WO2023042482A1 - パワー半導体モジュールおよび電力変換装置 - Google Patents
パワー半導体モジュールおよび電力変換装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023042482A1 WO2023042482A1 PCT/JP2022/020544 JP2022020544W WO2023042482A1 WO 2023042482 A1 WO2023042482 A1 WO 2023042482A1 JP 2022020544 W JP2022020544 W JP 2022020544W WO 2023042482 A1 WO2023042482 A1 WO 2023042482A1
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- H01L23/48—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
- H01L23/488—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of soldered or bonded constructions
- H01L23/498—Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers
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- H01L25/04—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers
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- H01L23/498—Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers
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- H01L24/48—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
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- H01L25/03—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes
- H01L25/04—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers
- H01L25/07—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group H01L29/00
- H01L25/072—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers the devices being of a type provided for in group H01L29/00 the devices being arranged next to each other
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- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
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- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
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- H01L2224/48151—Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive
- H01L2224/48221—Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked
- H01L2224/48225—Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation
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- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to power semiconductor modules and power converters.
- a power semiconductor module is used in which a plurality of semiconductor elements (semiconductor chips) such as diode elements are mounted on one module.
- a power semiconductor module is configured by connecting a plurality of power semiconductor chips arranged on the same substrate in parallel.
- GaN gallium nitride
- SiC silicon carbide
- Patent Document 1 in order to suppress self-heating due to loss generated in the power semiconductor chip, a first conductor plate electrically connecting the collector electrode of the power semiconductor chip and a second conductor plate electrically connecting the emitter electrode are provided.
- a power semiconductor module is described in which the first and second conductor plates are each provided with a heat transfer surface in the direction opposite to the side fixed to the power semiconductor chip to improve the heat dissipation performance.
- the size of the AC conductor plate 318 itself becomes large, and high accuracy is required for positioning the AC conductor plate 318. As a result, the manufacturing yield may decrease. Also, the shape of the conductor plate is limited.
- the source sense terminal is an important terminal paired with the gate signal terminal. Therefore, it is widely known that the source sense terminal is wired to a portion where a large switching current does not flow to suppress superimposition of noise voltage.
- the device described in Patent Document 2 has a structure in which a plurality of submodules are combined and a large current flowing through the source is passed through the source outer conductor 110 . Therefore, when focusing only on the submodule, although there is a projection 11 having a source sensing function, the structure allows a large current to flow through the source conductor 10 itself. There is a problem that noise voltage is superimposed.
- the power semiconductor module of the present invention includes a high potential terminal, a first conductor plate electrically connected to the high potential terminal, and a drain or collector on the first conductor plate. a plurality of connected power semiconductor chips; a second conductor plate connected to the sources or emitters of the plurality of semiconductor chips and disposed facing the first conductor plate; A semiconductor module having a low potential terminal electrically connected and a sense terminal for detecting the potential of the sources or emitters of the plurality of semiconductor chips, wherein the high potential terminal, the first conductor plate and the a first substrate provided with sense terminals; a second substrate disposed opposite the first substrate and provided with the second conductor plate; and electrically connected to the sense terminals.
- sensing spacer conductor electrically connected to the second conductor plate of the second substrate from the first substrate side while maintaining a distance between the first substrate and the second substrate.
- one said spacer conductor for sense corresponds to said plurality of semiconductor chips
- said high potential terminal is provided on a first side of said first substrate
- said spacer conductor for sense and the plurality of semiconductor chips are arranged on the same side with respect to the first side, and the shortest distance between the sensing spacer conductor and the first side is, among the plurality of semiconductor chips, It is characterized by being smaller than the shortest distance between the semiconductor chip closest to the high potential terminal and the first side.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a compact power semiconductor module and a power conversion device while adopting a wiring path for the emitter sense terminal or the source sense terminal that can reduce noise voltage superposition on the gate drive voltage.
- FIG. 1 is an equivalent circuit showing electrical characteristics of a semiconductor switching element in the configuration of the power semiconductor module according to the first embodiment of the present invention, which was created as an example for convenience. It is an equivalent circuit showing the electrical characteristics of a semiconductor switching element of the configuration of the power semiconductor module of the comparative example.
- FIG. 1 is an equivalent circuit showing electrical characteristics of a semiconductor switching element in the configuration of the power semiconductor module according to the first embodiment of the present invention, which was created as an example for convenience. It is an equivalent circuit showing the electrical characteristics of a semiconductor switching element of the configuration of the power semiconductor module of the comparative example.
- FIG. 4 is a turn-off waveform diagram showing an example of analysis results of operation waveforms of power semiconductor modules according to the first embodiment of the present invention and a comparative example
- FIG. 5 is a turn-on waveform diagram showing an example of analysis results of operation waveforms of power semiconductor modules according to the first embodiment of the present invention and a comparative example
- It is a top view which shows schematic structure of the power semiconductor module of the 2nd Embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A' in FIG. 9;
- FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit in which the configurations of FIGS. 9 and 10 are simplified;
- FIG. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of a power converter device provided with the power semiconductor module of the 3rd Embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a power semiconductor module 200 according to a first embodiment of the present invention, and is a plan view of the power semiconductor module 200 viewed from above.
- 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA' of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 1 the same configurations or configurations having similar functions are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed descriptions of overlapping portions are omitted. It should be noted in advance that, for the sake of convenience, the arrangement of lower-layer components, which cannot be seen in the plan view of FIG. In FIG.
- the insulating substrate 10 arranged on the lower side of the power semiconductor module 200 includes conductor layers 11 (first conductor plates), 12, etc. on the upper surface (main surface) of the insulating layer 18, and the lower surface.
- the insulating substrate 20 disposed on the upper side of the power semiconductor module 200 has a conductor layer 29 on the upper surface of the insulating layer 28 and conductor layers 21 (second conductor plate) and 22 on the lower surface (main surface). etc.
- the semiconductor switching elements 31 to 34 (a plurality of semiconductor chips) shown in FIG. 2 will be described as an example.
- the electrode 301 is arranged on one plane, and the electrode 302 and the control electrode 303 are arranged on the other plane. .
- the on/off of this current is controlled by the voltage applied to the control electrode 303 based on the potential of the electrode 302 .
- the semiconductor switching elements 31 to 34 are MOSFET type elements, the electrode 301 is a drain electrode, the electrode 302 is a source electrode, and the control electrode 303 is a gate electrode.
- a plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31-34 are provided and arranged to electrically connect the electrodes 301 to the conductor layer 11 of the insulating substrate 10.
- the spacer conductors 41 to 44 have a conductor shape having a height in the vertical direction with respect to the plane of the insulating substrate 10, and electrically connect between the electrodes 302 of the semiconductor switching elements 31 to 34 and the conductor layer 21 on the lower surface of the insulating substrate 20. connected to each other.
- the spacer conductors 41 to 44 are mechanical spacers that determine the distances between the electrodes 302 of the semiconductor switching elements 31 to 34 and the conductor layer 21 on the lower surface of the insulating substrate 20 .
- a joining technique using solder or a sintered material is used for electrical connection between the spacer conductors 41 to 44, the electrodes 302, and the conductor layer 21, a joining technique using solder or a sintered material is used.
- the semiconductor switching elements 35 to 38 and spacer conductors 45 to 48 shown in FIG. 1 have the same configuration. The joining technique is the same for spacer conductors 71, 72, 81, and 82, which will be described later.
- Spacer conductors 71 , 72 , 81 (described later), and 82 have conductor shapes having heights in the vertical direction with respect to the plane of insulating substrate 10 , similarly to spacer conductors 41 to 44 .
- the spacer conductors 71 and 81 electrically connect the conductor layers 12 and 15B of the insulating substrate 10 and the conductor layer 21 of the insulating substrate 20, respectively.
- the spacer conductors 72 and 82 electrically connect the conductor layers 13 and 17B of the insulating substrate 20 and the conductor layer 22 of the insulating substrate 20, respectively.
- Spacer conductors 71 and 72 shown in FIG. 2 are conductors that electrically connect the conductor layers of the insulating substrate 10 and the conductor layers of the insulating substrate 20 and serve as paths for large currents during switching.
- this embodiment is characterized by having a spacer conductor 81 for sensing.
- the sense spacer conductors 81 are electrically connected to the sense terminals 6 and are insulated from the insulating substrate 10 side while maintaining a gap between the insulating substrate 10 (first substrate) and the insulating substrate 20 (second substrate). It is electrically connected to the conductor layer 21 (second conductor plate) of the substrate 20 .
- the main terminals 1 and 2 are connected to the same insulating substrate 10 . From the viewpoint of electrical connection, there is no problem even if the main terminal 2 is connected to the conductor layer 21 of the insulating substrate 20, for example. However, since the process of connecting the main terminals is divided into two processes, the first process for the insulating substrate 10 and the second process for the insulating substrate 20, the number of processes increases. In order to reduce manufacturing costs, multiple main terminals and control terminals are often supplied as an integrated lead frame part. A connection to the substrate is preferred. Therefore, in this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, the main terminals 1 and 2 are connected to the same insulating substrate. The same applies to the relationship between the main terminals 2 and 3 used in the lower arm circuit.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view of the power semiconductor module 200 from above.
- the insulating layer 28 and the conductor layer 29 of the insulating substrate 20 are not shown, and the outlines of the conductor layers 21 and 22 are shown by dashed lines.
- the conductor layer 19 on the lower surface of the insulating layer 18 of the insulating substrate 10 is not shown.
- FIG. 1 shows a 2-in-1 arrangement in which two arm circuits each composed of a terminal to which a high potential is applied, a group of semiconductor switching elements, and a terminal to which a low potential is applied are connected in series.
- the sense terminal 6 and the gate terminal 5 are provided on the side E (first side) of the insulating substrate 10 together with the main terminal 1 (high potential terminal).
- the main terminal 2 is provided on a side E' opposite to the side E of the insulating substrate 10. As shown in FIG.
- the gate terminal 5 is connected to the respective gate electrodes of the plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31-38 with equal electrical delay times.
- the sense terminal 6 is electrically insulated from the conductor layer 11 (first conductor plate) of the insulating substrate 10, is connected to the conductor layer 15A arranged on the same main surface as the conductor layer 11 on the insulating substrate 10, and is bonded. It is electrically connected to the conductor layer 21 (second conductor plate) of the insulating substrate 20 via the wire 100, conductor layer 15B (third conductor plate), and spacer conductor 81 for sensing.
- noise voltage or noise current is superimposed on the source sense potential sensed by the sense terminal 6. degree varies greatly. The degree of superimposition of noise voltage or noise current on the source sense potential sensed by the source sense terminal greatly differs depending on the positions at which the sense spacer conductors 81 are arranged on the conductor layer 15B and the conductor layer 21 .
- Reference symbols B, C, D, E, F, and G in FIG. 1 denote side B, distance C, distance D, side E, distance F, and distance G, respectively, for explaining the arrangement positions of the sensing spacer conductors 81 . .
- a side B indicated by symbol B in FIG. 1 indicates an end surface where the main terminal 1 (high potential terminal) for applying a high potential is connected to the conductor layer 11 (first conductor plate). Since the main terminal 1 has an elongated rectangular shape, the end surface of the end in the module inner direction serves as the side B connected to the conductor layer 11 (first conductor plate).
- Symbol C in FIG. 1 denotes the shortest distance from side B of conductor layer 11 (first conductor plate) of insulating substrate 10 to semiconductor switching element 38 closest to side B (the distance between sensing spacer conductor 81 and main terminal 1). shortest distance between
- the distance D in FIG. 1 is the shortest distance from the side B to the sensing spacer conductor 81 (the distance between the main terminal 1 and the semiconductor switching element 38 closest to the main terminal 1 among the plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31 to 38). shortest distance).
- the side E is one side (first side) of the insulating substrate 10, and the main terminals 1 are provided on the side E side.
- Distance F indicates the shortest distance between sensing spacer conductor 81 and side E.
- FIG. A distance G indicates the shortest distance between the side E and the semiconductor switching element 38 closest to the main terminal 1 among the plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31 to 38 .
- one sensing spacer conductor 81 corresponds to a plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31 to 38, and the sensing spacer conductor 81 and the plurality of semiconductor chips 31 to 38 are arranged on the same side with respect to side E. are arranged, and the distance F is set to be smaller than the distance G.
- the sensing spacer conductor 81 By arranging the sensing spacer conductor 81 at such a position, it is possible to reduce the degree of superimposition of the noise voltage and noise current due to the main current on the source sense potential detected by the sense terminal 6 . Also, for the same reason, it is desirable that the distance D is smaller than the distance C in this embodiment.
- the number of sense spacer conductors 81 does not depend on the number of semiconductor switching elements.
- one sensing spacer conductor 81 may be arranged to correspond to one arm circuit.
- the positional relationship among the main terminal 1 (high potential terminal), the sensing spacer conductor 81, the plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31 to 38, and the main terminal 2 (low potential terminal) is such that the main terminal 1 is located on the insulating substrate 10.
- the upper arm circuit configuration has been explained above.
- the configuration of the lower arm circuit will be described below.
- the circuit configuration of the lower arm is the same as that of the upper arm circuit, and the description of overlapping portions will be omitted.
- ⁇ Lower arm circuit configuration> [Cross-sectional structure]
- the semiconductor switching elements 51 to 58 of the lower arm circuit configuration shown in FIG. Also in the lower arm circuit configuration, electrodes similar to the electrodes 301 in FIG. 2 are arranged on one plane, and electrodes similar to the electrodes 302 and 303 in FIG. 2 are arranged on the other plane.
- a current similar to the current flowing in the vertical direction from the electrode 301 to the electrode 302 in the upper arm circuit configuration flows. The on/off of this current is controlled by the voltage applied to the control electrode 303 with reference to the potential of the electrode 302 in the upper arm circuit configuration in the lower arm circuit configuration as well.
- the spacer conductors 61 to 68 of the lower arm circuit configuration are similar to the upper arm circuit configuration, having a conductor shape having a height in the vertical direction to the plane of the insulating substrate 10, and the electrodes 302 of the semiconductor switching elements 51 to 58 and the insulating substrate. 20 is electrically connected to the conductor layer 22 (see FIG. 1) on the lower surface.
- the lower arm circuit is different from the upper arm circuit in that it is connected to the conductor layer 22 instead of the conductor layer 21 .
- Spacer conductors 61 to 68 serve as mechanical spacers and determine the distances between the electrodes 302 of the semiconductor switching elements 51 to 58 and the conductor layer 22 on the lower surface of the insulating substrate 20 .
- Spacer conductors 72 and 82 like spacer conductors 61 to 68, have conductor shapes having heights in the vertical direction with respect to the plane of insulating substrate 10, and have conductors on insulating substrate 10 (see FIG. 2). An electrical connection is made between the layers 13, 17B and the conductor layer 22 of the insulating substrate 20.
- the sense spacer conductor 82 electrically connects the conductor layer 17B (third conductor plate) of the insulating substrate 10 electrically connected to the sense terminal 9 and the conductor layer 22 of the insulating substrate 20 .
- the sense spacer conductor 82 is electrically connected to the sense terminal 9 via the conductor layer 17B, the bonding wire 100A, and the conductor layer 17A.
- Sense spacer conductor 82 is a mechanical structure for keeping the distance between insulating substrate 10 and insulating substrate 20 parallel in addition to providing an electrical path.
- the semiconductor switching elements 51 to 58 are arranged in a mirror image positional relationship sandwiching the gate wiring 16C at the center, and the chip orientation is determined so that the gate electrodes of the eight semiconductor switching elements 51 to 58 are gathered at the center.
- the gate terminal 8 is electrically connected to the conductor layer 16A on the insulating substrate 10, and is connected to the gate wiring 16C via the bonding wire 109 with the conductor layer 16B as a relay conductor.
- gate potentials are supplied separately in the direction of the main terminal 2 and in the direction of the main terminal 3, and are connected to the gate electrodes of the semiconductor switching elements 51-58 by the bonding wires 101-108.
- the positional relationship between the sense spacer conductor 82 and the main terminal 2 is the same as the positional relationship between the sense spacer conductor 81 and the main terminal 1 . That is, the side B, the distance C, the distance D, the side E, the distance F, and the distance G used to describe the placement positions of the sense spacer conductors 81 are the sides used to describe the placement positions of the sense spacer conductors 82. They correspond to B', distance C', distance D', side E', distance F', and distance G', respectively, and have similar relationships.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a power semiconductor module 200A of a comparative example, and is a plan view of the power semiconductor module 200A of the comparative example viewed from above. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA' of FIG. 3.
- the same components as those in FIGS. 1 and 2 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and descriptions of overlapping portions are omitted.
- the power semiconductor module 200A of the comparative example has the same functions as the power semiconductor module 200 shown in FIG. 1 in terms of the insulating substrate, semiconductor switching elements, conductor layers, and spacer conductors.
- a power semiconductor module 200A of the comparative example differs from the power semiconductor module 200 shown in FIG.
- the source sense terminals 6 are electrically connected to the conductor layer 12 arranged on the insulating substrate 10.
- the conductor layer 12 is routed from the source sense terminal 6 over a long distance approximately equal to the vertical dimension of the substrate (see later signal line routing of the sense terminal 6 in FIG. 6).
- a noise current is likely to be applied due to magnetic coupling (see mutual inductance M in FIG. 6 described later) from the conductor layers 11 and 21 through which a large main current flows into and out of a plurality of semiconductor switching elements.
- the detectable source sense potential is obtained after the noise voltage generated by the parasitic impedance including the parasitic resistance of the conductor layer 21 on the insulating substrate 20 and the parasitic inductor is superimposed on the main current flowing out from the source electrodes of the plurality of semiconductor switching elements.
- a source sense potential is sensed.
- the main current flowing out from the source electrode of the semiconductor switching element is also affected by the parasitic impedance generated in the spacer conductor 71 when flowing through the spacer conductor 71 .
- FIG. 5 is an equivalent circuit showing the electrical characteristics of the semiconductor switching elements 31 to 34 of the configuration of the power semiconductor module 200 (see FIGS. 1 and 2) of the present embodiment, created for convenience's sake.
- drains of semiconductor switching elements 31 to 34 are connected to a main terminal 1 to which a high potential is applied, and sources thereof are connected to a main terminal 2 to which a low potential is applied.
- Gate control of the semiconductor switching elements 31 to 34 is controlled by a gate terminal 5 and a sense terminal 6 .
- the parasitic impedance Z caused by the structures of FIGS.
- the description will focus on the source potential sensed by the source sense terminal 6 .
- the main current Is flowing out from the semiconductor switching elements 31 to 34 flows toward the main terminal 2 and thus flows through the parasitic impedances Z33, Z32, Z31 and Z71.
- a noise voltage Vnoise1 is generated which is determined by the parasitic impedance and its current.
- Vnoise1 (Is34) ⁇ Z33 + (Is33 + Is34) x Z32 + (Is32 + Is33 + Is34) x Z31 + (Is31 + Is32 + Is33 + Is34) x Z71
- Is31-Is34 indicate the source currents of the semiconductor switching elements 31-34.
- the potential of the source sense terminal 6 is set at the connection position of the source electrode of the semiconductor switching element 34 as shown in the equivalent circuit of FIG. , can be obtained only via a small parasitic impedance Z81. Since the current flowing through the source sense terminal 6 is the return current of the gate drive current Ig, the magnitude of the current is equal to Ig and is at most 1 with respect to the main current Is flowing out from the semiconductor switching elements 31-34. /100 (or less), it can be said that the amount of current is small.
- Vnoise2 Ig x Z81 , which is smaller than Vnoise1.
- This feature is an effect obtained by arranging the sensing spacer conductors 81 in the predetermined positional relationship in the power semiconductor module 200 configured using two insulating substrates, as described above.
- FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit showing the electrical characteristics of the semiconductor switching elements 31 to 34 in the configuration of the power semiconductor module 200A of the comparative example (see FIGS. 3 and 4) for convenience.
- the above Vnoise1 is superimposed on the source sense potential sensed by the source sense terminal 6 .
- FIGS. 7 and 8 show a power semiconductor module 200 of the present embodiment (see FIGS. 1 and 2) and a power semiconductor module 200A of a comparative example (see FIGS. 3 and 4) to construct a calculation circuit, and It is an example of a waveform when double pulse switching is performed using a calculation circuit.
- FIG. 7 is a turn-off waveform diagram showing an example of analysis results of operating waveforms of the power semiconductor modules of the present embodiment and the comparative example.
- FIG. 8 is a turn-on waveform diagram showing an example of analysis results of operating waveforms of the power semiconductor modules of the present embodiment and the comparative example.
- the horizontal axis represents time T
- the left vertical axis represents the voltage Vds [V] between the main terminal 1 and the main terminal 2
- the vertical axis indicates the differential voltage Vgs [V] between the gate terminal 5 and the source sense terminal 6 .
- the time width of the grid on the horizontal axis is 100 [ns].
- the characteristics indicated by solid lines indicate the characteristics when using the calculation circuit of the power semiconductor module 200 of FIGS. 4 shows the characteristics when the calculation circuit of the power semiconductor module 200A of No. 4 is used.
- FIG. 7 shows the behavior of the waveform at the turn-off timing among the switching events.
- Vgs indicates the transient waveform of the differential voltage between the gate terminal 5 and the source sense terminal 6 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2
- Vds indicates the transient waveform of the differential voltage between the main terminals 1 and 2.
- Is indicates the transient waveform of the sum of the source currents flowing out of the main terminal 2 .
- the turn-on waveform shown in FIG. 8 will be described.
- the difference between the solid line and the broken line in the Vgs waveform is shown more greatly, and the voltage difference indicated by the hatched portion in FIG. 8 (see “voltage waveform deterioration" Vd) can be confirmed.
- Vd voltage difference indicated by the hatched portion in FIG. 8
- both Vds and Is change gently, similar to the turn-off waveform shown in FIG. Therefore, even in the turn-on waveform, the characteristics using the calculation circuit of the comparative example in FIG. 6 have larger switching losses at turn-on than the characteristics using the calculation circuit of the present embodiment in FIG.
- the power semiconductor module 200 (see FIGS. 1 and 2) of the present embodiment can reduce switching loss by applying and arranging the spacer conductor for sense.
- ⁇ Module miniaturization> Another advantage of the present invention, that is, miniaturization of the module, will also be described quantitatively by way of example.
- X1 be the horizontal dimension (horizontal direction of the paper surface)
- Y1 be the vertical dimension (vertical direction of the paper surface) of the insulating substrate 10 of the power semiconductor module 200 of the present embodiment shown in FIG.
- the horizontal dimension (horizontal direction of the paper surface) of the insulating substrate 10 of the power semiconductor module 200A of the comparative example appended to FIG. 3 is X2
- the vertical dimension (vertical direction of the paper surface) is Y2.
- the lateral dimension X2 of the insulating substrate 10 of the power semiconductor module 200A of the comparative example in FIG. 12A makes it larger than the lateral dimension X1 of the insulating substrate 10 of the power semiconductor module 200 of this embodiment.
- X1 can be reduced to 92% of X2.
- the size of the insulating substrate 10 is designed to be larger than the size of the insulating substrate 20, it becomes the dominant size that determines the size of the module. I can say that I can.
- the semiconductor module 200 includes the main terminal 1, the conductor layer 11 (first conductor plate) electrically connected to the main terminal 1, and the first conductor plate 11.
- a plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31 to 38 (a plurality of semiconductor chips) to which drains 301 or collectors are connected, and a plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31 to 38 connected to the sources or emitters of the semiconductor switching elements 31 to 38 and arranged to face the conductor layer 11.
- a conductor layer 21 (second conductor plate), a main terminal 2 electrically connected to the conductor layer 21, and a sense terminal 6 for detecting the potential of the sources or emitters of the plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31 to 38.
- a semiconductor module having an insulating substrate 10 (first substrate, first insulating substrate) provided with a main terminal 1, a conductor layer 11, and a sense terminal 6;
- the insulating substrate 20 (second substrate, second insulating substrate) provided with the conductor layer 21 is electrically connected to the sense terminal 6, and while maintaining the distance between the insulating substrate 10 and the insulating substrate 20, a sensing spacer conductor 81 electrically connected to the conductor layer 21 of the insulating substrate 20 from the insulating substrate 10 side, and one sensing spacer conductor 81 corresponds to the plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31 to 38.
- the main terminal 1 is provided on the first side of the insulating substrate 10, and the sensing spacer conductor 81 and the plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31 to 38 are arranged on the same side with respect to the first side.
- the shortest distance between the spacer conductor 81 and the first side is longer than the shortest distance between the semiconductor chip 31 closest to the main terminal 1 among the plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31 to 38 and the first side.
- the sense terminal 6 is electrically insulated from the conductor layer 11 (first conductor plate), and is electrically isolated from the conductor layer 11 on the insulating substrate 10 (first substrate, first insulating substrate).
- the sense terminals 6 are arranged on the same main surface and electrically connected to the third conductor plate 15B facing the conductor layer 21 (second conductor plate). It is connected to the conductor layer 21 via the sense spacer conductor 81 electrically connected to the conductor layer 21 via the third conductor plate 15B while maintaining the distance between the conductor layers 21 .
- the main terminal 1 is connected to the conductor layer 11 on the first side of the insulating substrate 10, and the shortest distance between the sensing spacer conductor 81 and the main terminal 1 is It is smaller than the shortest distance between the semiconductor chip 38 closest to the main terminal 1 and the main terminal 1 .
- gate/source sense drive wiring is routed for each of multiple semiconductor chips as in the past, the area occupied by the wiring will increase, the module substrate will increase, or the number of mounted chips will decrease.
- a common source sense wiring is provided for a plurality of semiconductor chips, and is connected to a source electrode conductor through a sensing spacer conductor 81 dedicated for sensing.
- the area of the wiring portion can be reduced, that is, the length of the gate/source sense wiring can be shortened and simplified, and the size of the substrate can be reduced.
- the noise voltage to the drive signal at the time of switching is generated when a transient large current flows through a path having parasitic R and L.
- the sense spacer conductor 81 is arranged at a portion where the main current of the source electrode conductor does not flow and a portion closer to the main terminal 1 (high potential terminal) than the semiconductor chip (the arrangement position of the sense spacer conductor 81 is (arranged on the highest potential side flowing from the high potential to the low potential path), the influence of the noise voltage can be reduced.
- each semiconductor switching element from the main terminal 1 can be switched. It is possible to reduce the influence of the noise voltage due to the currents flowing through the elements 31 to 38 being superimposed on the source sense voltage.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a schematic configuration of a power semiconductor module 200B according to a second embodiment of the present invention, and is a plan view of the power semiconductor module 200B viewed from above.
- 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA' of FIG. 9.
- the same components as those in FIGS. 1 and 2 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and descriptions of overlapping portions are omitted.
- the layout of the lower layer components which is not visible due to the existence of the upper layer components, is clearly shown on the premise that the upper layer components are transparent.
- a power semiconductor module 200B of this embodiment differs from the power semiconductor module 200 shown in FIGS. That is, power semiconductor module 200B differs from power semiconductor module 200 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 in the configuration of gate wiring 14C and conductor layer 14A on insulating substrate 10 connected to gate wiring 14C by bonding wire 99.
- FIG. 1 A power semiconductor module 200B of this embodiment differs from the power semiconductor module 200 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 in the configuration of gate wiring 14C and conductor layer 14A on insulating substrate 10 connected to gate wiring 14C by bonding wire 99.
- the gate terminal 5 is electrically connected to the conductor layer 14A, and the conductor layer 14A is connected via the bonding wire 99 to the gate wiring conductor layer 14C.
- the gate wiring conductor layer 14C is electrically connected to the gate electrodes of the semiconductor switching elements 34 and 38 via bonding wires 94 and 98, respectively.
- the gate electrodes of the semiconductor switching elements 33 and 37 are connected via bonding wires 93 and 97 to the gate wiring conductor layer 14D which is connected to the gate wiring conductor layer 14C via the gate resistor 121A.
- the gate wiring conductor layer 14C and the gate wiring conductor layer 14D are connected in series via the gate resistor 121A. 38 , and the gate wiring conductor layer 14 D is connected to the gate electrodes of the semiconductor switching elements 33 and 37 via bonding wires 93 and 97 .
- the gate electrodes of the semiconductor switching elements 32 and 36 are connected via bonding wires 94 and 96 to the gate wiring conductor layer 14E, which is connected to the gate wiring conductor layer 14D via the gate resistor 121B. Further, the gate electrodes of the semiconductor switching elements 31 and 35 are connected through bonding wires 91 and 95 to the gate wiring conductor layer 14F which is connected to the gate wiring conductor layer 14E through the gate resistor 121C.
- the gate terminal 8 is electrically connected to the conductor layer 16A, and the conductor layer 16A is connected via the bonding wire 109 to the gate wiring conductor layer 16C.
- Gate wiring conductor layer 16C is electrically connected to gate electrodes of semiconductor switching elements 51 and 55 via bonding wires 101 and 105, respectively.
- the gate electrodes of the semiconductor switching elements 52 and 56 are connected via bonding wires 102 and 106 to the gate wiring conductor layer 16D which is connected to the gate wiring conductor layer 16C via the gate resistor 122A.
- the gate electrodes of the semiconductor switching elements 53 and 57 are connected via bonding wires 103 and 107 to the gate wiring conductor layer 16E connected to the gate wiring conductor layer 16D via the gate resistor 122B.
- Gate electrodes of the semiconductor switching elements 54 and 58 are connected via bonding wires 104 and 108 to the gate wiring conductor layer 16F which is connected to the gate wiring conductor layer 16E via the gate resistor 122C.
- the potential of the gate drive signal for conductor layers 14C to 14F is generated by the value of gate drive current Ig flowing through each conductor layer and gate resistors 121A to 121C. It changes under the influence of potential difference.
- the gate potentials of the semiconductor switching elements 31 to 34 are Vg31 to Vg34, the magnitude relationship of the potentials is such that when the gate current Ig flowing through the gate terminal 5 flows into the semiconductor switching elements during the switching operation, , Vg34 > Vg33 > Vg32 > Vg31 It becomes possible to set so that the relationship of
- FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit in which the configurations of FIGS. 9 and 10 are simplified.
- the voltage drop by the gate resistors 121A to 121C provides the potential magnitude relationship of Vg31 to Vg34.
- the source potential of each semiconductor switching element is indicated by Vs31 to Vs34, the source current passes through the parasitic impedances Z31 to Z33.
- the power semiconductor module 200B can further reduce the area because the gate lead-out conductor layers (14A, 14B, 16A, 16B) in FIGS. 1 and 2 can be eliminated. .
- the dimensions Y3 and Y2 shown in FIG. Y3 is smaller than Y2 by the size or the amount of deletion of 14B and 16B, and X3 in FIG. 9 can be set smaller than X2 for the horizontal size.
- the effect that X3 can be reduced to 83% based on X2. is obtained.
- the dimensions of the insulating substrate 10 are designed to be larger than those of the insulating substrate 20, they become dominant dimensions that determine the dimensions of the module. It can be said that the size of the module can be reduced.
- the configuration of the second embodiment (FIGS. 9 and 10) has the following specific effects compared to the first embodiment (FIGS. 1 and 2).
- (1) By reducing the deviation of the voltage between the gate and the source while reducing the noise voltage and noise current in the detection signal of the source sense terminal, it is possible to further reduce the deviation of the magnitude of the current flowing through each semiconductor switching element. can.
- (2) The area of the insulating substrate on which the semiconductor switching elements are mounted can be further reduced.
- the gate terminal 5 is formed on the conductor layer 14C composed of a plurality of conductor plates arranged on the same main surface side as the conductor layer 11 (first conductor plate) on the insulating substrate 10.
- 14F group of gate wiring conductor plates
- a plurality of bonding wires 91-98 are electrically connected to the gate electrodes of the plurality of semiconductor switching elements 31-38.
- the gate driving voltage applied from the gate terminal 5 is applied at different voltage levels to the respective gate electrodes of the plurality of semiconductor chips 31-38, and the gate current is applied to each of the plurality of semiconductor chips 31-38.
- a high voltage level is applied to the semiconductor switching elements on the side closer to the main terminal 1 of the plurality of semiconductor chips, and to the main terminal 2 farther from the main terminal 1 of the plurality of semiconductor chips 31 to 38.
- a low voltage level is applied to the semiconductor switching element 35 on the near side, and when the gate current flows out from the respective gate electrodes of the plurality of semiconductor chips 31 to 38, the main terminals of the plurality of semiconductor chips 31 to 38 are applied.
- a low voltage level is applied to the semiconductor switching elements on the side closer to 1, and a high voltage level is applied to the semiconductor switching elements 35 on the side far from the main terminals 1 and close to the main terminals 2 of the plurality of semiconductor chips 31-38.
- Vgs of each chip can be equalized by providing a potential difference on the gate wiring.
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a power converter including a power semiconductor module according to the third embodiment of the invention. This embodiment is an example applied to a three-phase AC motor that drives an axle of an electric vehicle that is configured by a battery 250, a power conversion device 260, and an electric motor 270 that serves as a load.
- the power conversion device 260 of the present embodiment includes three leg circuits for one phase configured by 2-in-1 power semiconductor modules 200 (200a, 200b, 200c), a capacitor 240, and a control circuit 230.
- the power conversion device 260 includes gate drive circuits 210 (210a, 210b, 210c) equal in number to the phases of AC.
- the power conversion device 260 holds the main voltage (Vcc) by the capacitor 240, and the gate drive signal for the semiconductor switching elements in each power semiconductor module 200 generated by the control circuit 230 is applied to the gate drive circuits 210a, 210b, and 210c. input to each power semiconductor module 200 via.
- the leg circuits 220a, 220b, and 220c constitute a first-phase inverter leg, a second-phase inverter leg, and a third-phase inverter leg, respectively.
- the output of each inverter leg is connected with electric motor 270 .
- leg circuits 220a, 220b, and 220c have the same circuit configuration. Therefore, the circuit configuration will be described by taking the leg circuit 220a as an example.
- the leg circuit 220a includes a pair of upper and lower arms configured by the power semiconductor module 200a, and a gate drive circuit 210a that controls on/off of the power semiconductor module 200a.
- the power semiconductor module 200a constitutes one leg circuit of the half bridge circuit. It has a main terminal 1, a main terminal 2 and a main terminal 3 as main terminals, and a drain sense terminal 4 for sensing a drain voltage, a gate terminal 5 and a source sense terminal as auxiliary terminals for the upper arm. 6, and a drain sense terminal 7, a gate terminal 8 and a source sense terminal 9 for the lower arm.
- the power semiconductor module 200 mounted on the power converter 260 is the power semiconductor module 200 of the first embodiment or the power semiconductor module 200B of the second embodiment. modules are used.
- the power conversion device 260 can downsize the power conversion device 260 and the electric vehicle motor drive system including it.
- the power semiconductor modules 200 and 200B have reduced switching loss compared to the module configuration of the comparative example. can do.
- the power conversion device 260 and the electric vehicle motor drive system including the same can be downsized, and the loss thereof can be reduced.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and includes other modifications and applications as long as they do not depart from the gist of the invention described in the claims.
- the above embodiments have been described in detail to aid understanding of the present invention, and are not necessarily limited to those having all the described configurations.
- part of the configuration of one embodiment can be replaced with the configuration of another embodiment, and the configuration of another embodiment can be added to the configuration of one embodiment.
- the dimensions and insulation distance of the members forming the power semiconductor module 200 may be arbitrary depending on the application.
- the chip arrangement of the semiconductor switching elements that constitute the power semiconductor module 200 is not limited to the illustrated form.
- the embodiment in which the upper and lower arms are mounted on the same power semiconductor module 200 has been described by focusing on one arm circuit, but the other arm circuit also has the same effect and can be configured in a 2-in-1 configuration.
- the direction of the main current flowing through the power semiconductor switching element flows in the opposite direction between the adjacent conductor layers, resulting in an incidental effect of reducing the parasitic inductance. It suggests a suitable example from the viewpoint of providing high-performance power semiconductor modules.
- the power semiconductor module 200 may be a MOSFET, a unipolar device such as a JFET type (Junction Field Effect Transistor), or a bipolar device such as an IGBT.
- a unipolar device such as a JFET type (Junction Field Effect Transistor)
- a bipolar device such as an IGBT.
- the names of the main terminals and sense terminals are called “collector” and “emitter” instead of "drain” and “source” described above.
- the configuration of the power semiconductor module includes a 2-in-1 type module using the power semiconductor module 200 shown in the embodiment, a 1-in-1 type module configured with one arm circuit, and a 3-in-1 type module using three or more power semiconductor modules 200.
- a phase full bridge circuit may also be used.
- a power conversion device to which this power semiconductor module 1 is applied can be applied to a PCS (Power Conditioning System) in a photovoltaic power generation device, a railway vehicle electrical system, etc., in addition to a motor drive system for an electric vehicle.
- PCS Power Conditioning System
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Abstract
Description
(第1の実施形態)
本発明の第1の実施形態のパワー半導体モジュールについて説明する。本実施形態では、2枚の絶縁基板を用いて構成するパワー半導体モジュールの大きさ、すなわち占有面積を低減するための構成について説明する。また、本実施形態では、モジュール内部に搭載した半導体スイッチング素子のゲート駆動信号の基準電位を検知するセンス配線に発生するノイズ電圧やノイズ電流を低減してゲート制御性を安定にし、スイッチング時の損失を削減できる効果について説明する。
図1は、本発明の第1の実施形態のパワー半導体モジュール200の概略構成を示す図であり、パワー半導体モジュール200を上方からみた平面図である。図2は、図1のA-A’矢視断面図である。各図面において同一の構成あるいは類似の機能を備えた構成については同一の符号を付し、重複する部分についてはその詳細な説明は省略する。
なお、図1の平面図では、本来上層の部品があるため見えない下層の部品配置について、便宜上、上層の部品を透過させた前提でその配置を明示することを、予め述べておく。
図1では、高電位を印加する端子(上アームの直流のP端子または下アームの交流のAC端子)と、半導体スイッチング素子群(半導体チップ群)と、低電位を印加する端子(上アームの交流のAC端子または下アームの直流のN端子)とで構成するアーム回路を二つ直列接続する2in1構成の配置を示している。
[断面構造]
本発明の第1の実施形態のパワー半導体モジュール200は、対向配置(ここでは、絶縁基板10(第1の基板,第1の絶縁基板)を下側、絶縁基板20(第2の基板,第2の絶縁基板)を上側とし、これらを上下に配置)された2枚の絶縁基板10,20を用いて構成する。
図1および図2において、部品を図示しない空隙は、絶縁性を有する樹脂で充填される。以降の説明では、空隙については特に必要がない限り説明を省略する。
図2に示すスペーサ導体71と72は、絶縁基板10の導体層と絶縁基板20の導体層を電気的に接続し、スイッチング時の大電流の経路となる導体である。
センス用スペーサ導体81は、センス端子6に電気的に接続され絶縁基板10(第1の基板)と絶縁基板20(第2の基板)との間の間隔を保ちつつ、絶縁基板10側から絶縁基板20の導体層21(第2の導体板)へ電気的に接続する。
図1および図2に示すように、主端子1は、絶縁基板10の導体層11に電気的に接続され、その接続方法は半田やメタルボンディング等の手段によるもので、特に限定するものではない。主端子2は、絶縁基板10の導体層12に電気的に接続され、スペーサ導体71を介して絶縁基板20の導体層21(第2の導体板)に電気的に接続されている。主端子3は、絶縁基板10の導体層13に電気的に接続され、スペーサ導体72を介して絶縁基板20の導体層22に電気的に接続されている。
ここで、主端子1は、直流のP端子であり、主端子2は、交流のAC端子であり、主端子3は、直流のN端子である。上アームの場合は、主端子1が高電位端子となり、主端子2が低電位端子となる。下アームの場合は、主端子2が高電位端子となり、主端子3が低電位端子となる。
図1は、パワー半導体モジュール200を上方から平面視した図である。説明の都合上、絶縁基板20のうち絶縁層28と導体層29を図示せず、導体層21、22の外形を破線で図示する。また、絶縁基板10のうち、絶縁層18の下面の導体層19も図示しない。
半導体スイッチング素子の種別は、限定されるものではないが、本実施形態では、SiC-MOSFETを例に採って説明する。
<センス端子6>
センス端子6は、絶縁基板10の導体層11(第1の導体板)と電気的に絶縁され、絶縁基板10上の導体層11と同じ主面に配置された導体層15Aに接続され、ボンディングワイヤ100、導体層15B(第3の導体板)、センス用スペーサ導体81を経由して絶縁基板20の導体層21(第2の導体板)に電気的に接続される。
センス用スペーサ導体81が導体層15Bと導体層21に配置される位置によって、ソースセンス端子が検知するソースセンス電位へのノイズ電圧やノイズ電流の重畳の度合いが大きく異なる。
図1の符号B,C,D,E,F,Gは、センス用スペーサ導体81の配置位置を説明するための辺B、距離C、距離D、辺E、距離F、距離Gをそれぞれ示す。
図1の符号Bに示す辺Bは、高電位を与える主端子1(高電位端子)が導体層11(第1の導体板)に接続する端面を示す。主端子1は、長尺の矩形形状であるため、モジュール内側方向の端部の端面が、導体層11(第1の導体板)に接続する辺Bとなる。
図1の符号Cは、絶縁基板10の導体層11(第1の導体板)の辺Bから辺Bに最も近い半導体スイッチング素子38までの最短距離(センス用スペーサ導体81と主端子1との間の最短距離)を示す。
辺Eは、絶縁基板10の一辺(第1の辺)であり、辺E側に主端子1が設けられている。距離Fは、センス用スペーサ導体81と辺Eとの間の最短距離を示す。距離Gは、複数の半導体スイッチング素子31~38のうち主端子1に一番近い半導体スイッチング素子38と辺Eとの間の最短距離を示す。
また、同様の理由により、本実施形態では、距離Dは、距離Cよりも小さいことが望ましい。
絶縁基板20の導体層21(第2の導体板)において、複数の半導体スイッチング素子31~38が当該導体層21に電気的に接続される位置は、センス用スペーサ導体81が電気的に接続される位置と、主端子2(低電位端子)が電気的に接続される位置(主端子2が絶縁基板10側に設けられている場合はスペーサ導体71の位置)の間にある。
[断面構造]
図1に示すように、複数の半導体スイッチング素子のうち、図1に示す下アーム回路構成の半導体スイッチング素子51~58は、上アーム回路構成の半導体スイッチング素子31~38の場合と同様に、つまり、下アーム回路構成でも、一方の平面上に図2の電極301と同様の電極を配置し、他方の平面上に図2の電極302と同様の電極と電極303と同様の電極を配置する。これにより、下アーム回路構成でも、上アーム回路構成で電極301から電極302の縦方向に向かって電流が流れると説明したのと同様の電流が流れる。この電流のオン・オフは、下アーム回路構成でも、上アーム回路構成で電極302の電位を基準に、制御電極303に印加される電圧によって制御されると説明したのと同様になる。
半導体スイッチング素子51~58は、ゲート配線16Cを中心に挟む鏡像の位置関係で配置されており、8つの半導体スイッチング素子51~58のゲート電極が中心に集合するようチップの向きを決めている。ゲート端子8は、絶縁基板10上の導体層16Aに電気的に接続され、ボンディングワイヤ109を介して、導体層16Bを中継導体としながら、ゲート配線16Cに接続される。ゲート配線16Cでは、主端子2の方向と主端子3の方向へと分かれてゲート電位が供給され、ボンディングワイヤ101~108によって半導体スイッチング素子51~58のゲート電極へ接続される。
センス用スペーサ導体82が配置される平面的な位置(導体層17Bと導体層22に接続される平面的な位置)によって、センス端子9が検知するソースセンス電位へのノイズ電圧やノイズ電流の重畳の度合いが大きく異なる。
以下、上述のように構成されたパワー半導体モジュール200の効果について説明する。
本発明(本実施形態)によって得られる2つの効果について説明する。
本発明(本実施形態)によって得られる2つの効果のうち、スイッチング損失の低減効果を図3および図4に示す比較例を参照して説明する。
ここでは、上アーム回路構成を例に採り説明する。
比較例のパワー半導体モジュール200Aは、図1に示すパワー半導体モジュール200の絶縁基板、半導体スイッチング素子、導体層、スペーサ導体の機能が同じである。
比較例のパワー半導体モジュール200Aは、図1に示すパワー半導体モジュール200と、センス端子6からのソースセンス配線経路が異なっている。
さらに、解決課題で述べたように、主端子の接続の工程を簡略化するために、主端子は同一の絶縁基板上の導体層に接続することが製造コスト上の望まれるために、複数の半導体スイッチング素子のソース電極から流出した主電流は、スペーサ導体71を通流する際に、スペーサ導体71で生じる寄生インピーダンスの影響も受ける。
・本実施形態のパワー半導体モジュール200
図5は、本実施形態のパワー半導体モジュール200(図1および図2参照)の構成のうち、半導体スイッチング素子31~34を便宜上例にとって作成した電気的な特性を示す等価回路である。
図5の等価回路において、高電位を印加する主端子1に対し、半導体スイッチング素子31~34のドレインが接続され、そのソースは低電位を印加する主端子2に接続される。半導体スイッチング素子31~34のゲート制御は、ゲート端子5とセンス端子6によって制御される。図5中の回路図には、図1および図2の構造に起因して発生する寄生インピーダンスZを配置している。
ソースセンス端子6が検知するソース電位に着目して説明する。
半導体スイッチング素子31~34から流出する主電流Isは、主端子2に向けて流れるために、寄生インピーダンスZ33、Z32、Z31そしてZ71を流れる。これにより、寄生インピーダンスとその通流電流で決まるノイズ電圧Vnoise1が発生してしまう。
+(Is33+Is34)×Z32
+(Is32+Is33+Is34)×Z31
+(Is31+Is32+Is33+Is34)×Z71
ここで、Is31~Is34は、半導体スイッチング素子31~34のソース電流を示す。
Vnoise2=Ig×Z81
となり、Vnoise1と比較して小さいことが分かる。この特徴は、前述のように、2枚の絶縁基板を用いて構成するパワー半導体モジュール200において、センス用スペーサ導体81を、前記所定の位置関係に配置することによって得られる効果である。
図6は、比較例のパワー半導体モジュール200A(図3および図4参照)の構成のうち、半導体スイッチング素子31~34を便宜上例にとって作成した電気的な特性を示す等価回路である。
図6の等価回路に示すように、ソースセンス端子6が検知するソースセンス電位には、前述のVnoise1が重畳してしまう。また、すべての磁気的結合を網羅するものではないが、ソース端子6を接続する引きまわし配線(導体層12の一部)によるインピーダンスZ12Aに対し、半導体スイッチング素子31~34のソース電流が流れる配線(導体層21)のインピーダンスZ31~Z33からの相互インダクタンスによる磁気的結合(図6の相互インダクタンスM参照)、そして、図6に図示しない半導体スイッチング素子31~34のドレイン電流が流れる配線経路(導体層11)からの相互インダクタンスによる磁気的結合、によって、ソースセンス端子6を流れる電流にはノイズ電流が重畳することが分かる。
本発明の<スイッチング損失の低減>効果の一例を、スイッチング時の波形の比較によって説明する。
図7および図8は、本実施形態のパワー半導体モジュール200(図1および図2参照)および比較例のパワー半導体モジュール200A(図3および図4参照)を模擬して計算回路を構築し、その計算回路を用いてダブルパルススイッチングを行った場合の波形の一例である。
ターンオン波形では、Vgs波形における実線と破線との差異がより大きく示されており、図8中のハッチング部位(「電圧波形の劣化」Vd参照)で示す電圧の差異を確認できる。これに伴い、図7に示すターンオフ波形と同様に、VdsとIsが共に緩やかに変化し、特にVdsに関しては大きなノイズ電圧が重畳していることが分かる。したがって、ターンオン波形においても、図6の比較例の計算回路を用いた特性は、図5の本実施形態の計算回路を用いた特性に対して、ターンオン時のスイッチング損失が大きくなることが分かる。
このように、本実施形態のパワー半導体モジュール200(図1および図2参照)は、センス用スペーサ導体の適用とその配置位置によって、スイッチング損失の低減を可能することができる。
本発明のもう一つの利点であるモジュールの小型化についても、例示によって定量的に効果を述べる。
図1に付記した本実施形態のパワー半導体モジュール200の絶縁基板10の横寸法(紙面の左右方向)をX1とし、縦寸法(紙面の上下方向)をY1とする。同様に、図3に付記した比較例のパワー半導体モジュール200Aの絶縁基板10の横寸法(紙面の左右方向)をX2とし、縦寸法(紙面の上下方向)をY2とする。ここで、Y1とY2は同じ寸法を取り得るが、横寸法については、図3の比較例のパワー半導体モジュール200Aの絶縁基板10の横寸法X2は、ソースセンス用の配線の引き回し部(導体層12A)の配置により、本実施形態のパワー半導体モジュール200の絶縁基板10の横寸法X1に対して大きくなる。
(1)半導体スイッチング素子を搭載する絶縁基板の面積を低減できる。
(2)上記(1)の絶縁基板を搭載するパワー半導体モジュールのサイズを小型化できる。
(3)ソースセンス端子の検知信号におけるノイズ電圧とノイズ電流を低減することにより、良好なスイッチング波形を取得して、そのスイッチング損失を低減することができる。
以上説明したように、本実施形態に係る半導体モジュール200は、主端子1と、主端子1に電気的に接続された導体層11(第1の導体板)と、第1の導体板11にドレイン301またはコレクタが接続された複数の半導体スイッチング素子31~38(複数の半導体チップ)と、複数の半導体スイッチング素子31~38のソースまたはエミッタに接続され、導体層11に対向して配置された導体層21(第2の導体板)と、導体層21に電気的に接続された主端子2と、複数の半導体スイッチング素子31~38のソースまたはエミッタの電位を検出するセンス端子6と、を有する半導体モジュールであって、主端子1と導体層11とセンス端子6とが設けられた絶縁基板10(第1の基板,第1の絶縁基板)と、絶縁基板10に対向して配置され、導体層21が設けられた絶縁基板20(第2の基板,第2の絶縁基板)と、センス端子6に電気的に接続され、絶縁基板10と絶縁基板20との間の間隔を保ちつつ、絶縁基板10側から絶縁基板20の導体層21へ電気的に接続するセンス用スペーサ導体81と、を有し、複数の半導体スイッチング素子31~38に対して1つのセンス用スペーサ導体81が対応し、主端子1は、絶縁基板10の第1の辺に設けられ、センス用スペーサ導体81と複数の半導体スイッチング素子31~38とが第1の辺に対して同じ側に配置されており、センス用スペーサ導体81と第1の辺との間の最短距離は、複数の半導体スイッチング素子31~38のうち主端子1に一番近い半導体チップ31と第1の辺との間の最短距離よりも小さい構成を採る。
図9は、本発明の第2の実施形態のパワー半導体モジュール200Bの概略構成を示す図であり、パワー半導体モジュール200Bを上方からみた平面図である。図10は、図9のA-A’矢視断面図である。図1および図2と同一構成部分には同一符号を付して重複箇所の説明を省略する。
なお、図9の平面図では、本来上層の部品があるため見えない下層の部品配置について、便宜上、上層の部品を透過させた前提でその配置を明示する。
本実施形態のパワー半導体モジュール200Bは、図1および図2に示すパワー半導体モジュール200に対し、ゲート端子5,8に電気的に接続する絶縁基板10上の配線の経路と構成が異なる。すなわち、パワー半導体モジュール200Bは、図1および図2に示すパワー半導体モジュール200のゲート配線14Cおよびこのゲート配線14Cにボンディングワイヤ99で接続される絶縁基板10上の導体層14Aの構成が異なる。
図9に示すように、パワー半導体モジュール200Bは、図1に示すパワー半導体モジュール200のボンディングワイヤ100,100Aが、ボンディングワイヤ111,112に置き換えられている。
パワー半導体モジュール200Bは、ゲート端子5が、導体層14Aに電気的に接続され、導体層14Aはボンディングワイヤ99を介してゲート配線導体層14Cへと接続される。ゲート配線導体層14Cは、ボンディングワイヤ94と98を介して半導体スイッチング素子34と38のゲート電極にそれぞれ電気的に接続される。
パワー半導体モジュール200Bは、ゲート端子8が、導体層16Aに電気的に接続され、導体層16Aはボンディングワイヤ109を介してゲート配線導体層16Cへと接続される。ゲート配線導体層16Cは、ボンディングワイヤ101と105を介して半導体スイッチング素子51と55のゲート電極にそれぞれ電気的に接続される。
図9および図10の構成を採ることによって、導体層14Cから導体層14Fのゲート駆動信号の電位は、各導体層を流れるゲート駆動電流Igの値と、ゲート抵抗121A~121Cとのよって発生する電位差の影響を受けて変化する。例として、半導体スイッチング素子31~34のゲート電位をVg31~Vg34とすると、その電位の大小関係は、スイッチング動作中において、ゲート端子5を流れるゲート電流Igが半導体スイッチング素子に流れ込む方向の場合には、
Vg34 > Vg33 > Vg32 > Vg31
の関係が生ずるように設定可能となる。
図11に示すように、ゲート抵抗121A~121Cによる電圧降下により、上記のVg31~Vg34の電位の大小関係が得られる。各半導体スイッチング素子のソース電位は、Vs31~Vs34で示す場合に、ソース電流が寄生インピーダンスZ31~Z33を通流するために、
Vs34 > Vs33 > Vs32 > Vs31
の関係が生じる。
図9および図10の構成を採ることによって、複数の半導体スイッチング素子のVgs偏差を小さく抑制することが可能となり、各半導体スイッチング素子を流れる電流の大小の偏差を低減することができる。
Vg34 < Vg33 < Vg32 < Vg31
の関係が生じ、この場合も同様の効果を奏する。
(1)ソースセンス端子の検知信号におけるノイズ電圧とノイズ電流を低減しつつ、ゲート・ソース間電圧の偏差を低減することにより、各半導体スイッチング素子を流れる電流の大小の偏差をより低減することができる。
(2)半導体スイッチング素子を搭載する絶縁基板の面積をより低減できる。
(3)(2)記載の絶縁基板を搭載するパワー半導体モジュールのサイズを小型化できる。
と言える。
図12は、本発明の第3の実施形態のパワー半導体モジュールを備える電力変換装置の構成を示すブロック図である。本実施形態は、バッテリー250と、電力変換装置260と、負荷となる電動機270によって構成される電気自動車の車軸を駆動する3相交流電動機に適用した例である。
電力変換装置260は、コンデンサ240により主電圧(Vcc)を保持し、制御回路230により生成された各パワー半導体モジュール200内の半導体スイッチング素子のゲート駆動信号は、ゲート駆動回路210a,210b,210cを介して各パワー半導体モジュール200へと入力される。
レグ回路220a,220b,220cは、それぞれ第1相のインバータレグ、第2相のインバータレグ、第3相のインバータレグを構成する。各インバータレグの出力が電動機270と接続される。
レグ回路220aは、パワー半導体モジュール200aによって構成される一対の上下アームと、パワー半導体モジュール200aをオン・オフ制御するゲート駆動回路210aと、を備えている。
さらに、パワー半導体モジュール200を構成する半導体スイッチング素子のチップ配置は図示した形態に限定するものではない。
2 主端子
3 主端子
4,7 センス端子(ドレインセンス端子)
5,8 ゲート端子
6,9 センス端子(ソースセンス端子)
10 絶縁基板(第1の基板,第1の絶縁基板)
11 導体層(第1の導体板)
14C~14F 導体層(ゲート配線導体板群)
15B、17B 導体層(第3の導体板)
16B 絶縁層(中継導体)
16C ゲート配線
18 絶縁層
19 導体層
20 絶縁基板(第2の基板,第2の絶縁基板)
21 導体層(第2の導体板)
28 絶縁層
29 導体層
31~38,51~58 半導体スイッチング素子(半導体チップ)
41~48,71,72,61~68 スペーサ導体
81,82 センス用スペーサ導体
91~99,101~109,110 ボンディングワイヤ
121,122 ゲート抵抗
200,200B パワー半導体モジュール
210 ゲート駆動回路
220 レグ回路
230 制御回路
240 コンデンサ
250 バッテリーもしくは電源回路
260 電力変換装置
270 電動機
301 半導体チップのドレイン電極
302 半導体チップのソース電極
303 半導体チップのゲート電極
B,B’ 辺
C,C’ 距離
D,D’ 距離
E,E’ 辺
F,F’ 距離
G,G’ 距離
Claims (10)
- 高電位端子と、
前記高電位端子に電気的に接続された第1の導体板と、
前記第1の導体板にドレインまたはコレクタが接続された複数の半導体チップと、
前記複数の半導体チップのソースまたはエミッタに接続され、前記第1の導体板に対向して配置された第2の導体板と、
前記第2の導体板に電気的に接続された低電位端子と、
前記複数の半導体チップのソースまたはエミッタの電位を検出するセンス端子と、を有するパワー半導体モジュールであって、
前記高電位端子と前記第1の導体板と前記センス端子とが設けられた第1の基板と、
前記第1の基板に対向して配置され、前記第2の導体板が設けられた第2の基板と、
前記センス端子に電気的に接続され、前記第1の基板と前記第2の基板との間の間隔を保ちつつ、前記第1の基板側から前記第2の基板の前記第2の導体板へ電気的に接続するセンス用スペーサ導体と、を有し、
前記複数の半導体チップに対して1つの前記センス用スペーサ導体が対応し、
前記高電位端子は、前記第1の基板の第1の辺に設けられ、
前記センス用スペーサ導体と前記複数の半導体チップとが前記第1の辺に対して同じ側に配置されており、
前記センス用スペーサ導体と前記第1の辺との間の最短距離は、前記複数の半導体チップのうち前記高電位端子に一番近い半導体チップと前記第1の辺との間の最短距離よりも小さい
ことを特徴とするパワー半導体モジュール。 - 前記第1の導体板を一つの主面に配置する前記第1の基板としての第1の絶縁基板を有し、
前記第2の導体板を一つの主面に配置する前記第2の基板としての第2の絶縁基板を有し、
前記第1の絶縁基板と第2の絶縁基板は、前記第1の導体板と前記第2の導体板が対向するよう配置され、
前記センス端子は、前記第1の導体板と電気的に絶縁され、前記第1の絶縁基板上の前記第1の導体板と同じ主面に配置され、前記第2の導体板と対向する第3の導体板に電気的に接続され、
前記センス端子は、前記第3の導体板と前記第2の導体板間の距離を保ちつつ、前記第3の導体板を介して前記第2の導体板と電気的に接続する前記センス用スペーサ導体を経由して前記第2の導体板に接続される
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のパワー半導体モジュール。 - 前記高電位端子は、前記第1の絶縁基板の第1の辺において、前記第1の導体板に接続され、
前記センス用スペーサ導体と前記高電位端子との間の最短距離は、前記複数の半導体チップのうち前記高電位端子に一番近い半導体チップと前記高電位端子との間の最短距離よりも小さい
ことを特徴とする請求項2に記載のパワー半導体モジュール。 - 前記センス用スペーサ導体と前記第1の辺との間の最短距離は、前記複数の半導体チップのうち前記高電位端子に一番近い半導体チップと前記第1の辺との間の最短距離よりも小さい
ことを特徴とする請求項3に記載のパワー半導体モジュール。 - 前記第2の導体板において、
前記複数の半導体チップが電気的に接続される位置は、
前記センス用スペーサ導体が電気的に接続される位置と、
前記低電位端子が電気的に接続される位置の間にある
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のパワー半導体モジュール。 - 前記高電位端子と、前記センス用スペーサ導体と、前記複数の半導体チップと、前記低電位端子の平面的な位置関係は、
前記高電位端子が前記第1の導体板に電気的に接続される位置から見て、
前記センス用スペーサ導体、
前記複数の半導体チップ、
前記低電位端子が前記第2の導体板に電気的に接続される位置、の順になっている
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のパワー半導体モジュール。 - 前記センス端子と、ゲート端子は、
前記高電位端子とともに、
前記第1の基板の第1の辺に設けられる
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のパワー半導体モジュール。 - 前記ゲート端子は、前記第1の基板上の前記第1の導体板と同じ主面側に配置される複数の導体板によって構成される第1のゲート配線導体板群と複数のボンディングワイヤを介して、前記複数の半導体チップのゲート電極に電気的に接続される
ことを特徴とする請求項7に記載のパワー半導体モジュール。 - 前記ゲート端子から与えられるゲート駆動電圧は、前記複数の半導体チップのそれぞれのゲート電極に対して、異なった電圧レベルで与えられ、
ゲート電流が、前記複数の半導体チップのそれぞれのゲート電極に流入する場合には、
前記複数の半導体チップの前記高電位端子に近い側の半導体のスイッチング素子には高い電圧レベルで、
前記複数の半導体チップの前記高電位端子に遠く前記低電位端子に近い側の半導体のスイッチング素子には低い電圧レベルで与えられ、
前記ゲート電流が、前記複数の半導体チップのそれぞれのゲート電極から流出する場合には、
前記複数の半導体チップの前記高電位端子に近い側の半導体のスイッチング素子には低い電圧レベルで、
前記複数の半導体チップの前記高電位端子に遠く前記低電位端子に近い側の半導体のスイッチング素子には高い電圧レベルで与えられる
ことを特徴とする請求項7に記載のパワー半導体モジュール。 - 一対以上の上下アームを有する主回路と、
前記上下アームを駆動する駆動回路と、を備える電力変換装置であって、
前記上下アームは、請求項1から請求項9までのいずれか一項に記載のパワー半導体モジュールを有することを特徴とする電力変換装置。
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