methods provided.
  • the S53 protease e.g., pro- Kumamolisin
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the S53 protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an active site comprising amino acid residues E266, F295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350, G351 , D352, S353, D367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID N0:1.
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro- Kumamolisin) comprises an active site comprising one or more amino acid substitutions of residues E266, F295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350, G351 , D352, S353, D367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the active site comprises between one and five amino acid substitutions.
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises one or more truncations of SEQ ID NO:1 , wherein the one or more truncations comprises an N-terminal truncation, a C- terminal truncation, or both an N-terminal and C-terminal truncation.
  • the amount of S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) administered comprises about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 1 ,500 milligrams (mg). In some embodiments, the amount of S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) administered comprises about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 100 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 150 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 200 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 300 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 400 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 500 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 750 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 1 ,000 mill
  • the amount of S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) administered comprises about 50 milligrams (mg), about 100 milligrams (mg), about 150 milligrams (mg), about 200 milligrams (mg), about 300 milligrams (mg), about 400 milligrams (mg), about 500 milligrams (mg), about 750 milligrams (mg), about 1 ,000 milligrams (mg), or about 1 ,500 milligrams (mg).
  • the amount of S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) administered comprises at least about 50 milligrams (mg), about 100 milligrams (mg), about 150 milligrams (mg), about 200 milligrams (mg), about 300 milligrams (mg), about 400 milligrams (mg), about 500 milligrams (mg), about 750 milligrams (mg), or about 1 ,000 milligrams (mg).
  • the amount of S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) administered comprises at most about 100 milligrams (mg), about 150 milligrams (mg), about 200 milligrams (mg), about 300 milligrams (mg), about 400 milligrams (mg), about 500 milligrams (mg), about 750 milligrams (mg), about 1 ,000 milligrams (mg), or about 1 ,500 milligrams (mg).
  • the amount of legume protein administered comprises about 5 grams (g) to about 50 grams (g). In some embodiments, the amount of legume protein administered comprises about 5 grams (g) to about 10 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 15 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 20 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 25 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 30 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 35 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 40 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 10 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 15 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 20 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 25 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 30 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 35 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 40 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 10 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 15 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 20 grams (g), about
  • the amount of legume protein administered comprises about 5 grams (g), about 10 grams (g), about 15 grams (g), about 20 grams (g), about 25 grams (g), about 30 grams (g), about 35 grams (g), about 40 grams (g), about 45 grams (g), or about 50 grams (g). In some embodiments, the amount of legume protein administered comprises at least about 5 grams (g), about 10 grams (g), about 15 grams (g), about 20 grams (g), about 25 grams (g), about 30 grams (g), about 35 grams (g), about 40 grams (g), or about 45 grams (g).
  • the amount of legume protein administered comprises at most about 10 grams (g), about 15 grams (g), about 20 grams (g), about 25 grams (g), about 30 grams (g), about 35 grams (g), about 40 grams (g), about 45 grams (g), or about 50 grams (g).
  • the legume protein is a pea protein.
  • the pea is a whole pea or a component thereof.
  • the pea is a garden pea, a sugar pea, a field pea, or any combination thereof.
  • the pea is a garden pea.
  • the pea is a sugar pea.
  • the pea is a field pea.
  • the pea is any combination of a garden pea, a sugar pea, and/or a field pea.
  • the pea is a standard pea, a commoditized pea, a genetically modified pea, or a combination thereof.
  • the pea is a smooth pea, a wrinkled pea, or a combination thereof.
  • a composition comprising the legume protein is administered.
  • a composition comprising the S53 protease e.g. , pro-Kumamolisin
  • a composition comprising the legume protein and the S53 protease e.g. , pro-Kumamolisin
  • the administering occurs after the subject ingests a foodstuff comprising sugar.
  • the sugar comprises of sucrose, lactose, maltose, or another di-, tri-, or polysaccharides that contain glucose as a monomer.
  • the sugar comprises sucrose.
  • the sugar comprises lactose.
  • the sugar comprises maltose.
  • the sugar comprises di-, tri- or polysaccharides that contain glucose as a monomer.
  • the increase in blood sugar is reduced relative to administering a composition that does not comprise the S53 protease (e.g., pro- Kumamolisin).
  • the subject self-administers the composition.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • the human has hyperglycemia.
  • the human has a condition associated with and/or caused by hyperglycemia.
  • the condition is cardiovascular disease or neuropathy or diabetic nephropathy or retinopathy or cataract or bone and joint problems or teeth and gum infections.
  • the condition is cardiovascular disease.
  • the condition is a neuropathy. In certain embodiments, the condition is diabetic nephropathy. In certain embodiments, the condition is retinopathy. In certain embodiments, the condition is cataract. In certain embodiments, the condition is bone and joint problems. In certain embodiments, the condition is a tooth infection. In certain embodiments, the condition is a gum infection.
  • methods of reducing the glycemic index of a foodstuff comprising: providing a legume protein and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) to the foodstuff. Further provided is the use of a legume protein and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) to reduce the glycemic index of a foodstuff. Furthermore, also provided is a legume protein and an S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) for use in reducing the glycemic index of a foodstuff.
  • an S53 protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • any of the S53 proteases (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) described herein can be used in the methods provided.
  • the S53 protease e.g., pro- Kumamolisin
  • the S53 protease comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 3-11.
  • the S53 protease e.g., pro-Kumamolisin
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 98% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 3-11.
  • the active site of the S53 protease comprises amino acid residues E266, F295 or A295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350 or S350, G351 , D352, S353 or D353 or A353 or N353, D367 or E367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID NO:1 .
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 .
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises an active site comprising amino acid residues E266, F295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350, G351 , D352, S353, D367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro- Kumamolisin) comprises an active site comprising one or more amino acid substitutions of residues E266, F295, S316, W317, G318, A349, A350, G351 , D352, S353, D367, G462, G463, T464, S465, and A466 of SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the active site comprises between one and five amino acid substitutions.
  • the S53 protease (e.g., pro-Kumamolisin) comprises one or more truncations of SEQ ID NO:1 , wherein the one or more truncations comprises an N-terminal truncation, a C- terminal truncation, or both an N-terminal and C-terminal truncation.
  • the provided amount of pro-Kumamolisin administered comprises about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 1 ,500 milligrams (mg). In some embodiments, the provided amount of pro-Kumamolisin administered comprises about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 100 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 150 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 200 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 300 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 400 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 500 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 750 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 1 ,000 milligrams (mg), about 50 milligrams (mg) to about 1 ,500 mill
  • the provided amount of pro-Kumamolisin administered comprises about 50 milligrams (mg), about 100 milligrams (mg), about 150 milligrams (mg), about 200 milligrams (mg), about 300 milligrams (mg), about 400 milligrams (mg), about 500 milligrams (mg), about 750 milligrams (mg), about 1 ,000 milligrams (mg), or about 1 ,500 milligrams (mg).
  • the provided amount of pro-Kumamolisin administered comprises at least about 50 milligrams (mg), about 100 milligrams (mg), about 150 milligrams (mg), about 200 milligrams (mg), about 300 milligrams (mg), about 400 milligrams (mg), about 500 milligrams (mg), about 750 milligrams (mg), or about 1 ,000 milligrams (mg).
  • the provided amount of pro-Kumamolisin administered comprises at most about 100 milligrams (mg), about 150 milligrams (mg), about 200 milligrams (mg), about 300 milligrams (mg), about 400 milligrams (mg), about 500 milligrams (mg), about 750 milligrams (mg), about 1 ,000 milligrams (mg), or about 1 ,500 milligrams (mg).
  • the provided amount of legume protein administered comprises about 5 grams (g) to about 60 grams (g). In some embodiments, the provided amount of legume protein administered comprises about 5 grams (g) to about 10 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 15 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 20 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 25 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 30 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 35 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 40 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 45 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 50 grams (g), about 5 grams (g) to about 60 grams (g), about 10 grams (g) to about 15 grams (g), about 10 grams (g) to about 20 grams (g), about 10 grams (g) to about 25 grams (g), about 10 grams (g) to about 30 grams (g), about 10 grams (g) to about 35 grams (g), about 10 grams (g) to about 40 grams (g), about 10 grams (g) to about 10 grams (g
  • the provided amount of legume protein administered comprises about 5 grams (g), about 10 grams (g), about 15 grams (g), about 20 grams (g), about 25 grams (g), about 30 grams (g), about 35 grams (g), about 40 grams (g), about 45 grams (g), about 50 grams (g), or about 60 grams (g). In some embodiments, the provided amount of legume protein administered comprises at least about 5 grams (g), about 10 grams (g), about 15 grams (g), about 20 grams (g), about 25 grams (g), about 30 grams (g), about 35 grams (g), about 40 grams (g), about 45 grams (g), or about 50 grams (g).
  • the provided amount of legume protein administered comprises at most about 10 grams (g), about 15 grams (g), about 20 grams (g), about 25 grams (g), about 30 grams (g), about 35 grams (g), about 40 grams (g), about 45 grams (g), about 50 grams (g), or about 60 grams (g).
  • the legume protein is a pea protein.
  • the pea is a whole pea or a component thereof.
  • the pea is a garden pea, a sugar pea, a field pea, or any combination thereof.
  • the pea is a garden pea.
  • the pea is a sugar pea.
  • the pea is a field pea.
  • the pea is any combination of a garden pea, a sugar pea, and/or a field pea.
  • the pea is a standard pea, a commoditized pea, a genetically modified pea, or a combination thereof.
  • the pea is a smooth pea, a wrinkled pea, or a combination thereof.
  • a composition comprising the legume protein is added.
  • a composition comprising the S53 protease e.g. , pro- Kumamolisin
  • a composition comprising the legume protein and the S53 protease e.g. , pro-Kumamolisin
  • the foodstuff comprises sugar.
  • the sugar comprises of sucrose, lactose, maltose, or another di-, tri- or polysaccharides that contain glucose as a monomer.
  • the condition is cardiovascular disease.
  • the condition is a neuropathy.
  • the condition is diabetic nephropathy.
  • the condition is retinopathy.
  • the condition is cataract.
  • the condition is bone and joint problems.
  • the condition is a tooth infection.
  • the condition is a gum infection.
  • the method further comprises administering a low- carbohydrate diet.
  • the low-carbohydrate diet comprises a diet wherein less than 65% of total energy intake per day (e.g., total calorie intake per day) is from carbohydrates.
  • the low-carbohydrate diet comprises a diet wherein less than 60% of total energy intake per day (e.g., total calorie intake per day) is from carbohydrates.
  • the low-carbohydrate diet comprises a diet wherein less than 50% of total energy intake per day (e.g., total calorie intake per day) is from carbohydrates.
  • the low-carbohydrate diet comprises a diet wherein less than 45% of total energy intake per day (e.g., total calorie intake per day) is from carbohydrates. In certain embodiments, the low-carbohydrate diet comprises a diet wherein less than 40% of total energy intake per day (e.g., total calorie intake per day) is from carbohydrates. In certain embodiments, the low-carbohydrate diet comprises a diet wherein less than 35% of total energy intake per day (e.g., total calorie intake per day) is from carbohydrates. In certain embodiments, the low-carbohydrate diet comprises a diet wherein less than 30% of total energy intake per day (e.g., total caloric intake per day) is from carbohydrates.
  • the method further comprises reducing the caloric intake (e.g., total caloric intake per day) obtained from carbohydrates.
  • reducing the caloric intake (e.g., total caloric intake per day) obtained from carbohydrates comprises reducing the amount (e.g., grams or calories) of carbohydrate intake as measured by or compared to the carbohydrate intake prior to administering a protease or composition comprising a protease to the subject.
  • the amount (grams or calories) of carbohydrates is reduced by about 10% to about 65%. In certain embodiments, the amount (grams or calories) of carbohydrates is reduced by about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 65%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 65%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 65%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 65%, or about 50% to about 65%. In certain embodiments, the amount (grams or calories) of carbohydrates is reduced by about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, or about 60%. In certain embodiments, the amount (grams or calories) of carbohydrates is reduced by at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, 50%, 60% or about 65%.
  • Carbohydrates generally refer to and include to aldehyde or ketone compounds substituted with multiple hydroxyl groups, of the general formula (CF jn, wherein n is 3-30, as well as their oligomers and polymers. Carbohydrates can be substituted or deoxygenated at one or more positions. Carbohydrates include and/or encompass monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Carbohydrates further include unmodified carbohydrates, carbohydrate derivatives, substituted carbohydrates, and modified carbohydrates. The carbohydrate derivatives or substituted carbohydrates include substituted and unsubstituted monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
  • a carbohydrate derivative or substituted carbohydrate can be deoxygenated at any corresponding C-position, and/or substituted with one or more moieties such as hydrogen, halogen, haloalky I, carboxyl, acyl, acyloxy, amino, amido, carboxyl derivatives, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfo, mercapto, imino, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamoyl, carboalkoxy, carboxamido, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, oximino, hydrazino, carbamyl, phospho, phosphonato, or any other viable functional group.
  • moieties such as hydrogen, halogen, haloalky
  • range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
  • determining means determining if an element is present or not (for example, detection). These terms can include quantitative, qualitative or quantitative and qualitative determinations. Assessing can be relative or absolute. “Detecting the presence of” can include determining the amount of something present in addition to determining whether it is present or absent depending on the context.
  • a “subject” can be a biological entity containing expressed genetic materials.
  • the biological entity can be a plant, animal, or microorganism, including, for example, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
  • the subject can be tissues, cells and their progeny of a biological entity obtained in vivo or cultured in vitro.
  • the subject can be a mammal.
  • the mammal can be a human.
  • the subject may be diagnosed or suspected of being at high risk for a disease. In some cases, the subject is not necessarily diagnosed or suspected of being at high risk for the disease.
  • the term “about” a number refers to that number plus or minus 10% of that number.
  • the term “about” a range refers to that range minus 10% of its lowest value and plus 10% of its greatest value.
  • the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “include” and “includes”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contain” and “contains”), are inclusive or open- ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or process steps.
  • “comprising” may be replaced with “consisting essentially of” and/or “consisting of”, used herein, in any instance or embodiment described
  • Example 1 Lowering blood glucose using a legume protein and pro- Kumamolisin
  • the DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) of the acid protease of interest was cloned into the expression vector pET29b(+) for protease production in E. coli.
  • the completed DNA construct was transformed into an expression strain of E. coli (BL21 ) and grown at 37 degrees Celsius in Terrific Broth using a baffled shake flask for 4-6 hours until the cell density (measured using OD 600) reaches 0.6.
  • the cultures were then induced with 0.5mM of IPTG for protease expression.
  • the culture was grown at 30 degrees Celsius for 12 hours post induction before harvesting.
  • the harvested cells were lysed using sonication and the protease was purified from cell lysate using IMAC chromatography.
  • FIG. 1 shows the comparison of post-consumption blood glucose levels resulting from the intake of (i) a protein drink comprising pro-Kumamolisin and pea protein, compared against (ii) a protein drink without pro-Kumamolisin and pea protein.
  • the S53 proteases described and used herein should have the capability to thoroughly digest proteins (e.g., legume protein) in the stomach's acidic environment. Accordingly, the S53 proteases used and described herein should possess activity throughout the entire post-prandial pH range of the stomach environment. pH profile data was generated for 10 representative S53 proteases (encompassing SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 3-11 ). The representative S53 proteases showed optimal activity (e.g., 100% or substantially active) throughout a pH range between 2.5 to 4.5.
  • FIG. 6 shows proteolytic activity of S53 proteases 1 -10 (P1-P10) wherein S53 proteases 1 -10 across pH 2 to 5.

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