WO2023048408A1 - 과도응답분석을 이용한 실시간 배터리 모니터링 장치 및 방법 - Google Patents
과도응답분석을 이용한 실시간 배터리 모니터링 장치 및 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
- G01R31/3842—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC combining voltage and current measurements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- Embodiments relate to real-time battery monitoring devices and methods using transient response analysis.
- Internal resistance of the secondary battery may increase depending on the degree of deterioration, which may cause a loss of capacity of the secondary battery and an increase in internal heat generation during use.
- Thermal stress can be a direct cause of this phenomenon, and deterioration progresses gradually depending on the number of times of repeated use, and in some cases, accidents that lead to fire due to thermal runaway, such as ESS (Energy Storage System) fire, Electric vehicle fires are frequent. Therefore, various technologies for detecting and preventing the degree of deterioration and thermal runaway of a battery in advance have been proposed.
- a conventional internal resistance measurement method is to measure impedance through repetitive charging and discharging operations for all SOC sections. It measures the OCV (Open Circuit Voltage, hereinafter referred to as OCV) in the resting state and the rising and falling voltage during charging and discharging. Since the internal resistance of a secondary battery varies by SOC due to electrochemical reasons, it is necessary to measure the internal resistance in the section between the charge limit voltage and discharge limit voltage of the secondary battery, and measurement is required to measure the entire section. A separate charge/discharge control is required for this measurement, and there is a disadvantage that the secondary battery cannot be used during this measurement time.
- OCV Open Circuit Voltage
- Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measures the change in output according to variable frequency input and projects it on the Nyquist diagram to measure the impedance. It measures the internal resistance of the battery to determine the degree of deterioration. . This enables precise measurement of AC and DC impedance, and the degree of deterioration in a normal state can be determined.
- the measurement time is rather long, from several seconds to several minutes, and that a frequency control input circuit and a complicated calculation process for frequency measurement and spectrum analysis are required, and the control circuit is complex, difficult to miniaturize, and expensive. .
- the off-gas detection method detects when the secondary battery internal gas is generated in the process of reaching a thermal runaway situation, and the internal gas is released to the outside after swelling, blocking the battery connection to prevent fire. is to prevent
- This is a C2H4 (ethylene gas) detection method that detects and blocks physical phenomena that appear before a fire occurs, and installs and detects sensors around secondary batteries. This has problems in that undetected cases may occur depending on the structure of the internal air circulation, the installation cost is expensive, and the degree of deterioration cannot be determined in a normal state.
- Embodiments are intended to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, by analyzing the response characteristics for the temporary transient condition of the battery output, that is, by analyzing the current / voltage response pattern, the circuit is simpler and more chargeable than the conventional EIS spectroscopy.
- a device and method for real-time battery monitoring using transient response analysis which can be measured even in discharge conditions.
- measurements can be made regardless of the charging/discharging/idling state of the battery, and the time required for measurement is tens of thousands of seconds (100usec), minimizing the measurement time and power consumption required for impedance measurement.
- a real-time battery monitoring device using transient response analysis includes a monitoring circuit connected to a battery; and controlling the monitoring circuit to measure voltage and current of the battery, estimate an internal resistance of the battery based on the measured voltage and current, and compare the estimated internal resistance with a preset threshold, and a processor determining deterioration of the battery.
- the monitoring circuit may include a switch element connected to one end of the battery, an inductor connected in series with one end of the switch element, and a diode connected in series with the inductor; a capacitor connected in series with the diode; and a resistor connected in parallel with the capacitor.
- the processor in order to analyze the response characteristics of the battery in the process of charging the output of the battery to the capacitor in a discharged state, turns off the switch element to discharge the voltage charged in the capacitor through the resistor, , After a lapse of a predetermined time, the switch element is turned on to charge the capacitor with power of the battery, and the current and voltage of the battery are measured during the charging period.
- the processor estimates the internal resistance of the battery based on the change in the peak value of the current and the peak value of the voltage, normalizes the internal resistance according to the following equation, [Equation]
- a switching time including turn-off and turn-on of the switch may be within several milliseconds.
- a control method of a real-time battery monitoring device including a monitoring circuit connected to a battery includes controlling the monitoring circuit to measure voltage and current of the battery; estimating internal resistance of the battery based on the measured voltage and current; and determining deterioration of the battery by comparing the estimated internal resistance with a preset threshold.
- the measuring step turns off the switch element of the monitoring circuit, discharges the voltage charged in the capacitor of the monitoring circuit through a resistor, and turns on the switch element after a predetermined time has elapsed to obtain power of the battery. is charged in the capacitor, and during the charging period, the current and voltage of the battery may be measured.
- the normalized internal resistance exceeds the threshold value, it may be determined that the battery is deteriorated.
- a switching time including turn-off and turn-on of the switch may be within several milliseconds.
- a recording medium recording a program for executing a control method of a real-time battery monitoring device according to another embodiment in a computer.
- the real-time battery monitoring device and method using transient response analysis analyzes the response characteristics for the temporary transient condition of the battery output, that is, analyzes the current / voltage response pattern, so that the circuit is simpler than conventional EIS spectroscopy. Measurement is possible even under charging and discharging conditions.
- measurements can be made regardless of the charging/discharging/idling state of the battery, and the measurement time is about tens of thousands of seconds (100usec), minimizing the measurement time and power consumption required for impedance measurement.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a battery monitoring device 100 according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a detailed schematic diagram of the battery monitoring device 100 shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrating a battery monitoring device 100 according to another embodiment.
- 4 to 6 are exemplary diagrams for analyzing transient response characteristics of the battery shown in FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram illustrating a battery monitoring device 100 according to another embodiment.
- 8 to 12 are simulation result diagrams for explaining battery internal resistance.
- the battery refers to a rechargeable secondary battery, and may be, for example, a lithium ion battery.
- the terms “battery” or “secondary battery” are used in the same meaning.
- the battery may be a battery used in an energy storage system (ESS).
- ESS refers to a device that can store and use electric energy produced by frequency adjustment for frequency stabilization of the power system, thermal power, nuclear power, and renewable energy generation using solar and wind power.
- An energy storage device that stores chemically is composed of a battery, a battery management system (BMS), a power conversion system (PCS), and a power management system (PMS) operating software. Batteries serve to store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy.
- the BMS can be divided into a cell (or module) BMS in charge of controlling individual battery cells and a pack BMS in charge of overall management and control of the battery pack.
- the real-time battery monitoring device may work in conjunction with the ESS system or as a functional module within the ESS system.
- the real-time battery monitoring device may be implemented in conjunction with the battery BMS or combined as a circuit function module of the BMS.
- the real-time battery monitoring device is applicable not only to the aforementioned ESS system, but also to all applications using secondary batteries or batteries, such as electric vehicles, drones, industrial mobile robots, and service mobile robots.
- an Intermittent Current Interruption (ICI) method is improved to analyze the aging behavior of a commercial lithium ion battery.
- ICI Intermittent Current Interruption
- an instantaneous change in battery output is measured by connecting a battery output line to a discharged capacitor load through an ON-OFF control circuit.
- it is suitable for real-time online monitoring because it can measure faster than the existing ICI method without blocking control for measurement.
- the implementation circuit is very simple, the cost can be minimized.
- the method is very effective through simulation analysis using a battery equivalent circuit model and actual measurement experiment results for a commercial battery module.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a battery monitoring device 100 according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a detailed schematic diagram of the battery monitoring device 100 shown in FIG. 1 .
- the battery monitoring device 100 is connected to the battery 10 .
- the battery monitoring device 100 may be some functional modules of an ESS or some functional modules of a battery management system (BMS).
- BMS battery management system
- the battery monitoring device 100 controls the monitoring circuit 120 to measure the voltage and current of the battery 10, and estimates the internal resistance of the battery 10 based on the measured voltage and current.
- the battery monitoring device 100 includes a processor 110 that determines deterioration of the battery 10 by comparing the estimated internal resistance with a preset threshold.
- the processor 110 includes a switching control unit 111, a voltage detection unit 112, a current detection unit 113, and a degradation determination unit 114.
- the switching control unit 111 includes a battery 10 and a monitoring circuit ( 120) and controls on/off of the switch connected between them.
- the voltage detector 112 measures the output voltage of the battery 10 or a change in the output voltage when the switch is turned on/off. ) measures the output current of the battery 10 or the peak value of the output current, etc. at the time of switch-on.
- the degradation determination unit 114 estimates the internal resistance of the battery 10 based on the measured voltage and current, Deterioration of the battery is determined by comparing the internal resistance with a threshold value, wherein the threshold value is a preset internal resistance value that can be set differently depending on battery characteristics, applications, and the like.
- FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrating a battery monitoring device 100 according to another embodiment.
- the battery 10 is connected to the monitoring circuit 120 .
- the monitoring circuit 120 includes a switch (S) turned on/off by the switching controller 111, an inductor (L2) connected to one end of the switch (S), a diode (D1), a capacitor (CL), and a capacitor (CL). and a resistor RL connected in parallel with
- Inductor L2 serves to limit transient current peaks from battery 10 .
- Diode D1 performs a reverse voltage protection function.
- Capacitor (CL) performs the function of a load to create a transient transient response condition.
- a resistor RL connected in parallel with the capacitor CL serves as a resistor for initial discharging of the capacitor CL.
- 4 to 6 are exemplary diagrams for analyzing transient response characteristics of the battery shown in FIG. 3 .
- the voltage of the capacitor CL gradually increases from 0V and is charged up to the battery voltage VB.
- the voltage output of the battery voltage VB changes in the form of a voltage drop in proportion to the current output of the battery according to the transient input with respect to the transient input with respect to the internal resistance changes Rs and Rp of the battery.
- the battery current decreases from reaching a peak value at a time when the battery voltage is minimum to a time when the capacitor is completely charged.
- the change in the internal resistance of the battery that is, the change that is the criterion for determining deterioration can be divided into a DC component and an AC component.
- the DC component is a series resistance component
- the AC component is a component for changes in the transfer characteristics of internal ions.
- the transient response current/voltage
- the transient response causes a difference between the peak value of the current and the variation of the voltage output. Therefore, by measuring and analyzing these output patterns, it is possible to diagnose changes in internal resistance of the battery.
- FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram illustrating a battery monitoring device 100 according to another embodiment.
- FIG. 7 it is a circuit diagram in which the battery 10 is modeled as the following battery equivalent circuit and the monitoring circuit shown in FIG. 4 is combined.
- v and i are the battery terminal voltage and current, respectively
- the circuit for transient state control is the switch element (SW1, MOSFET) and the RC load.
- Rs, Rp, C1, and L1 are inductance components resulting from battery resistance, charge transfer, double layer effect, and battery module structure that occur on a time scale of less than 1 ms. This time can be thought of as a transient period.
- the load capacitor CL plays a role of generating voltage and current changes of the battery including a transient state while the capacitor is charged from a discharge state to a fully charged state using the control of the switch S.
- the transient response of a battery in a transient state can be expressed in two modes as follows. First, in mode 0, the switch S is turned off, the load capacitor CL is discharged through the resistor RL, and the potential VCL between the terminals of the load capacitor CL is maintained at 0V. In mode 1, the state of SW1 changes from off to on and the battery starts charging into the load capacitor (CL). Then, the charging current i(t) is changed until the level of potential VCL is equal to VB.
- the voltage of the RLC circuit according to the battery model at time t and the battery internal voltage vi(t) are expressed in Equations 1 and 2 below.
- Equation 3 The load-side potential vL changed by the battery current i(t) is expressed in Equations 3 and 4 below.
- 8 to 12 are simulation result diagrams for explaining battery internal resistance.
- the experiment process measures the voltage and current of the battery terminal in the battery charging interval, the discharging period, the control circuit generating the transient state, and the transient state to set the no-load state output voltage (OCV, Open Circuit Voltage) condition of the battery.
- OCV Open Circuit Voltage
- the experiment process measures the voltage and current of the battery terminal in the battery charging interval, the discharging period, the control circuit generating the transient state, and the transient state to set the no-load state output voltage (OCV, Open Circuit Voltage) condition of the battery.
- OCV Open Circuit Voltage
- the lithium ion battery sample used in this experiment is a commercial product used in the actual ESS field. did Each of the three samples was aged to battery module aging conditions as follows.
- the test procedure for measuring the internal impedance of a commercial battery module is as follows. First, each battery module sample is charged under the same OCV condition. Then, after discharging is performed until reaching the next step specified in the test procedure, the internal impedance in the idle state at each step specified in the test procedure and the voltage in the transient state through the charge/discharge control to the capacitor load. /Measure the current curve.
- the internal resistance of each battery module as a result of measurement is as shown in FIG. 9 . It can be seen that the internal resistance measurement result tends to increase proportionally according to the degree of aging of the battery. However, it was confirmed that the width of the internal resistance change of each battery module appeared differently depending on the OCV level condition. Therefore, these results indicate that online monitoring of internal resistance is necessary for battery safety at all levels of SOC.
- the voltage peak change in the normal operating state of each module under the same OCV level condition increases in proportion to the cause of the internal impedance according to aging progress. Also, the change in peak current output during transients is linearly proportional to the OCV level. Therefore, a normalization process is required to extract internal resistance information for each OCV level using the measured information on the peak current and voltage change in the transient state of the battery.
- FIGS. 11 and 12 it is a normalization result for measurement data of three battery modules having different degrees of aging.
- FIG. 11 is a measurement result of peak current (ipeak) of battery modules in a transient condition according to an OCV step
- FIG. 12 is a normalization result of voltage and peak current in a transient condition according to an OCV step. This result shows that the normalization result of the voltage and current measurement values according to the internal impedance change of the lithium-ion battery module is proportional to the degree of aging of each battery module.
- the simulation analysis using the battery circuit equivalent model is as follows. First, a battery equivalent model including the internal inductance parameter was applied to analyze the transient response characteristics of the lithium ion battery output in a transient state according to the change in the internal impedance of the lithium ion battery.
- the parameters for the battery internal resistance (Rs, Rp) applied to the battery circuit model use values based on the measurement results of three battery modules with different degrees of aging used in the measurement test to compare the measurement results and simulation results. did
- the real-time battery monitoring device and method according to the embodiment can measure the internal impedance within hundreds of microseconds without temporarily stopping battery operation, and is very effective in online monitoring the change in internal impedance. .
- the real-time battery monitoring apparatus and method determines deterioration information of all battery cells of a battery or ESS, and then sends an alarm indicating that a specific battery or battery cell has deteriorated so that a user or system operator can check. It can be printed out or displayed as a warning on the display panel.
- a device includes a processor, a memory for storing and executing program data, a permanent storage unit such as a disk drive, a communication port for communicating with an external device, a user interface such as a touch panel, a key, and a button. interface devices and the like.
- Methods implemented as software modules or algorithms may be stored on a computer-readable recording medium as computer-readable codes or program instructions executable on the processor.
- the computer-readable recording medium includes magnetic storage media (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), floppy disk, hard disk, etc.) and optical reading media (e.g., CD-ROM) ), and DVD (Digital Versatile Disc).
- a computer-readable recording medium may be distributed among computer systems connected through a network, and computer-readable codes may be stored and executed in a distributed manner. The medium may be readable by a computer, stored in a memory, and executed by a processor.
- an embodiment may be presented as functional block structures and various processing steps. These functional blocks may be implemented with any number of hardware or/and software components that perform specific functions.
- an embodiment is an integrated circuit configuration such as memory, processing, logic, look-up table, etc., which can execute various functions by control of one or more microprocessors or other control devices. can employ them.
- embodiments may include various algorithms implemented as data structures, processes, routines, or combinations of other programming constructs, such as C, C++ , Java (Java), can be implemented in a programming or scripting language such as assembler (assembler).
- Functional aspects may be implemented in an algorithm running on one or more processors.
- the embodiment may employ conventional techniques for electronic environment setting, signal processing, and/or data processing.
- Terms such as “mechanism”, “element”, “means” and “composition” may be used broadly and are not limited to mechanical and physical components. The term may include a meaning of a series of software routines in association with a processor or the like.
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Claims (10)
- 배터리와 접속된 모니터링회로; 및상기 모니터링 회로를 제어하여, 상기 배터리의 전압 및 전류를 측정하고, 상기 측정된 전압 및 전류를 기초로 상기 배터리의 내부 저항을 추정하고, 상기 추정된 내부 저항과 미리 설정된 임계값을 비교하여, 상기 배터리의 열화를 판단하는 프로세서를 포함하는, 실시간 배터리 모니터링 장치.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 모니터링 회로는,상기 배터리의 일단과 연결된 스위치 소자,상기 스위치 소자의 일단과 직렬 연결된 인덕터,상기 인덕터와 직렬 연결된 다이오드;상기 다이오드와 직렬 연결된 커패시터; 및상기 커패시터와 병렬 연결된 저항을 포함하는, 실시간 배터리 모니터링 장치.
- 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 프로세서는,상기 스위치 소자를 턴 오프시켜, 상기 커패시터에 충전된 전압을 상기 저항을 통해 방전시키고,소정의 시간 경과 후, 상기 스위치 소자를 턴 온시켜, 상기 배터리의 전력을 상기 커패시터에 충전시키고,상기 충전 기간 동안에, 상기 배터리의 전류 및 전압을 측정하는, 실시간 배터리 모니터링 장치.
- 제 3 항에 있어서,상기 스위치의 턴 오프 및 턴 온을 포함하는 스위칭 시간은 수 msec 이내인, 실시간 배터리 모니터링 장치.
- 배터리와 접속된 모니터링회로를 포함한, 실시간 배터리 모니터링 장치의 제어 방법으로서,상기 모니터링 회로를 제어하여, 상기 배터리의 전압 및 전류를 측정하는 단계;상기 측정된 전압 및 전류를 기초로 상기 배터리의 내부 저항을 추정하는 단계; 및상기 추정된 내부 저항과 미리 설정된 임계값을 비교하여, 상기 배터리의 열화를 판단하는 단계를 포함하는, 실시간 배터리 모니터링 장치의 제어 방법.
- 제 6 항에 있어서,상기 측정 단계는,상기 모니터링 회로의 스위치 소자를 턴 오프시켜, 상기 모니터링 회로의 커패시터에 충전된 전압을 저항을 통해 방전시키고,소정의 시간 경과 후, 상기 스위치 소자를 턴 온시켜, 상기 배터리의 전력을 상기 커패시터에 충전시키고,상기 충전 기간 동안에, 상기 배터리의 전류 및 전압을 측정하는, 실시간 배터리 모니터링 장치의 제어 방법.
- 제 7 항에 있어서,상기 스위치의 턴 오프 및 턴 온을 포함하는 스위칭 시간은 수 msec 이내인, 실시간 배터리 모니터링 장치의 제어 방법.
- 제 6 항 내지 제 9 항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 실시간 배터리 모니터링 장치의 제어 방법을 컴퓨터에서 실행시키기 위한 프로그램을 기록한 기록매체.
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KR20170052937A (ko) * | 2015-11-05 | 2017-05-15 | 영화테크(주) | 배터리 센서를 이용한 자동차 배터리의 건강상태 추정방법 |
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KR20210011235A (ko) * | 2019-07-22 | 2021-02-01 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 배터리 셀 진단 장치 및 방법 |
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US20010034541A1 (en) * | 1997-09-15 | 2001-10-25 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Method for monitoring end of life for battery |
KR20150029204A (ko) * | 2013-09-09 | 2015-03-18 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 배터리 팩, 배터리 팩을 포함하는 장치, 및 배터리 팩의 관리 방법 |
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KR20210011235A (ko) * | 2019-07-22 | 2021-02-01 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 배터리 셀 진단 장치 및 방법 |
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