WO2023113019A1 - 光触媒の製造方法と、この光触媒を用いた水素及び酸素の製造方法 - Google Patents
光触媒の製造方法と、この光触媒を用いた水素及び酸素の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a photocatalyst and a method for producing hydrogen and oxygen using this photocatalyst.
- Y 2 Ti 2 O 5 S 2 (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “YTOS”) shown in Patent Document 1 is known.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a photocatalyst with significantly enhanced water-splitting ability in YTOS or a composition in which the yttrium element of YTOS is replaced with another element.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- a method for producing a photocatalyst according to one aspect of the present invention is a method for producing a photocatalyst having a composition represented by the following general formula (I), Consisting of one or more chlorides and/or iodides selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba as raw materials for the photocatalyst
- a method for producing a photocatalyst comprising a step of mixing a flux component in a mass ratio of 0.01 to 50 times and firing the mixture at 450 to 1050°C.
- a photocatalyst according to one aspect of the present invention is a photocatalyst having a composition represented by the following general formula (I), wherein 300 W xenon A photocatalyst characterized by generating 100 ⁇ mol or more of hydrogen per hour by light irradiation from a lamp ( ⁇ >420 nm).
- a photocatalyst according to one aspect of the present invention is a photocatalyst having a composition represented by the following general formula (I), wherein the surface elemental composition ratio of S to Ti (S/Ti) obtained by XPS measurement is 0.0.
- a photocatalyst characterized in that it is in the range of 50 to 1.08.
- a photocatalyst in which YTOS or a composition in which the yttrium element of YTOS is replaced with another element has remarkably enhanced water-splitting ability.
- the photocatalyst according to the present invention can be used to efficiently split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
- a photocatalyst in which YTOS or a composition in which the yttrium element of YTOS is replaced with another element has remarkably enhanced water-splitting ability.
- the photocatalyst according to the present invention can be used to efficiently split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
- the method for producing a photocatalyst of the present invention is a method for producing a photocatalyst having a composition represented by the following general formula (I), wherein Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr , and one or more chlorides and/or iodides selected from Ba at a mass ratio of 0.01 to 50 times, and heated at 450 to 1050°C. It is characterized by including a step of baking.
- the photocatalyst of the present invention is a photocatalyst having a composition represented by the following general formula (I), and is a 300 W xenon lamp ( ⁇ > 420 nm) to generate 100 ⁇ mol or more of hydrogen per hour.
- the photocatalyst of the present invention is generally produced by the method for producing a photocatalyst of the present invention.
- the photocatalyst of the present invention including the photocatalyst produced by the method for producing a photocatalyst of the present invention, is referred to as "the photocatalyst of the present invention”.
- the photocatalyst of the present invention is a photocatalyst having a composition represented by the following general formula (I).
- M in formula (I) is one or more selected from Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Y; Pr , Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm are lanthanide (Ln) elements, and these Ln and Y elements are present in the structure of M2Ti2O5S2 .
- Ln lanthanide
- any of the elements in the present invention can be applied to these Ln elements.
- the photocatalyst of the present invention is prepared by weighing and sufficiently mixing the raw materials for the M source, the Ti source, the O source, and the S source so as to satisfy the above formula (I), and adding a specific flux component to the resulting mixture (photocatalyst raw material). are mixed in a predetermined ratio and fired at a predetermined temperature.
- M 2 O 3 , M 2 O 2 S, M 2 S 3 , M, MCl 3 and the like can be used as the M source.
- M 2 O 3 and M 2 O 2 S also serve as O sources.
- M 2 S 3 and M 2 O 2 S also serve as S sources. That is, for example, one or more of Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 2 S, Y 2 S 3 , Y, YCl 3 and the like can be used as the Y source among the M sources.
- Y 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 2 S also serve as O sources.
- Y 2 S 3 and Y 2 O 2 S also serve as S sources.
- Gd source among the M sources, one or more of Gd 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 2 S, Gd 2 S 3 , Gd, GdCl 3 and the like can be used.
- Gd 2 O 3 and Gd 2 O 2 S also serve as O sources.
- Gd 2 S 3 and Gd 2 O 2 S also serve as S sources.
- the M sources as the Sm source, one or more of Sm 2 O 3 , Sm 2 O 2 S, Sm 2 S 3 , Sm, SmCl 3 and the like can be used.
- Sm 2 O 3 and Sm 2 O 2 S also serve as O sources.
- Sm 2 S 3 and Sm 2 O 2 S also serve as S sources.
- the Er source one or more of Er 2 O 3 , Er 2 O 2 S, Er 2 S 3 , Er, ErCl 3 and the like can be used.
- Er 2 O 3 and Er 2 O 2 S also serve as O sources.
- Er 2 S 3 and Er 2 O 2 S also serve as S sources.
- the Dy source one or more of Dy 2 O 3 , Dy 2 O 2 S, Dy 2 S 3 , Dy, DyCl 3 and the like can be used.
- Dy 2 O 3 and Dy 2 O 2 S also serve as O sources.
- Dy 2 S 3 and Dy 2 O 2 S also serve as S sources.
- Ti source one or more of TiO 2 , TiS 2 , Ti and the like can be used.
- TiO 2 also serves as an O source.
- TiS 2 also serves as an S source.
- the O source As the O source, as described above, it is preferable to use both the M source and the Ti source.
- the S source one or more of S, H 2 S and the like can be used.
- the technique of allowing H 2 S or the like to flow as a gas for reaction is one of the preferred modes for producing the photocatalyst of the present invention.
- M 2 S 3 , M 2 O 2 S, and TiS 2 are also S sources.
- the photocatalyst raw material thus obtained is mixed with one or more flux components selected from chlorides and/or iodides of Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. do.
- flux components include LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl 2 , MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 , SrCl 2 , BaCl 2 , LiI, NaI, KI, RbI 2 , MgI 2 , CaI 2 , SiI 2 and BaI 2 .
- the flux component may be one of these chlorides and/or iodides, or two or more of them.
- combinations of flux components to be mixed are preferably chlorides and iodides, such as LiCl and CaCl 2 , LiCl and KCl, LiCl and NaCl, MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 and SrCl 2 , It is also preferable to use a mixed flux component obtained by mixing MgCl 2 and BaCl 2 or LiCl and MgCl 2 at a molar ratio of 1:0.1 to 100.
- the mixing ratio of the flux component to the photocatalyst raw material is 0.01 to 50 times the mass ratio of the flux component to the photocatalyst raw material. If the flux component is less than 0.01 times the weight of the photocatalyst raw material, the flux component melted during firing does not spread throughout the photocatalyst raw material, and the reaction does not proceed sufficiently, resulting in a decrease in the purity of the desired photocatalyst. , good photocatalytic activity cannot be obtained.
- the mixing mass ratio of the flux component to the photocatalyst raw material is 0.01 times or more, preferably 0.1 times or more, and more preferably 0.5 times or more.
- the mixing mass ratio of the components of the flux is 50 times or less, preferably 40 times or less, and more preferably 30 times or less for handling purposes.
- the mixing of the flux component with the photocatalyst raw material is similar to the mixing of the photocatalyst raw material, as air and a small amount of moisture are mixed in, causing the generation of impurities such as oxide phases. It is preferable to carry out in the following glove box or the like.
- the firing temperature after mixing the flux component with the photocatalyst raw material is 450 to 1050°C. If the calcination temperature is too low, the added flux component will not melt and will not function as a flux, and the reaction will not proceed sufficiently, resulting in a decrease in the purity of the desired photocatalyst and inability to obtain good photocatalytic activity. Therefore, the firing temperature is 450° C. or higher, preferably 500° C. or higher, more preferably 550° C. or higher.
- the firing temperature is 1050° C. or lower, preferably 1000° C. or lower, more preferably 980° C. or lower.
- the calcination time varies depending on the calcination temperature, but if it is too short, an impurity phase will be generated and the purity of the desired photocatalyst will decrease, so there is a risk that the photocatalytic activity cannot be sufficiently improved. If it is too much, the photocatalyst particles grow and coarsen, the surface area of the particles decreases, and the surface area of the particles used for the photocatalytic reaction decreases, so there is a possibility that the photocatalytic activity cannot be sufficiently improved.
- the firing time is preferably 0.05 hours or more, particularly 0.5 hours or more, and 500 hours or less, particularly 300 hours or less.
- a more preferable firing condition is a firing temperature of 600 to 900°C for 1 to 200 hours, particularly 3 to 100 hours.
- the firing atmosphere it is preferable to perform the firing in a vacuum from the viewpoint of preventing side reactions.
- the photocatalyst obtained by calcination may be subjected to heat treatment by heating in air at a temperature of 100 to 300 ° C. for about 0.1 to 3 hours in order to oxidize and remove excess sulfur as necessary. good. After this heat treatment, it is preferable to remove sulfur oxides by washing with water and separate the photocatalyst into solid and liquid.
- the obtained photocatalyst may be subjected to an acid treatment in which it is brought into contact with an acid such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, aqua regia, etc. of about 20 to 80% by mass, if necessary. Impurities can be removed.
- an acid such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, aqua regia, etc. of about 20 to 80% by mass, if necessary. Impurities can be removed.
- the obtained photocatalyst may be subjected to granule regulating treatment such as pulverization and classification, if necessary.
- the particle size after pulverization is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more because it facilitates handling. On the other hand, by setting the particle size to 20 ⁇ m or less, the surface area of the catalyst is increased and the catalytic activity is improved, which is preferable.
- This particle size is calculated from the average value of the diameters of about 50 particles selected at random, for example, by taking a photograph with an SEM. When the particles after pulverization are largely out of a spherical shape, the particle diameter may be calculated by measuring the area equivalent diameter from a photograph.
- the obtained photocatalyst may be suspended in a cocatalyst-containing solution and subjected to MW (microwave) treatment as necessary.
- MW treatment for example, "Microwave synthesis Reactor Monowave 300" manufactured by Anton Paar may be used, and recommended conditions may be appropriately selected.
- the photocatalyst of the present invention produced in this way has excellent photocatalytic activity, and as is clear from the results of the examples given later, a 10% by volume methanol aqueous solution or a 20 mmol/L Na 2 S—Na 2 100 ⁇ mol or more, preferably 105 ⁇ mol or more, more preferably 120 ⁇ mol or more of hydrogen can be generated per hour by light irradiation with a 300 W xenon lamp ( ⁇ >420 nm) in an SO3 buffer solution, Either method may be used to fill the amount of hydrogen generated, but it is more preferable to fill with an aqueous solution of methanol having a concentration of 10% by volume.
- the photocatalyst of the present invention is effective as a water-splitting photocatalyst, exhibits particularly high photocatalytic activity, and can completely decompose water with a single electrode, that is, as a photocatalyst capable of completely decomposing water without the need for a counter electrode. .
- the method and apparatus for producing hydrogen and oxygen of the present invention are characterized by using the photocatalyst of the present invention to generate hydrogen and oxygen without using a sacrificial reagent. Moreover, by using the photocatalyst of the present invention, hydrogen and oxygen can be generated on the same electrode.
- a laminate in which a photocatalyst layer containing the photocatalyst of the present invention is provided on a substrate, or a composite containing the photocatalyst of the present invention is referred to as an electrode.
- the photocatalyst of the present invention exhibits sufficient photocatalytic activity by itself, but is preferably used together with a co-catalyst.
- the co-catalyst includes an oxidation reaction co-catalyst (oxygen generation side) and a reduction reaction co-catalyst (hydrogen generation side), and it is preferable to use one or both of these by supporting YTMOS.
- oxidation reaction co-catalyst metals of groups 2 to 14 of the periodic table, intermetallic compounds and alloys of these metals, or oxides, composite oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, sulfides, and oxysulfides thereof , or mixtures thereof.
- intermetallic compound means a compound formed from two or more kinds of metal elements, and the atomic ratio of the components constituting the intermetallic compound is not necessarily the stoichiometric ratio, and may have a wide composition range. say. "These oxides, composite oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, sulfides, and oxysulfides” are metals of groups 2 to 14 of the periodic table, intermetallic compounds of these metals, or oxides of alloys , composite oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, sulfides, and oxysulfides. "These mixtures” means a mixture of any two or more of the compounds exemplified above.
- the oxidation reaction promoter is preferably Mg, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Ce, Ta, W, Ir, Pt or Pb.
- metals of Groups 3 to 13 of the periodic table intermetallic compounds and alloys of these metals, or oxides, composite oxides, oxynitrides, sulfides, oxysulfides, carbides thereof, It is preferred to use either nitrides or mixtures thereof.
- the “intermetallic compound” is the same as above, and “these oxides, composite oxides, oxynitrides, sulfides, oxysulfides, carbides, and nitrides” refer to Periodic Table Nos. 3 to 13.
- the amount of the co-catalyst supported is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.01 mass % or more and 5 mass % or less, preferably 0.01 mass % or more and 5 mass % or less, based on YTMOS (100 mass %).
- the upper limit is 4% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, and the lower limit is 0.05% by mass or more.
- the amount of metal supported by the reduction reaction promoter is not particularly limited, but based on YTMOS (100% by mass), it is usually 0.01% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, preferably the upper limit is 15% by mass or less, more preferably The upper limit is 10% by mass or less.
- the term "amount of metal supported” refers to the amount of the metal element in the supported cocatalyst.
- the form of the photocatalyst is not particularly limited.
- the electrode for the photo-water splitting reaction is performed on a large scale, it is preferable to use the electrode for the photo-water splitting reaction from the viewpoint of promoting the water splitting reaction by applying a bias.
- a photocatalyst layer containing the photocatalyst of the present invention is formed on a substrate without applying a bias, utilizing the fact that the photocatalyst of the present invention can completely decompose water with the present catalyst alone.
- the provided laminate or composite containing the photocatalyst of the present invention can also be placed in water. Due to this aspect, it is possible to reduce the cost when used as an artificial photosynthesis device that uses a large area, such as ease of processing and handling, ease of maintenance, and industrially superior water decomposition device and oxygen generator. , a hydrogen generator, or an artificial photosynthesis system.
- the photo-water splitting reaction electrode can be produced by a known method. For example, it can be easily produced by a so-called particle transfer method (Chem. Sci., 2013, 4, 1120-1124).
- particle transfer method it is common to manufacture an electrode for photo-water splitting reaction by the following procedure. That is, photocatalyst particles are placed on a first base material such as glass to obtain a laminate of a photocatalyst layer and a first base material layer.
- a conductive layer (current collector) is provided on the surface of the photocatalyst layer of the obtained laminate by vapor deposition or the like.
- the photocatalyst particles on the conductive layer side surface layer of the photocatalyst layer are immobilized on the conductive layer.
- a second base material is adhered to the surface of the conductive layer, and the conductive layer and the photocatalyst layer are peeled off from the first base material layer. Since some of the photocatalyst particles are immobilized on the surface of the conductive layer, they are peeled off together with the conductive layer, resulting in a photowater-splitting reaction electrode having a photocatalyst layer, a conductive layer, and a second substrate layer. be able to.
- a slurry in which photocatalyst particles are dispersed may be applied to the surface of a current collector and dried to obtain an electrode for a photohydrolysis reaction, or photocatalyst particles and a current collector may be combined.
- the electrode for photo-water splitting reaction may be obtained by integrating by pressure molding or the like.
- a current collector may be immersed in a slurry in which photocatalyst particles are dispersed, and a voltage may be applied to collect the photocatalyst particles on the current collector by electrophoresis.
- the supporting of the co-catalyst may be carried out in a post-process.
- a laminate having a photo-semiconductor layer, a conductive layer, and a second base layer is obtained in a similar manner, and then the photo-semiconductor
- An electrode for a photo-water splitting reaction may be obtained by supporting oxide particles as a co-catalyst on the surface of the layer.
- the photocatalyst of the present invention or the above-described electrode for photowater decomposition reaction is immersed in water or an aqueous electrolyte solution, and the photocatalyst or electrode for photowater decomposition reaction is irradiated with light to perform photowater decomposition, thereby hydrogen and /or oxygen can be produced.
- a photocatalyst is immobilized on a current collector composed of a conductor to obtain an electrode for a photowater splitting reaction, while a conductor supporting a hydrogen generation catalyst is used as a counter electrode, and a liquid or gaseous conductor is used.
- Light is irradiated while supplying water in the form of water, and the water-splitting reaction proceeds.
- the water-splitting reaction can be promoted by providing a potential difference between the electrodes as necessary.
- an optical semiconductor supporting a hydrogen generation catalyst may be used as the counter electrode.
- the optical semiconductor a known optical semiconductor that catalyzes the hydrogen generation reaction can be used.
- an immobilized product in which photocatalyst particles are immobilized on an insulating base material, or a molded body in which photocatalyst particles are pressure-molded may be irradiated with light while supplying water to allow the water-splitting reaction to proceed.
- the photocatalyst particles may be dispersed in water or an aqueous electrolyte solution, and then irradiated with light to promote the water-splitting reaction. In this case, the reaction can be promoted by stirring as necessary.
- the photocatalyst of the present invention can completely decompose water by itself, it is not necessary to connect the oxygen generating electrode and the hydrogen generating electrode, and the photocatalyst is placed in water and water is supplied there. Hydrogen and oxygen can be produced if there are means and means for extracting hydrogen and/or oxygen. This simplifies the structure, and at the same time, it is possible to operate in half the area compared to arranging the oxygen generating electrode and the hydrogen generating electrode in parallel.
- the generated hydrogen and oxygen can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen using, for example, a zeolite membrane.
- the reaction conditions for producing hydrogen and/or oxygen are not particularly limited, for example, the reaction temperature is 0° C. or higher and 200° C. or lower, and the reaction pressure is 2 MPa (G) or lower.
- the irradiation light is visible light having a wavelength of 650 nm or less, or ultraviolet light.
- the light source of the irradiation light include the sun, a lamp capable of irradiating near-sunlight light such as a xenon lamp and a metal halide lamp, a mercury lamp, and an LED.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- a method for producing a photocatalyst having a composition represented by the following general formula (I), Consisting of one or more chlorides and/or iodides selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba as raw materials for the photocatalyst comprising a step of mixing a flux component in a mass ratio of 0.01 to 50 times and firing the mixture at 450 to 1050°C.
- [6] A method for producing hydrogen and oxygen by generating hydrogen and/or oxygen from the electrode produced by the method for producing an electrode according to [5].
- the present invention by using the photocatalyst of the present invention, hydrogen and/or oxygen can be efficiently produced by a photo-water splitting reaction. Therefore, the present invention is expected to contribute to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) advocated by the United Nations, such as Goal 7 "Affordable and clean energy”.
- SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
- ⁇ Activation process 2> Each photocatalyst was subjected to oxidation treatment in air and acid washing treatment as treatments for promoting catalytic activity.
- excess sulfur content was oxidized by heat treatment in air at 200° C. for 1 hour, and removed by washing with water.
- acid washing treatment after oxidation treatment in air, 400 mg of each powder was mixed and washed in 50% by weight sulfuric acid for 15 minutes to remove impurities adhering to the particle surfaces.
- ⁇ Hydrogen generation promoter supporting treatment 2> Each photocatalyst powder and an aqueous hexachloroplatinic (IV) acid solution were mixed at a concentration of 1% by weight of Pt metal with respect to each photocatalyst powder, and a 0.5 mg/mL NaBH 4 aqueous solution was added, followed by washing with water. .
- ⁇ Hydrogen generation promoter supporting treatment 3> Each photocatalyst powder and an aqueous hexachloroplatinic (IV) acid solution were mixed at a concentration of 1% by weight of Pt metal with respect to each photocatalyst powder, and a 0.5 mg/mL NaBH 4 aqueous solution was added, followed by washing with water. .
- the obtained powder was placed in a 10% by volume methanol aqueous solution, and a K 2 CrO 4 solution was added so that Cr metal was 0.5% by weight with respect to each photocatalyst powder, and the system was kept in an inert atmosphere. After that, light irradiation was performed for 2 hours. A 300 W xenon lamp ( ⁇ >300 nm) was used as the light source. After the reaction, each photocatalyst powder was washed with water to remove unreacted substances.
- ⁇ Hydrogen generation promoter supporting treatment 4> Each photocatalyst powder and iridium chloride hydrate were dispersed in distilled water at a ratio of 0.5% by weight of Ir metal with respect to each photocatalyst powder, and heated at 150° C. for 10 minutes in a microwave reactor manufactured by Anton Paar. , After removing unreacted substances by washing with water and filtering, the obtained powder was mixed with an aqueous solution of hexachloroplatinic (IV) acid at a concentration of 1% by weight of Pt metal with respect to each photocatalyst powder, and added to ethylene glycol. The mixture was dispersed, heated at 150° C.
- the degree of vacuum was about 4 ⁇ 10 4 Pa. After that, light irradiation was started and the amount of gas produced was measured. Analysis conditions were column (molecular sieve 5A), carrier gas (argon), and temperature (50 to 70°C). The test was carried out by sealing 150 mL of a 20 mmol/L Na 2 S—Na 2 SO 3 buffer aqueous solution in a cell with respect to 300 mg of the photocatalyst for evaluating hydrogen generation.
- ⁇ Hydrogen generation evaluation test 2> The prepared photocatalyst for evaluation of hydrogen generation was used to evaluate the photo-water splitting reaction performance.
- the photowater splitting reaction was carried out in a closed-system reaction apparatus equipped with an evacuation pump, a circulation pump, a cell containing a photocatalyst immobilized substance, a gas sampling valve, and a gas chromatograph analyzer (GC).
- GC gas chromatograph analyzer
- the degree of vacuum was about 4 ⁇ 10 4 Pa. After that, light irradiation was started and the amount of gas produced was measured. Analysis conditions were column (molecular sieve 5A), carrier gas (argon), and temperature (50 to 70°C). The test was carried out by sealing 150 mL of a 10% by volume methanol aqueous solution in a cell with respect to 300 mg of the photocatalyst for evaluating hydrogen generation.
- the target photocatalyst powder A was obtained by sufficiently washing and removing this with water and drying in a vacuum dryer at 40°C. After the photocatalyst powder A was subjected to the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 1 was performed, and the hydrogen generation evaluation test 1 was performed. It was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 450 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 2 After the photocatalyst powder A described in Example 1 was subjected to the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation promoter supporting treatment 4 was performed, and the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed. Confirmed that it was created.
- Example 3 A desired photocatalyst powder B was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was changed to 950°C. After the photocatalyst powder B was subjected to the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 1 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 1 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 250 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 4 A desired photocatalyst powder C was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was changed to 550°C. After the photocatalyst powder C was subjected to the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 1 was performed, and the hydrogen generation evaluation test 1 was performed. It was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 280 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 5 The desired photocatalyst powder D was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 2:1 was added to the photocatalyst raw material so that the mass ratio was 1 time. got After the photocatalyst powder D was subjected to the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 2400 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 6 The desired photocatalyst powder E was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 2:1 was added in an amount of 30 times the mass ratio of the photocatalyst raw material. Obtained. After the photocatalyst powder E was subjected to the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation promoter supporting treatment 4 was performed, and the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed. It was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 2360 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 7 The desired photocatalyst powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 2:1 was added in an amount of 0.5 times the mass ratio of the photocatalyst raw material. got F. After the photocatalyst powder F was subjected to the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 1010 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 8> The desired photocatalyst powder was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 2:1 was added so as to be 0.05 times the mass ratio of the photocatalyst raw material. got a G. After the photocatalyst powder G was subjected to the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed. It was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 275 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 9 A desired photocatalyst powder H was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the RbCl flux was added in an amount five times the mass of the photocatalyst raw material. After the photocatalyst powder H was subjected to activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed. It was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 640 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 10 The desired photocatalyst powder I was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the LiCl—KCl mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1 was added in an amount of 5 times the mass ratio of the photocatalyst raw material. rice field. After the photocatalyst powder I was subjected to the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 535 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 11 The desired photocatalyst powder J was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the LiCl-NaCl mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1 was added in an amount of 5 times the mass ratio of the photocatalyst raw material. rice field. After the photocatalyst powder J was subjected to the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed. It was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 110 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 12 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that a MgCl 2 -BaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1 was added so as to be 5 times the mass ratio of the photocatalyst raw material, and the mixture was calcined at 720°C.
- the desired photocatalyst powder K was obtained.
- the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 2 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 480 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 13 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that MgCl 2 -SrCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1 was added so as to be 5 times the mass ratio of the photocatalyst raw material, and the mixture was calcined at 720°C.
- the desired photocatalyst powder L was obtained.
- hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 2 was performed, and hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed. It was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 450 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 14 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that MgCl 2 -CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1 was added so as to be 5 times the mass ratio of the photocatalyst raw material, and the mixture was calcined at 720°C. The desired photocatalyst powder M was obtained. After the photocatalyst powder M was subjected to the activation treatment 1 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 2 was performed, and the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed. It was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 310 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 15 Raw material mixed powder (photocatalyst raw material) obtained by mixing Sm 2 O 3 , Sm 2 S 3 , and TiO 2 as raw materials for photocatalyst at a molar ratio of 1:2:6, and further mixing 5% by weight of S with respect to the total weight of raw materials.
- LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 2:1 was added to the photocatalyst raw material so that the mass ratio was 5 times, and the mixture was fired at 700 ° C. Then, the desired photocatalyst powder N was obtained.
- the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 1980 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 16 Er 2 O 3 , Er 2 S 3 , Gd 2 O 3 , Gd 2 S 3 and TiO 2 were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:2:1:2:12 as raw materials for the photocatalyst, and 5 of the total weight of the raw materials was mixed.
- a LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 2:1 was added to the raw material mixed powder (photocatalyst raw material) in which S was mixed at 5% by weight, so that the mass ratio was 5 times that of the photocatalytic raw material.
- the desired photocatalyst powder O was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for this.
- the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 1070 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 17 Dy 2 O 3 , Dy 2 S 3 , and TiO 2 as raw materials for the photocatalyst were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:2:6, and 5% by weight of S based on the total weight of the raw materials was added to the raw mixed powder.
- the desired photocatalyst powder P was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 1 was added in an amount of 5 times the mass ratio of the photocatalyst raw material. .
- the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed. bottom.
- Example 18 Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 S 3 , and TiO 2 as raw materials for the photocatalyst were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:2:6, and CaCl 2 was added to the raw material mixed powder, which was further mixed with 5% by weight of S based on the total weight of the raw materials.
- a desired photocatalyst powder Q was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the flux was added in an amount five times the mass of the photocatalyst raw material.
- the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 2 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 1 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 390 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 19 A desired photocatalyst powder R was obtained in the same manner as in Example 18, except that the MgCl 2 flux was added in an amount 5 times the mass of the photocatalyst raw material. After performing the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section on the photocatalyst powder R, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 3 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 860 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 20 Pr 2 O 3 , Pr 2 S 3 , Gd 2 O 3 , Gd 2 S 3 , and TiO 2 were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:2:1:2:12 as raw materials for the photocatalyst, and 5 of the total weight of the raw materials was mixed.
- a LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 2:1 was added to the raw material mixed powder (photocatalyst raw material) in which S was mixed at 5% by weight, so that the mass ratio was 5 times that of the photocatalytic raw material.
- a photocatalyst powder S of interest was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for this.
- the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 382 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Nd 2 O 3 , Nd 2 S 3 , Gd 2 O 3 , Gd 2 S 3 and TiO 2 were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:2:1:2:12 as raw materials for the photocatalyst, and 5 of the total weight of the raw materials was mixed.
- a LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 2:1 was added to the raw material mixed powder (photocatalyst raw material) in which S was mixed at 5% by weight, so that the mass ratio was 5 times that of the photocatalytic raw material.
- a photocatalyst powder T of interest was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for this.
- the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 391 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 22 Ho 2 O 3 , Ho 2 S 3 , Gd 2 O 3 , Gd 2 S 3 and TiO 2 were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:2:1:2:12 as raw materials for the photocatalyst, and 5 of the total weight of the raw materials was mixed.
- a LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 2:1 was added to the raw material mixed powder (photocatalyst raw material) in which S was mixed at 5% by weight, so that the mass ratio was 5 times that of the photocatalytic raw material.
- a photocatalyst powder U of interest was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for this.
- the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 962 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 23 As raw materials for the photocatalyst, Tb2O3 , Tb2S3 , Gd2O3 , Gd2S3 , and TiO2 were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:2:1:2:12, and 5% of the total weight of the raw materials was mixed. A LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux mixed at a molar ratio of 2:1 was added to the raw material mixed powder (photocatalyst raw material) in which S was mixed at 5% by weight, so that the mass ratio was 5 times that of the photocatalytic raw material. A photocatalyst powder V of interest was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for this.
- the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 435 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 5 The desired photocatalyst powder c was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the firing temperature was 400°C. After the photocatalyst powder c was subjected to the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section, the hydrogen generation promoter supporting treatment 1 was performed, and the hydrogen generation evaluation test 1 was performed. It was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 10 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 6 The desired photocatalyst powder d was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was 1200°C. After performing the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section on the photocatalyst powder d, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 1 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 1 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 40 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 7 A desired photocatalyst powder e was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that LiCl—CaCl 2 mixed flux was added in an amount of 0.005 times the mass ratio of the photocatalyst raw material, and the mixture was calcined at 700°C. rice field. After the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section was performed on the photocatalyst powder e, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 15 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 8 A desired photocatalyst powder f was obtained in the same manner as in Example 15 except that the CsCl flux was added so as to be five times the mass ratio of the photocatalyst raw material. After performing the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section on the photocatalyst powder f, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 20 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Example 9 The desired photocatalyst powder g was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the CsCl flux was added so as to be five times the mass of the photocatalyst raw material and the mixture was calcined at 700°C. After performing the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section on the photocatalyst powder g, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 4 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 10 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- the target photocatalyst powder h was obtained by sufficiently washing and removing this with water and drying in a vacuum dryer at 40°C. After performing the activation treatment 2 described in the previous section on the photocatalyst powder h, the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 2 was performed, and when the hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 was performed, it was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 25 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Y 2 O 3 , Y 2 S 3 , and TiO 2 as raw materials for the photocatalyst were mixed in a molar ratio of 1:2:6, and further mixed with 5% by weight of S based on the total weight of the raw materials.
- the tube was sealed while vacuum degassing was carried out at 100.degree. C., air was cut off, and sintering was carried out at 800.degree. C. for 96 hours to obtain a photocatalyst powder i.
- the hydrogen generation cocatalyst supporting treatment 2 was performed, and the hydrogen generation evaluation test 1 was performed. It was confirmed that hydrogen was generated at a rate of 90 ⁇ mol / h. bottom.
- Comparative Example 1 shows the results of hydrogen generation evaluation test 1 obtained by a conventional solid phase synthesis method (J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 8, 2637-2642) that does not use flux.
- Comparative Example 4 in which the was lowered, the hydrogen generation rate tended to increase, but the purity was significantly decreased (listed in Table 1). This is because the production reaction of Gd 2 Ti 2 O 5 S 2 does not proceed sufficiently due to the lower firing temperature.
- Example 1 although the reaction temperature was lower than in Comparative Examples 1 and 4, the desired Gd 2 Ti 2 O 5 S 2 was obtained with high purity (described in Table 1).
- the hydrogen generation rate in hydrogen generation evaluation test 2 tends to change significantly depending on the amount of flux added to the photocatalyst raw material. This is because if the amount of flux is not sufficiently large, the melted flux does not spread over the entire raw material, and the reaction does not proceed sufficiently. described in ), and it is considered that good photocatalytic activity cannot be obtained.
- the mixed mass ratio of the flux to the photocatalyst is 0.01 or more, and more preferably 0.1 or more.
- the flux mixing mass ratio is desirably 50 or less, more preferably 40 or less, in terms of handling.
- the influence of the flux species added to the photocatalyst raw material can be confirmed. From this result, it can be concluded that the flux species added to the Ln 2 Ti 2 O 5 S 2 raw material include many alkali-alkaline earths such as LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 , SrCl 2 and BaCl 2 . Chloride fluxes were effective. In addition, although there is a study on the synthesis of Sm 2 Ti 2 O 5 S 2 using CsCl, which is an alkali chloride flux, in existing studies (J. Phys. Chem.
- Comparative Example 10 was prepared under the same conditions, but the hydrogen production rate was poor. Therefore, it was confirmed that not all common flux materials are effective for the flux in the present invention, and it is important to use LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, MgCl2 , CaCl2 , SrCl2 , and BaCl2 . rice field.
- Examples 2, 15 to 17 and Comparative Examples 8 and 9 the above-discovered effective flux species are applied to various Ln 2 Ti 2 O 5 S 2 , but the Ln element is not limited to Gd, Sm, It is applicable to various elements such as Er and Dy, and is considered applicable to lanthanoid elements (Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm).
- the results of Y 2 Ti 2 O 5 S 2 shown in Examples 18 and 19 and Comparative Examples 11 and 12 also show that the hydrogen generation rate is remarkably improved, and the Y element is also applicable to the present invention. found.
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Abstract
Description
光触媒粒子上での酸性水溶液中における水の分解反応は、次のように推定されている。
H2O+2h+→1/2O2+2H+ (1)
2H++2e-→H2 (2)
該光触媒の原料に対して、Li、Na、K、Rb、Mg、Ca、Sr、及びBaから選ばれる1種又は2種以上の塩化物及び/又はヨウ化物の1種又は2種以上よりなるフラックス成分を0.01~50倍の質量比で混合し、450~1050℃で焼成する工程を含むことを特徴とする光触媒の製造方法。
MaTibOcSd …(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。)
MaTibOcSd …(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。)
MaTibOcSd…(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。)
本発明による光触媒を用いて、水を効率的に全分解して水素と酸素を製造することができる。
本発明による光触媒を用いて、水を効率的に全分解して水素と酸素を製造することができる。
また、本発明の光触媒は、下記の一般式(I)で示される組成の光触媒であって、10体積%濃度のメタノール水溶液または20mmol/LのNa2S-Na2SO3緩衝水溶液において、300Wキセノンランプ(λ>420nm)で光照射することにより、一時間に100μmol以上の水素を生成することを特徴とする。
MaTibOcSd …(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。)
以下において、本発明の光触媒の製造方法により製造される光触媒を含めて、本発明の光触媒を「本発明の光触媒」と称す。
本発明の光触媒は、下記一般式(I)で示される組成の光触媒である。
MaTibOcSd …(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。)
a、c、dは、Tiのモル数b=2に対して、a=1.8~2.2、c=4.8~5.2、d=1.8~2.2であることが好ましく、a=1.85~2.15、c=4.85~5.15、d=1.85~2.15であることがより好ましい。
本発明の光触媒は、M源、Ti源、O源、S源となる原料を前記式(I)を満たすように秤量して十分混合し、得られた混合物(光触媒原料)に特定のフラックス成分を所定の割合で混合し、所定の温度で焼成することにより製造することができる。
即ち、例えば、M源のうちY源としては、Y2O3、Y2O2S、Y2S3、Y、YCl3等の1種又は2種以上を用いることができる。ここで、Y2O3、Y2O2SはO源ともなる。また、Y2S3、Y2O2SはS源ともなる。
M源のうちGd源としては、Gd2O3、Gd2O2S、Gd2S3、Gd、GdCl3等の1種又は2種以上を用いることができる。ここで、Gd2O3、Gd2O2SはO源ともなる。また、Gd2S3、Gd2O2SはS源ともなる。
また、M源のうち、Sm源としては、Sm2O3、Sm2O2S、Sm2S3、Sm、SmCl3等の1種又は2種以上を用いることができる。ここで、Sm2O3、Sm2O2SはO源ともなる。また、Sm2S3、Sm2O2SはS源ともなる。
また、M源のうち、Er源としては、Er2O3、Er2O2S、Er2S3、Er、ErCl3等の1種又は2種以上を用いることができる。ここで、Er2O3、Er2O2SはO源ともなる。また、Er2S3、Er2O2SはS源ともなる。
また、M源のうち、Dy源としては、Dy2O3、Dy2O2S、Dy2S3、Dy、DyCl3等の1種又は2種以上を用いることができる。ここで、Dy2O3、Dy2O2SはO源ともなる。また、Dy2S3、Dy2O2SはS源ともなる。
フラックス成分は、これらの塩化物及び/又はヨウ化物の1種であってもよく、2種以上であってもよい。
フラックス成分が光触媒原料に対して0.01質量倍よりも少ないと、焼成時に溶融したフラックス成分が光触媒原料全体に行きわたらず、反応が十分に進行しないことから目的とする光触媒の純度が低下し、良好な光触媒活性が得られない。以上より、光触媒原料に対するフラックス成分の混合質量比は0.01倍以上であり、好ましくは0.1倍以上、より好ましくは0.5倍以上である。一方で、フラックス成分の混合質量比が多い場合、光触媒性能に悪影響はないが、反応容器が一定体積である場合、フラックス成分量が多ければ、光触媒原料の封入量が少なくなることから、目的の光触媒が得られる量も少なくなる。このことから、取り扱い上はフラックスの成分混合質量比は50倍以下であり、好ましくは40倍以下、より好ましくは30倍以下である。
粉砕後の粒径としては、特に限定されないが、1μm以上とすることにより取り扱いが容易になるために好ましい。一方、当該粒径を20μm以下とすることにより、触媒の表面積が増加し、触媒活性が向上するために好ましい。この粒径は、例えばSEMで写真を撮影し、無作為に粒子を50個程度選んで直径を測定し、その平均値から算出されるものである。粉砕後の粒子が球形から大きく外れている場合には、写真より粒子径を面積相当径で測定し、算出してもよい。
本発明の光触媒は、水分解用光触媒として有効であり、特に高い光触媒活性を示し、単独の電極で、つまり対極が不要で水の全分解が可能な光触媒として水の全分解を行うことができる。
本発明の水素及び酸素の製造方法及び製造装置は、本発明の光触媒を用いて、犠牲試薬を用いることなく水素と酸素とを発生させることを特徴とする。また、本発明の光触媒を用いることにより、水素と酸素とを同一の電極上で発生させることもできる。尚、本発明においては、基材上に本発明の光触媒を含む光触媒層を設けた積層体、あるいは本発明の光触媒を含む複合体を電極と称する。
ここでいう「金属担持量」とは、担持させた助触媒中の金属元素が占める量をいう。
或いは、その他の手法として、光触媒粒子が分散されたスラリーを集電体の表面に塗布して乾燥させることで、光水分解反応用電極を得てもよいし、光触媒粒子と集電体とを加圧成形等して一体化することで光水分解反応用電極を得てもよい。また、光触媒粒子が分散されたスラリー中に集電体を浸漬し、電圧を印可して光触媒粒子を電気泳動により集電体上に集積してもよい。
或いは、助触媒の担持を後工程で行うような形態であってもよい。例えば、上記した粒子転写法において、光触媒粒子ではなく光半導体粒子を用いて、同様の方法で光半導体層と導電層と第2の基材層とを有する積層体を得て、その後、光半導体層の表面に助触媒としての酸化物粒子を担持させることで、光水分解反応用電極を得てもよい。
本発明の光触媒は、これ単独で水の全分解をすることができるため、酸素発生用電極と水素発生用電極をつなぐことは必要なく、光触媒を水中に載置し、そこに水を供給する手段と、水素及び/又は酸素を取り出す手段があれば水素と酸素を製造することができる。
これにより構造が簡易になると同時に、酸素発生電極と水素発生電極を並列に並べることに比べ、半分の面積で稼働させることも可能である。発生した水素と酸素は、例えばゼオライト膜等を用いて水素と酸素に分離することができる。
照射光は650nm以下の波長を有する可視光、又は紫外光である。照射光の光源としては太陽や、キセノンランプ、メタルハライドランプ等の太陽光近似光を照射可能なランプ、水銀ランプ、LED等が挙げられる。
以上に説明した通り、本発明は、以下を要旨とする。
該光触媒の原料に対して、Li、Na、K、Rb、Mg、Ca、Sr、及びBaから選ばれる1種又は2種以上の塩化物及び/又はヨウ化物の1種又は2種以上よりなるフラックス成分を0.01~50倍の質量比で混合し、450~1050℃で焼成する工程を含むことを特徴とする光触媒の製造方法。
MaTibOcSd …(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。)
MaTibOcSd …(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。)
MaTibOcSd…(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。)
よって、本発明によれば、国連が提唱する持続可能な開発目標(SDGs)、例えば目標7「エネルギーをみんなに、そしてクリーンに」、の達成への貢献が期待される。
評価用光触媒の原料及び添加フラックスの一部では空気中の水分を吸着する性質があり、これにより焼成工程において封管容器が破裂し、目的の評価用光触媒が得られないことがある。以下の実施例では、上記の微量水分の混入を防ぐために、評価用光触媒の原料及び添加フラックスは窒素雰囲気下で露点-60℃以下のグローブボックス中に保存、混合調製を行い、反応容器(石英製)に封じ込めた上で、焼成することで、目的とする評価用光触媒を調製した。
以下の実施例及び比較例で合成した光触媒粉末は、活性化処理1,2のいずれか、水素生成助触媒担持処理1~4のいずれかを経て水素生成評価試験1又は2を行った。各工程の詳細を以下に示す。
<活性化処理1>
各光触媒について、触媒活性を促進させる処理として、空気中酸化処理を行った。
空気中酸化処理では、空気中200℃にて1時間熱処理することで過剰硫黄分を酸化処理し、水洗処理により除去を行った。
各光触媒について、触媒活性を促進させる処理として、空気中酸化処理及び酸洗浄処理を行った。
空気中酸化処理では、空気中200℃にて1時間熱処理することで過剰硫黄分を酸化処理し、水洗処理により除去を行った。
酸洗浄処理では、空気中酸化処理を行ったのち、各粉末400mgを50重量%濃度の硫酸中で15分間混合洗浄することで粒子表面に付着した不純物を除去した。
<水素生成助触媒担持処理1>
各光触媒粉末を20mmol/LのNa2S-Na2SO3緩衝水溶液中にて、RhCl3水溶液をRh金属が各光触媒粉末に対して2重量%となる濃度で添加し、系内を不活性雰囲気化に保った上で、3時間の可視光照射を行った。光源は300Wのキセノンランプ(λ>420nm)を使用した。反応後、各光触媒粉末は水洗処理により未反応物を除去した。
各光触媒粉末とヘキサクロロ白金(IV)酸水溶液をPt金属が各光触媒粉末に対して1重量%となる濃度で混合し、更に0.5mg/mL濃度のNaBH4水溶液を加えたのち水洗を行った。
各光触媒粉末とヘキサクロロ白金(IV)酸水溶液をPt金属が各光触媒粉末に対して1重量%となる濃度で混合し、更に0.5mg/mL濃度のNaBH4水溶液を加えたのち水洗を行った。得られた粉末を10体積%のメタノール水溶液中にて、K2CrO4溶液をCr金属が各光触媒粉末に対して0.5重量%となるよう添加し、系内を不活性雰囲気化に保った上で、2時間の光照射を行った。光源は300Wのキセノンランプ(λ>300nm)を使用した。反応後、各光触媒粉末は水洗処理により未反応物を除去した。
各光触媒粉末と塩化イリジウム水和物をIr金属が各光触媒粉末に対して0.5重量%となる比率で蒸留水に分散させ、Anton Paar社製マイクロ波リアクターにて150℃で10分間加熱し、水洗及び濾過により未反応物を除去したのち、得られた粉末に対しヘキサクロロ白金(IV)酸水溶液をPt金属が各光触媒粉末に対して1重量%となる濃度で混合し、エチレングリコール中に分散させ、Anton Paar社製マイクロ波リアクターにて150℃で10分間加熱し、水洗及び濾過により未反応物を除去した。得られた粉末を10体積%のメタノール水溶液中にて、K2CrO4溶液をCr金属が各光触媒粉末に対して0.5重量%となるよう添加し、系内を不活性雰囲気化に保ったうえで、2時間の光照射を行った。光源は300Wのキセノンランプ(λ>300nm)を使用した。反応後、各光触媒粉末は水洗処理により未反応物を除去した。
<水素生成評価試験1>
調製した水素生成評価用光触媒を用いて光水分解反応性能の評価を行った。光水分解反応は、真空排気用ポンプ、循環ポンプ、光触媒固定化物を入れるセル、気体採取バルブ、及びガスクロマトグラフ分析装置(GC)を備えた閉鎖系の反応装置で行った。光源は300Wのキセノンランプ(λ>420nm)を使用し、温度上昇を避けるためランプとセルとの間にはウォーターフィルタを設け、さらにセルは冷却水を用いて外側から冷却した。評価の際は、あらかじめ反応装置内を数回脱気した後、空気が残っていないことを確認した。真空度は4×104Pa程度とした。その後に光照射を開始し、ガスの生成量を測定した。分析条件はカラム(モレキュラーシーブ5A)、キャリアガス(アルゴン)、温度(50~70℃)とした。試験は水素生成評価用光触媒300mgに対して20mmol/LのNa2S-Na2SO3緩衝水溶液150mLをセルに封入し試験を実施した。
調製した水素生成評価用光触媒を用いて光水分解反応性能の評価を行った。光水分解反応は、真空排気用ポンプ、循環ポンプ、光触媒固定化物を入れるセル、気体採取バルブ、及びガスクロマトグラフ分析装置(GC)を備えた閉鎖系の反応装置で行った。光源は300Wのキセノンランプ(λ>420nm)を使用し、温度上昇を避けるためランプとセルとの間にはウォーターフィルタを設け、さらにセルは冷却水を用いて外側から冷却した。評価の際は、あらかじめ反応装置内を数回脱気した後、空気が残っていないことを確認した。真空度は4×104Pa程度とした。その後に光照射を開始し、ガスの生成量を測定した。分析条件はカラム(モレキュラーシーブ5A)、キャリアガス(アルゴン)、温度(50~70℃)とした。試験は水素生成評価用光触媒300mgに対して10体積%のメタノール水溶液150mLをセルに封入し試験を実施した。
調製した光触媒の純度の評価には下記のX線回折装置を用いて得られた回折図形の相同定を行い、強度比の値から算出した。
<X線回折装置>
装置:Rigaku社製SmartLab
線源:Cu-Kα線
測定範囲:10-90°
調製した光触媒のTiに対するSの表面元素組成比(S/Ti)の評価には下記のX線電子分光(XPS)分析装置を用い、光触媒の深さ方向10nmにて測定したS2sにおける放出光電子強度のピークと、Ti2p3/2における放出光電子強度のピークとの面積比として算出した。
<XPS分析装置>
装置:KRATOS ULTRA2
線源:単色化Al-Kα線,出力15kV-225W(15mA)
測定角度:90°(表面より)
エネルギー補正 C1s=284.6eV(CC,CH)
<実施例1>
光触媒の原料としてGd2O3、Gd2S3、TiO2を1:2:6のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の5重量%のSを混合した原料混合粉(光触媒原料)に、2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加し、十分に混合を行った後、石英ガラス中に真空脱気しながら封管を行い、空気と遮断したうえで、700℃で24時間焼成を行った。得られた試料は目的とする光触媒とフラックス成分が混在していることから、これを十分に水洗除去し、40℃の真空乾燥機で乾燥することで目的の光触媒粉末Aを得た。
光触媒粉末Aに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理1を行い、水素生成評価試験1を行ったところ、450μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
実施例1に記載の光触媒粉末Aに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、2500μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
焼成温度を950℃に変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って、目的の光触媒粉末Bを得た。
光触媒粉末Bに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理1を行い、水素生成評価試験1を行ったところ、250μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
焼成温度を550℃に変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って、目的の光触媒粉末Cを得た。
光触媒粉末Cに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理1を行い、水素生成評価試験1を行ったところ、280μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で1倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って、目的の光触媒粉末Dを得た。
光触媒粉末Dに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、2400μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で30倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Eを得た。
光触媒粉末Eに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、2360μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で0.5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Fを得た。
光触媒粉末Fに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、1010μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で0.05倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Gを得た。
光触媒粉末Gに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、275μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
RbClフラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Hを得た。
光触媒粉末Hに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、640μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
1:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-KCl混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Iを得た。
光触媒粉末Iに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、535μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
1:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-NaCl混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Jを得た。
光触媒粉末Jに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、110μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
1:1のモル比で混合したMgCl2-BaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加し、720℃で焼成したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Kを得た。
光触媒粉末Kに前項記載の活性化処理1を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理2を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、480μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
1:1のモル比で混合したMgCl2-SrCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加し、720℃で焼成したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Lを得た。
光触媒粉末Lに前項記載の活性化処理1を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理2を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、450μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
1:1のモル比で混合したMgCl2-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加し、720℃で焼成したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Mを得た。
光触媒粉末Mに前項記載の活性化処理1を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理2を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、310μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
光触媒の原料としてSm2O3、Sm2S3、TiO2を1:2:6のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の5重量%のSを混合した原料混合粉(光触媒原料)に、2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加し、700℃で焼成したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Nを得た。
光触媒粉末Nに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、1980μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
光触媒の原料としてEr2O3、Er2S3、Gd2O3、Gd2S3、TiO2を1:2:1:2:12のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の5重量%のSを混合した原料混合粉(光触媒原料)に、2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Oを得た。
光触媒粉末Oに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、1070μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
光触媒の原料としてDy2O3、Dy2S3、TiO2を1:2:6のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の5重量%のSを混合した原料混合粉に、2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Pを得た。
光触媒粉末Pに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、280μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
光触媒の原料としてY2O3、Y2S3、TiO2を1:2:6のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の5重量%のSを混合した原料混合粉に、CaCl2フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Qを得た。
光触媒粉末Qに前項記載の活性化処理1を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理2を行い、水素生成評価試験1を行ったところ、390μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
MgCl2フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例18と同様に行って、目的の光触媒粉末Rを得た。
光触媒粉末Rに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理3を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、860μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
光触媒の原料としてPr2O3、Pr2S3、Gd2O3、Gd2S3、TiO2を1:2:1:2:12のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の5重量%のSを混合した原料混合粉(光触媒原料)に、2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Sを得た。
光触媒粉末Sに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、382μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
光触媒の原料としてNd2O3、Nd2S3、Gd2O3、Gd2S3、TiO2を1:2:1:2:12のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の5重量%のSを混合した原料混合粉(光触媒原料)に、2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Tを得た。
光触媒粉末Tに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、391μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
光触媒の原料としてHo2O3、Ho2S3、Gd2O3、Gd2S3、TiO2を1:2:1:2:12のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の5重量%のSを混合した原料混合粉(光触媒原料)に、2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Uを得た。
光触媒粉末Uに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、962μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
光触媒の原料としてTb2O3、Tb2S3、Gd2O3、Gd2S3、TiO2を1:2:1:2:12のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の5重量%のSを混合した原料混合粉(光触媒原料)に、2:1のモル比で混合したLiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末Vを得た。
光触媒粉末Vに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、435μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
光触媒の原料としてGd2O3、Gd2S3、TiO2を1:2:6のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の5重量%のSを混合した原料混合粉を石英ガラス中に真空脱気しながら封管を行い、空気と遮断したうえで、1100℃で96時間焼成を行い、光触媒粉末aを得た。
光触媒粉末aに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理1を行い、水素生成評価試験1を行ったところ、20μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
比較例1記載の光触媒粉末aに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験1及び水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、それぞれ60μmol/h、15μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
比較例1記載の光触媒粉末aに前項記載の活性化処理1を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理2を行い、水素生成評価試験1及び水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、それぞれ10μmol/h、3μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
焼成温度を800℃としたこと以外は比較例1と同様に行って光触媒粉末bを得た。
光触媒粉末bに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理1を行い、水素生成評価試験1を行ったところ、40μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
焼成温度を400℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って、目的の光触媒粉末cを得た。
光触媒粉末cに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理1を行い、水素生成評価試験1を行ったところ、10μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
焼成温度を1200℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って、目的の光触媒粉末dを得た。
光触媒粉末dに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理1を行い、水素生成評価試験1を行ったところ、40μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
LiCl-CaCl2混合フラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で0.005倍量となるように添加し、700℃で焼成したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末eを得た。
光触媒粉末eに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、15μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
CsClフラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加したこと以外は実施例15と同様に行って、目的の光触媒粉末fを得た。
光触媒粉末fに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、20μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
CsClフラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加し、700℃で焼成したこと以外は実施例1と同様に行って目的の光触媒粉末gを得た。
光触媒粉末gに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理4を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、10μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
光触媒の原料としてGd2O3、TiO2、TiS2を1:1:1のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の10モル%のSを混合した原料混合粉(光触媒原料)に、CsClフラックスを光触媒原料に対して質量比で5倍量となるように添加し、十分に混合を行った後、空気を排除した管状炉にてH2Sを流通させ、875℃で5時間焼成を行った。得られた試料は目的とする光触媒とフラックス成分が混在していることから、これを十分に水洗除去し、40℃の真空乾燥機で乾燥することで目的の光触媒粉末hを得た。
光触媒粉末hに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理2を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、25μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
光触媒の原料としてY2O3、Y2S3、TiO2を1:2:6のモル比で混合し、更に原料の総重量の5重量%のSを混合した原料混合粉を石英ガラス中に真空脱気しながら封管を行い、空気と遮断したうえで、800℃で96時間焼成を行い、光触媒粉末iを得た。
光触媒粉末iに前項記載の活性化処理1を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理2を行い、水素生成評価試験1を行ったところ、90μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
比較例11記載の光触媒粉末iに前項記載の活性化処理2を行った後、水素生成助触媒担持処理3を行い、水素生成評価試験2を行ったところ、10μmol/hの速度で水素が生成されたことを確認した。
表1より以下のことが分かる。
比較例1ではフラックスを用いない従来の固相合成法(J.Phys.Chem.B 2004,108,8,2637-2642)で得られる水素生成評価試験1の結果を示しているが、焼成温度を下げた比較例4では水素の生成速度が上昇する傾向が確認されるものの、その純度は大幅に低下した(表1記載)。これは焼成温度の低下によりGd2Ti2O5S2の生成反応が十分に進行しないためである。
一方で実施例1では比較例1、4と比較して、更に反応温度が低いものの目的とするGd2Ti2O5S2を高純度で得られ(表1記載)、水素生成評価試験1における水素生成速度も大幅に上昇している。
実施例1、3、4及び比較例5、6より、焼成温度により水素生成評価試験1における水素生成速度が顕著に変化する傾向が確認できた。これは焼成温度が低すぎれば添加したフラックス成分が溶融せず、フラックスとして機能せず、反応が十分に進行しないことから目的とするGd2Ti2O5S2の純度が低下(表1の純度に記載)し、良好な光触媒活性が得られないと考えられる。一方で焼成温度が高すぎれば、酸化物不純物相が生成して純度が低下し、同様に光触媒活性の低下が起こるものと考えられる。以上から、焼成温度は好ましくは450℃以上かつ1050℃以下であり、より好ましくは500℃以上かつ1000℃以下である。
また実施例18、19及び比較例11、12に示したY2Ti2O5S2における結果においても、水素生成速度が顕著に向上しており、Y元素も本発明の適用が可能だと判明した。
MaTibOcSd …(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。)
Claims (18)
- 下記の一般式(I)で示される組成の光触媒の製造方法であって、
該光触媒の原料に対して、Li、Na、K、Rb、Mg、Ca、Sr、及びBaから選ばれる1種又は2種以上の塩化物及び/又はヨウ化物の1種又は2種以上よりなるフラックス成分を0.01~50倍の質量比で混合し、450~1050℃で焼成する工程を含むことを特徴とする光触媒の製造方法。
MaTibOcSd …(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。) - 前記焼成後に酸洗浄する請求項1に記載の光触媒の製造方法。
- 前記光触媒が、水の全分解に使用される光触媒である請求項1又は2に記載の光触媒の製造方法。
- 請求項1~3の何れか一項に記載の光触媒の製造方法により製造された光触媒を固定化した固定化物、又は、成形した成形体、を用いて水素と酸素を発生させる水素及び酸素の製造方法。
- 請求項1~3の何れか一項に記載の光触媒の製造方法により製造された光触媒を用いる電極の作製方法。
- 請求項5に記載の電極の作製方法により作製された電極により水素及び/又は酸素を発生させる水素及び酸素の製造方法。
- 下記の一般式(I)で示される組成の光触媒であって、10体積%濃度のメタノール水溶液または20mmol/LのNa2S-Na2SO3緩衝水溶液において、300Wキセノンランプ(λ>420nm)で光照射することにより、一時間に100μmol以上の水素を生成することを特徴とする光触媒。
MaTibOcSd …(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。) - 前記光触媒が、水の全分解に使用される光触媒である請求項7に記載の光触媒。
- 請求項7又は8に記載の光触媒を固定化した固定化物、又は、成形した成形体、を用いて水素と酸素を発生させる水素及び酸素の製造装置。
- 請求項7又は8に記載の光触媒を用いて作製された電極。
- 請求項10に記載の電極により水素及び/又は酸素を発生させる水素及び酸素の製造装置。
- 下記の一般式(I)で示される組成の光触媒であって、XPS測定により得られるTiに対するSの表面元素組成比(S/Ti)が0.50~1.08の範囲にあることを特徴とする光触媒。
MaTibOcSd…(I)
(ただし、MはPr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm及びYから選ばれる1種又は2種以上を組み合わせたものであり、a=1.7~2.3、b=2、c=4.7~5.3、d=1.7~2.3の数である。) - 前記XPS測定により得られるTiに対するSの表面元素組成比(S/Ti)が0.50~0.95である請求項12に記載の光触媒。
- 前記XPS測定により得られるTiに対するSの表面元素組成比(S/Ti)が0.80~0.95である請求項12又は13に記載の光触媒。
- 前記光触媒が、水の全分解に使用される光触媒である請求項12~14の何れか一項に記載の光触媒。
- 請求項12~14の何れか一項に記載の光触媒を固定化した固定化物、又は、成形した成形体、を用いて水素と酸素を発生させる水素及び酸素の製造装置。
- 請求項12~14の何れか一項に記載の光触媒を用いて作製された電極。
- 請求項17に記載の電極により水素及び/又は酸素を発生させる水素及び酸素の製造装置。
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| KR20250087461A (ko) | 2023-12-07 | 2025-06-16 | 신에쓰 가가꾸 고교 가부시끼가이샤 | Y2Ti2O5S2의 제조 방법 |
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