Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
  • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/24—Alkaline accumulators
  • H01M10/30—Nickel accumulators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/34—Gastight accumulators
  • H01M10/345—Gastight metal hydride accumulators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
  • H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
  • H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
  • H01M4/26—Processes of manufacture
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
  • H01M4/32—Nickel oxide or hydroxide electrodes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/362—Composites
  • H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
  • H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
  • H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
  • H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
  • H01M4/626—Metals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
  • H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
  • H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a nickel metal hydride battery, a positive electrode for a nickel metal hydride battery, and a nickel metal hydride battery.
• Patent Document 1 describes a pasty nickel electrode for storage batteries containing an alkaline electrolyte.
• a pasty nickel electrode comprises a nickel hydroxide-based active material and a carbon-based conductor. It also describes adding cobalt compounds such as metallic cobalt, cobalt hydroxide, and cobalt oxide in order to improve the electrical conductivity of the paste-like nickel electrode.
• Substitute materials for cobalt compounds include, for example, carbon materials. However, if a carbon material is used as a substitute material for the cobalt compound, there is a possibility that the carbon material will be corroded. Corrosion of the carbon material may increase the cell resistance.
• a method for manufacturing a nickel metal hydride battery that achieves the above object comprises laminating a raw material composition having a positive electrode active material powder containing nickel hydroxide, a cobalt compound, and flake graphite on a current collector. , a positive electrode manufacturing step of manufacturing a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode active material layer in which the content of the cobalt compound is 3% by mass or less and the degree of graphitization obtained by Raman spectroscopy is 0.4 or less; A negative electrode preparation step of laminating a raw material composition having a negative electrode active material powder to prepare a negative electrode, placing a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and impregnating the separator with an electrolytic solution to form an electrode body. and an overdischarge step in which the electrode body is charged, overdischarged, and then charged.
• the average particle size of the flake graphite is 0.4 times or more the average particle size of the positive electrode active material powder.
• a positive electrode for a nickel metal hydride battery that achieves the above object is a positive electrode for a nickel metal hydride battery that includes a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer, wherein the positive electrode active material layer comprises a positive electrode active material, It has a cobalt compound layer covering the positive electrode active material and flake graphite, the content of the cobalt compound in the positive electrode active material layer is 3% by mass or less, and the cobalt compound layer with respect to the positive electrode active material The coverage is 50% or more, and the positive electrode active material layer has a degree of graphitization of 0.4 or less as measured by Raman spectroscopy.
• the cobalt compound layer has an average thickness of 10 nm or less.
• the average particle size of the flake graphite is 0.3 times or more the average particle size of the positive electrode active material.
• the content of the flake graphite in the positive electrode active material layer is 3% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less.
• the cobalt compound layer is also formed on the surface of the flake graphite.
• a nickel metal hydride battery that achieves the above object comprises the above positive electrode for a nickel metal hydride battery.
• the increase in cell resistance can be suppressed while suitably reducing the content of the cobalt compound contained in the positive electrode active material layer.
• FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a nickel metal hydride battery
• FIG. 3A and 3B are electron micrographs of a positive electrode active material layer before and after initial charging.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a deposition mechanism of cobalt oxyhydroxide during initial charging.
• 4 is a graph showing the dissolution potential of cobalt oxyhydroxide.
• 4 is a graph showing potentials during normal discharge and during overdischarge.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a deposition mechanism of cobalt hydroxide during an overdischarge process.
• 4 is an electron micrograph of a positive electrode active material layer after an overdischarge process.
• the nickel metal hydride battery 1 includes a positive electrode for a nickel metal hydride battery (hereinafter also simply referred to as “positive electrode”) including a current collector foil 20 as a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer 21. .) have 2.
• the positive electrode active material layer 21 is laminated on one surface of the current collector foil 20 .
• the nickel metal hydride battery 1 has a nickel metal hydride negative electrode (hereinafter also simply referred to as "negative electrode") 3 including a current collector foil 30 as a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer 31 .
• the negative electrode active material layer 31 is laminated on the other surface of the current collector foil 30 .
• the nickel metal hydride battery 1 has a current collector foil 40 with a positive electrode active material layer 41 laminated on one side thereof and a negative electrode active material layer 42 laminated on the other side of the current collector foil 40 . It has curved electrodes 4 .
• “one side” shall mean the upper part in FIG. 1, and "the other side” shall mean the lower part in FIG.
• a plurality of hyperbolic electrodes 4 are stacked with separators 5 interposed therebetween. Specifically, the hyperbolic electrodes 4 are in a state in which the positive electrode active material layer 41 of one hyperbolic electrode 4 faces the negative electrode active material layer 42 of another hyperbolic electrode 4 with the separator 5 interposed therebetween. , and this stacking state is repeated.
• the negative electrode active material layer 42 of the hyperbolic electrode 4 is laminated on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer 21 of the positive electrode 2 with the separator 5 interposed therebetween.
• the positive electrode active material layer 41 of the hyperbolic electrode 4 is laminated on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer 31 of the negative electrode 3 with the separator 5 interposed therebetween.
• the separators 5 are arranged between the positive electrode 2, the negative electrode 3 and the hyperbolic electrode 4, respectively.
• a negative electrode 3 is arranged at one end of the hyperbolic electrode 4 in the stacking direction, and a positive electrode 2 is arranged at the other end thereof.
• the separator 5 is impregnated with an electrolytic solution.
• An electrode assembly is formed by laminating the positive electrode 2, the negative electrode 3, and the hyperbolic electrode 4 with the separator 5 interposed therebetween.
• the electrode body is also called a battery module.
• the plurality of collector foils 20, 30, 40 of the battery module have the same shape.
• a plurality of separators 5 included in the battery module also have the same shape.
• the collector foils 20 , 30 , 40 have shapes larger than the positive electrode active material layers 21 , 41 , the negative electrode active material layers 31 , 42 , and the separator 5 .
• the separator 5 has a shape larger than the positive electrode active material layers 21 and 41 and the negative electrode active material layers 31 and 42 .
• the peripheral edges of the current collector foils 20, 30, and 40 are fixed to the outer frame 7 made of synthetic resin.
• a sealing member 6 made of fluororesin is arranged inside the outer frame 7 .
• the sealing member 6 is attached to the peripheral edges of the current collector foils 20 , 30 , 40 on both one side and the other side of the plurality of current collector foils 20 , 30 , 40 . Since the sealing member 6 is attached to the periphery of the current collector foils 20, 30, 40, the spaces between the plurality of current collector foils 20, 30, 40 are sealed.
• a pair of cooling members 8 are arranged at one end and the other end of the battery module. Specifically, the cooling member 8 is arranged on the collector foil 20 of the positive electrode 2 that constitutes the battery module. A cooling member 8 is arranged on the collector foil 30 of the negative electrode 3 constituting the battery module. These pair of cooling members 8 are configured in a plate shape having a plurality of through holes 80 .
• a module positive electrode 22 is arranged on the cooling member 8 arranged on the current collector foil 20 of the positive electrode 2 among the pair of cooling members 8 .
• the module negative electrode 32 is arranged on the cooling member 8 arranged on the current collector foil 30 of the negative electrode 3 .
• the module positive electrode 22 and the module negative electrode 32 are configured in a metal rectangular plate shape.
• a pair of restraints 9 are arranged on the module positive electrode 22 and the module negative electrode 32 .
• a pair of restraints 9 are fastened with a plurality of bolts and nuts (not shown).
• the battery module is pressed along the thickness direction of the positive electrode 2 , the negative electrode 3 , and the hyperbolic electrode 4 by the restraints 9 .
• a pair of cooling members 8 , a module positive electrode 22 , and a module negative electrode 32 are arranged in the battery module and bound by a pair of restraints 9 to form the nickel metal hydride battery 1 .
• the nickel metal hydride battery 1 having the hyperbolic electrodes 4 is also called a hyperbolic nickel metal hydride battery or a bipolar metal hydride battery.
• the positive electrode 2, the negative electrode 3, the hyperbolic electrode 4, and the separator 5 are described below.
• the positive electrode 2 includes a current collector foil 20 as a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer 21 .
• a current collector is an inert electrical conductor. The current collector keeps current flowing through the cathode active material layer 21 during discharge or charge of the nickel metal hydride battery.
• the material of the current collector is not particularly limited, but examples include silver, copper, gold, aluminum, tungsten, cobalt, zinc, nickel, iron, platinum, tin, indium, titanium, ruthenium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, and the like. be done.
• one of the above materials may be used alone, or two or more may be used in combination. When two or more are used in combination, they may be used as solid solutions or alloys, for example, stainless steel may be used.
• the shape of the current collector is not limited to foil. A shape that allows current to flow through the positive electrode active material layer 21 can be selected as appropriate. Examples of the shape of the current collector other than foil include sheet, film, linear, bar, mesh, sponge, and the like.
• the thickness of the current collector is not particularly limited.
• the thickness of the current collector is preferably, for example, 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
• the positive electrode active material layer 21 includes a positive electrode active material powder containing nickel hydroxide or high-order nickel hydroxide having an average valence of nickel greater than divalent, a cobalt compound layer covering the positive electrode active material powder, It has flake graphite.
• the content of the cobalt compound in the positive electrode active material layer is 3% by mass or less, and the coverage of the cobalt compound layer with respect to the positive electrode active material is 50% or more. Further, the degree of graphitization of the positive electrode active material layer 21 obtained by Raman spectroscopy is 0.4 or less.
• the positive electrode active material powder containing nickel hydroxide or higher nickel hydroxide is also simply referred to as a positive electrode active material.
• the nickel hydroxide may be doped with a metal other than nickel.
• metals other than nickel include group 2 elements such as magnesium and calcium, group 9 elements such as cobalt, rhodium and iridium, and group 12 elements such as zinc and cadmium.
• the particle size of nickel hydroxide is not particularly limited, but the average particle size is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 7 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
• the content of nickel hydroxide in the positive electrode active material layer 21 is not particularly limited, it is preferably 75% by mass or more and 98% by mass or less, more preferably 85% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less.
• the cobalt compound that constitutes the cobalt compound layer is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity.
• higher order cobalt oxides such as cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) can be mentioned.
• Cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) is used as a conductive aid.
• the average thickness of the cobalt compound layer covering the positive electrode active material is preferably 10 nm or less. Furthermore, the average thickness of the cobalt compound layer is more preferably 8 nm or less, and even more preferably 6 nm or less.
• the lower limit of the average thickness of the cobalt compound layer is not particularly limited. It can be set as appropriate within a range in which the function as a conductive aid can be suitably maintained. Among them, the average thickness of the cobalt compound layer is preferably 0.5 nm or more, more preferably 1 nm or more.
• the content in the positive electrode active material layer 21 can be suitably reduced while maintaining the function as a conductive aid.
• the average thickness of the cobalt compound layer can be measured by observation with a known TEM-EELS or the like.
• the coverage of the cobalt compound layer with respect to the positive electrode active material is preferably 70% or more, 80% or more, 85% or more, 90% or more, and 95% or more.
• the coverage of the cobalt compound layer with respect to the positive electrode active material means the ratio of the cobalt compound layer to the surface of the positive electrode active material. When the surface of the positive electrode active material is completely covered with the cobalt compound layer, the coverage is 100%.
• the coverage of the cobalt compound layer with respect to the positive electrode active material can be measured by observation with TEM-EELS or the like.
• the content of the cobalt compound in the positive electrode active material layer 21 is preferably 2.5% by mass or less. Moreover, it is preferably 0.4% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and even more preferably 1% by mass or more.
• the content of the cobalt compound is within the above numerical range, it becomes easy to make the average thickness of the cobalt compound layer 10 nm or less when the cobalt compound layer covering the positive electrode active material is formed by the method described later. Moreover, since the capacity utilization rate of the battery can be 90% or more, the battery characteristics can be made suitable.
• Flaky graphite is used as a conductive aid.
• the flake graphite is not particularly limited, and known flake graphite can be used.
• the dimensions of the flake graphite are the thickness t, which is the dimension in the stacking direction of the graphite six-membered ring, and the maximum length in the direction along the plane of the six-membered ring, in other words, the length of the long side, which is the diameter r. do.
• Graphite that satisfies the following relational expression is called flake graphite.
• the above diameter r is regarded as the particle size of flake graphite.
• the flake graphite has a diameter r larger than a thickness t, and has a flat shape as a whole.
• Graphite flakes are also referred to as nanographene.
• the average particle size which is the average value of the diameter r of flake graphite, is preferably 25 ⁇ m or less, 20 ⁇ m or less, 15 ⁇ m or less, 10 ⁇ m or less, 8 ⁇ m or less, and 7 ⁇ m or less.
• the average particle size of flake graphite is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, 3 ⁇ m or more, or 5 ⁇ m or more.
• the average particle size of flake graphite is preferably 0.3 times or more, more preferably 0.5 times or more, that of the positive electrode active material.
• the average particle size of flake graphite is preferably 3 times or less, preferably 2 times or less, preferably 1.5 times or less, and 1.25 times the average particle size of the positive electrode active material. The following are more preferable.
• the average particle diameter of the flake graphite is 0.3 times or more the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material, the particle diameter of the flake graphite does not become too small with respect to the particle diameter of the positive electrode active material, and is constant. It becomes a state with a size. Therefore, in the positive electrode active material layer 21, the graphite flakes can straddle the plurality of positive electrode active materials, in other words, the graphite flakes can be in contact with the plurality of positive electrode active materials. As a result, a conductive path can be suitably secured, and an increase in the internal resistance of the positive electrode active material layer 21 can be suppressed.
• the average particle size of flake graphite is 3 times or less than the average particle size of the positive electrode active material, more flake graphite can be contained when the content of flake graphite is the same. becomes possible. By securing more conductive paths, it is possible to suppress an increase in the internal resistance of the positive electrode active material layer 21 .
• the dimensions of flake graphite can be measured by observation with a known scanning electron microscope.
• the flake graphite preferably has a degree of graphitization of 0.3 or less, more preferably 0.25 or less, as measured by Raman spectroscopy. A method for evaluating the degree of graphitization will be described later.
• the specific surface area of flake graphite is preferably 20 m 2 /g or less, 15 m 2 /g or less, 10 m 2 /g or less, or 5 m 2 /g or less. If the specific surface area of flake graphite is small, the proportion of carbon bond defects tends to decrease. Therefore, the smaller the specific surface area of flake graphite, the lower the reactivity tends to be.
• the specific surface area of flake graphite is, for example, B. E. It can be measured by the T method.
• the T specific surface area can be determined by the one-point method after measuring the adsorption/desorption isotherm with nitrogen gas using a specific surface area/pore size analyzer (QUADRASORB evo manufactured by Anton Paar).
• the content of flake graphite in the positive electrode active material layer 21 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less. More preferably, it is at least 8% by mass and no more than 8% by mass.
• the positive electrode active material layer 21 has a graphitization degree of 0.4 or less obtained by Raman spectroscopy.
• the positive electrode active material layer 21 preferably has a degree of graphitization of 0.3 or less as measured by Raman spectroscopy.
• the intensity IG of the peak detected at 1580 to 1620 cm ⁇ 1 in the Raman spectrum is the intensity of the peak called G-Band derived from graphite.
• the intensity ID of the peak detected at 1300 to 1400 cm ⁇ 1 in the Raman spectroscopic spectrum is the intensity of the peak called D-Band derived from carbon bond defects.
• the intensity of each peak may be the height of the peak or the area of the peak.
• the ratio R of the intensity ID to the intensity IG is small.
• the reason is as follows.
• the above R (hereinafter also referred to as R value) is also referred to as the degree of graphitization.
• the reason why the battery resistance is relatively high when using a positive electrode with a carbon conductive agent is that the carbon conductive agent contained in the positive electrode decomposes during charging and discharging to generate substances such as CO and CO2 . This is thought to be the cause. And, the portion of the carbon-made conductive aid where the bond is missing is considered to be a portion with high reactivity. Therefore, it can be said that a carbon-made conductive aid with a small R value, which means that the proportion of bond defects is low, is lower in reactivity than a carbon-made conductive aid with a large R-value. Therefore, since the carbon-made conductive aid having a small R value is excellent in resistance to decomposition, the generation of substances that cause an increase in battery resistance is suppressed. Therefore, it can be said that a positive electrode comprising a carbon-made conductive aid with a small R value can suppress an increase in battery resistance.
• the R value of the flake graphite By setting the R value of the flake graphite to be 0.3 or less, it is possible to suppress corrosion of the flake graphite, which is a carbon-made conductive additive. Similarly, when the positive electrode active material layer 21 has an R value of 0.4 or less, corrosion of flake graphite can be suppressed. Thereby, an increase in cell resistance can be suppressed.
• the numerical range of the ratio R of ID/IG which is the degree of graphitization of flake graphite, is not particularly limited, but 0 ⁇ ID/IG ⁇ 0.4, 0 ⁇ ID/IG ⁇ 0.3, 0 ⁇ ID/IG. ⁇ 0.25, 0.002 ⁇ ID/IG ⁇ 0.2, 0.002 ⁇ ID/IG ⁇ 0.15, 0.002 ⁇ ID/IG ⁇ 0.14, 0.05 ⁇ ID/IG ⁇ 0 .2, 0.08 ⁇ ID/IG ⁇ 0.15, and 0.1 ⁇ ID/I ⁇ 0.14.
• R value and B.V. of flake graphite E.
• the reactivity of flake graphite can also be evaluated by multiplying it by the T specific surface area (m 2 /g).
• R value and B.V. of flake graphite E.
• the numerical value obtained by multiplying the T specific surface area (m 2 /g) is preferably 3.0 or less, 2.5 or less, 2.0 or less, 1.5 or less, 1.0 or less, and 0.5 or less. .
• the positive electrode active material layer 21 may contain other components in addition to the positive electrode active material containing nickel hydroxide, the cobalt compound layer covering the positive electrode active material, and flake graphite.
• Examples of other components include conductive aids other than flake graphite, binders, additives, antioxidants, and the like.
• Examples of conductive aids other than flake graphite include, but are not limited to, acetylene black and carbon black.
• the content of the conductive aid other than flake graphite is not particularly limited, it is preferably less than the content of flake graphite, and more preferably half or less of the content of flake graphite.
• the content of the conductive additive other than flake graphite is preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, and even more preferably 2% by mass or less.
• the binder has a role of binding the material contained in the positive electrode active material layer 21 to the surface of the current collector.
• the binder is not particularly limited, and those used as binders for electrodes of nickel metal hydride batteries can be appropriately employed.
• binders include fluorine-containing resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and fluororubber, polyolefin resins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, imide resins such as polyimide and polyamideimide, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, Cellulose derivatives such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, copolymers such as styrene-butadiene rubber, polyacrylic acid containing (meth)acrylic acid derivatives as monomer units, polyacrylic acid esters, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid esters such as (meth) ) acrylic resins.
• fluorine-containing resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and fluororubber
• polyolefin resins such as polypropylene and polyethylene
• imide resins such as polyimide and polyamideimide
• carboxymethylcellulose methylcellulose
• Cellulose derivatives
• the content of the binder is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, and 0.5% by mass. % or more and 7 mass % or less.
• additives include zinc oxide and yttrium oxide.
• the content of the additive is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.05% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, and 0.1% by mass. It is more preferable that the content is not less than 5% by mass or less.
• the antioxidant is not particularly limited, and known antioxidants can be used. Specific examples of antioxidants include phosphorus antioxidants, amine antioxidants, sulfur antioxidants, phenol antioxidants, and the like.
• a phosphorus antioxidant and a phenolic antioxidant may be used in combination. Since the amine-based antioxidant may reduce the self-discharge characteristics due to the shuttle effect of the nitrogen compound, it is preferable that the content is small or not included.
• the content of the antioxidant is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less, and 0.5% by mass. % or more and 1 mass % or less.
• the total content of other components is not particularly limited, but is preferably 15% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, and even more preferably 7% by mass or less.
• the positive electrode active material layer 21 of the present invention does not include those produced by using raw material nickel hydroxide particles pre-coated with a cobalt compound.
• the negative electrode 3 includes a current collector foil 30 as a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer 31 .
• the material and shape of the current collector are not particularly limited. Materials and shapes similar to those used for the positive electrode can be employed.
• the negative electrode active material layer 31 contains a hydrogen storage alloy as a negative electrode active material.
• the hydrogen-absorbing alloy is an alloy of metal A, which readily reacts with hydrogen but has poor hydrogen-releasing ability, and metal B, which does not readily react with hydrogen but has excellent hydrogen-releasing ability.
• the hydrogen storage alloy is not particularly limited, and those used as negative electrode active materials for nickel metal hydride batteries can be appropriately employed.
• the metal A include Group 2 elements such as Mg, Group 3 elements such as Sc and lanthanides, Group 4 elements such as Ti and Zr, Group 5 elements such as V and Ta, and a plurality of rare earth elements. Examples include misch metals containing elements (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as Mm), Pd, and the like.
• metal B include Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Pt, Cu, Ag, Mn, Zn, and Al.
• hydrogen storage alloys include, for example, AB 5 type showing a hexagonal CaCu 5 type crystal structure, hexagonal MgZn 2 type crystal structure, or AB 2 type showing a cubic MgCu 2 type crystal structure, and cubic CsCl type crystal structure.
• the hydrogen storage alloy may have one type of the above crystal structure alone, or may have two or more types. Also, in each crystal structure, a part of the metal may be replaced with one or two or more other metals or elements.
• the particle size of the hydrogen storage alloy is not particularly limited.
• the average particle size is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 4 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less. Further, it is even more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 12 ⁇ m or less.
• the negative electrode active material layer 31 may contain other components such as a conductive aid and a binder.
• a hydrogen storage alloy having an oxidized surface may also be used as the negative electrode active material.
• the hyperbolic electrode 4 includes a current collector foil 40 as a current collector, a positive electrode active material layer 41 laminated on one side of the current collector foil 40, and a negative electrode laminated on the other side of the current collector foil 40. and an active material layer 42 .
• the hyperbolic electrode 4 is also called a bipolar electrode.
• the separator 5 separates the positive electrode 2, the negative electrode 3, and the hyperbolic electrode 4 to prevent a short circuit due to contact between them, and provides a storage space and a passageway for the electrolytic solution.
• the material of the separator 5 is not particularly limited, and known materials can be appropriately adopted.
• Specific examples of materials for the separator 5 include synthetic resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, polyamide, polyaramid, polyester, and polyacrylonitrile, polysaccharides such as cellulose and amylose, fibroin, keratin, lignin, and suberin. and porous bodies made of electrically insulating materials such as ceramics, non-woven fabrics, and woven fabrics.
• the material of the separator 5 may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
• the electrolyte with which the separator 5 is impregnated is an aqueous solution in which an alkali metal hydroxide is dissolved.
• Alkali metal hydroxides include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like.
• the above alkali metal hydroxides may be used singly or in combination of two or more, but preferably contain all three.
• the method for manufacturing the nickel metal hydride battery 1 includes a positive electrode manufacturing process, a negative electrode manufacturing process, a hyperbolic electrode manufacturing process, an electrode body manufacturing process, and an overdischarge process.
• a raw material composition containing a positive electrode active material powder containing nickel hydroxide, a cobalt compound such as metallic cobalt, and flake graphite is laminated on the current collector foil 20 to obtain a positive electrode having an R value of 0.0. It is a step of manufacturing the positive electrode 2 including the positive electrode active material layer 21 having a thickness of 4 or less.
• the method of laminating the raw material composition on the current collector foil 20 is not particularly limited.
• the raw material composition may be kneaded and the kneaded raw material composition may be applied onto the current collector foil 20 for lamination.
• the kneaded raw material composition may be coated on a known transfer sheet, attached on the current collector foil 20 together with the transfer sheet, and then laminated by removing the transfer sheet.
• the sheet-shaped raw material composition may be laminated on the current collector foil 20 by lamination.
• known solvents, binders, additives, and the like may be added to the raw material composition as other components.
• the raw material composition can be kneaded using a known kneader.
• Kneading conditions include, for example, shear force.
• the average particle size of flake graphite is preferably 0.4 times or more the average particle size of the positive electrode active material powder.
• the average particle diameter of the flake graphite is 0.4 times or more the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material
• the particle diameter of the flake graphite is equal to the particle diameter of the positive electrode active material.
• the negative electrode manufacturing step is a step of manufacturing the negative electrode 3 by laminating the raw material composition containing the negative electrode active material powder on the current collector foil 30 .
• the negative electrode manufacturing process can be manufactured by the same method as the positive electrode manufacturing process.
• a raw material composition having a positive electrode active material is laminated on one side of the current collector foil 40 to manufacture a positive electrode, and a raw material having a negative electrode active material powder on the other side of the current collector foil 40. This is a step of laminating the composition to produce a negative electrode.
• the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be produced by the same method as the positive electrode production process and the negative electrode production process.
• the electrode assembly step is a step of sandwiching the separator 5 between the positive electrode 2, the negative electrode 3, and the hyperbolic electrode 4 and impregnating the separator 5 with an electrolytic solution to fabricate the electrode assembly.
• a separator 5 is arranged between a positive electrode 2 , a negative electrode 3 and a hyperbolic electrode 4 . Since the hyperbolic electrode 4 also functions as a positive electrode and a negative electrode, it can be said that the electrode body is in a state in which the separator 5 is arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
• the overdischarge step is a step of charging, overdischarging, and then charging the electrode body.
• the overdischarge step first, the electrode body is charged. Charging of the electrode body is performed at a cell voltage of 1 V or higher.
• the cell voltage in the overdischarge step is preferably 0.2V or more and less than 1.0V, and more preferably 0.7V or more and less than 1.0V.
• the cell voltage may be converted into a positive electrode potential (V vs. Hg/HgO). That is, the preferred range of the overdischarge step may be represented by the positive electrode potential.
• the positive electrode potential in the overdischarge step is preferably -0.6V or more and less than 0.2V, and more preferably -0.1V or more and less than 0.2V.
• cobalt hydroxide is selectively deposited on the positive electrode active material. Then, a coating layer of a cobalt compound such as cobalt oxyhydroxide (a high-order cobalt oxide in which the average valence of cobalt is greater than divalent) is formed on the positive electrode active material with an average thickness of 10 nm or less.
• cobalt oxyhydroxide a high-order cobalt oxide in which the average valence of cobalt is greater than divalent
• a coating layer of the cobalt compound is also formed on the surface of the flake graphite.
• the thickness of the coat layer on the flake graphite is thinner than the thickness of the coat layer on the positive electrode active material.
• a pair of cooling members 8, a module positive electrode 22, and a module negative electrode 32 are arranged on the electrode assembly subjected to the overdischarge process, and restrained by restraints 9, whereby the nickel metal hydride battery 1 is manufactured.
• the overdischarge process may be performed after manufacturing the nickel metal hydride battery 1. good.
• the positive electrode active material layer contains a mixture of nickel hydroxide particles as a positive electrode active material, a cobalt compound such as metallic cobalt, and flake graphite.
• Metal cobalt dissolves when the electrolyte is injected into the storage space during assembly of the nickel metal hydride battery.
• cobalt hydroxide is selectively deposited on the surface of the flake graphite, and the cobalt hydroxide is further oxidized to produce cobalt oxyhydroxide having excellent conductivity.
• the mechanism by which cobalt hydroxide is selectively deposited on the surface of flake graphite is considered as follows. As shown in FIG. 3, when nickel hydroxide particles and flake graphite in the positive electrode active material layer are compared at the time of initial charge, flake graphite has higher conductivity than nickel hydroxide particles. Cobalt hydroxide is more likely to be deposited at locations where electrons flow more easily, so that cobalt hydroxide is selectively deposited on flake graphite. Since the concentration of cobalt ions (Co 2+ ) decreases around the flake graphite, cobalt hydroxide is more likely to precipitate on the flake graphite.
• the mechanism by which cobalt hydroxide is selectively deposited on the positive electrode active material is considered as follows. As shown in FIG. 6, when the overdischarge step is performed, the positive electrode active material tends to have a higher potential than the positive electrode active material because the graphite flake has higher conductivity than the positive electrode active material. Cobalt hydroxide is likely to be deposited at a cell voltage of 1 V or higher, and is thus likely to be deposited on the positive electrode active material having a higher potential. In addition, since the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is greater than the content of flake graphite, the positive electrode active material has a relatively large surface area in the positive electrode active material layer. Therefore, cobalt hydroxide is deposited more thinly on the positive electrode active material while aggregation is suppressed.
• cobalt hydroxide As shown in FIG. 7, by performing the overdischarge process, the amount of cobalt hydroxide deposited on the flake graphite can be reduced. In addition, cobalt hydroxide can be selectively deposited on almost all surfaces of the nickel hydroxide particles that come into contact with the electrolytic solution to form a cobalt oxyhydroxide layer with an average thickness of 10 nm or less.
• a raw material composition containing a positive electrode active material powder containing nickel hydroxide, a cobalt compound, and flake graphite is laminated on a current collector.
• the method includes a positive electrode manufacturing step of manufacturing a positive electrode including the positive electrode active material layers 21 and 41 having a cobalt compound content of 3% by mass or less and an R value of 0.4 or less.
• a negative electrode preparation step of laminating a raw material composition having a negative electrode active material powder on a current collector to prepare a negative electrode, placing a separator 5 between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and impregnating the separator 5 with an electrolytic solution. and an electrode body fabricating step of fabricating the electrode body.
• after charging the electrode body it has an over-discharge step of over-discharging and further charging.
• cobalt hydroxide can be selectively deposited on the positive electrode active material. Furthermore, the cobalt hydroxide is oxidized, so that the positive electrode active material is coated with cobalt oxyhydroxide, which has excellent electrical conductivity. Therefore, an increase in cell resistance can be suppressed while suitably reducing the content of the cobalt compound contained in the positive electrode active material layer.
• the average particle size of flake graphite is 0.4 times or more the average particle size of the positive electrode active material powder. Therefore, when the raw material composition is kneaded, it becomes easier to prevent the particle size of the flake graphite from becoming too small relative to the particle size of the positive electrode active material powder.
• a positive electrode for a nickel metal hydride battery comprising a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer, wherein the positive electrode active material layer comprises a positive electrode active material, a cobalt compound layer covering the positive electrode active material, and a scaly and graphite, and the content of the cobalt compound in the positive electrode active material layer is 3% by mass or less. Moreover, the coverage of the cobalt compound layer with respect to the positive electrode active material is 50% or more, and the degree of graphitization of the positive electrode active material layer obtained by Raman spectroscopy is 0.4 or less.
• the content in the positive electrode active material layers 21 and 41 can be suitably reduced while maintaining the function of the cobalt compound layer as a conductive aid.
• the average particle size of flake graphite is 0.3 times or more the average particle size of the positive electrode active material.
• the particle size of the flake graphite does not become too small with respect to the particle size of the positive electrode active material, and has a certain size. Therefore, in the positive electrode active material layers 21 and 41, the graphite flakes can straddle the plurality of positive electrode active materials, in other words, the graphite flakes can be in contact with the plurality of positive electrode active materials. Therefore, it is possible to suitably secure a conductive path and suppress an increase in the internal resistance of the positive electrode active material layers 21 and 41 .
• the content of flake graphite in the positive electrode active material layers 21 and 41 is 3% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less. Therefore, the electrical conductivity can be improved while maintaining the necessary contents of the positive electrode active material and the cobalt compound in the positive electrode active material layers 21 and 41 .
• the manufacturing method of the nickel metal hydride battery 1 includes a positive electrode manufacturing process, a negative electrode manufacturing process, a hyperbolic electrode manufacturing process, an electrode body manufacturing process, and an overdischarge process.
• the hyperbolic electrode fabrication step may be omitted. That is, the nickel metal hydride battery 1 may not have the hyperbolic electrode 4, and the electrode body may be formed by placing the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 with the separator 5 interposed therebetween.
• the overdischarge step was performed as one step in the method of manufacturing the nickel metal hydride battery 1, but it is not limited to this aspect.
• the overdischarge step may be performed as one step in the method of manufacturing the electrode assembly. That is, an overdischarge step may be performed as a method of manufacturing the electrode body.
• the overdischarge step may be performed as one step in the manufacturing method of the positive electrode.
• an electrode body for performing the overdischarge step may be used separately.
• An electrode body or a nickel metal hydride battery may be newly manufactured using the positive electrode manufactured through the overdischarge process.
• Example 1 Nickel hydroxide having an average particle size of 8 ⁇ m was used as the positive electrode active material.
• the flake graphite has an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m, an R value of 0.15, and a B.I. E. One having a T specific surface area of 11.7 m 2 /g was used.
• the nickel hydroxide, metallic cobalt, and flake graphite were blended so that the solid content ratios were 90.2% by mass, 1% by mass, and 6% by mass. Furthermore, 1% by mass of polyolefin and 1% by mass of carboxymethyl cellulose were blended as binders. As additives, 0.3% by mass of zinc oxide and 0.5% by mass of yttrium oxide were blended to prepare a raw material composition.
• the blending amount of the raw material composition is substantially constant even after the positive electrode 2 is produced. That is, the blending amount in the raw material composition is substantially equal to the content in the positive electrode 2 .
• the raw material composition was kneaded using a known kneader.
• the shearing force during kneading was set to 524 Pa.
• the raw material composition after kneading was applied onto the current collector foil 20 and dried to prepare the positive electrode 2 .
• the negative electrode 3 and the hyperbolic electrode 4 were manufactured by performing the negative electrode manufacturing process and the hyperbolic electrode manufacturing process.
• the above electrode body fabrication process was performed to fabricate an electrode body. After charging to 1.2V with respect to the produced electrode body, it over-discharged to 0.9V. After that, it was charged to 1.2V again.
• a nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced using a pair of cooling members 8 , a module positive electrode 22 , a module negative electrode 32 and a pair of restraints 9 .
• Example 2 A nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the shear force when kneading the raw material composition was changed to 131 Pa.
• Example 3 A nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the shear force when kneading the raw material composition was changed to 1833 Pa.
• Example 4 The blending amount of metallic cobalt was changed to 2% by mass, the blended amount of nickel hydroxide was changed to 89.2% by mass, the R value of flake graphite was changed to 0.18, and the shear force during kneading was changed to 100 Pa.
• a nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above.
• Example 5 As flake graphite, the average particle size is 7 ⁇ m, the R value is 0.15, and B.I. E. A nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 4, except that a battery with a T specific surface area of 9.5 m 2 /g was used.
• Example 6 As flake graphite, the average particle size is 3 ⁇ m, the R value of flake graphite is 0.20, and B.I. E. A nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 4, except that a battery with a T specific surface area of 16.4 m 2 /g was used.
• Example 7 A nickel metal hydride battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the blending amounts of nickel hydroxide, metallic cobalt, and flake graphite were set as shown in Table 1, and the shear force during kneading was set to 100 Pa. 1 was produced.
• Example 8 A nickel metal hydride battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, except that nickel hydroxide having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m was used as the positive electrode active material.
• Example 9 A nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, except that nickel hydroxide having an average particle size of 14 ⁇ m was used as the positive electrode active material.
• Example 10 A nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the shear force during kneading was 100 Pa.
• Nickel metal was prepared in the same manner as in Example 10, except that the blending amounts of nickel hydroxide, metallic cobalt, and flake graphite were set as shown in Table 1, and the blending amount of carboxymethyl cellulose was set to 1.5% by mass. A hydride battery 1 was produced.
• Example 12 A nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 10, except that the blending amounts of nickel hydroxide, metallic cobalt, and flake graphite were set as shown in Table 1.
• Example 13 As flake graphite, the average particle size is 19 ⁇ m, the R value is 0.08, and B.I. E. A nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12, except that a battery with a T specific surface area of 4.0 m 2 /g was used.
• Example 14 A nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12, except that an antioxidant was used.
• an antioxidant As the antioxidant, IRGAFOS168 (manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.), which is a commercially available phosphorus antioxidant, was used.
• the blending amount of the antioxidant was set to 5% by mass with respect to the blending amount of flake graphite.
• the antioxidant was coated on the graphite flakes by dry-mixing the flake graphite and the phosphorus-based antioxidant while heating to about 200° C. in an air atmosphere.
• Example 15 A nickel metal hydride battery 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 12, except that graphite flakes having an R value of 0.02 were used. Graphite flake with an R value of 0.02 was prepared by heat-treating the graphite flake of Example 1 at about 2800° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere.
• Example 1 A nickel metal hydride battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the shear force when kneading the raw material composition was changed to 2618 Pa.
• Example 2 A nickel metal hydride battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the shear force when kneading the raw material composition was changed to 2094 Pa.
• Example 3 A nickel metal hydride battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the fabricated electrode body was not subjected to the overdischarge step.
• Comparative Example 4 A nickel metal hydride battery was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 3, except that the blending amounts of nickel hydroxide, metallic cobalt, and flake graphite were set as shown in Table 1.
• antioxidant an antioxidant
• shear force during kneading in the manufacturing process and the presence or absence of an overdischarge process are shown in Table 1 as “antioxidant ⁇ : yes ⁇ : absent” and “shear force during kneading (Pa)”.
• overdischarge process ⁇ : Yes ⁇ : No column.
• T specific surface area was determined by the one-point method after measuring the adsorption/desorption isotherm with nitrogen gas using a specific surface area/pore size analyzer (QUADRASORB evo, manufactured by Anton Paar).
• the nickel metal hydride batteries of Examples 1 to 15 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were evaluated as follows. (Average particle size and particle size ratio) The average particle size of the positive electrode active material and flake graphite contained in the positive electrode active material layers 21 and 41 was measured using a known scanning electron microscope. 50 particles were measured at random, and the average particle size D50 was calculated using the long side of the flake graphite as the particle size. The results are shown in the "Average particle size ( ⁇ m)" column and the "Particle size ratio” column in Table 2.
• the measurement conditions for Raman spectroscopic analysis using a Raman spectroscope are as follows. Apparatus: Raman-11 (manufactured by Nanophoton Co., Ltd.) Measurement mode: XY-average Objective lens: 50x Laser wavelength: 532 nm Laser power: 0.2mW Measurement time: 3 seconds Diffraction grating: 300 gr/mm Measurement temperature: Room temperature Measurement atmosphere: Air (Average thickness and coverage of the cobalt compound layer covering the positive electrode active material) The average thickness and coverage of the cobalt compound layer covering the positive electrode active material were observed and measured by TEM-EELS or the like.
• cell resistance The cell resistance was measured when the battery was discharged for 0.2 seconds under the conditions of 25° C. and a state of charge (SOC) of 60%. The results are shown in the "0.2 second cell resistance (m ⁇ )" column of Table 2.
• the nickel metal hydride batteries of Examples 1 to 15 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were charged at a temperature of 25° C. to an SOC of 100% at a 1/3C rate, and then charged to 1.0 V at a 1/3C rate. was discharged until Then, the charge/discharge efficiency of each nickel metal hydride battery was calculated using the following formula.
• Charge/discharge efficiency (%) 100 x (discharge capacity)/(charge capacity)
• the results are shown in the column of "charging and discharging efficiency (%)" in Table 2.
• the nickel metal hydride batteries of Examples 4 and 12-15 were further evaluated as follows.
• cell resistance increase The increase in cell resistance was measured after the 14,000 km durability test and before the durability test. The measurement conditions were 0° C. and a state of charge (SOC) of 60%, and the cell resistance was measured after discharging for 5 seconds. The results are shown in Table 2, "Increase in cell resistance (m ⁇ ) for 5 seconds at 0°C (after 14,000 km endurance - before endurance)".
• the average thickness of the cobalt compound layer was 10 nm or less, and the coverage was 70% or more.
• the average particle size of the flake graphite in the positive electrode active material layers 21 and 41 was all 3 ⁇ m or more, and they were not broken into small pieces. It was found that the cell resistance was kept low because flake graphite was likely to be in contact with a plurality of positive electrode active materials. Moreover, the degrees of graphitization of the positive electrode active material layers 21 and 41 were both 0.4 or less. Since the proportion of bond defects is small, the reactivity of the positive electrode active material layers 21 and 41 can be lowered.
• the cell resistance was lower because the particle size ratio of nickel hydroxide and flake graphite was 0.3 or more.
• the charge/discharge efficiency was also excellent at 94% or more.
• Example 12 flake graphite with a smaller R value than in Example 4 was used. That is, flake graphite, which is highly graphitized, was used. As the graphitization progressed, the reactivity of flake graphite was lowered, so that the amount of increase in cell resistance was kept low.
• Example 13 compared to Example 12, the average particle size was larger, and the B.I. E. Flaky graphite having a small T specific surface area and a small R value was used. R value and B.V. E. The value multiplied by the T specific surface area was 0.32.
• the larger the average particle size of flake graphite, or B. E. Graphitization tends to progress as the T specific surface area decreases. As the graphitization progressed, the reactivity of the flake graphite decreased, so that the increase in cell resistance was kept low.
• Example 14 differs from Example 12 in that an antioxidant is used. By using the antioxidant, the reactivity of flake graphite is lowered, so that the increase in cell resistance is suppressed.
• Example 15 heat-treated flake graphite was used. Compared with Example 12, the R value was smaller, and graphitization was progressing. R value and B.V. E. The value multiplied by the T specific surface area was 0.23. Since the reactivity of flake graphite is lower, the increase in cell resistance was suppressed.
• SYMBOLS 1... Nickel metal hydride battery, 2... Positive electrode, 3... Negative electrode, 4... Hyperbolic electrode, 5... Separator, 6... Seal member, 7... Outer frame, 8... Cooling member, 9... Restraint, 20... Collection Electrical foil 21 Positive electrode active material layer 22 Module positive electrode 30 Current collector foil 31 Negative electrode active material layer 32 Module negative electrode 40 Current collector foil 41 Positive electrode active material layer 42 Negative electrode active Material layer, 80... through hole.

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