WO2023115769A1 - 一种车载充电器、dcdc变换器及控制方法 - Google Patents

一种车载充电器、dcdc变换器及控制方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023115769A1
WO2023115769A1 PCT/CN2022/088912 CN2022088912W WO2023115769A1 WO 2023115769 A1 WO2023115769 A1 WO 2023115769A1 CN 2022088912 W CN2022088912 W CN 2022088912W WO 2023115769 A1 WO2023115769 A1 WO 2023115769A1
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Prior art keywords
voltage
current
conversion circuit
low
loop
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PCT/CN2022/088912
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王昊
王腾飞
徐江涛
徐君
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阳光电源股份有限公司
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Priority to KR1020247010910A priority Critical patent/KR20240052051A/ko
Priority to AU2022418485A priority patent/AU2022418485A1/en
Publication of WO2023115769A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023115769A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/36—Means for starting or stopping converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
    • B60L53/24—Using the vehicle's propulsion converter for charging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0048—Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
    • H02M1/0054—Transistor switching losses
    • H02M1/0058—Transistor switching losses by employing soft switching techniques, i.e. commutation of transistors when applied voltage is zero or when current flow is zero
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the technical field of power electronics, in particular to an on-board charger, a DCDC converter and a control method.
  • OBC On Board Charger
  • PFC power factor correction circuits
  • HVDC high-voltage DC conversion circuits
  • LVDC Low-voltage DC conversion circuit
  • PFC power factor correction circuits
  • HVDC high-voltage DC conversion circuits
  • LVDC Low-voltage DC conversion circuit
  • PFC is connected to AC power supply
  • HVDC high-voltage battery
  • LVDC Low-voltage DC conversion circuit
  • LVDC can take power from the DC bus to supply low-voltage batteries and low-voltage electrical appliances, such as low-voltage electrical appliances including: air conditioners, water pumps, and headlights.
  • LVDC usually works under low-voltage and high-current conditions, for example, when LVDC adopts a Buck circuit, the freewheeling diode in the Buck circuit is usually replaced with a MOS tube, so that the current flows through the MOS tube during freewheeling, and the conduction of the original freewheeling diode Pass-through and reverse recovery losses.
  • the driving signals of the main power transistor and the MOS transistor in the Buck circuit can be complementary.
  • the present application provides an on-board charger, a DCDC converter and a control method, which can reduce the inrush current to the main power tube when the LVDC is started, and protect the safety of the main power tube.
  • An embodiment of the present application provides an on-board charger, including: a power factor correction circuit, a high-voltage DC conversion circuit, a low-voltage DC conversion circuit, and a controller; the input end of the high-voltage DC conversion circuit is connected to the output end of the power factor correction circuit , the input end of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is connected to the output end of the high-voltage DC conversion circuit or connected to the output end of the power factor correction circuit, and the output end of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is used to connect a low-voltage battery and a low-voltage load;
  • the low-voltage DC conversion circuit includes a main power tube and a controllable switch tube;
  • the controller is configured to use a current loop soft start to generate a driving signal for the main power tube when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, and is used to make the current flowing through the inductor connected in series with the main power tube gradually increase, the current given value of the current loop depends on the current reference value output by the voltage loop and the output result of the soft-start function; to generate the driving signal of the main power transistor, and the voltage loop is used to output a current reference value to the input terminal of the current loop.
  • a current loop soft start to generate a driving signal for the main power tube when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, and is used to make the current flowing through the inductor connected in series with the main power tube gradually increase, the current given value of the current loop depends on the current reference value output by the voltage loop and the output result of the soft-start function; to generate the driving signal of the main power transistor, and the voltage loop is used to output a current reference value to the input terminal of the current loop.
  • the input of the current loop includes the output current of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit and the output result of the small unit
  • the current loop is used to convert the output current of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit and the output result of the small unit performing a comparison, and generating the driving signal of the main power transistor according to the comparison result
  • the small unit is used to take the smaller value of the output result of the voltage loop and the output result of the soft-start function
  • the input of the voltage loop includes a preset voltage reference value and the output voltage of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit, and the voltage loop is used according to the preset voltage reference value and the output voltage of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit
  • the current reference value is generated and output to the input terminal of the current loop.
  • the soft-start function is a soft-start ramp function
  • the output result of the soft-start ramp function is a current that gradually increases to a preset current value over time.
  • the controller is further configured to control the controllable switch tube to turn off when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started; after the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, control the main power tube and the The above-mentioned controllable switching tube performs switching action in a complementary manner.
  • the controller is further configured to control the controllable switching tube to be turned on when the main power tube is turned off when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, and the duty of the controllable switching tube is The ratio is smaller than the duty cycle of the main power tube; after the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, the main power tube and the controllable switch tube are controlled to perform switching actions in a complementary manner.
  • the application provides a step-down DCDC converter, including: a controller, a main power tube and a controllable switch tube; an inductor connected in series with the main power tube; the output terminal of the step-down DCDC converter is used to connect Battery;
  • the controller is configured to use a current loop soft start to generate a driving signal for the main power transistor when the step-down DCDC converter is started, so as to gradually increase the current flowing through the inductor, the The current given value of the current loop depends on the current reference value output by the voltage loop and the output result of the soft start function; after the step-down DCDC converter is started, the cascaded form of the voltage loop and the current loop is used to generate the The driving signal of the main power tube, the voltage loop is used to output the current reference value to the input terminal of the current loop.
  • the input of the current loop includes the output current of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit and the output result of the small unit
  • the current loop is used to convert the output current of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit and the output result of the small unit making a comparison, and generating the driving signal of the main power transistor according to the comparison result
  • the smaller unit is used to take the smaller value of the output result of the voltage loop and the output result of the soft start function.
  • the input of the voltage loop includes a preset voltage reference value and the output voltage of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit, and the voltage loop is used according to the preset voltage reference value and the output voltage of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit
  • the current reference value is generated and output to the input terminal of the current loop.
  • the soft-start function is a soft-start ramp function
  • the output result of the soft-start ramp function is a current that gradually increases to a preset current value over time.
  • the controller is further configured to control the controllable switching tube to be turned on when the main power tube is turned off when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, and the duty of the controllable switching tube is The ratio is smaller than the duty cycle of the main power tube; after the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, the main power tube and the controllable switch tube are controlled to perform switching actions in a complementary manner.
  • the application provides a method for controlling a vehicle charger.
  • the vehicle charger includes: a power factor correction circuit, a high-voltage DC conversion circuit, a low-voltage DC conversion circuit, and a controller; the input end of the high-voltage DC conversion circuit is connected to the power factor correction circuit.
  • the output end of the circuit, the input end of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is connected to the output end of the high-voltage DC conversion circuit, and the output end of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is used to connect to a low-voltage battery;
  • the low-voltage DC conversion circuit includes a main power tube and controllable switch tube;
  • the method includes:
  • the current loop soft start is used to generate the driving signal of the main power tube, which is used to gradually increase the current flowing through the inductor connected in series with the main power tube, and the current loop
  • the given current value depends on the current reference value output by the voltage loop and the output result of the soft start function
  • the driving signal of the main power transistor is generated by cascading a voltage loop and a current loop, and the voltage loop is used to output a current reference value to the input terminal of the current loop .
  • the current loop soft start is used to generate the driving signal of the main power transistor, which specifically includes:
  • the input of the current loop includes the output current of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit and the output result of the small unit, and the current loop compares the output current of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit with the output result of the small unit, and according to the comparison As a result, the driving signal of the main power transistor is generated; the smaller value is obtained by the output result of the voltage loop and the output result of the soft start function by the smaller unit.
  • the driving signal of the main power transistor is generated by cascading a voltage loop and a current loop, including:
  • the input of the voltage loop includes a preset voltage reference value and the output voltage of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit, and the voltage loop is used to generate the A current reference value is output to the input terminal of the current loop.
  • it also includes: when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, controlling the controllable switch to be turned on when the main power tube is turned off, and the duty cycle of the controllable switch is smaller than that of the main power tube.
  • the duty cycle of the power tube After the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, the main power tube and the controllable switch tube are controlled to perform switching actions in a complementary manner.
  • the soft-start function is a soft-start ramp function
  • the output result of the soft-start ramp function is a current that gradually increases to a preset current value over time.
  • the voltage loop does not work first, and only the current loop works. Since the voltage loop does not work, the voltage soft loop is not used. Instead of the start-up control method, the current soft-start control method is adopted. Since the input parameters of the voltage loop are the output voltage and the preset voltage reference value, when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit starts, the output voltage is relatively small, so the output result of the voltage loop is invalid, that is, the voltage loop does not work, and the entire control loop only The current loop works.
  • a soft current start scheme will be adopted in the start-up phase of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit to control the current flowing through the main power tube to gradually increase, thereby minimizing the positive impact on the main power tube. impact on the current.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an on-board charger provided in an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an LVDC in an on-board charger provided in an embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of double-loop control in cascaded voltage loop and current loop provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 4 is the technical solution of the current soft start provided by the embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 5 is an equivalent diagram when S1 is closed and S2 is open provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 6 is an equivalent diagram when S1 is open and S2 is closed provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a low-voltage DC conversion circuit in the prior art.
  • FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method for controlling an on-board charger provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 1 this figure is a schematic diagram of an on-board charger provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • the OBC provided in the embodiment of the present application includes three ports, that is, the AC end, the high-voltage end, and the low-voltage end shown in FIG. 1 .
  • OBC includes PFC, HVDC and LVDC.
  • the input of PFC is used to connect the AC power supply
  • the input of HVDC is connected to the output of PFC
  • the output of HVDC is used to connect the high voltage battery
  • the input of LVDC is connected to the output of HVDC
  • the output terminal is used to connect the low-voltage battery.
  • LVDC is used as a step-down converter, such as a Buck circuit, as an example for introduction.
  • Buck circuit includes main power tube S1, inductor and controllable switch tube S2, wherein the first end of S1 is connected to the positive input end of LVDC, the second end of S1 is connected to the positive output end of LVDC through the inductor, and the first end of S2 is connected to S1
  • the second terminal of S2 is connected to the negative input terminal of LVDC, while the second terminal of S2 is connected to the negative output terminal of LVDC, and the output terminal of LVDC is connected with an output capacitor in parallel.
  • the controllable switch tube S2 can be a freewheeling diode in the traditional Buck circuit. In order to reduce the power consumption brought by the diode, the diode is replaced by a controllable switch tube.
  • the controllable switch tube can be a MOS tube, and the conduction and Switching losses are smaller than diodes.
  • the present application adopts the form of current soft start to start the startup.
  • This application specifically adopts the cascade connection of the voltage loop and the current loop to generate the driving signal of S1.
  • the output of the voltage loop is used to generate the current reference value, when the LVDC starts, the voltage loop does not work, so that the soft current loop input
  • the start works, that is, the drive signal of S1 is the current loop soft start control, that is, the current through S1 gradually increases, thereby reducing the inrush current of S1.
  • FIG. 2 this figure is a schematic diagram of an LVDC in an on-board charger provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • the output terminal of the LVDC of the car charger of the present application may not include a controllable switch, that is, the inductance L is directly connected to the positive output terminal of the LVDC.
  • the output terminal of the LVDC of the car charger can also include a controllable switch.
  • a controllable switch is added to the output terminal. It is sufficient to keep the controllable switch closed in the non-fault state, and no cooperation is required. The voltage loop and current loop operate.
  • the on-board charger includes: a power factor correction circuit PFC, a high voltage DC conversion circuit HVDC, a low voltage DC conversion circuit LVDC and a controller 100; the input end of the high voltage DC conversion circuit HVDC is connected to the output end of the power factor correction circuit PFC , the input terminal of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit LVDC is connected to the output terminal of the high-voltage DC conversion circuit HVDC, and the output terminal of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit LVDC is used to connect to a low-voltage battery; the low-voltage DC conversion circuit LVDC includes a main power tube and a controllable switch tube.
  • the controller 100 is used to generate the driving signal of the main power transistor S1 by using the current loop soft start when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, that is, when the LVDC is turned on, so as to make the current flowing through the inductor L connected in series with the main power transistor S1 gradually increases, the current given value of the current loop depends on the current reference value output by the voltage loop and the output result of the soft start function;
  • the driving signal of the main power tube is generated, and the voltage loop is used to output the current reference value to the input terminal of the current loop.
  • the start-up of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit means that when the error between the output current of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit and the output result of the small unit is within a preset range, for example, within plus or minus 15%, the difference between the two can be Positive, can also be negative.
  • the preset range set here is to prevent the circuit from hiccupping repeatedly.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of double-loop control in cascaded voltage loop and current loop provided by the embodiment of the present application.
  • the voltage loop LV does not work first, and only the current loop LI works. Since the voltage loop LV does not work, Therefore, the control method of voltage soft start is not adopted, but the control method of current soft start is adopted. Since the input parameters of the voltage loop LV are the output voltage Vout and the preset voltage reference value Vref, when the LVDC starts, Vout is relatively small, so the output result of the voltage loop LV is invalid, that is, the voltage loop LV does not work, and the entire control loop Only current loop LI works. Since the control of the current loop LI includes current soft start, a soft current start scheme will be adopted in the start-up phase of LVDC to control the current flowing through S1 to gradually increase, thereby minimizing the impact on the forward current of S1.
  • this figure is a specific schematic diagram of a dual-loop control provided by the embodiment of the present application.
  • the input of the current loop includes the output current Iout of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit and the output result of the small unit min.
  • the current loop LI is used to compare the output current Iout of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit with the output result of the small unit min. According to the comparison result Generate the driving signal of the main power tube; take the small unit min to take the smaller value of the output result of the voltage loop LV and the output result of the current soft start function. That is, when LVDC starts, the value of Vout is small. Therefore, when the voltage loop LV compares Vref and Vout, the output result is relatively large, and min takes the smaller value of the input parameter. Therefore, LV has no effect on min, and min only outputs current The output result of the soft-start function, therefore, only the current loop LI works in the LVDC start-up phase of the double-loop control loop.
  • the soft-start function is a soft-start ramp function, and the output of the soft-start ramp function The result is a current that gradually increases over time up to a preset current value. Since the start-up phase will not last forever, the time of the start-up phase can be determined according to the start-up time of LVDC and the slope of the soft-start ramp function, and the preset current value can be set according to the slope and the time of the start-up phase. When the current reaches the preset current value When , the soft-start function will quit working, that is, the process of current soft-start is completed.
  • the soft start function can also be embodied as a pre-set graph or table, and can be controlled according to the data in the graph or table, for example, it can also be other variable mathematical functions, for example, it can be adjusted according to the size of Vout.
  • the input of the voltage loop LV includes the preset voltage reference value Vref and the output voltage Vout of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit, and the voltage loop LV is used to generate a current reference value based on the preset voltage reference value Vref and the output voltage Vout of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit to output to the current Input to loop LI.
  • Vout gradually increases, and the output result of the voltage loop LV is valid at this time, which in turn affects the output result of min.
  • the output result of min is the current reference value affected by the voltage loop LV.
  • the current loop LI The current reference value output by the loop LV is compared with Iout, and the driving signal of S1 is generated according to the comparison result.
  • the parameters of the current loop are variable. There can be two different sets of parameters before and after the start of the LVDC. It is important to improve the response speed by changing some characteristic parameters for different processes.
  • the voltage reference value Vref of the voltage loop is directly given as the expected output voltage value of the LVDC, and no voltage soft start process is performed.
  • the current reference value of the current loop is determined by the current soft-start ramp function and the output of the voltage loop. After comparing the two, the smaller value is taken as the current reference value of the current loop.
  • the circuit will The work enters the steady state and completes the start-up process.
  • the output terminal of the LVDC is connected to a resistive load, the current of the inductor rises slowly in the positive direction, and at the same time the output voltage of the LVDC rises slowly from 0, and when it reaches the preset current value or the expected output voltage value, the LVDC enters steady-state operation.
  • the output terminal of the LVDC When the output terminal of the LVDC is connected to a mixed load connected in parallel with a battery and a resistive load, the output voltage of the LVDC rises slowly from the open-circuit voltage of the battery, and when it reaches the preset current value or the expected output voltage value, the LVDC enters steady-state operation and outputs current Automatic distribution according to the proportional relationship between the equivalent internal resistance of the battery and the resistive load.
  • the forward current of the inductor is very small. If the driving signal of S2 is complementary to the driving signal of S1, the driving signal of S1 The space is relatively large. The adverse consequences brought by the relatively large duty cycle of the driving signal of S2, because the battery connected to the output terminal of the LVDC, a large reverse current will appear due to the long-term conduction of S2 during the start-up phase, that is, the current on the inductor is from The battery flows to the input of the LVDC.
  • the driving signals of S1 and S2 are complementary, or the switching states of S1 and S2 are complementary, which means that when one of the two switches is turned on, the other is turned off, and they are not turned on at the same time. In addition, for safety, there will be a certain dead time between S1 and S2.
  • the output terminal of the LVDC is connected to a battery, therefore, S2 will be closed for a long time during the start-up phase, which will cause a relatively large reverse current to flow through the inductor.
  • a third switch S3 is connected between the inductor and the output terminal, as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • this figure is a schematic diagram of a low-voltage DC conversion circuit.
  • the output end of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is connected to the third switch S3, and the voltage soft start mode is adopted to avoid the reverse current on the inductor.
  • the third switch S3 is closed after the voltage on the output capacitor Vc reaches the battery voltage Vbat, so as to reduce the current impact caused by the voltage difference between the output capacitor Vc and the battery.
  • the scheme adopted in Fig. 7 will increase the hardware cost and reduce the charging efficiency of the entire charging pile.
  • the technical solutions provided by the present application include the following two types.
  • the controller is also used to control the controllable switch tube S2 to turn off when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started; after the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, control the main power tube and the controllable switch tube S2 to perform switching actions in a complementary manner.
  • S2 can be controlled to be disconnected during the start-up phase, and S2 is normally controlled to switch after the start-up phase is over.
  • the second type is the first type:
  • the controller is also used to control the controllable switch tube to turn on when the main power tube is disconnected when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, and the duty cycle of the controllable switch tube is smaller than the duty cycle of the main power tube; After the start-up of the conversion circuit is completed, the main power transistor and the controllable switch transistor are controlled to perform switching actions in a complementary manner.
  • the controllable switch tube is controlled to work with a small duty cycle, that is, the conduction time of S2 is controlled to be short, but when S2 is turned on, it needs to be turned off at S1 when.
  • the duty cycle of S2 in the start-up phase of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is limited, thereby limiting the reverse inductor current.
  • the driving signal of S1 is generated by the double-loop control introduced in the above embodiment. According to the duty ratio of the driving signal of S1, S2 will not be turned on at the same time as S1. The duty ratio of S2 gradually increases from small to large. After the current soft start is over, the duty ratio of the driving signal of S2 is stopped to control the complementary operation of S2 and S1.
  • This application does not specifically limit the specific implementation of S2 in the LVDC start-up phase, for example, control S2 to disconnect when the output current of LVDC is detected to be reversed; or limit the duty cycle of S2 in the current soft start phase, such as controlling the duty cycle of S2 Ratio increases slowly. As long as it is possible to ensure that S2 has a large duty cycle discontinuously during the LVDC start-up phase, causing a large reverse current to flow through the inductor.
  • the above embodiment introduces an on-board charger, which includes a low-voltage DC conversion circuit. It should be understood that the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is a step-down DCDC converter.
  • the technical solutions provided in the embodiments of the present application are not only applicable to on-board chargers, It is also applicable to a step-down DCDC converter whose output terminal is connected to a battery. Therefore, based on the on-board charger provided in the above embodiments, the following introduces the DCDC converter provided by this application.
  • step-down DCDC converter provided by this application can continue to be referred to in FIG. 2 , and only a brief introduction will be given below. The detailed working principle can be found in the above introduction of the on-board charger, and will not be repeated here.
  • the step-down DCDC converter provided in this embodiment includes: a controller, a main power tube, and a controllable switch tube; and an inductor connected in series with the main power tube; the output end of the step-down DCDC converter is used to connect to a battery;
  • the controller is used to generate the driving signal of the main power tube by using the soft start of the current loop when the step-down DCDC converter is started, and is used to gradually increase the current flowing through the inductor, and the current setting value of the current loop depends on the voltage The current reference value output by the loop and the output result of the soft-start function; after the step-down DCDC converter is started, the drive signal of the main power tube is generated by cascading the voltage loop and the current loop, and the voltage loop is used for the output current reference value to the input of the current loop.
  • the soft start of the current loop may adopt a soft start function, for example, the soft start function is a soft start ramp function, and the output result of the soft start ramp function is a current that gradually increases to a preset current value over time.
  • the soft start function is a soft start ramp function
  • the output result of the soft start ramp function is a current that gradually increases to a preset current value over time.
  • the input of the current loop includes the output current of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit and the output result of the small unit.
  • the current loop is used to compare the output current of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit with the output result of the small unit, and generate the main power tube according to the comparison result.
  • Drive signal; the small unit is used to take the smaller value of the output result of the voltage loop and the output result of the soft start function.
  • the input of the voltage loop includes a preset voltage reference value and the output voltage of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit, and the voltage loop is used to generate a current reference value based on the preset voltage reference value and the output voltage of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit to output to the input terminal of the current loop.
  • the controller is also used to control the controllable switch tube to turn on when the main power tube is disconnected when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, and the duty cycle of the controllable switch tube is smaller than the duty cycle of the main power tube; After the start-up of the conversion circuit is completed, the main power transistor and the controllable switch transistor are controlled to perform switching actions in a complementary manner.
  • the present application also provides a method for controlling the on-board charger, which will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
  • the vehicle charger includes: a power factor correction circuit, a high-voltage DC conversion circuit, a low-voltage DC conversion circuit, and a controller; the input end of the high-voltage DC conversion circuit is connected to the power factor correction circuit.
  • the output terminal, the input terminal of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is connected to the output terminal of the high-voltage DC conversion circuit, and the output terminal of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is used to connect to the low-voltage battery;
  • the low-voltage DC conversion circuit includes a main power tube and a controllable switch tube;
  • this figure is a flow chart of a method for controlling an on-board charger provided by the present application.
  • the method includes:
  • the current loop soft start is used to generate the driving signal of the main power tube, which is used to gradually increase the current flowing through the inductor connected in series with the main power tube, and the current of the current loop is given The value depends on the current reference value output by the voltage loop and the output result of the soft start function;
  • the soft start of the current loop may adopt a soft start function, for example, the soft start function is a soft start ramp function, and the output result of the soft start ramp function is a current that gradually increases to a preset current value over time.
  • the soft start function is a soft start ramp function
  • the output result of the soft start ramp function is a current that gradually increases to a preset current value over time.
  • the control method provided by the embodiment of the present application in order to reduce the impact on the forward current of the main power tube when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, the voltage loop does not work first, and only the current loop works. Because the voltage loop does not work, the control mode of soft start of voltage is not adopted, but the control mode of soft start of current is adopted. Since the input parameters of the voltage loop are the output voltage and the preset voltage reference value, when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit starts, the output voltage is relatively small, so the output result of the voltage loop is invalid, that is, the voltage loop does not work, and the entire control loop only The current loop works.
  • a soft current start scheme will be adopted in the start-up phase of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit to control the current flowing through the main power tube to gradually increase, thereby minimizing the positive impact on the main power tube. impact on the current.
  • the current loop soft start is used to generate the driving signal of the main power tube, including:
  • the input of the current loop includes the output current of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit and the output result of the small unit.
  • the current loop compares the output current of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit with the output result of the small unit, and generates the driving signal of the main power tube according to the comparison result. ; Take the smaller value of the output result of the voltage loop and the output result of the soft start function by the small unit.
  • the driving signal of the main power tube is generated by cascading the voltage loop and the current loop, including:
  • the input of the voltage loop includes a preset voltage reference value and the output voltage of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit, and the voltage loop is used to generate a current reference value based on the preset voltage reference value and the output voltage of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit to output to the input terminal of the current loop.
  • the control method provided by the embodiment of the present application further includes: when the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is started, controlling the controllable switch tube to turn on when the main power tube is turned off, and the duty ratio of the controllable switch tube is smaller than that of the main power tube Duty ratio: After the start-up of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is completed, the main power tube and the controllable switch tube are controlled to perform switching actions in a complementary manner.
  • the duty cycle of the controllable switch tube in the start-up phase of the low-voltage DC conversion circuit is limited, thereby limiting the reverse inductor current.
  • the driving signal of the main power tube is generated by the double-loop control introduced in the above embodiments. While the tubes are not turned on at the same time, the duty cycle of the controllable switch tube is gradually increased from small to large. After the current soft start is over, the control of the duty cycle of the drive signal of the controllable switch tube is stopped, and the controllable switch tube can be controlled.
  • the tube works complementary to the main power tube.
  • each embodiment in this specification is described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts of each embodiment can be referred to each other.
  • the description is relatively simple, and for the related part, please refer to the description of the system part.

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Abstract

提供了一种车载充电器、DCDC变换器及控制方法，包括：高压直流变换电路的输入端连接功率因数校正电路的输出端，低压直流变换电路的输入端连接高压直流变换电路的输出端或连接功率因数校正电路的输出端，低压直流变换电路的输出端连接低压电池；低压直流变换电路包括主功率管和可控开关管；控制器在低压直流变换电路启动时，采用电流环软启动产生主功率管的驱动信号，使流过电感的电流逐渐增大，电流环的电流给定值取决于电压环输出的电流参考值和软启动函数的输出结果；在低压直流变换电路启动完成后，电压环和电流环级联来产生主功率管的驱动信号，电压环输出电流参考值给电流环的输入端，降低LVDC启动时对主功率管的冲击电流。

Description

一种车载充电器、DCDC变换器及控制方法
本申请要求于2021年12月21日提交中国国家知识产权局的申请号为202111575228.X、申请名称为“一种车载充电器、DCDC变换器及控制方法”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电力电子技术领域，尤其涉及一种车载充电器、DCDC变换器及控制方法。
背景技术
随着全球能源的不断紧缺，目前新能源汽车越来越受青睐。新能源汽车的动力电池组一般需要充电，很多新能源汽车包括车载充电器(OBC，On Board Charger)，一般OBC包括功率因数校正电路(PFC，Power Factor Correction)、高压直流变换电路(HVDC)和低压直流变换电路(LVDC)，PFC连接交流电源，HVDC连接高压电池，LVDC连接低压电池。LVDC可以从直流母线取电供给低压电池及低压用电器，例如低压用电器包括：空调、水泵和大灯等。
由于LVDC通常工作在低压大电流工况，例如LVDC采用Buck电路时，通常将Buck电路中的续流二极管替换为MOS管，以便续流时电流由MOS管流过，来原续流二极管的导通及反向恢复损耗。一般可以将Buck电路中的主功率管与MOS管的驱动信号采用互补的方式。
但是，目前LVDC启动时，主功率管承受的冲击电流比较大，严重危及主功率管的安全性。
发明内容
为了解决上述技术问题，本申请提供了一种车载充电器、DCDC变换器及控制方法，能够降低LVDC启动时对于主功率管的冲击电流，保护主功率管的安全。
为了实现上述目的，本申请实施例提供的技术方案如下：
本申请实施例提供一种车载充电器，包括：功率因数校正电路、高压直流变换电路、低压直流变换电路和控制器；所述高压直流变换电路的输入端连接所述功率因数校正电路的输出端，所述低压直流变换电路的输入端连接所述高压直流变换电路的输出端或连接所述功率因数校正电路的输出端，所述低压直流变换电路的输出端用于连接低压电池及低压负载；所述低压直流变换电路包括主功率管和可控开关管；
所述控制器，用于在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，采用电流环软启动来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，用于使流过与所述主功率管串联的电感的电流逐渐增大，所述电流环的电流给定值取决于电压环输出的电流参考值和软启动函数的输出结果；在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，所述电压环用于输出电流参考值给所述电流环的输入端。
优选地，所述电流环的输入包括所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果，所述电流环用于将所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果进行比较，根据比较结果产生所述主功率管的驱动信号；所述取小单元用于将所述电压环的输出结果和软启动函数的输出结果取较小值；
当所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果之间的误差在预设范围内时，所述低压直流变换电路启动完成。
优选地，所述电压环的输入包括预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压，所述电压环用于根据所述预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压产生所述电流参考值输出给所述电流环的输入端。
优选地，所述软启动函数为软启动斜坡函数，所述软启动斜坡函数的输出结果为随着时间逐渐增大直至预设电流值的电流。
优选地，所述控制器，还用于在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，控制所述可控开关管断开；在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制所述主功率管和所述可控开关管以互补方式进行开关动作。
优选地，所述控制器，还用于在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，控制所述可控开关管在所述主功率管断开时导通，且所述可控开关管的占空比小于所述主功率管的占空比；在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制所述主功率管和所述可控开关管以互补方式进行开关动作。
本申请提供一种降压DCDC变换器，包括：控制器、主功率管和可控开关管；还包括与所述主功率管串联的电感；所述降压DCDC变换器的输出端用于连接电池；
所述控制器，用于在所述降压DCDC变换器启动时，采用电流环软启动来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，用于使流过所述电感的电流逐渐增大，所述电流环的电流给定值取决于电压环输出的电流参考值和软启动函数的输出结果；在所述降压DCDC变换器启动完成后，采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，所述电压环用于输出电流参考值给所述电流环的输入端。
优选地，所述电流环的输入包括所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果，所述电流环用于将所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果进行比较，根据比较结果产生所述主功率管的驱动信号；所述取小单元用于将所述电压环的输出结果和软启动函数的输出结果取较小值。
优选地，所述电压环的输入包括预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压，所述电压环用于根据所述预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压产生所述电流参考值输出给所述电流环的输入端。
优选地，所述软启动函数为软启动斜坡函数，所述软启动斜坡函数的输出结果为随着时间逐渐增大直至预设电流值的电流。
优选地，所述控制器，还用于在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，控制所述可控开关管在所述主功率管断开时导通，且所述可控开关管的占空比小于所述主功率管的占空比；在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制所述主功率管和所述可控开关管以互补方式进行开关动作。
本申请提供一种车载充电器的控制方法，车载充电器包括：功率因数校正电路、高压直流变换电路、低压直流变换电路和控制器；所述高压直流变换电路的输入端连接所述功率因数校正电路的输出端，所述低压直流变换电路的输入端连接所述高压直流变换电路的 输出端，所述低压直流变换电路的输出端用于连接低压电池；所述低压直流变换电路包括主功率管和可控开关管；
该方法包括：
在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，采用电流环软启动来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，用于使流过与所述主功率管串联的电感的电流逐渐增大，所述电流环的电流给定值取决于电压环输出的电流参考值和软启动函数的输出结果；
在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，所述电压环用于输出电流参考值给所述电流环的输入端。
优选地，在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，采用电流环软启动来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，具体包括：
所述电流环的输入包括所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果，所述电流环将所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果进行比较，根据比较结果产生所述主功率管的驱动信号；所述取小单元将所述电压环的输出结果和软启动函数的输出结果取较小值。
优选地，所述采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，具体包括：
所述电压环的输入包括预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压，所述电压环用于根据所述预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压产生所述电流参考值输出给所述电流环的输入端。
优选地，还包括：在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，控制所述可控开关管在所述主功率管断开时导通，且所述可控开关管的占空比小于所述主功率管的占空比；在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制所述主功率管和所述可控开关管以互补方式进行开关动作。
优选地，所述软启动函数为软启动斜坡函数，所述软启动斜坡函数的输出结果为随着时间逐渐增大直至预设电流值的电流。
通过上述技术方案可知，本申请具有以下有益效果：
本申请提供的技术方案，为了在低压直流变换电路启动时，降低对于主功率管的电流冲击，电压环先不起作用，只有电流环起作用，由于电压环不起作用，因此不采用电压软启动的控制方式，而是采用电流软启动的控制方式。由于电压环的输入参数为输出电压和预设电压参考值，低压直流变换电路启动时，输出电压比较小，因此，电压环的输出结果为无效，即电压环不起作用，整个控制环路只有电流环起作用。由于电流环的控制包括电流软启动，因此会在低压直流变换电路的启动阶段，采用软电流启动的方案，控制流过主功率管的电流逐渐增大，从而最大程度降低对于主功率管的正向电流的冲击。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图是本申请的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本申请实施例提供的一种车载充电器的示意图；
图2为本申请实施例提供的一种车载充电器中LVDC的示意图；
图3为本申请实施例提供的电压环和电流环级联的双环控制示意图；
图4为本申请实施例提供的电流软启动的技术方案；
图5为本申请实施例提供的S1闭合S2断开时的等效图；
图6为本申请实施例提供的S1断开S2闭合时的等效图；
图7为现有技术中一种低压直流变换电路的示意图；
图8为本申请实施例提供的一种车载充电器的控制方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
为了帮助更好地理解本申请实施例提供的方案，在介绍本申请实施例提供的方法之前，先介绍本申请实施例方案的应用场景。
车载充电器实施例
参见图1，该图为本申请实施例提供的一种车载充电器的示意图。
本申请实施例提供的OBC，包括三个端口，即图1所示的交流端、高压端和低压端。OBC包括PFC、HVDC和LVDC，PFC的输入端用于连接交流电源，HVDC的输入端连接PFC的输出端，HVDC的输出端用于连接高压电池，LVDC的输入端连接HVDC的输出端，LVDC的输出端用于连接低压电池。
本实施例中以LVDC为降压变换器，例如Buck电路为例进行介绍。Buck电路包括主功率管S1、电感和可控开关管S2，其中S1的第一端连接LVDC的正输入端，S1的第二端通过电感连接LVDC的正输出端，S2的第一端连接S1的第二端，S2的第二端连接LVDC的负输入端，同时S2的第二端连接LVDC的负输出端，LVDC的输出端并联输出电容。可控开关管S2在传统Buck电路中可以为续流二极管，为了降低二极管带来的功耗，利用可控开关管替代了二极管，例如可控开关管可以为MOS管，MOS管的导通和开关损耗均比二极管小。
现有技术中，为了解决LVDC开机启动电流冲击过大的问题，常会采用输出端串联可控开关并与电压软起动控制配合的方法，但是，输出端串联可控开关将增加硬件成本。
本申请为了解决LVDC启动时对于S1的正向电流冲击，采用电流软启动的形式来进行启动开机。本申请具体采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生S1的驱动信号，虽然是电压环的输出来产生电流参考值，但是在LVDC启动时，电压环不起作用，让电流环输入端的软启动起作用，即实现S1的驱动信号为电流环软启动控制，即通过S1的电流逐渐增大，从而降低S1的冲击电流。
为使本申请的上述目的、特征和优点能够更加明显易懂，下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本申请实施例作进一步详细的说明。
参见图2，该图为本申请实施例提供的一种车载充电器中LVDC的示意图。
应该理解，本申请提供的车载充电器的架构如图1所示，在本申请的车载充电器的LVDC的输出端可以不包括可控开关，即电感L直接连接LVDC的正输出端。另外，车载充电器的LVDC的输出端也可以包括可控开关，例如出于安规考虑，在输出端增加可控开 关，在非故障状态下一直保持该可控开关闭合即可，不需要配合电压环和电流环进行动作。
下面结合图1和图2对本申请提供的技术方案进行详细介绍。
本实施例提供的车载充电器，包括：功率因数校正电路PFC、高压直流变换电路HVDC、低压直流变换电路LVDC和控制器100；高压直流变换电路HVDC的输入端连接功率因数校正电路PFC的输出端，低压直流变换电路LVDC的输入端连接高压直流变换电路HVDC的输出端，低压直流变换电路LVDC的输出端用于连接低压电池；低压直流变换电路LVDC包括主功率管和可控开关管。
控制器100，用于在低压直流变换电路启动时，即LVDC开机时，采用电流环软启动来产生主功率管S1的驱动信号，用于使流过与主功率管S1串联的电感L的电流逐渐增大，所述电流环的电流给定值取决于电压环输出的电流参考值和软启动函数的输出结果；在低压直流变换电路启动完成后，采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生主功率管的驱动信号，电压环用于输出电流参考值给电流环的输入端。
其中，低压直流变换电路启动完成是指，当低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果之间的误差在预设范围内，例如在正负15％以内，两者的差可以为正，也可以为负。此处设置的预设范围是为了防止电路反复打嗝。
具体可以参见图3，该图为本申请实施例提供的电压环和电流环级联的双环控制示意图。
即，本申请实施例提供的技术方案，为了在LVDC启动时，降低对于S1的正向电流的冲击，电压环LV先不起作用，只有电流环LI起作用，由于电压环LV不起作用，因此不采用电压软启动的控制方式，而是采用电流软启动的控制方式。由于电压环LV的输入参数为输出电压Vout和预设电压参考值Vref，LVDC启动时，Vout比较小，因此，电压环LV的输出结果为无效，即电压环LV不起作用，整个控制环路只有电流环LI起作用。由于电流环LI的控制包括电流软启动，因此会在LVDC的启动阶段，采用软电流启动的方案，控制流过S1的电流逐渐增大，从而最大程度降低对于S1的正向电流的冲击。
下面结合图4进一步详细介绍本申请实施例提供的电流软启动的技术方案。
参见图4，该图为本申请实施例提供的一种双环控制的具体示意图。
电流环的输入包括低压直流变换电路的输出电流Iout和取小单元min的输出结果，电流环LI用于将低压直流变换电路的输出电流Iout和取小单元min的输出结果进行比较，根据比较结果产生主功率管的驱动信号；取小单元min用于将电压环LV的输出结果和电流软启动函数的输出结果取较小值。即LVDC启动时，Vout的值较小，因此，电压环LV比较Vref和Vout时，输出结果比较大，而min取输入参数的较小值，因此，LV对于min不起作用，min只输出电流软启动函数的输出结果，因此，双环控制环路在LVDC启动阶段，仅有电流环LI起作用。
本申请实施例不具体限定软启动函数的具体实现形式，只要可以实现S1的电流逐渐增大即可，例如一种可能的实现方式，软启动函数为软启动斜坡函数，软启动斜坡函数的输出结果为随着时间逐渐增大直至预设电流值的电流。由于启动阶段不会一直持续，因此，可以根据LVDC的启动时间和软启动斜坡函数的斜率确定启动阶段的时间，根据斜率和启 动阶段的时间来设置预设电流值，当电流达到预设电流值时，软启动函数便退出工作，即完成电流软启动的过程。由于在LVDC启动阶段，仅有电流环起作用，而电流环又具有电流软启动的功能，因此，可以保证流过S1的正向电流由小至大逐渐增大，避免对于S1造成过大的冲击，从而保护S1的安全性。另外，软启动函数还可以体现为预先已经设定好的图或表格，按照图或表格的数据进行控制即可，例如还可以为可变的其他数学函数，例如可以根据Vout的大小来调整。
电压环LV的输入包括预设电压参考值Vref和低压直流变换电路的输出电压Vout，电压环LV用于根据预设电压参考值Vref和低压直流变换电路的输出电压Vout产生电流参考值输出给电流环LI的输入端。
当LVDC启动完成后，Vout逐渐增大，此时电压环LV的输出结果有效，进而影响min的输出结果，min的输出结果为受电压环LV影响的电流参考值，此时电流环LI将电压环LV输出的电流参考值与Iout进行比较，根据比较结果产生S1的驱动信号。
另外，电流环的参数是可变的，在LVDC启动前和启动后可以是两套不同的参数，重要可以针对不同的过程通过改变一些特征参数，来提高响应速度等。本申请提供的充电桩，电压环的电压参考值Vref直接给定为LVDC的期望输出电压值，不进行电压软起动处理。电流环的电流参考值由电流软启动斜坡函数及电压环的输出共同决定，min比较两者后取较小值作为电流环的电流参考值。
采用以上的控制方式，当LVDC的输出端连接电池类负载时，电感的电流会正向缓慢上升，输出电压从电池的开路电压开始缓慢上升，到达预设电流值或期望输出电压值时，电路工作进入稳态，完成启动过程。当LVDC的输出端连接阻性负载时，电感的电流正向缓慢上升，同时LVDC的输出电压从0开始缓慢上升，到达预设电流值或期望输出电压值时，LVDC进入稳态工作。当LVDC的输出端连接电池和阻性负载并联的混合负载时，LVDC的输出电压从电池的开路电压开始缓慢上升，到达预设电流值或期望输出电压值时，LVDC进入稳态工作，输出电流按照电池等效内阻与阻性负载的比例关系自动分配。
由于LVDC刚启动时，采用电流软起动产生的S1的驱动信号的占空比很小，电感的正向电流很小，如果采取S2的驱动信号与S1的驱动信号互补，则S1的驱动信号的占空比较大。S2的驱动信号的占空比比较大带来的不良后果，因为LVDC的输出端连接的电池，启动阶段由于S2的长时间导通会出现较大的反向电流，即电感上的电流为从电池流向LVDC的输入端。
应该理解，S1和S2的驱动信号互补，或者S1和S2的开关状态互补，是指两个开关一个导通时，另一个断开，不同时导通。另外，为了安全，S1和S2之间还会存在一定的死区时间。
为了使本领域技术人员更充分地理解本申请提供的技术方案，下面结合附图介绍LVDC在启动阶段，S2的占空比较大时的弊端。
由于LVDC在车载充电器的应用场景中，LVDC的输出端连接有电池，因此，S2在启动阶段长时间闭合会造成电感上流过比较大的反向电流。
参见图5，该图为S1闭合S2断开时的等效图。参见图6，该图为S1断开S2闭合时 的等效图。
从图5可以看出，S1闭合S2断开时，输入电源Vin连接在电路中；从图6可以看出，S1断开，S2闭合时，输入电压Vin没有连接在电路中。
现有技术中为了避免启动时S2受输出端电池的反向冲击电流，会在电感和输出端之间连接一个第三开关S3，如图7所示。
参见图7，该图为一种低压直流变换电路的示意图。
图7中在低压直流变换电路的输出端连接第三开关S3，采取电压软启动的方式，可以避免电感上的反向电流。具体地，待输出电容Vc上的电压达到电池电压Vbat后再闭合第三开关S3，从而减小输出电容Vc及电池间的电压差所造成的电流冲击。但是图7采取的方案会增加硬件成本，并且降低整个充电桩的充电效率。
为了不增加硬件成本，即不增加第三开关S3，又可以避免启动时的反向冲击电流，本申请提供的技术方案包括以下两种。
第一种：
控制器，还用于在低压直流变换电路启动时，控制可控开关管S2断开；在低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制主功率管和可控开关管S2以互补方式进行开关动作。
为了避免低压直流变换电路启动时电池产生的反向冲击电流，对于S1和S2造成冲击，可以在启动阶段一直控制S2断开，待启动阶段结束后才正常控制S2进行开关动作。
第二种：
控制器，还用于在低压直流变换电路启动时，控制可控开关管在主功率管断开时导通，且可控开关管的占空比小于主功率管的占空比；在低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制主功率管和可控开关管以互补方式进行开关动作。
以上第二种方式为了避免较大的反向冲击电流，控制可控开关管以较小的占空比来工作，即控制S2的导通时间较短，但是S2导通时需要在S1断开时进行。
为了避免产生较大的反向电感电流，限制S2在低压直流变换电路的启动阶段的占空比，从而限制反向电感电流。具体低，在低压直流变换电路的启动阶段，S1的驱动信号由以上实施例介绍的双环控制来产生，根据S1的驱动信号的占空比，S2在保证与S1不会同时开启的同时，控制S2的占空比由小逐渐变大，在电流软起动结束后，才停止控制S2的驱动信号的占空比，可以控制S2与S1互补工作。
本申请提供的技术方案，在低压直流变换电路的启动阶段，S1与S2并不是按照互补的方式进行开关动作。而是控制S2在保持S1关断时开启的原则前提下，控制S2的驱动信号的并不与S1的驱动信号互补，而是减小S2的占空比，缩短S2的导通时间，从而避免出现较大的反向电感电流。
本申请不具体限定S2在LVDC启动阶段的具体实现方式，例如，当检测LVDC的输出电流反向时控制S2断开；或者在电流软起动阶段限制S2的占空比，例如控制S2的占空比缓慢增加。只要能够在LVDC启动阶段，保证S2不连续出现较大占空比，导致电感上流过较大的反向电流即可。
以上实施例介绍的是一种车载充电器，其中包括低压直流变换电路，应该理解，低压 直流变换电路为一种降压DCDC变换器，本申请实施例提供的技术方案不仅适用于车载充电器，还适用于输出端连接电池的降压DCDC变换器，因此，基于以上实施例提供的一种车载充电器，下面介绍本申请提供的DCDC变换器。
DCDC变换器实施例
本申请提供的降压DCDC变换器可以继续参见图2，下面仅做简要介绍，详细的工作原理可以参见以上车载充电器的介绍，在此不再赘述。
本实施例提供的降压DCDC变换器，包括：控制器、主功率管和可控开关管；还包括与主功率管串联的电感；降压DCDC变换器的输出端用于连接电池；
控制器，用于在降压DCDC变换器启动时，采用电流环软启动来产生主功率管的驱动信号，用于使流过电感的电流逐渐增大，电流环的电流给定值取决于电压环输出的电流参考值和软启动函数的输出结果；在降压DCDC变换器启动完成后，采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生主功率管的驱动信号，电压环用于输出电流参考值给电流环的输入端。
其中，电流环软启动可以采用软启动函数，例如软启动函数为软启动斜坡函数，软启动斜坡函数的输出结果为随着时间逐渐增大直至预设电流值的电流。
电流环的输入包括低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果，电流环用于将低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果进行比较，根据比较结果产生主功率管的驱动信号；取小单元用于将电压环的输出结果和软启动函数的输出结果取较小值。
电压环的输入包括预设电压参考值和低压直流变换电路的输出电压，电压环用于根据预设电压参考值和低压直流变换电路的输出电压产生电流参考值输出给电流环的输入端。
控制器，还用于在低压直流变换电路启动时，控制可控开关管在主功率管断开时导通，且可控开关管的占空比小于主功率管的占空比；在低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制主功率管和可控开关管以互补方式进行开关动作。
基于以上实施例提供的一种车载充电器，本申请还提供一种车载充电器的控制方法，下面结合附图进行详细介绍。
方法实施例
本实施例提供的一种车载充电器的控制方法，车载充电器包括：功率因数校正电路、高压直流变换电路、低压直流变换电路和控制器；高压直流变换电路的输入端连接功率因数校正电路的输出端，低压直流变换电路的输入端连接高压直流变换电路的输出端，低压直流变换电路的输出端用于连接低压电池；低压直流变换电路包括主功率管和可控开关管；
参见图8，该图为本申请提供的一种车载充电器的控制方法的流程图。
该方法包括：
S801：在低压直流变换电路启动时，采用电流环软启动来产生主功率管的驱动信号，用于使流过与主功率管串联的电感的电流逐渐增大，所述电流环的电流给定值取决于电压环输出的电流参考值和软启动函数的输出结果；
其中，电流环软启动可以采用软启动函数，例如软启动函数为软启动斜坡函数，软启动斜坡函数的输出结果为随着时间逐渐增大直至预设电流值的电流。
S802：在低压直流变换电路启动完成后，采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生主功 率管的驱动信号，电压环用于输出电流参考值给电流环的输入端。
本申请实施例提供的控制方法，本申请提供的技术方案，为了在低压直流变换电路启动时，降低对于主功率管的正向电流的冲击，电压环先不起作用，只有电流环起作用，由于电压环不起作用，因此不采用电压软启动的控制方式，而是采用电流软启动的控制方式。由于电压环的输入参数为输出电压和预设电压参考值，低压直流变换电路启动时，输出电压比较小，因此，电压环的输出结果为无效，即电压环不起作用，整个控制环路只有电流环起作用。由于电流环的控制包括电流软启动，因此会在低压直流变换电路的启动阶段，采用软电流启动的方案，控制流过主功率管的电流逐渐增大，从而最大程度降低对于主功率管的正向电流的冲击。
在低压直流变换电路启动时，采用电流环软启动来产生主功率管的驱动信号，具体包括：
电流环的输入包括低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果，电流环将低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果进行比较，根据比较结果产生主功率管的驱动信号；取小单元将电压环的输出结果和软启动函数的输出结果取较小值。
采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生主功率管的驱动信号，具体包括：
电压环的输入包括预设电压参考值和低压直流变换电路的输出电压，电压环用于根据预设电压参考值和低压直流变换电路的输出电压产生电流参考值输出给电流环的输入端。
本申请实施例提供的控制方法，还包括：在低压直流变换电路启动时，控制可控开关管在主功率管断开时导通，且可控开关管的占空比小于主功率管的占空比；在低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制主功率管和可控开关管以互补方式进行开关动作。
为了避免产生较大的反向电感电流，限制可控开关管在低压直流变换电路的启动阶段的占空比，从而限制反向电感电流。具体低，在低压直流变换电路的启动阶段，主功率管的驱动信号由以上实施例介绍的双环控制来产生，根据主功率管的驱动信号的占空比，可控开关管在保证与主功率管不会同时开启的同时，控制可控开关管的占空比由小逐渐变大，在电流软起动结束后，才停止控制可控开关管的驱动信号的占空比，可以控制可控开关管与主功率管互补工作。
通过以上的实施方式的描述可知，本领域的技术人员可以清楚地了解到上述实施例方法中的全部或部分步骤可借助软件加必需的通用硬件平台的方式来实现。基于这样的理解，本申请的技术方案本质上或者说对现有技术做出贡献的部分可以以软件产品的形式体现出来，该计算机软件产品可以存储在存储介质中，如ROM/RAM、磁碟、光盘等，包括若干指令用以使得一台计算机设备(可以是个人计算机，服务器，或者诸如媒体网关等网络通信设备，等等)执行本申请各个实施例或者实施例的某些部分所述的方法。
需要说明的是，本说明书中各个实施例采用递进的方式描述，每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处，各个实施例之间相同相似部分互相参见即可。对于实施例公开的方法而言，由于其与实施例公开的系统相对应，所以描述的比较简单，相关之处参见系统部分说明即可。
还需要说明的是，在本文中，术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非 排他性的包含，从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备不仅包括那些要素，而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素，或者是还包括为这种过程、方法、物品或者设备所固有的要素。在没有更多限制的情况下，由语句“包括一个……”限定的要素，并不排除在包括所述要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备中还存在另外的相同要素。对所公开的实施例的上述说明，使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本申请对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的，本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本申请的精神或范围的情况下，在其它实施例中实现。因此，本申请将不会被限制于本文所示这些实施例，而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。

Claims (16)

  1. 一种车载充电器，其特征在于，包括：功率因数校正电路、高压直流变换电路、低压直流变换电路和控制器；所述高压直流变换电路的输入端连接所述功率因数校正电路的输出端，所述低压直流变换电路的输入端连接所述高压直流变换电路的输出端或连接所述功率因数校正电路的输出端，所述低压直流变换电路的输出端用于连接低压电池及低压负载；所述低压直流变换电路包括主功率管和可控开关管；
    所述控制器，用于在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，采用电流环软启动来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，用于使流过与所述主功率管串联的电感的电流逐渐增大，所述电流环的电流给定值取决于电压环输出的电流参考值和软启动函数的输出结果；在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，所述电压环用于输出电流参考值给所述电流环的输入端。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的充电器，其特征在于，所述电流环的输入包括所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果，所述电流环用于将所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果进行比较，根据比较结果产生所述主功率管的驱动信号；所述取小单元用于将所述电压环的输出结果和软启动函数的输出结果取较小值；
    当所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果之间的误差在预设范围内时，所述低压直流变换电路启动完成。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的充电器，其特征在于，所述电压环的输入包括预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压，所述电压环用于根据所述预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压产生所述电流参考值输出给所述电流环的输入端。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的充电器，其特征在于，所述软启动函数为软启动斜坡函数，所述软启动斜坡函数的输出结果为随着时间逐渐增大直至预设电流值的电流。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的充电器，其特征在于，所述控制器，还用于在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，控制所述可控开关管断开；在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制所述主功率管和所述可控开关管以互补方式进行开关动作。
  6. 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的充电器，其特征在于，所述控制器，还用于在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，控制所述可控开关管在所述主功率管断开时导通，且所述可控开关管的占空比小于所述主功率管的占空比；在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制所述主功率管和所述可控开关管以互补方式进行开关动作。
  7. 一种降压DCDC变换器，其特征在于，包括：控制器、主功率管和可控开关管；还包括与所述主功率管串联的电感；所述降压DCDC变换器的输出端用于连接电池；
    所述控制器，用于在所述降压DCDC变换器启动时，采用电流环软启动来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，用于使流过所述电感的电流逐渐增大，所述电流环的电流给定值取决于电压环输出的电流参考值和软启动函数的输出结果；在所述降压DCDC变换器启动完成后，采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号， 所述电压环用于输出电流参考值给所述电流环的输入端。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的变换器，其特征在于，所述电流环的输入包括所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果，所述电流环用于将所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果进行比较，根据比较结果产生所述主功率管的驱动信号；所述取小单元用于将所述电压环的输出结果和软启动函数的输出结果取较小值。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的变换器，其特征在于，所述电压环的输入包括预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压，所述电压环用于根据所述预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压产生所述电流参考值输出给所述电流环的输入端。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的变换器，其特征在于，所述软启动函数为软启动斜坡函数，所述软启动斜坡函数的输出结果为随着时间逐渐增大直至预设电流值的电流。
  11. 根据权利要求7-10任一项所述的变换器，其特征在于，所述控制器，还用于在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，控制所述可控开关管在所述主功率管断开时导通，且所述可控开关管的占空比小于所述主功率管的占空比；在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制所述主功率管和所述可控开关管以互补方式进行开关动作。
  12. 一种车载充电器的控制方法，其特征在于，所述车载充电器包括：功率因数校正电路、高压直流变换电路、低压直流变换电路和控制器；所述高压直流变换电路的输入端连接所述功率因数校正电路的输出端，所述低压直流变换电路的输入端连接所述高压直流变换电路的输出端，所述低压直流变换电路的输出端用于连接低压电池；所述低压直流变换电路包括主功率管和可控开关管；
    该方法包括：
    在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，采用电流环软启动来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，用于使流过与所述主功率管串联的电感的电流逐渐增大，所述电流环的电流给定值取决于电压环输出的电流参考值和软启动函数的输出结果；
    在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，所述电压环用于输出电流参考值给所述电流环的输入端。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，采用电流环软启动来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，具体包括：
    所述电流环的输入包括所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果，所述电流环将所述低压直流变换电路的输出电流和取小单元的输出结果进行比较，根据比较结果产生所述主功率管的驱动信号；所述取小单元将所述电压环的输出结果和软启动函数的输出结果取较小值。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，所述采用电压环和电流环级联的形式来产生所述主功率管的驱动信号，具体包括：
    所述电压环的输入包括预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压，所述电压环用于根据所述预设电压参考值和所述低压直流变换电路的输出电压产生所述 电流参考值输出给所述电流环的输入端。
  15. 根据权利要求12-14任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括：在所述低压直流变换电路启动时，控制所述可控开关管在所述主功率管断开时导通，且所述可控开关管的占空比小于所述主功率管的占空比；在所述低压直流变换电路启动完成后，控制所述主功率管和所述可控开关管以互补方式进行开关动作。
  16. 根据权利要求12-14任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述软启动函数为软启动斜坡函数，所述软启动斜坡函数的输出结果为随着时间逐渐增大直至预设电流值的电流。
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CN113224953A (zh) * 2021-04-26 2021-08-06 上海空间电源研究所 一种用于推挽电路的恒压恒流控制电路
CN114221535A (zh) * 2021-12-21 2022-03-22 阳光电源股份有限公司 一种车载充电器、dcdc变换器及控制方法

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CN116865547A (zh) * 2023-09-05 2023-10-10 西安图为电气技术有限公司 软启动方法及软启动电路
CN116865547B (zh) * 2023-09-05 2023-11-14 西安图为电气技术有限公司 软启动方法及软启动电路

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