WO2023108792A1 - 一种具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统 - Google Patents

一种具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统 Download PDF

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WO2023108792A1
WO2023108792A1 PCT/CN2021/141113 CN2021141113W WO2023108792A1 WO 2023108792 A1 WO2023108792 A1 WO 2023108792A1 CN 2021141113 W CN2021141113 W CN 2021141113W WO 2023108792 A1 WO2023108792 A1 WO 2023108792A1
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fuel cell
heat exchanger
cell system
inlet
energy recovery
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PCT/CN2021/141113
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English (en)
French (fr)
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刘万辉
赵雪源
余睿
易法兵
万德鑫
李子君
熊振宇
张云
吉鹏宇
熊豪利
陈果
余潇
邓志凯
张蓓
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中车株洲电机有限公司
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Publication of WO2023108792A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023108792A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04052—Storage of heat in the fuel cell system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/10—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D25/00—Pumping installations or systems
    • F04D25/02—Units comprising pumps and their driving means
    • F04D25/06—Units comprising pumps and their driving means the pump being electrically driven
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of fuel cells, in particular to a fuel cell system with an energy recovery module.
  • Hydrogen fuel cell technology generates electricity through the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen, and the product is water at the same time, without any pollutants and carbon dioxide emissions. It is a truly pollution-free green energy. Intermittent and unstable problems exist in solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy, and it is difficult to directly connect the generated electric energy to the grid. If these unstable clean electric energy are used to electrolyze water to generate hydrogen, and store this energy through hydrogen, Finally, these energies are utilized through hydrogen fuel cell technology, and these energies will become stable, reliable and pollution-free green energy.
  • the currently widely used fuel cell technology usually adopts the proton exchange membrane fuel cell system.
  • the proton exchange membrane fuel cell has a low operating temperature, good start-up performance and high power density, and is becoming the mainstream technical solution for fuel cell vehicles. It is mainly composed of four parts: fuel cell stack, air supply subsystem, hydrogen supply subsystem and thermal management system.
  • Proton exchange membrane fuel cells convert chemical energy into electricity and water while releasing a large amount of heat.
  • the air entering the fuel cell stack needs to be compressed by an air compressor to reach a certain pressure.
  • the air compressor consumes The electric energy will account for about 15% of the electric stack output electric energy.
  • the working principle of the two-stage air compressor is that the motor drives the two-stage compressor impeller to rotate at high speed to compress the air.
  • the temperature of the air compressed by the two-stage air compressor is usually high, which is much higher than the reaction temperature required by the fuel cell stack.
  • the air with suitable temperature, humidity, pressure and flow will enter the fuel cell stack to react with hydrogen.
  • the energy consumption of air compressors is also increasing, which limits the further improvement of the efficiency of fuel cells.
  • the purpose of this application is to provide a fuel cell system with an energy recovery module, which can fully recover waste heat from the stack and compressed air, and improve the efficiency of the fuel cell system.
  • the present application provides a fuel cell system with an energy recovery module, including a fuel cell stack, a first gas supply module connected to the anode inlet of the fuel cell stack and used for supplying reducing gas, connected to The cathode air inlet of the fuel cell stack is used to supply the compressed gas supply module of oxygen/air, and the organic working medium circulation power generation module;
  • the compressed air supply module includes an air compressor unit and a compressed air supply pipeline connecting the air compressor unit and the cathode air inlet, the compressed air supply pipeline is connected to an intercooler, and the intercooler and the A second heat exchanger is connected in series between the air compressor units, the primary side of the second heat exchanger is connected in series with the compressed air supply pipeline, and the secondary side of the second heat exchanger is connected in series
  • the organic working fluid cycle power generation module includes an air compressor unit and a compressed air supply pipeline connecting the air compressor unit and the cathode air inlet, the compressed air supply pipeline is connected to an intercooler, and the intercooler and the A second heat exchanger is connected in series between the air compressor units, the primary side of the second heat exchanger is connected in series with the compressed air supply pipeline, and the secondary side of the second heat exchanger is connected in series
  • the organic working fluid cycle power generation module is provided.
  • a humidifier is provided between the intercooler and the cathode air inlet.
  • the organic working medium circulation power generation module includes a first expansion turbine, a generator, a condenser, an organic working medium pump and the first heat exchanger, and the secondary side inlet of the first heat exchanger is connected to The outlet of the organic working medium pump, the secondary side outlet of the second heat exchanger is connected to the inlet of the first expansion turbine, the outlet of the first expansion turbine is connected to the condenser, and the first expansion turbine The turbine is coaxially connected with the generator.
  • the reducing gas is hydrogen
  • the first gas supply module includes a hydrogen tank, a first gas supply pipeline connecting the hydrogen tank and the anode inlet, and is arranged in the first gas supply pipeline A pressure regulating valve, and a hydrogen circulation device arranged between the pressure regulating valve and the anode inlet.
  • the first gas supply module further includes a hydrogen recovery pipeline, both ends of the hydrogen recovery pipeline are respectively connected to the anode exhaust port of the fuel cell and the hydrogen circulation device.
  • the air compressor unit includes a drive motor and a two-stage compressor impeller connected to the drive motor.
  • the heat management module includes a coolant circulation pipeline, a coolant circulation pump and a coolant radiator arranged in the coolant circulation pipeline.
  • a first heat exchanger is connected in series before the inlet of the cooling liquid radiator, the primary side of the first heat exchanger is connected in series with the cooling liquid circulation pipeline, and the two sides of the first heat exchanger The secondary side is connected in series between the outlet of the organic working medium pump and the secondary side inlet of the second heat exchanger.
  • it also includes a cathode exhaust pipe connected to the cathode exhaust port of the fuel cell stack, the cathode exhaust pipe is connected to a second expansion turbine, and the second expansion turbine is driven by the air compressor unit connect.
  • the fuel cell system with energy recovery module uses the second heat exchanger to absorb the high-grade heat of the compressed air compressed by the air compressor unit before the compressed air enters the intercooler, and uses the organic
  • the working fluid circulation power generation module generates electricity to realize high-grade heat recovery, and the generated electric energy can be used to drive the operation of the air compressor unit, reduce the actual energy consumption of the air compressor unit, or be used for other electric components of the vehicle; the second heat exchanger replaces During the heating process, the temperature of the compressed air is reduced, so that the compressed air can be cooled by a smaller-sized intercooler to meet the temperature and pressure requirements of the fuel cell's cathode intake air.
  • the above-mentioned fuel cell system reduces system energy consumption and system volume by recovering high-grade heat from compressed air/oxygen, and can significantly improve system efficiency.
  • the fuel cell system with the energy recovery module provided by the present application is also used to recover the heat of the heat management system, that is, the heat generated during the operation of the fuel cell stack, so as to improve the efficiency of the fuel cell system and ensure fuel The battery stack operates safely; in addition, the fuel cell system can also recover the energy of the cathode exhaust of the fuel cell stack, and use the expansion of the cathode exhaust to do work to assist in driving the air compressor unit, reducing the energy consumption of the air compressor unit, and further improving the efficiency of the fuel cell. efficiency.
  • Fig. 1 is a system diagram of a fuel cell system with an energy recovery module provided by an embodiment of the present application
  • Fig. 2 is a system diagram of a fuel cell system with an energy recovery module provided by another embodiment of the present application.
  • 1-fuel cell stack 2-second expansion turbine, 3-drive motor, 4-two-stage compressor impeller, 5-compression air supply pipeline, 6-second heat exchanger, 7-intercooler, 8-humidification Device, 9-hydrogen tank, 10-pressure regulating valve, 11-hydrogen circulation device, 12-first gas supply pipeline, 13-hydrogen recovery pipeline, 14-coolant circulation pump, 15-coolant radiator, 16-the first A heat exchanger, 17-coolant circulation pipeline, 18-organic working medium pump, 19-first expansion turbine, 20-generator, 21-condenser, 22-cathode exhaust pipe.
  • the fuel cell system with the energy recovery module provided by the embodiment of the present application can fully recover the high-grade waste heat of the compressed gas during the operation of the system, the waste heat and pressure potential energy of the exhaust gas, and the heat generated during the operation of the fuel cell stack 1, Reduce the energy consumption of the air compressor unit and improve the efficiency of the fuel cell system.
  • a fuel cell system with an energy recovery module provided by an embodiment of the present application is shown in Figure 1.
  • the fuel cell system includes a fuel cell stack 1, a first gas supply module, a compressed gas supply module, and a second heat exchanger 6 And organic working fluid cycle power generation module.
  • Fuel cell stack 1 is the reaction place between fuel or reducing gas and oxidizing gas, and is the heart of the fuel cell system, mainly composed of double-stage plates, membrane electrodes, seals, fasteners, etc.
  • the specific setting can refer to the existing technical standards; the first gas supply module is used to supply reducing gas such as hydrogen to the anode inlet of the fuel cell stack 1, and the compressed gas supply module is used to supply the cathode of the fuel cell
  • the air inlet provides air or oxygen at a certain pressure and flow.
  • the pressure of the air or oxygen compressed by the compressed air supply module meets the intake demand of the cathode air inlet, the temperature is too high, so it needs to be cooled by the intercooler 7, and usually needs to be humidified by the humidifier 8, while the first
  • the function of the second heat exchanger 6 is to use the primary side of the second heat exchanger 6 to absorb the heat of the compressed air before the compressed air enters the intercooler 7, and recover the heat to the organic process through heat exchange between the primary side and the secondary side.
  • the mass cycle power generation module uses high-grade heat to generate power, reduces system heat loss, and improves system efficiency.
  • the compressed air supply module includes an air compressor unit and a compressed air supply pipeline 5.
  • the air compressor unit usually uses a drive motor 3 to directly drive the two-stage compressor impeller 4, and one end of the compressed air supply pipeline 5 is connected to the two-stage compressor impeller 4. , and the other end is connected to the positive air inlet.
  • the anode inlet is used to feed in hydrogen
  • the first gas supply module corresponds to a hydrogen tank 9, a first gas supply pipeline 12, a pressure regulating valve 10 and a hydrogen circulation device 11, and the first gas supply module
  • the pipeline 12 connects the anode inlet of the hydrogen tank 9 and the fuel cell stack 1, and the pressure in the hydrogen tank 9 can usually reach 70MPa, so the first gas supply pipeline 12 is also provided with a pressure regulating valve 10, a pressure regulating valve 10 and a pressure regulating valve 10.
  • a hydrogen gas circulation device 11 is connected to the first gas supply pipeline 12 between the anode gas inlets, and the hydrogen gas is supplied to the anode gas inlets through the hydrogen gas circulation device 11 .
  • a hydrogen recovery pipeline 13 is also connected between the anode exhaust port of the fuel cell stack 1 and the other inlet of the hydrogen circulation device 11, and the incompletely reacted hydrogen is reintroduced by the suction effect of the hydrogen circulation device 11.
  • the fuel cell stack 1 reacts to increase the hydrogen reaction rate.
  • the power generation principle of the organic working medium circulation power generation module is as follows, the organic working medium circulation power generation module includes a first expansion turbine 19, a generator 20, a condenser 21, an organic working medium pump 18 and a second heat exchanger 6 , the organic working medium pump 18 is used to drive the organic working medium to circulate in the organic working medium circulation power generation module, and the liquid organic working medium flows out from the outlet of the organic working medium pump 18 and enters the inlet of the second heat exchanger 6 to absorb compressed air After the high-grade heat, the organic working fluid is converted into high-temperature and high-pressure gaseous organic working fluid, which flows from the secondary side outlet of the second heat exchanger 6 to the inlet of the first expansion turbine 19, pushing the first expansion turbine 19 to rotate, and the first expansion turbine The turbine 19 rotates and drives the generator 20 to generate electricity.
  • the high-temperature and high-pressure gaseous organic working medium is transformed into a low-temperature and low-pressure gaseous organic working medium in the first expansion turbine 19, and is converted from the outlet of the first expansion turbine 19 to the inlet of the condenser 21. It is a low-temperature and low-pressure liquid organic working medium, and is then pushed by the organic working medium pump 18 to enter the next round of circulation to do work.
  • the fuel cell system provided by the embodiment of the present application further includes a thermal management module and a first heat exchanger 16 , the thermal management module is used to monitor the temperature of the fuel cell stack 1 and cool it down.
  • the thermal management module includes a coolant circulation pipeline 17, a coolant circulation pump 14 and a coolant radiator 15 connected to the coolant circulation pipeline 17, and also includes a temperature sensor and a control mechanism, and the temperature sensor is used to monitor the fuel cell stack 1 temperature, the control mechanism controls the operating frequency of the coolant circulation pump 14 and the coolant radiator 15 according to the current temperature, so that the coolant circulates in the coolant circulation pipe 17 .
  • the temperature of the coolant before entering the coolant radiator 15 can usually reach 80-90°C, and the fuel cell can be cooled again only after the coolant circulation pump 14 is driven to enter the coolant radiator 15 to dissipate heat.
  • the first heat exchanger 16 is connected in series in the coolant circulation pipe 17, and the heat of the coolant is absorbed by the first heat exchanger 16, and the secondary heat that enters the second heat exchanger 6 is eliminated.
  • the liquid organic working fluid before the side is preheated, and the low-grade waste heat is used to improve the power generation efficiency of the organic working fluid cycle power generation module.
  • the primary side of the first heat exchanger 16 is connected in series between the outlet of the coolant circulation pump 14 and the inlet of the coolant radiator 15, and the secondary side of the first heat exchanger 16 is connected in series with the outlet of the organic working medium pump 18 and the secondary side inlet of the second heat exchanger 6.
  • another embodiment of the present application provides a fuel cell system with an energy recovery module that further includes a second expansion turbine 2 and an air inlet connected to the cathode exhaust port and the second expansion turbine 2
  • the cathode exhaust pipe 22 between them.
  • the cathode exhaust gas after the reaction is introduced into the second expansion turbine 2 through the cathode exhaust pipe 22, and the second expansion turbine 2 is driven to perform work.
  • the second expansion turbine 2 and the two-stage compressor impeller 4 of the air compressor unit The coaxial connection assists in driving the rotation of the two-stage compressor impeller 4, reduces the power consumption of the driving motor 3, and improves the efficiency of the fuel cell system.
  • the first gas supply module can not only use hydrogen for gas supply, but also fuel gas such as methane; in a broad sense, the first gas supply module can also be the first gas supply module
  • the module can provide reducing materials to the anode of the fuel cell stack 1. For example, it can be gaseous or liquid methanol.
  • the systems all belong to the protection scope of this application.
  • the boiling point of the organic working medium circulating in the above-mentioned organic working medium circulation power generation module needs to ensure that the organic working medium that absorbs the high-grade heat of the compressed air and the heat of the heat management module can be fully gasified when it enters the first expansion turbine 19.
  • the organic working fluid can be one of R123, R245fa, ethyl chloride, propane, n-butane and isobutane, or other organic working fluids that meet the cycle requirements.
  • a gas-liquid separator can be arranged between the inlets of the first expansion turbine 19 and the second expansion turbine 2 as required, which will not be repeated in this application.

Abstract

一种具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统，包括燃料电池电堆，连接所述燃料电池电堆的阳极进气口并用于供应还原气体的第一供气模块，连接所述燃料电池电堆的阴极进气口并用于供应氧气/空气的压缩供气模块，以及有机工质循环发电模块；所述压缩供气模块包括空压机组以及连接所述空压机组和所述阴极进气口的压缩供气管道，所述压缩供气管道连接中冷器，所述中冷器和所述空压机组之间串接有第二换热器，所述第二换热器的一次侧串接于所述压缩供气管道，所述第二换热器的二次侧串接于所述有机工质循环发电模块。

Description

一种具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统
本申请要求于2021年12月16日提交中国专利局、申请号为202111543417.9、发明名称为“一种具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本申请涉及燃料电池领域，特别涉及一种具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统。
背景技术
随着全球气候变化以及环境污染的日益加剧，降低化石燃料的使用比率，提高新能源的使用比率正成为全球各国的必然选择。
氢燃料电池技术通过氧气和氢气反应，产生电能，同时产物为水，没有任何污染物及二氧化碳排放，是一种真正的无污染绿色能源。太阳能、风能以及地热能等存在间歇性、不稳定的问题，发出的电能很难直接与电网连接，而如果把这些不稳定的清洁电能用来电解水产生氢气，通过氢气将这些能量储存起来，最后通过氢燃料电池技术把这些能量利用起来，这些能源将变成稳定、可靠且无污染的绿色能源。
当前应用较广泛的燃料电池技术通常采用质子交换膜燃料电池系统，质子交换膜燃料电池具有较低的工作温度，良好的启动性能以及较高的功率密度，正在成为燃料电池汽车的主流技术方案。其主要由燃料电池电堆、空气供应子系统、氢气供应子系统以及热管理系统四部分组成。质子交换膜燃料电池将化学能转换为电能和水的同时，将释放大量的热量。同时为了减少贵金属催化剂的使用，同时达到较高的反应效率，进入燃料电池电堆的空气需要经过空压机进行压缩以达到一定的压力，而作为空气供应子系统的核心部件，空压机消耗的电能将占到电堆输出电能的15％左右。空气经过空压机的压缩将变为高温高压的空气，而反应后的空气还具有较高的压力。双级空压机工作原理为通过电机带动双级压气叶轮高速旋转从而压缩空气，被双级空压机压缩出来的空气温度通常较高，该温度远高于燃 料电池电堆所需要的反应温度，经过中冷、增湿等单元后，最后温度、湿度、压力、流量适宜的空气将进入燃料电池电堆与氢气进行反应。在目前车用燃料电池朝着大功率方向发展的背景下，空压机的能耗也越来越大，限制了燃料电池的效率的进一步提升。
发明内容
本申请的目的是提供一种具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统，该燃料电池系统能够充分回收电堆以及压缩空气余热，提升燃料电池系统的效率。
为实现上述目的，本申请提供一种具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统，包括燃料电池电堆，连接所述燃料电池电堆的阳极进气口并用于供应还原气体的第一供气模块，连接所述燃料电池电堆的阴极进气口并用于供应氧气/空气的压缩供气模块，以及有机工质循环发电模块；
所述压缩供气模块包括空压机组以及连接所述空压机组和所述阴极进气口的压缩供气管道，所述压缩供气管道连接中冷器，所述中冷器和所述空压机组之间串接有第二换热器，所述第二换热器的一次侧串接于所述压缩供气管道，所述第二换热器的二次侧串接于所述有机工质循环发电模块。
可选地，所述中冷器和所述阴极进气口之间设有加湿器。
可选地，所述有机工质循环发电模块包括第一膨胀涡轮、发电机、冷凝器、有机工质泵和所述第一换热器，所述第一换热器的二次侧入口连接所述有机工质泵的出口，所述第二换热器的二次侧出口连接所述第一膨胀涡轮的入口，所述第一膨胀涡轮的出口连接所述冷凝器，所述第一膨胀涡轮和所述发电机同轴连接。
可选地，所述还原气体为氢气，所述第一供气模块包括氢气罐、连接所述氢气罐和所述阳极进气口的第一供气管道，设于所述第一供气管道的调压阀，以及设于所述调压阀和所述阳极进气口之间的氢气循环装置。
可选地，所述第一供气模块还包括氢气回收管道，所述氢气回收管道的两端分别连接所述燃料电池的阳极排气口和所述氢气循环装置。
可选地，所述空压机组包括驱动电机和与所述驱动电机传动连接的双级压气叶轮。
可选地，还包括用于冷却所述燃料电池电堆的热量管理模块，所述热量管理模块包括冷却液循环管道、设于所述冷却液循环管道的冷却液循环泵和冷却液散热器。
可选地，所述冷却液散热器的入口之前串接有第一换热器，所述第一换热器的一次侧串接所述冷却液循环管道，所述第一换热器的二次侧串接于所述有机工质泵的出口和所述第二换热器的二次侧入口之间。
可选地，还包括连接所述燃料电池电堆的阴极排气口的阴极排气管道，所述阴极排气管道连接第二膨胀涡轮，所述第二膨胀涡轮与所述空压机组传动连接。
相对于上述背景技术，本申请所提供的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统在压缩空气进入中冷器之前利用第二换热器吸收空压机组压缩后的压缩空气的高品位热量，借助有机工质循环发电模块进行发电实现高品位热量回收，发出的电能可用于驱动空压机组运行，降低空压机组的实际能耗，或用于车辆其它用电部件；第二换热器换热的过程中，降低了压缩空气的温度，从而能够以较小尺寸的中冷器对压缩空气冷却，满足燃料电池的阴极进气的温度及压力需求。上述燃料电池系统通过回收压缩空气/氧气的高品位热量，降低了系统能耗以及系统体积，能够显著提升系统效率。
在进一步的实施例中，本申请所提供的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统还用来回收热量管理系统的热量，也即燃料电池电堆运行中产生的热量，提高燃料电池系统效率且保障燃料电池电堆安全运行；此外，该燃料电池系统还能够回收燃料电池电堆阴极排气的能量，借助阴极排气膨胀做功辅助推动空压机组，降低空压机组能耗，进一步提升燃料电池效率。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本申请的实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据提供的附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本申请一种实施例所提供的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统 的系统图；
图2为本申请另一种实施例所提供的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统的系统图。
其中：
1-燃料电池电堆、2-第二膨胀涡轮、3-驱动电机、4-双级压气叶轮、5-压缩供气管道、6-第二换热器、7-中冷器、8-加湿器、9-氢气罐、10-调压阀、11-氢气循环装置、12-第一供气管道、13-氢气回收管道、14-冷却液循环泵、15-冷却液散热器、16-第一换热器、17-冷却液循环管道、18-有机工质泵、19-第一膨胀涡轮、20-发电机、21-冷凝器、22-阴极排气管道。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本申请实施例中的附图，对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本申请一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本申请中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本申请保护的范围。
为了使本技术领域的技术人员更好地理解本申请方案，下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本申请作进一步的详细说明。
本申请实施例所提供的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统能够充分回收系统运行过程中的压缩气体高品位余热、排气的余热和压力势能、以及燃料电池电堆1运行过程中产生的热量，降低空压机组的能耗，提高燃料电池系统的效率。
本申请一种实施例所提供具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统如图1所示，该燃料电池系统包括燃料电池电堆1、第一供气模块、压缩供气模块、第二换热器6和有机工质循环发电模块。燃料电池电堆1是燃料或还原性气体，与氧化性气体的反应场所，是燃料电池系统的心脏，主要包括双级板、膜电极、密封件、紧固件等组成，用来提供反应所需的条件，具体设置可参考现有技术标准；第一供气模块用来向燃料电池电堆1的阳极进气口供应还原性气体如氢气，压缩供气模块则用来向燃料电池的阴极进气口 提供具有一定压力和流量的空气或氧气。
由于压缩供气模块压缩后的空气或氧气虽然压力满足阴极进气口的进气需求，但温度过高，需要通过中冷器7进行冷却，并通常还需要经加湿器8进行加湿，而第二换热器6的作用就在于在压缩空气进入中冷器7之前利用第二换热器6的一次侧吸收压缩空气的热量，并通过一次侧和二次侧换热将热量回收至有机工质循环发电模块，利用高品位热量进行发电，降低系统热量损失，提高系统效率。
具体而言，压缩供气模块包括空压机组和压缩供气管道5，空压机组通常采用驱动电机3直驱双级压气叶轮4，压缩供气管道5的一端连接双级压气叶轮4，另一端连接阳进气口。以氢氧燃料电池为例，阳极进气口用来通入氢气，第一供气模块对应采用氢气罐9、第一供气管道12、调压阀10和氢气循环装置11，第一供气管道12连接氢气罐9和燃料电池电堆1的阳极进气口，氢气罐9内的压力通常可达70MPa，因此第一供气管道12中还设有调压阀10，调压阀10和阳极进气口之间的第一供气管道12上连接有氢气循环装置11，通过氢气循环装置11将氢气供向阳极进气口。进一步地，燃料电池电堆1的阳极排气口和氢气循环装置11的另一入口之间还连接有氢气回收管道13，利用氢气循环装置11供气抽吸作用将未完全反应的氢气重新引入燃料电池电堆1进行反应，提高氢气反应率。
在上述实施例中，有机工质循环发电模块的发电原理如下，有机工质循环发电模块包括第一膨胀涡轮19、发电机20、冷凝器21、有机工质泵18和第二换热器6，有机工质泵18用来驱动有机工质在有机工质循环发电模块中循环，液态的有机工质从有机工质泵18的出口流出并进入第二换热器6的入口，吸收压缩空气的高品位热量后有机工质转化为高温高压的气态有机工质，从第二换热器6的二次侧出口流向第一膨胀涡轮19的入口，推动第一膨胀涡轮19旋转，第一膨胀涡轮19旋转并带动发电机20发电，高温高压的气态有机工质在第一膨胀涡轮19内做功转化为低温低压的气态有机工质，由第一膨胀涡轮19的出口进入冷凝器21的入口转化为低温低压液态的有机工质，然后由有机工质泵18推动进入下一轮的循环做功。
为优化上述实施例，进一步提高燃料电池系统的工作效率，同时提高 燃料电池系统的运行的安全性。本申请实施例所提供的燃料电池系统还包括热量管理模块和第一换热器16，热量管理模块用来监测燃料电池电堆1的温度并对其进行冷却。通常而言，热量管理模块包括冷却液循环管道17、连接在冷却液循环管道17冷却液循环泵14和冷却液散热器15，还包括温度传感器和控制机构，利用温度传感器监测燃料电池电堆1的温度，控制机构根据当前温度控制冷却液循环泵14和冷却液散热器15的运行频率，使得冷却液在冷却液循环管道17循环。而对燃料电池电堆1冷却后进入冷却液散热器15之前的冷却液温度通常能达到80～90℃，经过冷却液循环泵14驱动进入冷却液散热器15对空散热后才能再次冷却燃料电池电堆1，本申请实施例则通过在冷却液循环管道17中串接第一换热器16，利用第一换热器16吸收冷却液的热量，对进入第二换热器6的二次侧之前的液态有机工质进行预加热，利用低品位的废热，提高有机工质循环发电模块的发电效率。第一换热器16的一次侧串接在冷却液循环泵14的出口和冷却液散热器15的入口之间，第一换热器16的二次侧串接在有机工质泵18的出口和第二换热器6的二次侧入口之间。
在上述实施例的基础之上，本申请另一实施例所提供的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统还包括第二膨胀涡轮2和连接在阴极排气口和第二膨胀涡轮2的进气口之间的阴极排气管道22。具体如图2所示，利用阴极排气管道22将反应后的阴极废气引入第二膨胀涡轮2，推动第二膨胀涡轮2做功，第二膨胀涡轮2与空压机组的双级压气叶轮4同轴连接，辅助驱动双级压气叶轮4旋转，降低驱动电机3功耗，提升燃料电池系统效率。
能够理解的是，在以上实施例中，第一供气模块不仅可以采用氢气供气，还可以采用甲烷等燃料气体供气；广义理解而言，第一供气模块还可以为第一供料模块，能够向燃料电池电堆1的阳极提供还原性物料即可，例如可以为气态或液态的甲醇，只要应用了的有机工质循环发电模块及第二膨胀涡轮2等能量回收模块的燃料电池系统皆属于本申请的保护范围。上述有机工质循环发电模块中循环的有机工质的沸点需确保吸收压缩空气的高品位热量及热量管理模块热量的有机工质在进入第一膨胀涡轮19时能够充分气化，示例性地，有机工质可以采用R123、R245fa、氯乙烷、丙 烷、正丁烷及异丁烷中的一种，也可以采用其它满足循环需要的有机工质。同时为避免第一膨胀涡轮19和第二膨胀涡轮2发生液击现象，第一膨胀涡轮19和第二膨胀涡轮2的入口之间可根据需要设置气液分离器，本申请不再赘述。
需要说明的是，在本说明书中，诸如第一和第二之类的关系术语仅仅用来将一个实体与另外几个实体区分开来，而不一定要求或者暗示这些实体之间存在任何这种实际的关系或者顺序。
以上对本申请所提供的一种具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统进行了详细介绍。本文中应用了具体个例对本申请的原理及实施方式进行了阐述，以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本申请的方法及其核心思想。应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本申请原理的前提下，还可以对本申请进行若干改进和修饰，这些改进和修饰也落入本申请权利要求的保护范围内。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统，其特征在于，包括燃料电池电堆，连接所述燃料电池电堆的阳极进气口并用于供应还原气体的第一供气模块，连接所述燃料电池电堆的阴极进气口并用于供应氧气/空气的压缩供气模块，以及有机工质循环发电模块；
    所述压缩供气模块包括空压机组以及连接所述空压机组和所述阴极进气口的压缩供气管道，所述压缩供气管道连接中冷器，所述中冷器和所述空压机组之间串接有第二换热器，所述第二换热器的一次侧串接于所述压缩供气管道，所述第二换热器的二次侧串接于所述有机工质循环发电模块。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统，其特征在于，所述有机工质循环发电模块包括第一膨胀涡轮、发电机、冷凝器、有机工质泵和所述第二换热器，所述第一换热器的二次侧入口连接所述有机工质泵的出口，所述第二换热器的二次侧出口连接所述第一膨胀涡轮的入口，所述第一膨胀涡轮的出口连接所述冷凝器，所述第一膨胀涡轮和所述发电机同轴连接。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统，其特征在于，所述还原气体为氢气，所述第一供气模块包括氢气罐、连接所述氢气罐和所述阳极进气口的第一供气管道，设于所述第一供气管道的调压阀，以及设于所述调压阀和所述阳极进气口之间的氢气循环装置。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统，其特征在于，所述第一供气模块还包括氢气回收管道，所述氢气回收管道的两端分别连接所述燃料电池的阳极排气口和所述氢气循环装置。
  5. 根据权利要求2所述的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统，其特征在于，所述空压机组包括驱动电机和与所述驱动电机传动连接的双级压气叶轮。
  6. 根据权利要求2-5任一项所述的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统，其特征在于，还包括用于冷却所述燃料电池电堆的热量管理模块，所述热量管理模块包括冷却液循环管道、设于所述冷却液循环管道的冷却液循环泵和冷却液散热器。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统，其特征在于，所述冷却液散热器的入口之前串接有第一换热器，所述第一换热器的一次侧串接所述冷却液循环管道，所述第一换热器的二次侧串接于所述有机工质泵的出口和所述第二换热器的二次侧入口之间。
  8. 根据权利要求6所述的具有能量回收模块的燃料电池系统，其特征在于，还包括连接所述燃料电池电堆的阴极排气口的阴极排气管道，所述阴极排气管道连接第二膨胀涡轮，所述第二膨胀涡轮与所述空压机组传动连接。
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