WO2023115781A1 - 基于生态拦截与循环净化的农田退水处理系统及其方法 - Google Patents

基于生态拦截与循环净化的农田退水处理系统及其方法 Download PDF

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WO2023115781A1
WO2023115781A1 PCT/CN2022/090855 CN2022090855W WO2023115781A1 WO 2023115781 A1 WO2023115781 A1 WO 2023115781A1 CN 2022090855 W CN2022090855 W CN 2022090855W WO 2023115781 A1 WO2023115781 A1 WO 2023115781A1
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water
ecological
farmland
purification
tank
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PCT/CN2022/090855
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English (en)
French (fr)
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梁新强
杨姣
何霜
刘博弈
燕燕
孙德政
陈轶平
徐向阳
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浙江大学
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Publication of WO2023115781A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023115781A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F2001/007—Processes including a sedimentation step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/30—Aerobic and anaerobic processes
    • C02F3/302—Nitrification and denitrification treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
    • C02F3/322—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae use of algae
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of farmland non-point source water pollution treatment, and in particular relates to a farmland return water treatment system and method based on ecological interception and circular purification.
  • the Yangtze River Delta has a well-developed water system and a dense river network. It is an important rice production base in my country. In recent years, with the vigorous promotion of measures such as soil testing formula and double reduction of fertilizer and medicine, the annual amount of chemical fertilizer application in the Yangtze River Delta has gradually achieved negative growth, but the base of chemical fertilizer application is still huge, and the utilization rate is low. The accompanying nitrogen and phosphorus The issue of churn still cannot be ignored.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to solve the problem that the amount of pollutants in the existing farmland dewatering water is large, and it is easy to cause pollution when it is directly discharged into the receiving water body.
  • the water treatment system and its method enable it to effectively intercept the nitrogen, phosphorus and nutrient salts in the receding water of farmland, and realize the recycling of nitrogen, phosphorus and water resources, so as to realize the sustainable and green development of agriculture.
  • the present invention provides a farmland water return treatment system based on ecological interception and circular purification, including a caisson, an ecological ditch, a multi-level ecological storage pond, an automatic water quality detection system and a smart water-saving irrigation system;
  • the accelerating caisson is arranged at the drainage outlet of the farmland, and the farmland receding water discharged from the drainage outlet can all enter the accelerating caisson for preliminary settlement; the cross-section of the accelerating caisson is provided at the cross-section vertical to the direction of water flow to adjust the overflow water level.
  • the gate system promotes the connection between the outlet of the caisson and the ecological ditch; the slopes on both sides of the ecological ditch have ecological slope protection, and ecological floating islands, submerged plants and emergent plants are respectively arranged at intervals throughout the whole process, and barriers are arranged at the tail along the direction of water flow.
  • the multi-level ecological storage ponds include a connected gradual expansion section and a main reaction section; the outlet of the ecological ditch is connected with the gradual expansion section to Homogeneous water flow; a filter material layer is provided along the cross-section of the water flow in the gradual expansion section, so that the water flow can pass through the filter material layer and then flow into the main reaction section; the main reaction section includes the aeration tank and the surrounding slopes.
  • the sedimentation tank for slope protection, the first filter dam, the second filter dam and the purification tank; in the sedimentation tank, several retaining walls with walls perpendicular to the direction of water flow are formed to form a serpentine flow channel through which the water flows.
  • a number of submerged plants and emergent plants are planted in the flow channel, and ecological floating islands are set up.
  • the design of the sedimentation tank increases the hydraulic retention time of the water flow in the multi-level ecological storage pond, and settles the farmland receding water collected by ecological ditches and ecological interception.
  • the first filter dam exposure The air pool and the second filter dam; the first filter dam and the second filter dam have the same structure, and both can completely cover the cross-section of the water flow where they are located, including the porous outer wall and filler, the outer wall and the bottom of the pool Together they form a trough structure with an open top, and the trough is filled with fillers;
  • the first filter dam is set behind the sedimentation tank because it can further remove and decompose fine suspended matter
  • the second filter dam is set behind the aeration tank to Because during the aeration process, the sediment at the bottom of the aeration tank may be suspended in the water again due to aeration disturbance, the setting of the second filter dam can further remove and decompose this part of the suspended matter.
  • the first filter dam and The second filter material dam has the function of providing water head and potential energy for the water flow to enter the aeration tank or the purification tank; a purification tank is arranged behind the second filter material dam, and several bionic aquatic plants suspended in the direction of vertical water flow are evenly fixed in the purification tank; One end of the bionic aquatic plant is fixed at the bottom of the pool body, and the other end is fixed with a suspension with a density lower than water, which can be used to add bacteria such as nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacillus; the water outlet of the purification pool is equipped with a water quality control system for testing the water quality compliance.
  • the effluent from the purification tank will be used to irrigate the farmland through the smart water-saving irrigation system or the effluent from the purification tank will be discharged into the receiving water body;
  • the water irrigation system irrigates the farmland or returns the effluent from the purification pool to the front end of the ecological ditch.
  • the gate system and the control gate have the same structure, and can completely cover the cross-section of the water flow where they are located, including the first gate, the second gate and the double track of the gate; the double track of the gate is a rectangular frame structure, which is different from each other.
  • the first gate and the second gate that can slide up and down are respectively installed on the two interfering rails.
  • aeration discs connected to the aerator are evenly arranged in the aeration tank, and the aeration disc is more than 0.3m away from the bottom of the pool; a number of bionic aquatic plants are arranged in the aeration tank, and the bottom and the wall of the pool are hardened or Cement board slope protection.
  • a water flow channel is left between each of the water retaining walls and the side wall of the sedimentation tank, and the water flow channels of two adjacent water retaining walls are respectively located on both sides of the sedimentation tank, so that the sedimentation tank is formed for water to pass through.
  • the snake-shaped flow channel there is also an ecological floating island in the sedimentation tank.
  • the intelligent water-saving irrigation system adopts low-pressure pipeline water delivery irrigation, and a pipeline water outlet with water outlet valve is set every 20m; all water outlet valves can be connected with the operation platform through the control system, and each water outlet valve is controlled by the operation platform opening and closing situation.
  • the section of the ecological ditch is a trapezoidal structure with a slope ratio of 2 to 3:1; several drains near the end of the ecological ditch are connected to collection pipes, and the farmland water is discharged to the front end of the ecological ditch through the collection pipes;
  • the slopes on both sides of the ecological ditch are reinforced by porous slope protection components, and then slope protection plants are planted in the pores of the slope protection components to form ecological slope protection;
  • One or more species; the submerged plants in the ecological ditch use one or more of the sunflower, black algae, bitter grass, hornwort and green foxtail algae, and the emergent plants use canna, copper money grass, wild rice stem
  • the filter material layer adopts one or more of zeolite, volcanic rock and ceramsite;
  • the water quality automatic detection system includes detection for detecting dissolved oxygen, pH, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand Device;
  • the dam width of the first filter dam and the second filter dam is not less than 0.2m, a retaining net for intercepting floating objects is set in front of the dam, the dam body is equipped with aquatic plants, and ceramsite and volcanic rock of different particle sizes are used as fillers One or more of , gravel and activated carbon.
  • the sedimentation pond accounts for more than 40% of the total area of the multi-stage ecological storage pond
  • the aeration pond accounts for 5%-15% of the total area of the multi-stage ecological storage pond
  • the purification pond accounts for the total area of the multi-stage ecological storage pond. more than 30% of the area.
  • an ecological purification zone for emergency treatment is also provided behind the multi-stage ecological storage pond;
  • the ecological purification zone is a pool structure, including an aeration device and bionic aquatic plants;
  • the bionic aquatic plants are evenly suspended in the pool body in the vertical direction of water flow Among them, one end is fixed at the bottom of the pool body, and the other end is fixed with a suspended part whose density is lower than that of water;
  • the aeration device is arranged between bionic aquatic plants at intervals.
  • the present invention provides a method for treating farmland water regression according to any one of the farmland water regression treatment systems described in the first aspect, specifically as follows:
  • the farmland receding water enters the boosting caisson through the drainage outlet of the farmland, and adjusts the overflow water level in the boosting caisson through the gate system according to the preset value of the field surface water height; under the blocking effect of the gate system, the particulate matter in the farmland receding water achieves initial settlement, Then it flows into the ecological ditch; the farmland water retreats through the ecological interception of the ecological ditch to remove nitrogen and phosphorus.
  • the water level and hydraulic retention time of the ecological ditch are adjusted by controlling the throttle gate; the farmland water recedes and then enters multi-level ecological regulation and storage pond, because the width and depth of the ecological ditches and the multi-level ecological storage ponds are different, the water flow can equalize the water quality and slow down the flow velocity after passing through the gradual expansion section, so as to prevent the excessive water flow velocity from affecting the facilities and microorganisms in the multi-level ecological storage ponds.
  • the filter material layer set in the gradual expansion section can reduce the content of suspended solids in the water and increase the dissolved oxygen content of the water body;
  • the water body treated by the gradual expansion section then enters the sedimentation tank, and through the blocking effect of the water retaining wall set in the sedimentation tank, the water flows in a serpentine shape in the sedimentation tank, which increases the hydraulic retention time and the water flow process, so that the suspended solids can be obtained.
  • the nutrients in the water body are removed; the water treated by the sedimentation tank then enters the first filter dam to purify the water quality while Provide water head and potential energy for the water flow into the aeration tank; the water flow in the aeration tank fully oxidizes the organic matter in the water through aeration, and then provides the water head and potential energy for the water flow into the purification tank through the second filter dam;
  • bionic aquatic plants which can accelerate the decomposition of organic matter in the water body by adding nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacillus and other microbial agents;
  • the water quality of the effluent is tested by the automatic water quality detection system installed in the purification tank. If the water quality meets the standard, the effluent of the purification tank is used to irrigate the farmland through the intelligent water-saving irrigation system or the effluent of the purification tank is discharged into the receiving water body. If the water quality is not up to standard, the effluent from the purification tank will be used to irrigate the farmland through the smart water-saving irrigation system or the effluent from the purification tank will be returned to the front of the ecological ditch; With auxiliary emergency treatment to ensure the water quality of the purification pool entering the receiving water body.
  • the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
  • the present invention realizes the preliminary sedimentation and interception of large particles such as sediment and suspended matter in the farmland receding water by setting the accelerating caisson, and can flexibly control the height of the field surface water.
  • the present invention prevents the farmland receding water at the back end by collecting the farmland receding water discharged from the farmland drainage outlet at the end of the ecological ditch (closer to the outlet of the ecological ditch), and discharging it to the front end of the ecological ditch far from the outlet through the collection pipeline
  • the fact that it is discharged into the ditch increases the hydraulic retention time of the farmland receding water in the ditch, makes the ditch play a better ecological interception effect, and improves the removal rate of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
  • the present invention can remove more nitrogen, phosphorus and nutrient salts through the bottom mud capture well provided with nitrogen and phosphorus removal modules in the ecological ditch, and the control gate can adjust the water level and hydraulic retention time of the ecological ditch in time; at the same time, multi-level ecological regulation
  • the storage pond can realize the dual functions of water storage and ecological purification, and can further sediment, oxygenate and purify the effluent of the ecological ditch, so as to maximize the efficiency of farmland water withdrawal, nitrogen and phosphorus emission reduction.
  • the existing farmland water return treatment system is not equipped with a recharge system or a recharge device is set up but recharges to the farmland without judging whether the water quality is up to standard. Whether the water quality of the returned water from the farmland after the purification tank is up to the standard; after reaching the standard, it will be recharged to the farmland or discharged to the receiving water body through the smart water-saving irrigation system, otherwise it will be recharged to the farmland or pumped to the front of the ecological ditch through the pumping station
  • the secondary purification greatly reduces the discharge of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to the receiving water body.
  • an automatic water quality detection system is added to provide a reference for the operation and maintenance of the farmland water return treatment system. If it is observed that the water quality is not up to standard, you can go to the site to check the cause and carry out the nitrogen and phosphorus removal module adsorption matrix and filter material The replacement of ecological interception facilities such as ecological floating islands, and timely adjustment of technical parameters such as the operating power and time of aeration facilities.
  • the purification pond and the intelligent water-saving irrigation system are combined, and the ecologically treated farmland can be retreated and recharged to realize "irrigation and drainage coordination" (recharge or discharge into receiving Parallel water bodies), greatly reducing the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus, while forming a water circulation system to avoid the occurrence of "dead water”.
  • the smart water-saving irrigation device can be equipped with solenoid valves and controlled by the operating platform (such as mobile phone APP). Manpower is greatly reduced.
  • the sedimentation tanks in the multi-stage ecological storage ponds of the present invention are provided with staggered water retaining walls, which increase the water flow process and hydraulic retention time, and help impurities to settle better; the aeration tanks are provided with aeration facilities and bionic aquatic plants, which help to oxidize organic matter more thoroughly; bionic aquatic plants are set in the purification pool, and microbial agents are added to speed up the decomposition of organic matter and improve water purification efficiency; the front of the two filter dams are equipped with retaining nets, Contribute to the removal of garbage and reduce labor input.
  • Fig. 1 is a kind of engineering flow chart of farmland backwater treatment system
  • Fig. 2 is another kind of engineering flow diagram of the farmland dewatering treatment system
  • Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of accelerating caisson structure
  • Fig. 4 is the schematic plan view of ecological ditch
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the assembly structure of the interlocking hydraulic brick
  • Fig. 6 is the schematic plan view of multistage ecological storage pond
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the installation of bionic aquatic plants
  • the invention provides a farmland water return treatment system based on ecological interception and circular purification.
  • the farmland water return treatment system is suitable for intercepting farmland water return non-point source pollutants in aquatic plant planting areas such as paddy fields and wild rice shoots, and can effectively reduce farmland area.
  • the farmland dewatering treatment system of the present invention mainly includes a boosting caisson 2, an ecological ditch 3, a multi-level ecological storage pond 4, an automatic water quality detection system 7 and a smart water-saving irrigation system 8, as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 .
  • the farmland receding water is discharged from the farmland drainage outlet equipped with a caisson, and flows through the ecological ditches and multi-level ecological storage ponds in turn.
  • the smart water-saving irrigation device refills the treated water back to the farmland, or discharges it to the receiving water body (normally, it is not discharged outside under extreme conditions such as non-rainstorms), and when there is excess water due to natural weather such as heavy rains, the water in the purification pool The excess water then flows through the ecological purification zone and finally flows into the receiving water body.
  • the structure and connection mode of each module in the farmland water return treatment system will be described in detail below.
  • the accelerating caisson 2 is arranged at the drain of the farmland 1, and the farmland retreat water discharged from the drain can all enter the accelerating caisson 2, and the outlet of the accelerating caisson 2 is connected with the ecological ditch 3, so that the water will be discharged from the drain through the accelerating caisson 2.
  • the farmland receding water all flows in the ecological ditch 3.
  • the interior of the caisson 2 is provided with a gate system that can adjust the overflow water level.
  • the gate system is arranged vertically to the direction of water flow, and can completely cover the cross section of the caisson 2 where it is located. Particles undergo preliminary precipitation.
  • the gate system can be set to the structure shown in Figure 3, specifically as follows: the gate system mainly includes the first gate 2-1, the second gate 2-2 and the double track 2-3 of the gate, and the double track of the gate 2-3 is a rectangular frame structure, the two opposite vertical frames are respectively fixed inside the side walls of the booster caisson 2, and the bottom frame is fixed on the bottom of the booster caisson 2; the gate double track 2-3 is on two tracks that do not interfere with each other
  • the first gate 2-1 and the second gate 2-2 which can slide up and down, are respectively equipped with a limit mechanism capable of locking the height. By adjusting the first gate 2-1 and the second gate 2- 2 and the height is locked through the limit mechanism to realize the adjustment of the overflow water level.
  • the booster caisson can adopt a rectangular parallelepiped structure, and the upper surface of the booster caisson can be equipped with a cover. Double rails are set at the midline of the long sides of the box and equipped with sealing strips. The height of each gate is half of the height of the cuboid. Both gates can be Push and pull in the up and down direction on the track, the water level can be adjusted, and the production size and installation height of the caisson can be adjusted appropriately according to the actual needs of the farmland, so as to control irrigation and drainage according to the law of crop growth.
  • the height-adjustable gate system can control the water level of farmland more flexibly.
  • the gate system can be closed, and the first gate 2-1 and the second gate 2-1 can be closed.
  • the second gate 2-2 is controlled at the required height, and excess water can be discharged by overflowing, and the two gates can be fully lifted and opened for drainage when drainage is required.
  • a small pit of 160 mm can be dug at the drainage outlet of the farmland, and then the fabricated caisson with a height of 300 mm is fixed in the small pit; , the second gate 2-2 can be pulled down slightly by 40mm; if it is necessary to control the water height of the field surface to 140mm, pull the first gate 2-1 to the lowest and the second gate 2-2 to the highest; when there is a need for drainage , pull the two gates to the highest position at the same time.
  • the ecological ditch 3 is set in the farmland 1, and the slopes on both sides have ecological slope protection.
  • Ecological ditches 3 are respectively provided with ecological floating islands 13, submerged plants 14 and emergent plants 15 at intervals throughout the whole process, and the tail is sequentially provided with water blocking ridges 3-3, sediment capture wells 3-1 and channels for regulating overflowing water along the direction of water flow. Bits of throttle 3-5.
  • the ecological ditch 3 can collect farmland receding water, and remove some nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the water body through its own ecological interception device, thereby improving the interception efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus.
  • the section of the ecological ditch 3 can be set as a trapezoidal structure, and the slope ratio is 2-3:1.
  • Multiple drains near the end of the ecological ditch 3 are connected to the collection pipe 3-4, and the farmland water is discharged to the front end of the ecological ditch 3 through the collection pipe 3-4, so as to ensure that the farmland water has sufficient hydraulic retention time in the ecological ditch And pass through as many ecological interception facilities as possible (including submerged plants, emergent plants, water barriers, sediment capture wells, control gates, etc.).
  • submerged plants such as one or more of sunflower, black algae, bitter grass, hornwort, and green foxtail
  • emergent plants such as canna, copper money grass, wild rice stem, One or more of Chitten, reed, iris, Zailihua, calamus, water onion and cress (winter)
  • canna copper money grass
  • wild rice stem wild rice stem
  • the planting density should not be too large, so as not to affect the effect.
  • the slopes on both sides of the ecological ditch 3 are reinforced by porous slope protection components, and then slope protection plants are planted in the pores of the slope protection components to form ecological slope protection.
  • the slope protection plants can use one or more of spiderwort, book grass, bermudagrass (summer) and ryegrass (winter), and the slope protection components can use interlocking hydraulic bricks, hexagonal bricks and other slope protection components that are conducive to planting .
  • each chain hydraulic brick and its adjacent six chain hydraulic bricks form a super-strong chain, and slope protection plants can be planted in the gaps.
  • the structure of interlocking hydraulic bricks not only greatly increases the stability of ecological slope protection, reduces the possibility of soil erosion, but also provides better growth conditions for slope protection plants.
  • Bottom beams are set at the bottom of the ecological slope protection, and prefabricated parts are used to press the top.
  • the slope protection plants are preferably native dominant plants, which are regularly pruned and mowed.
  • the water retaining ridge 3-3 can be set as an embankment structure according to the length, slope and flow direction of the ditch, and is mainly used to maintain the water depth at the bottom of the ditch to meet the growth of aquatic plants in the ditch.
  • the sediment capture well 3-1 is a well for collecting and precipitating impurities such as soil carried in the ditch water, and a plurality of nitrogen and phosphorus removal modules 3-2 are staggeredly arranged inside the well body.
  • Nitrogen and phosphorus removal module 3-2 is composed of porous minerals and other materials, and is mainly used for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in ditch water.
  • the control gate 3-5 can adopt the same structure as the above-mentioned gate system, but the size is enlarged to adapt to the ecological ditch, and it is arranged at the junction of the ecological ditch 3 and the multi-level ecological storage pond 4 to control the water level in the ecological ditch 3 and hydraulic retention time.
  • the multi-level ecological storage pond 4 is built behind the ecological ditch 3, including a connected gradual expansion section and a main reaction section. Since the cross-section of the connection between the multi-level ecological storage pond 4 and the ecological ditch 3 changes (including changes in the cross-section caused by changes in width and depth), the outlet of the ecological ditch 3 is connected with the gradual expansion section to achieve a homogeneous water flow. (i.e., uniform water quality, slowing down the flow rate, to reduce the impact of the water flow on the follow-up, etc.), and set the filter material layer 4-1 along the water flow cross-section in the gradual expansion section, so that the water flow can pass through the filter material layer 4-1 before acting. into the main reaction zone.
  • Filter material layer 4-1 can adopt one or more in zeolite, volcanic rock and ceramsite, to promote the precipitation of suspended solids, and improve the dissolved oxygen content of water body.
  • the main reaction section includes an aeration tank 11, a sedimentation tank 9, a first filter dam 101, a second filter dam 102 and a purification tank 12, wherein the sedimentation tank 9 passes through a plurality of retaining walls perpendicular to the direction of water flow 9-1, forming a serpentine flow channel through which water flows, and planting several submerged plants 14 and emergent plants 15 in the serpentine flow channel.
  • a first filter dam 101 , an aeration tank 11 and a second filter dam 102 are arranged in sequence behind the sedimentation tank 9 .
  • the first filter dam 101 and the second filter dam 102 have the same structure, both of which can completely cover the cross-section of the water flow where they are located, including porous outer walls and fillers, and the outer walls and the bottom of the pool together form an open groove above Type structure, the groove is filled with filler.
  • the rear of the second filter dam 102 is provided with a purification pool 12, and in the purification pool 12, a number of bionic aquatic plants 16 suspended in the direction of vertical water flow are evenly fixed. One end of the bionic aquatic plant 16 is fixed on the bottom of the pool body, and the other end is fixed with a suspension 5-1 with a density lower than that of water.
  • the water outlet end of the purification pool 12 is provided with an automatic water quality detection system 7 for detecting whether the water quality is up to standard.
  • the effluent from the purification pool 12 is passed through the smart water-saving irrigation system 8 to irrigate the farmland 1 or the effluent from the purification pool 12 is discharged into the receiving water body 6; if the water quality is not up to standard, the effluent from the purification pool 12 is passed
  • the intelligent water-saving irrigation system 8 irrigates the farmland 1 or returns the effluent from the purification pond 12 to the front end of the ecological ditch 3 .
  • interlocking hydraulic bricks can be used for slope protection below the normal water level of the multi-level ecological storage pond 4 (except for the aeration tank 11).
  • a geotechnical cushion net is set under the slope protection to facilitate the creation of a multi-biological treatment environment and to enhance the water quality treatment effect by using biological effects.
  • ecological floating islands, submerged plants and emergent plants can be arranged in the multi-level ecological storage pond 4.
  • the submerged plants choose aquatic plants with strong vitality and good purification effect as pioneer species, and at the same time configure some companion species
  • Emergent plants should choose reeds, yellow iris, celery, aquatic canna, water onion, etc. with better purification function and landscape effect, and plant them on the bank slope with a water depth of 0-0.5m to prevent soil erosion and remove particles. nutrients and pollutants.
  • bionic aquatic plants that do not require photosynthesis to maintain growth can be deployed to improve the underwater ecological environment. With the help of their large specific surface area and strong adsorption force, they can absorb plants that are not easy to settle by themselves. microparticle suspension.
  • the sedimentation tank should preferably account for more than 40% of the total area of the multi-level ecological storage pond, and the water flow process and retention time can be increased by setting a retaining wall in the pond.
  • Each water retaining wall 9-1 has a water flow channel between the side walls of the sedimentation tank 9, and the water flow channels of two adjacent water retaining walls 9-1 are located on both sides of the sedimentation tank 9, so that the sedimentation tank 9 forms Snake type flow channel for water flow.
  • Aquatic plants can be planted in the sedimentation tank, and ecological floating islands 13 are set to absorb nutrients in the water body, and the surrounding slopes are greened with turf.
  • Both the first filter dam 101 and the second filter dam 102 use hollow bricks, crushed stones, etc. to build the external wall of the filter dam.
  • Filter materials of different particle sizes should be placed in the dam body.
  • the filter materials should be ceramsite, volcanic rock, gravel, and activated carbon. and other materials.
  • the width of the two filter material dams (calculated according to the inner diameter) shall not be less than 0.2m, and the height of the dams shall be basically equal to the height of the adjacent ponds.
  • a retaining net 10-1 should be arranged in front of the filter dam, and the height of the net is equal to that of the filter dam to intercept floating objects such as fallen leaves, and aquatic plants can be arranged on the dam body.
  • the area of the aeration tank preferably accounts for 5%-15% of the total area of the multi-stage ecological adjustment and storage pond.
  • some aeration discs 11-2 connected with the aerator 11-1 are evenly provided with, and the aeration
  • the disc installation distance should be more than 0.3m from the bottom of the pool.
  • the bottom and wall of the aeration tank should be hardened or slope protected with cement boards.
  • a certain proportion of bionic aquatic plants should be reasonably arranged in the aeration tank.
  • the area of the purification pool should preferably account for more than 30% of the total area of the multi-level ecological storage pond facilities.
  • Materials such as bionic aquatic plants are arranged in the pool.
  • the hanging direction of the bionic aquatic plants is perpendicular to the direction of water flow, and the bottom is fixed with a strong polyethylene rope or stainless steel wire.
  • the installation method of the bionic aquatic plants is the sinking type, that is, one end of the bionic aquatic plants is fixed on the frame at the bottom of the river bed, and a floating ball is suspended on the upper part, so that the bionic aquatic plants are vertical when the water level is high and floating when the water level is low, ensuring that microorganisms can interact with the water body.
  • the location of the bionic aquatic plants should be determined according to the depth of the river channel and the transparency of the water body. Generally, they are arranged in areas where the water depth exceeds 1m.
  • the bionic aquatic plants should be evenly distributed on the cross-flow section of the water body to achieve the best water conservancy conditions and reduce interruptions.
  • Aquatic plants should be reasonably arranged in the purification pool, and microbial agents can be added if necessary, and the pool wall should be protected by turf or low shrubs.
  • an automatic water quality detection system in the purification tank, including at least automatic detection probes for dissolved oxygen, pH, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand, to determine whether the water quality can meet the standards for recharge or discharge.
  • the detection data of the automatic water quality detection system should preferably be uploaded in real time so that they can be viewed through mobile phones or computers.
  • the water in the purification pool meets the discharge standard, it can be recharged to the farmland or discharged naturally through the remote control pumping station and smart water-saving irrigation device (usually, it will not be discharged outside under extreme conditions such as non-rainstorm), and it can be recharged when it does not meet the standard.
  • the farmland may be pumped to the front of the ecological ditch through the pumping station for secondary purification, forming an ecological cycle of water resources and avoiding the phenomenon of "dead water”.
  • the smart water-saving irrigation system 8 can use low-pressure pipeline water delivery for irrigation.
  • the pipeline system includes two-stage fixed water delivery pipelines and supporting facilities for main pipes and branch pipes.
  • a pipeline water outlet is set every about 20m, and the water outlet adopts a low-pressure irrigation water outlet valve (can be Adjustment mode), the irrigation system uses three water sources: groundwater, surrounding river water, and water from the purification pool.
  • the smart water-saving irrigation device is equipped with a solenoid valve, and the mobile APP controls whether the valve is opened or not.
  • an ecological purification zone 5 for emergency treatment is also provided behind the multi-level ecological storage pond 4 .
  • the ecological purification zone 5 is a pool structure, including an aeration device and bionic aquatic plants 16 .
  • the bionic aquatic plant 16 is uniformly suspended in the pool body vertically to the direction of water flow, one end is fixed at the bottom of the pool body, and the other end is fixed with a suspension member 5-1 whose density is lower than that of water.
  • the aeration devices are arranged between the bionic aquatic plants 16 at intervals.
  • biodegradable chitosan and other sedimentation accelerators can be added to the sedimentation tank 9 of the ecological storage pond 4 to accelerate the precipitation of suspended solids and ensure the removal of suspended solids.
  • the farmland water return treatment method using the above-mentioned farmland water return treatment system is as follows:
  • the farmland receding water enters the boosting caisson 2 through the drain of the farmland 1, and the overflow water level in the boosting caisson 2 is adjusted through the gate system according to the preset value of the field surface water height. Under the blocking effect of the gate system, the particulate matter in the receding water of the farmland achieves initial settlement, and then flows into the ecological ditch 3 .
  • the farmland dewatering realizes the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus through the ecological interception of the ecological ditch 3, and at the same time, the water level and hydraulic retention time of the ecological ditch 3 are adjusted by controlling the control gates 3-5.
  • the farmland receding water then enters the multi-level ecological storage pond 4.
  • the filter material layer 4-1 set in the gradual expansion section can reduce the content of suspended solids in the water and increase the dissolved oxygen content of the water body.
  • the water body treated by the gradual expansion section then enters the sedimentation tank 9, and through the blocking effect of the water retaining wall 9-1 set in the sedimentation tank 9, the water flows in the sedimentation tank 9 in a serpentine shape, which increases the hydraulic retention time and the water flow process. , so that the suspended solids are fully removed.
  • the water body treated by the sedimentation tank 9 then enters the first filter dam 101 , which provides water head and potential energy for the water flow into the aeration tank 11 while purifying the water quality.
  • the water flow is aerated in the aeration tank 11 to fully oxidize the organic matter in the water body, and then the second filter dam 102 purifies the water quality and provides water head and potential energy for the water flow to enter the purification tank 12 . Since the bionic aquatic plants 16 are provided in the purification pool 12, the organic matter in the water body can be decomposed faster by adding microbial agents.
  • the water quality of the effluent is detected by the automatic water quality detection system 7 installed in the purification pool 12. If the water quality reaches the standard, the effluent of the purification pool 12 is used to irrigate the farmland 1 through the intelligent water-saving irrigation system 8 or the effluent of the purification pool 12 is discharged. If the water quality is not up to standard, then the effluent from the purification pool 12 is used to irrigate the farmland 1 through the smart water-saving irrigation system 8 or the effluent from the purification pool 12 is returned to the front end of the ecological ditch 3 . If extreme weather causes the water volume to skyrocket, the ecological purification belt 5 located at the rear of the purification pond 12 is used to assist emergency treatment, so as to ensure the water quality of the purification pond 12 entering the receiving water body 6 .

Abstract

一种基于生态拦截与循环净化的农田退水处理系统，包括促沉箱（2）、生态沟渠（3）、多级生态调蓄塘（4）、水质自动检测系统（7）和智慧节水灌溉系统（8）；促沉箱（2）设置于农田的排水口处，从该排水口排出的农田退水能全部进入促沉箱（2）中以进行初步沉降；多级生态调蓄塘（4）包括连通的渐扩段和主反应区段；主反应区段包括曝气池（11）以及周围边坡具有生态护坡的沉淀池（9）、第一滤料坝（101）、第二滤料坝（102）和净化池（12）；净化池（12）内均匀固定有若干垂直水流方向悬挂的仿生水草（16）；净化池（12）的出水端处设有用于检测水质达标情况的水质自动检测系统（7）。该系统适用于稻田、茭白等水生植物种植区农田退水面源污染物的拦截，能够有效地减少农田面源污染物的入河量。还公开了一种基于生态拦截与循环净化的农田退水处理方法。

Description

基于生态拦截与循环净化的农田退水处理系统及其方法 技术领域
本发明属于农田面源水污染处理领域，具体涉及一种基于生态拦截与循环净化的农田退水处理系统及其方法。
背景技术
长江三角洲地区水系发达，河网密布，是我国重要的水稻生产基地。近年来随着测土配方、肥药双减等措施的大力推进，长江三角洲地区化肥年施用量已逐步实现负增长，但是化肥施用的基数依然庞大，且利用率较低，伴随而来的氮磷流失问题仍旧不容忽视。
有研究表明，农田面源污染主要以地表径流的形式进入受纳水体，沟渠的出现为解决农田面源污染量大面广、难以收集处理的问题提供了新思路。原有沟渠主要发挥排水作用，忽视了其对氮磷营养盐的生态拦截。随着生态文明程度的提高，人们开始重视排水沟渠和水塘的生态化改造来强化沟渠和塘对氮磷的拦截能力。有研究发现，通过在生态沟渠中设置吸附基质和水生植物能够极大降低沟渠出水的氮、磷浓度，但由于氮磷流失量大，沟渠建设质量参差不齐，部分沟渠出水水质仍较差，仅建设生态沟渠不能保证农田退水在汇入受纳水体前达标。因此，为提高农田面源污染物拦截量，保证出水质量，构建一种能够收集并有效处理农田退水，判断水质是否达标，同时在农田区域范围(尤其是生态敏感区附近的农田区域范围)内实现水以及氮磷资源循环利用的生态体系显得尤为重要。
因此，基于长江三角洲地区种植结构以水田为主，农业发达，水源丰富，农田沟渠众多的现状，遵循节约土地理念，充分利用当地原有沟渠、水塘、河浜等条件，开发一种基于生态拦截与循环净化的农田退水处理方法，对于农田面源污染的防控具有非常重要的意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了解决现有农田退水中污染物量大，直接排入受纳水体易 造成污染的问题，针对现有技术的缺陷，本发明提供了一种基于生态拦截与循环净化的农田退水处理系统及其方法，使其能够有效拦截农田退水中的氮磷营养盐，并实现氮磷和水资源的循环利用，从而实现农业的可持续绿色发展。
本发明所采用的具体技术方案如下：
第一方面，本发明提供了一种基于生态拦截与循环净化的农田退水处理系统，包括促沉箱、生态沟渠、多级生态调蓄塘、水质自动检测系统和智慧节水灌溉系统；
所述促沉箱设置于农田的排水口处，从该排水口排出的农田退水能全部进入促沉箱中以进行初步沉降；促沉箱内部垂直水流方向的横截面处设有能调节过流水位的闸门系统，促沉箱的出口与生态沟渠连通；所述生态沟渠两侧的边坡具有生态护坡，全程分别间隔设有生态浮岛、沉水植物和挺水植物，尾部沿水流方向依次设有拦水坎、底泥捕获井和用于调节过流水位的节制闸；所述多级生态调蓄塘包括连通的渐扩段和主反应区段；生态沟渠的出口与渐扩段相连通，以均质水流；渐扩段内沿水流横断面设有滤料层，使水流均能通过滤料层作用后流入主反应区段；所述主反应区段包括曝气池以及周围边坡具有生态护坡的沉淀池、第一滤料坝、第二滤料坝和净化池；所述沉淀池中通过若干墙面与水流方向垂直的挡水墙，形成使水流通过的蛇型流道，蛇形流道中种植若干沉水植物和挺水植物，设置生态浮岛，沉淀池的设计增加了水流在多级生态调蓄塘内的水力停留时间，对经生态沟渠收集和生态拦截的农田退水进行沉淀处理，使其中的大颗粒悬浮物沉至池底，降低农田退水浊度，水生植物和生态浮岛可吸收水体中的营养盐；所述沉淀池后方依次设有第一滤料坝、曝气池和第二滤料坝；第一滤料坝和第二滤料坝结构相同，均能将所在处的水流横断面完全覆盖，包括多孔的外墙体和填料，外墙体和池底共同构成上方敞口的槽型结构，槽内填充填料；第一滤料坝设置在沉淀池后，是因为其可以进一步去除和分解细微悬浮物，第二滤料坝设置在曝气池后是因为在曝气过程中，曝气池底的沉淀物质可能因曝气扰动而再次悬浮于水中，第二滤料坝的设置可以进一步去除和分解该部分悬浮物，此外，第一滤料坝和第二滤料坝都有为水流进入曝气池或净化池提供水头和势能的作用；所述第二滤料坝后方设有净化池，净化池内均匀固定有若干垂直水流方向悬挂的仿生水草；仿生水草的一端固定于池体底部，另一端固定有密度小于水的悬浮件，可配合加 入硝化细菌、反硝化芽孢杆菌等菌剂；净化池的出水端处设有用于检测水质达标情况的水质自动检测系统；若水质达标，则将净化池的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统对农田进行灌溉或者将净化池的出水排入受纳水体，若水质不达标，则将净化池的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统对农田进行灌溉或者将净化池的出水回流至生态沟渠前端。
作为优选，所述闸门系统和节制闸的结构相同，均能将所在处的水流横截面完全覆盖，包括第一闸门、第二闸门和闸门双轨道；闸门双轨道为矩形框架结构，其互不干涉的两条轨道上分别装有能上下滑动的第一闸门和第二闸门，通过调节第一闸门和第二闸门的所在高度并通过限位机构实现高度的锁定，以实现过流水位的调节。
作为优选，所述曝气池内均匀设有若干与曝气机相连的曝气盘，曝气盘距池底0.3m以上；曝气池内设有若干仿生水草，池底与池壁均进行硬化或水泥板护坡。
作为优选，每个所述挡水墙均与沉淀池侧壁之间留有水流通道，相邻两个挡水墙的水流通道分别位于沉淀池两侧，以使沉淀池中形成用于水流通过的蛇型流道；沉淀池内还设有生态浮岛。
作为优选，所述智慧节水灌溉系统采用低压管道输水灌溉，每隔20m设置一个具有出水阀的管道出水口；所有出水阀均能通过控制系统与操作平台连接，通过操作平台控制各出水阀的开闭情况。
作为优选，所述生态沟渠的断面为梯形结构，坡比为2～3:1；靠近所述生态沟渠末端的若干排水口均连接收集管道，通过收集管道将农田退水排放至生态沟渠前端；生态沟渠两侧的边坡通过多孔的护坡构件进行加固，随后于护坡构件的孔隙处种植护坡植物，以形成生态护坡；所述护坡植物采用紫露草、书带草、狗牙根和黑麦草中的一种或多种；生态沟渠中的沉水植物采用马来眼子菜、黑藻、苦草、金鱼藻和绿狐尾藻中的一种或多种，挺水植物采用美人蕉、铜钱草、茭白、千屈菜、芦苇、鸢尾、再力花、菖蒲、水葱和水芹中的一种或多种。
作为优选，所述滤料层采用沸石、火山岩和陶粒中的一种或多种；水质自动检测系统包括用于检测溶解氧、pH、总氮、氨氮、总磷、化学需氧量的检测装置；第一滤料坝和第二滤料坝的坝宽不小于0.2m，坝前设置用于拦截漂浮物的 挡网，坝体配有水生植物，填料采用不同粒级的陶粒、火山岩、碎石和活性炭中的一种或多种。
作为优选，所述沉淀池占多级生态调蓄塘总面积的40％以上，曝气池占多级生态调蓄塘总面积的5％-15％，净化池占多级生态调蓄塘总面积的30％以上。
作为优选，所述多级生态调蓄塘的后方还设有用于应急处理的生态净化带；生态净化带为池体结构，包括曝气装置和仿生水草；仿生水草垂直水流方向均匀悬挂于池体中，一端固定于池体底部，另一端固定有密度小于水的悬浮件；曝气装置间隔设于仿生水草之间。
第二方面，本发明提供了一种根据第一方面任一所述农田退水处理系统的农田退水处理方法，具体如下：
农田退水经农田的排水口进入促沉箱中，根据田面水高度预设值，通过闸门系统调节促沉箱中的过流水位；在闸门系统的阻挡作用下，农田退水中的颗粒物实现初步沉降，随后汇流至生态沟渠；农田退水通过生态沟渠的生态拦截作用，实现氮磷的去除，同时，通过控制节制闸以调节生态沟渠的水位和水力停留时间；农田退水随后进入多级生态调蓄塘，由于生态沟渠与多级生态调蓄塘的宽度和深度均不相同，水流流经渐扩段后能均匀水质和减缓流速，防止水流流速过快对多级生态调蓄塘内的设施及微生物造成冲击破坏，同时，渐扩段内设置的滤料层能够减少水中悬浮物含量并提高水体溶解氧含量；
经渐扩段处理后的水体随后进入沉淀池，通过沉淀池中设置的挡水墙的阻挡作用，水流在沉淀池中呈蛇形流动，增加了水力停留时间和水流流程，以使悬浮物得到充分去除；同时，通过沉淀池中设置的沉水植物和挺水植物的吸收作用，以去除水体中的营养盐；经沉淀池处理后的水体随后进入第一滤料坝，在净化水质的同时为水流进入曝气池提供水头和势能；水流在曝气池中通过曝气作用以充分氧化水体中的有机物，随后经第二滤料坝为水流进入净化池提供水头和势能；由于净化池内设有仿生水草，通过配合加入硝化细菌、反硝化芽孢杆菌等微生物菌剂，以使水体中的有机物加快分解；
通过设于净化池中的水质自动检测系统对出水进行水质检测，若水质达标，则将净化池的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统对农田进行灌溉或者将净化池的出水排入受纳水体，若水质不达标，则将净化池的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统对农田进行灌溉或者将净化池的出水回流至生态沟渠前端；若遇极端天气导致水量暴涨， 则通过设于净化池后方的生态净化带辅助应急处理，以保障净化池进入受纳水体的水质。
本发明相对于现有技术而言，具有以下有益效果：
1)本发明通过设置促沉箱，实现了农田退水中泥沙和悬浮物等大颗粒物的初步沉淀截留，并且可灵活控制田面水高度。
2)本发明通过收集生态沟渠末端(距离生态沟渠出口较近)农田排水口排出的农田退水，并通过收集管道排放至生态沟渠中距离出口较远的前端位置，防止了后端农田退水排入沟渠即排出的情况，增加了农田退水在沟渠中的水力停留时间，使沟渠发挥更好地生态拦截效果，提高了氮磷等营养盐的去除率。
3)本发明通过生态沟渠中设有氮磷去除模块的底泥捕获井，可以去除较多的氮磷营养盐，节制闸能够及时调节生态沟渠的水位及水力停留时间；同时，多级生态调蓄塘可以实现蓄水和生态净化的双重功能，能够进一步对生态沟渠的出水进行沉淀、增氧和净化，从而实现农田退水氮磷减排效率的最大化。
4)已有的农田退水处理系统未设置回灌系统或设置了回灌装置但未经判断水质是否达标就回灌至农田，本发明增加用于水质判断的水质自动检测系统，来判断经净化池处理后的农田退水水质是否达标；待达标后，通过智慧节水灌溉系统，将其回灌至农田或排放至受纳水体，否则回灌至农田或通过泵站抽至生态沟渠前端进行二次净化，极大地减少了氮磷等营养盐向受纳水体的排放。
5)本发明中增设水质自动检测系统，为农田退水处理系统的运行维护提供了参考依据，如观测到水质不达标时，即可到现场排查原因，进行氮磷去除模块吸附基质、滤料、生态浮岛等生态拦截设施的更换，对曝气设施运行功率和时间等技术参数及时进行调整。
6)本发明的多级生态调蓄塘中将净化池与智慧节水灌溉系统相结合，可以将生态处理后的农田退水回灌，实现“灌排协同”(回灌或排入受纳水体并行)，极大地减少氮磷流失量，同时形成水循环系统，避免“死水”现象的发生，该智慧节水灌溉装置可以安装电磁阀并由操作平台(如手机APP)控制阀门开启与否，极大地减少了人力。
7)本发明的多级生态调蓄塘中的沉淀池设有交错设置的挡水墙，增加了水流流程和水力停留时间，有助于杂质更好地沉淀；曝气池设有曝气设施和仿生水草，有助于更彻底地氧化有机物；净化池设置仿生水草，并配合加入微生物菌剂， 可以加快有机物的分解，提高净水效率；两个滤料坝的前方均设有挡网，有助于垃圾的清除，减少人工投入。
附图说明
图1为农田退水处理系统的一种工程流程图；
图2为农田退水处理系统的另一种工程流程图；
图3为促沉箱结构示意图；
图4为生态沟渠的平面示意图；
图5为连锁式水工砖的组装结构示意图；
图6为多级生态调蓄塘的平面示意图；
图7为仿生水草的安装示意图；
图中：1农田；2促沉箱，2-1第一闸门，2-2第二闸门、2-3闸门双轨道；3生态沟渠，3-1底泥捕获井，3-2氮磷去除模块，3-3拦水坎，3-4收集管道，3-5节制闸；4多级生态调蓄塘，4-1滤料层；5生态净化带，5-1悬浮件，6受纳水体；7水质自动检测系统；8智慧节水灌溉系统；9沉淀池，9-1挡水墙；101第一滤料坝；102第二滤料坝；10-1挡网；11曝气池，11-1曝气机，11-2曝气盘；12净化池；13生态浮岛；14沉水植物；15挺水植物；16仿生水草。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明做进一步阐述和说明。本发明中各个实施方式的技术特征在没有相互冲突的前提下，均可进行相应组合。
本发明提供了一种基于生态拦截与循环净化的农田退水处理系统，该农田退水处理系统适用于稻田、茭白等水生植物种植区农田退水面源污染物的拦截，能够有效地减少农田面源污染物的入河量。本发明的农田退水处理系统主要包括促沉箱2、生态沟渠3、多级生态调蓄塘4、水质自动检测系统7和智慧节水灌溉系统8，如图1和图2所示。农田退水从装有促沉箱的农田排水口排出，依次流经生态沟渠和多级生态调蓄塘，农田退水经多级净化处理后，经水质自动检测系统检测满足灌溉水要求后，利用智慧节水灌溉装置将处理后的退水回灌至农田，或排放至受纳水体(通常情况下，非暴雨等极端条件不外排)，当有暴雨等自然天气导致水量过剩时，净化池内多余的水量再流经生态净化带，最终汇入受纳水体。下面将对农田退水处理系统中各模块的结构和连接方式进行具体说明。
由于农田的面积很广，因此会将整块农田划分为若干区块，每个区块设置一 个排水口。促沉箱2设置于农田1的排水口处，从该排水口排出的农田退水能全部进入促沉箱2中，促沉箱2的出口与生态沟渠3连通，从而通过促沉箱2将从排水口排出的农田退水全部汇入生态沟渠3中。促沉箱2内部设有能调节过流水位的闸门系统，闸门系统垂直水流方向设置，且能将所在促沉箱2的横截面处完全覆盖，因此，促沉箱2能对农田排水中的泥沙等颗粒物进行初步沉淀。在实际应用时，可以将闸门系统设置为如图3所示的结构，具体如下：闸门系统主要包括第一闸门2-1、第二闸门2-2和闸门双轨道2-3，闸门双轨道2-3为矩形框架结构，相对的两个竖向边框分别固定于促沉箱2的侧壁内部，底部边框固定于促沉箱2的底部；闸门双轨道2-3互不干涉的两条轨道上分别装有能上下滑动的第一闸门2-1和第二闸门2-2，两个闸门上均装有能够锁定高度的限位机构，通过调节第一闸门2-1和第二闸门2-2的所在高度并通过限位机构实现高度的锁定，以实现过流水位的调节。此外，促沉箱可以采用长方体结构，促沉箱上表面可配备盖子，箱体长边的中位线处设置双轨道，且配备密封条，每个闸门高度为长方体高度的一半，两个闸门均可以在轨道上上下方向推拉，水位可调节促沉箱的制作尺寸和安装高度可根据农田实际需要适当调整，以根据作物生长规律控制灌排水。
相比普通闸门，可调节高度的闸门系统可以更加灵活地控制农田水位，当农田需要蓄水时(如稻田存在淹水期)，可将闸门系统关闭，并将第一闸门2-1和第二闸门2-2控制在所需高度，多余水可通过溢流方式排出，需要排水时可以完全将两个闸门提起打开以进行排水。举例说明如下：可以在农田排水口处挖160mm的小坑，随后将制作的高300mm的促沉箱固定在小坑中，当需要控制田面水高100mm时，将第一闸门2-1拉至最低，第二闸门2-2稍向下拉40mm即可；若需要控制田面水高140mm，将第一闸门2-1拉至最低，第二闸门2-2拉至最高即可；当有排水需要时，将两个闸门同时拉至最高即可。
如图4所示，生态沟渠3设置于农田1中，两侧的边坡均具有生态护坡。生态沟渠3全程分别间隔设有生态浮岛13、沉水植物14和挺水植物15，尾部沿水流方向依次设有拦水坎3-3、底泥捕获井3-1和用于调节过流水位的节制闸3-5。生态沟渠3能够收集农田退水，并通过自身的生态拦截装置去除水体中部分氮磷等营养盐，进而提高了氮磷拦截效率。
在实际应用时，可以将生态沟渠3的断面设置为梯形结构，坡比采用2～3:1。 靠近生态沟渠3末端的多个排水口均连接收集管道3-4，通过收集管道3-4将农田退水排放至生态沟渠3前端，以保证农田退水在生态沟渠中有足够的水力停留时间并经过尽可能多的生态拦截设施(包括沉水植物、挺水植物、拦水坎、底泥捕获井、节制闸等等)。生态沟渠内应合理配置沉水植物(如马来眼子菜、黑藻、苦草、金鱼藻、绿狐尾藻中的一种或多种)和挺水植物(如美人蕉、铜钱草、茭白、千屈菜、芦苇、鸢尾、再力花、菖蒲、水葱和水芹(冬季)中的一种或多种)，尽量选用三种以上植物种类进行配置，以保证植物的多样性，且植物种植密度不能过大，以免影响效果。生态沟渠3两侧的边坡通过多孔的护坡构件进行加固，随后于护坡构件的孔隙处种植护坡植物，以形成生态护坡。其中，护坡植物可以采用紫露草、书带草、狗牙根(夏季)和黑麦草(冬季)中的一种或多种，护坡构件可以采用连锁式水工砖、六角砖等利于植物定植的护坡构件。如图5所示，为采用连锁式水工砖护坡时的铺设方式，每块连锁式水工砖和与其相邻的六块连锁式水工砖形成超强连锁，空隙处可种植护坡植物，连锁式水工砖的结构不仅极大地增加了生态护坡的稳定性，减少了水土流失的可能性，也为护坡植物提供了较好地生长条件。在生态护坡底部设置底梁，顶部用预制件进行压顶，护坡植物优选采用本土优势植物，并定期进行修剪和刈割。
具体的，拦水坎3-3可以依据沟渠长度、坡度和渠水流向进行设置为堤埂结构，主要用于维持渠底水深以满足沟渠水生植物生长。底泥捕获井3-1是用于聚集并沉淀沟渠水中携带的泥土等杂质的井，井体内部交错安置有多个氮磷去除模块3-2。氮磷去除模块3-2由多孔性矿物等材料组成，主要用于同步去除沟渠水中氮磷。节制闸3-5可以采用与上述闸门系统相同的结构，但尺寸放大至与生态沟渠相适应，设置在生态沟渠3与多级生态调蓄塘4连接处，用于控制生态沟渠3中的水位与水力停留时间。
如图6所示，多级生态调蓄塘4建设在生态沟渠3后方，包括连通的渐扩段和主反应区段。由于多级生态调蓄塘4与生态沟渠3的连接处断面发生变化(包括宽度、深度等改变引起的横断面变化)，因此将生态沟渠3的出口与渐扩段相连通，以均质水流(即均匀水质、减缓流速，以减少水流对后续的冲击等)，并在渐扩段内沿水流横断面设置滤料层4-1，使水流均能通过滤料层4-1作用后再流入主反应区段。滤料层4-1可以采用沸石、火山岩和陶粒中的一种或多种，以 促进悬浮物的沉淀，并提高水体的溶解氧含量。
主反应区段包括曝气池11、沉淀池9、第一滤料坝101、第二滤料坝102和净化池12，其中，沉淀池9中通过若干墙面与水流方向垂直的挡水墙9-1，形成使水流通过的蛇型流道，蛇形流道中种植若干沉水植物14和挺水植物15。沉淀池9后方依次设有第一滤料坝101、曝气池11和第二滤料坝102。第一滤料坝101和第二滤料坝102结构相同，均能将所在处的水流横断面完全覆盖，包括多孔的外墙体和填料，外墙体和池底共同构成上方敞口的槽型结构，槽内填充填料。第二滤料坝102后方设有净化池12，净化池12内均匀固定有若干垂直水流方向悬挂的仿生水草16。仿生水草16的一端固定于池体底部，另一端固定有密度小于水的悬浮件5-1。净化池12的出水端处设有用于检测水质达标情况的水质自动检测系统7。若水质达标，则将净化池12的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统8对农田1进行灌溉或者将净化池12的出水排入受纳水体6，若水质不达标，则将净化池12的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统8对农田1进行灌溉或者将净化池12的出水回流至生态沟渠3前端。
在实际应用时，可以在多级生态调蓄塘4(除曝气池11)的常水位以下采用连锁式水工砖进行护坡，坡比选择1:2～1:3，常水位以上用草皮护坡，护坡下设置土工垫网，以便于营造多生物性处理环境，利用生物作用增强水质处理效果。为了进一步增强处理效果，多级生态调蓄塘4内可以配置生态浮岛、沉水植物和挺水植物，沉水植物选择生命力强、净化效果好的水生植物作为先锋种，同时配置一些伴生种以增加生物多样性，宜选择金鱼藻、苦草、黑藻、菹草、马来眼子菜、绿狐尾藻等。挺水植物应选择净化功能和景观效果较好的芦苇、黄菖蒲、千屈菜、水生美人蕉、水葱等，种植在水深0～0.5m水深的岸坡上，以防止水土流失，并去除颗粒态营养物质和污染物。在水体较深或透明度较低等沉水植物难以存活的区域，布设不需要光合作用维持生长的仿生水草改善水下生态环境，借助其大的比表面积和较强的吸附力吸附不易自行沉降的微颗粒悬浮物。
在实际应用时，沉淀池最好占多级生态调蓄塘总面积的40％以上，池内通过设置的挡水墙来增加水流流程和滞留时间。每个挡水墙9-1均与沉淀池9侧壁之间留有水流通道，相邻两个挡水墙9-1的水流通道分别位于沉淀池9两侧，以使沉淀池9中形成用于水流通过的蛇型流道。沉淀池内可种植水生植物，设置生态 浮岛13，以吸收水体中的营养盐，四周坡岸以草皮绿化。
第一滤料坝101和第二滤料坝102均选用空心砖、碎石等搭建滤料坝外部墙体，坝体内应放置不同粒级滤料，滤料选择陶粒、火山岩、碎石、活性炭等材料。两个滤料坝宽(按内径计算)不小于0.2m，坝高应基本与相邻池高持平。滤料坝前应设置一道挡网10-1，网高与滤料坝持平，以拦截落叶等漂浮物，坝体上可配置水生植物。
曝气池的面积最好占多级生态调蓄塘总面积的5％-15％，曝气池11内均匀设有若干与曝气机11-1相连的曝气盘11-2，曝气盘安装距离宜距池底0.3m以上。曝气池底部与池壁应进行硬化或水泥板护坡，优选的，曝气池内应合理布设一定比例的仿生水草。
净化池面积最好占多级生态调蓄塘设施总面积的30％以上，池内设置仿生水草等材料，仿生水草悬挂方向垂直于水流方向，底部用强度较大的聚乙烯绳或不锈钢丝固定。仿生水草的安装方式选用沉底式，即将仿生水草一端固定在河床底部的框架上，上部悬挂浮球，使仿生水草在水位高时呈垂直状，水位低时呈漂浮状，保证微生物能够与水体接触，仿生水草位置应根据河道深度及水体透明度情况确定，一般布置在水深超过1m的区域，所述仿生水草应在水体过流断面上平均分布，以达到最佳的水利条件，减少断流。净化池内合理配置水生植物，必要时可配合加入微生物菌剂，池壁应采用草皮或低矮灌木进行护坡。
净化池中安装水质自动检测系统，至少包括溶解氧、pH、总氮、氨氮、总磷、化学需氧量的自动检测探头，以判断水质是否可以达标回灌或排放。水质自动检测系统的检测数据最好能够实时上传，以便于通过手机或电脑进行查看。当净化池的水满足排放标准时，可以通过远程控制泵站和智慧节水灌溉装置回灌到农田或自然排放(通常情况下，非暴雨等极端条件不外排)，不达标时可回灌至农田或通过泵站抽至生态沟渠前端进行二次净化，形成水资源生态循环，同时避免“死水”现象的出现。
智慧节水灌溉系统8可以采用低压管道输水灌溉，管道系统包括干管和支管两级固定输水管道及配套设施，每隔约20m设置一个管道出水口，出水口采用低压灌溉出水阀(可调式)，灌溉系统选用地下水、周围河道水和净化池出水三种水源，智慧节水灌溉装置安装电磁阀并由手机APP控制阀门开启与否。
为了应对发生暴雨等自然灾害天气导致的水量突然增大或来水含沙量突然增加的情况，在多级生态调蓄塘4的后方还设有用于应急处理的生态净化带5。生态净化带5为池体结构，包括曝气装置和仿生水草16。仿生水草16垂直水流方向均匀悬挂于池体中，一端固定于池体底部，另一端固定有密度小于水的悬浮件5-1。曝气装置间隔设于仿生水草16之间。同时，可在生态调蓄塘4的沉淀池9中添加可生物降解的壳聚糖等促沉剂，加速悬浮物的沉淀，确保悬浮物的去除。
利用上述农田退水处理系统的农田退水处理方法，具体如下：
农田退水经农田1的排水口进入促沉箱2中，根据田面水高度预设值，通过闸门系统调节促沉箱2中的过流水位。在闸门系统的阻挡作用下，农田退水中的颗粒物实现初步沉降，随后汇流至生态沟渠3。农田退水通过生态沟渠3的生态拦截作用，实现氮磷的去除，同时，通过控制节制闸3-5以调节生态沟渠3的水位和水力停留时间。农田退水随后进入多级生态调蓄塘4，由于生态沟渠3与多级生态调蓄塘4的宽度和深度均不相同，水流流经渐扩段后能均匀水质和减缓流速，防止水流流速过快对多级生态调蓄塘4内的设施及微生物造成冲击破坏，同时，渐扩段内设置的滤料层4-1能够减少水中悬浮物含量并提高水体溶解氧含量。
经渐扩段处理后的水体随后进入沉淀池9，通过沉淀池9中设置的挡水墙9-1的阻挡作用，水流在沉淀池9中呈蛇形流动，增加了水力停留时间和水流流程，以使悬浮物得到充分去除。同时，通过沉淀池9中设置的沉水植物14和挺水植物15的吸收作用，去除水体中的营养盐。经沉淀池9处理后的水体随后进入第一滤料坝101，在净化水质的同时为水流进入曝气池11提供水头和势能。水流在曝气池11中通过曝气作用以充分氧化水体中的有机物，随后经第二滤料坝102净化水质并为水流进入净化池12提供水头和势能。由于净化池12内设有仿生水草16，通过配合加入微生物菌剂，以使水体中的有机物加快分解。
通过设于净化池12中的水质自动检测系统7对出水进行水质检测，若水质达标，则将净化池12的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统8对农田1进行灌溉或者将净化池12的出水排入受纳水体6，若水质不达标，则将净化池12的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统8对农田1进行灌溉或者将净化池12的出水回流至生态沟渠3前端。若遇极端天气导致水量暴涨，则通过设于净化池12后方的生态净化带5辅助应急处理，以保障净化池12进入受纳水体6的水质。
以上所述的实施例只是本发明的一种较佳的方案，然其并非用以限制本发明。有关技术领域的普通技术人员，在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下，还可以做出各种变化和变型。因此凡采取等同替换或等效变换的方式所获得的技术方案，均落在本发明的保护范围内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种基于生态拦截与循环净化的农田退水处理系统，其特征在于，包括促沉箱(2)、生态沟渠(3)、多级生态调蓄塘(4)、水质自动检测系统(7)和智慧节水灌溉系统(8)；
    所述促沉箱(2)设置于农田(1)的排水口处，从该排水口排出的农田退水能全部进入促沉箱(2)中以进行初步沉降；促沉箱(2)内部垂直水流方向的横截面处设有能调节过流水位的闸门系统，促沉箱(2)的出口与生态沟渠(3)连通；所述生态沟渠(3)两侧的边坡具有生态护坡，全程分别间隔设有生态浮岛(13)、沉水植物(14)和挺水植物(15)，尾部沿水流方向依次设有拦水坎(3-3)、底泥捕获井(3-1)和用于调节过流水位的节制闸(3-5)；所述多级生态调蓄塘(4)包括连通的渐扩段和主反应区段；生态沟渠(3)的出口与渐扩段相连通，以均质水流；渐扩段内沿水流横断面设有滤料层(4-1)，使水流均能通过滤料层(4-1)作用后流入主反应区段；所述主反应区段包括曝气池(11)以及周围边坡具有生态护坡的沉淀池(9)、第一滤料坝(101)、第二滤料坝(102)和净化池(12)；所述沉淀池(9)中通过若干墙面与水流方向垂直的挡水墙(9-1)，形成使水流通过的蛇型流道，蛇形流道中种植若干沉水植物(14)和挺水植物(15)；所述沉淀池(9)后方依次设有第一滤料坝(101)、曝气池(11)和第二滤料坝(102)；第一滤料坝(101)和第二滤料坝(102)结构相同，均能将所在处的水流横断面完全覆盖，包括多孔的外墙体和填料，外墙体和池底共同构成上方敞口的槽型结构，槽内填充填料；所述第二滤料坝(102)后方设有净化池(12)，净化池(12)内均匀固定有若干垂直水流方向悬挂的仿生水草(16)；仿生水草(16)的一端固定于池体底部，另一端固定有密度小于水的悬浮件(5-1)；净化池(12)的出水端处设有用于检测水质达标情况的水质自动检测系统(7)；若水质达标，则将净化池(12)的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统(8)对农田(1)进行灌溉或者将净化池(12)的出水排入受纳水体(6)，若水质不达标，则将净化池(12)的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统(8)对农田(1)进行灌溉或者将净化池(12)的出水回流至生态沟渠(3)前端。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的农田退水处理系统，其特征在于，所述闸门系统和节制闸(3-5)的结构相同，均能将所在处的水流横截面完全覆盖，包括第一 闸门(2-1)、第二闸门(2-2)和闸门双轨道(2-3)；闸门双轨道(2-3)为矩形框架结构，其互不干涉的两条轨道上分别装有能上下滑动的第一闸门(2-1)和第二闸门(2-2)，通过调节第一闸门(2-1)和第二闸门(2-2的)所在高度并通过限位机构实现高度的锁定，以实现过流水位的调节。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的农田退水处理系统，其特征在于，所述曝气池(11)内均匀设有若干与曝气机(11-1)相连的曝气盘(11-2)，曝气盘(11-2)距池底0.3m以上；曝气池(11)内设有若干仿生水草(16)，池底与池壁均进行硬化或水泥板护坡。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的农田退水处理系统，其特征在于，每个所述挡水墙(9-1)均与沉淀池(9)侧壁之间留有水流通道，相邻两个挡水墙(9-1)的水流通道分别位于沉淀池(9)两侧，以使沉淀池(9)中形成用于水流通过的蛇型流道；沉淀池(9)内还设有生态浮岛(13)。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的农田退水处理系统，其特征在于，所述智慧节水灌溉系统(8)采用低压管道输水灌溉，每隔20m设置一个具有出水阀的管道出水口；所有出水阀均能通过控制系统与操作平台连接，通过操作平台控制各出水阀的开闭情况。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的农田退水处理系统，其特征在于，所述生态沟渠(3)的断面为梯形结构，坡比为2～3:1；靠近所述生态沟渠(3)末端的若干排水口均连接收集管道(3-4)，通过收集管道(3-4)将农田退水排放至生态沟渠(3)前端；生态沟渠(3)两侧的边坡通过多孔的护坡构件进行加固，随后于护坡构件的孔隙处种植护坡植物，以形成生态护坡；所述护坡植物采用紫露草、书带草、狗牙根和黑麦草中的一种或多种；生态沟渠(3)中的沉水植物(14)采用马来眼子菜、黑藻、苦草、金鱼藻和绿狐尾藻中的一种或多种，挺水植物(15)采用美人蕉、铜钱草、茭白、千屈菜、芦苇、鸢尾、再力花、菖蒲、水葱和水芹中的一种或多种。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的农田退水处理系统，其特征在于，所述滤料层(4-1)采用沸石、火山岩和陶粒中的一种或多种；水质自动检测系统(7)包括用于检测溶解氧、pH、总氮、氨氮、总磷、化学需氧量的检测装置；第一滤料坝(101)和第二滤料坝(102)的坝宽不小于0.2m，坝前设置用于拦截漂浮物的挡网(10-1)， 坝体配有水生植物，填料采用不同粒级的陶粒、火山岩、碎石和活性炭中的一种或多种。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的农田退水处理系统，其特征在于，所述沉淀池(9)占多级生态调蓄塘(4)总面积的40％以上，曝气池(11)占多级生态调蓄塘(4)总面积的5％-15％，净化池(12)占多级生态调蓄塘(4)总面积的30％以上。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的农田退水处理系统，其特征在于，所述多级生态调蓄塘(4)的后方还设有用于应急处理的生态净化带(5)；生态净化带(5)位于受纳水体(6)中，包括曝气装置和仿生水草(16)；仿生水草(16)垂直水流方向均匀悬挂于池体中，一端固定于池体底部，另一端固定有密度小于水的悬浮件(5-1)；曝气装置间隔设于仿生水草(16)之间。
  10. 一种根据权利要求1～9任一所述农田退水处理系统的农田退水处理方法，其特征在于，具体如下：
    农田退水经农田(1)的排水口进入促沉箱(2)中，根据田面水高度预设值，通过闸门系统调节促沉箱(2)中的过流水位；在闸门系统的阻挡作用下，农田退水中的颗粒物实现初步沉降，随后汇流至生态沟渠(3)；农田退水通过生态沟渠(3)的生态拦截作用，实现氮磷的去除，同时，通过控制节制闸(3-5)以调节生态沟渠(3)的水位和水力停留时间；农田退水随后进入多级生态调蓄塘(4)，由于生态沟渠(3)与多级生态调蓄塘(4)的宽度和深度均不相同，水流流经渐扩段后能均匀水质和减缓流速，防止水流流速过快对多级生态调蓄塘(4)内的设施及微生物造成冲击破坏，同时，渐扩段内设置的滤料层(4-1)能够减少水中悬浮物含量并提高水体溶解氧含量；
    经渐扩段处理后的水体随后进入沉淀池(9)，通过沉淀池(9)中设置的挡水墙(9-1)的阻挡作用，水流在沉淀池(9)中呈蛇形流动，增加了水力停留时间和水流流程，以使悬浮物得到充分去除；同时，通过沉淀池(9)中设置的沉水植物(14)和挺水植物(15)的吸收作用，以去除水体中的营养盐；经沉淀池(9)处理后的水体随后进入第一滤料坝(101)，在净化水质的同时为水流进入曝气池(11)提供水头和势能；水流在曝气池(11)中通过曝气作用以充分氧化水体中的有机物，随后经第二滤料坝(102)为水流进入净化池(12)提供水头和势能；由于净化池(12)内设有仿生水草(16)，通过配合加入微生物菌剂， 以使水体中的有机物加快分解；
    通过设于净化池(12)中的水质自动检测系统(7)对出水进行水质检测，若水质达标，则将净化池(12)的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统(8)对农田(1)进行灌溉或者将净化池(12)的出水排入受纳水体(6)，若水质不达标，则将净化池(12)的出水通过智慧节水灌溉系统(8)对农田(1)进行灌溉或者将净化池(12)的出水回流至生态沟渠(3)前端；若遇极端天气导致水量暴涨，则通过设于净化池(12)后方的生态净化带(5)辅助应急处理，以保障净化池(12)进入受纳水体(6)的水质。
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