WO2023037459A1 - 自律協調制御システム、及び自律協調制御方法 - Google Patents
自律協調制御システム、及び自律協調制御方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
- H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
- H02J1/14—Balancing the load in a network
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an autonomous cooperative control system and an autonomous cooperative control method.
- Microgrids are renewable energy generators (e.g., solar power generators, wind power generators, and geothermal power generators), batteries, and power loads (e.g., general households, factories, commercial facilities, EV (Electric Vehicle) charging It is a smart electric power system including a stand).
- Renewable energy generators mainly output DC (Direct Current) power. Therefore, in an AC grid that uses an AC (alternative current) bus to connect generators, batteries, and power loads, energy conversion loss occurs when converting DC to AC, and the voltage phase of the AC bus is not synchronized. need to take As such, many microgrids employ a DC grid that utilizes a DC bus to connect generators, batteries, and power loads (see Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 1).
- Non-Patent Document 1 a voltage conversion unit is provided between a DC bus and a storage battery, and the voltage conversion unit is controlled to start a charging operation when the voltage of the DC bus rises to a threshold value or higher, and a voltage of a voltage lower than the threshold value. A method is disclosed for stopping the charging operation when .
- Electrical inertia refers to the ability of a bus to generate or absorb power instantaneously when a sudden change in the magnitude of the power load results in an instantaneous need or excess power.
- the inventor believes that one way to provide electrical inertia to the DC bus is to load batteries directly onto the DC bus in case of sudden need for large power or excess power. rice field.
- the PV (Photovoltaic) device is intentionally operated in a state removed from the maximum output state, and when a large amount of power is suddenly required or surplus power is instantaneously operated in the maximum output state or It is conceivable that there is also a method of shifting the output to a further reduced operation and increasing or decreasing the generated power to create a pseudo electric inertial force.
- a first aspect of the present invention provides an autonomous coordinated control system comprising a DC bus to which power loads and a generator are connected, and a plurality of battery units directly connected to the DC bus.
- a plurality of battery units are distributed and loaded on the DC bus, and the terminal voltage of each battery unit is made to match or approximate the reference voltage of the DC bus.
- the voltage of a DC bus to which a power load, a generator, and a plurality of battery units are connected is measured by a voltmeter, the plurality of battery units being connected to the DC bus.
- the terminal voltage of each battery unit is distributed and loaded on the DC bus in a form of direct connection, and the terminal voltage of each battery unit matches or approximates the reference voltage of the DC bus, and the voltage of the DC bus is centered on the reference voltage.
- the control circuit connects the DC bus to the power system and switches to an assisted operation state in which operation is performed with assistance from the power system.
- the control circuit disconnects the DC bus from the power grid and operates without assistance from the power grid. and switching to an autonomous driving operation, in which at least a portion of the generators connected to the DC bus monitor the voltage of the DC bus and generate power if it exceeds a preset upper level.
- an autonomous cooperative control method is provided that performs an autonomous operation to stop power supply to the DC bus.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically showing an example of a DC bus according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically showing an example of an equivalent circuit of a DC bus according to the embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining the attenuation characteristics of an electrical inertial force and the relationship between the thickness of a power line and the speed of attenuation
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the number of battery units loaded on a DC bus and the strength of electrical inertial force at each position on the DC bus;
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing an example of a DC bus according to an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically showing an example of an equivalent circuit of a DC bus according to the embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining the attenuation characteristics of an electrical inertial force and the relationship between the thickness of a power line and the speed of attenuation
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the number
- FIG. 4 illustrates a first stability condition for a DC bus according to embodiments of the invention;
- FIG. 4 illustrates a second DC bus stability condition according to an embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing an autonomous cooperative control system 10. As shown in FIG.
- the autonomous cooperative control system 10 shown in FIG. 1 is an example of the autonomous cooperative control system according to the embodiment of the present invention, and the application range of the technology according to the embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this example.
- the autonomous cooperative control system 10 includes a DC bus 11 to which one or more electric loads and one or more generators are connected, and a plurality of battery units directly connected to the DC bus 11.
- the generators are renewable energy generators such as photovoltaic generators (such as PV devices), wind generators, and geothermal generators.
- the power loads are power consuming facilities such as general households, factories, commercial facilities, and EV charging stations.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows three battery units 12a, 13a, and 14a as examples of a plurality of battery units connected to the DC bus 11.
- FIG. 1 also schematically shows generators 12b, 13b, 14b as examples of one or more generators, and power loads 12c, 13c, 14c as examples of one or more power loads.
- generators 12b, 13b, 14b as examples of one or more generators
- power loads 12c, 13c, 14c examples of one or more power loads.
- the number of battery units, generators, and power loads is not limited to this example and may each be other than three. Elements and operations of the autonomous cooperative control system 10 will be specifically described below.
- the DC bus 11 is composed of at least two power lines 11a and 11b, as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically showing an example of a DC bus according to an embodiment of the invention.
- the DC bus 11 may consist of a 5.5SQ 2-core CV cable (Cross-linked polyethylene insulated vinyl sheath cable), ie, a 2-core CV cable with a core cross-sectional area of about 5.5 mm 2 .
- the voltage of the DC bus 11 is maintained within a preset voltage range (allowable voltage range) around a prescribed voltage level (reference voltage) by a control mechanism within the autonomous cooperative control system 10, which will be described later.
- the reference voltage can be set to 400V, for example.
- each battery unit is directly connected to power lines 11 a and 11 b of the DC bus 11 .
- each battery unit is configured such that its terminal voltage is approximately equal to the reference voltage of the DC bus 11 .
- two batteries in which 60 battery cells of 3.2V are connected in series are prepared and connected to obtain one battery unit having a terminal voltage of 384V (approximately 400V).
- a lithium ion battery such as a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO) battery, or a lead-acid battery
- Lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries have a characteristic (so-called drooping characteristic) in which the terminal voltage monotonously decreases as the power load increases.
- SOC state of charge
- the terminal voltage has characteristics (see graph 21a in FIG. 2) that vary linearly with respect to SOC. Due to these characteristics, stable operation can be obtained against load fluctuations, and the charge rate can be easily estimated from the terminal voltage.
- a plurality of battery units are distributed and loaded on the DC bus 11 in order to increase the electrical inertia force of the DC bus 11 .
- the electrical inertia force represents the difficulty of changing the voltage of the DC bus 11 with respect to a sudden increase in power consumption by the power load and a sudden increase in power supply by the generator.
- the electrical inertia force f1 of the DC bus 11 that causes the voltage of the DC bus 11 to change by ⁇ V1 when there is a sudden current fluctuation of 1 A in the power load is ⁇ V2 ( ⁇ V1 > ⁇ V2) less than the varying electrical inertia force f2 of the DC bus 11;
- the DC bus 11 with electrical inertia f2 is more stable than the DC bus 11 with electrical inertia f1.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically showing an example of an equivalent circuit of a DC bus in which battery units (storage batteries) are distributed and loaded.
- FIG. 3 schematically represents an equivalent circuit of the DC bus 11 to which two battery units 31 and 32 are connected.
- the battery unit 31 is represented by a battery capacity 31a and an internal resistance 31b.
- the battery unit 32 is represented by a battery capacity 32a and an internal resistance 32b.
- the inductance and resistance of the power line 11a are represented by distributed inductors 33a, 33b and distributed resistors 34a, 34b, respectively.
- the inductance and resistance of the power line 11b are represented by distributed inductors 33c, 33d and distributed resistors 34c, 34d, respectively.
- a capacitance between the power lines 11a and 11b is represented by a line-to-line capacitance 35.
- the electrical inertia force becomes smaller.
- the electrical inertia of the DC bus 11 is also related to the distributed resistances 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d of the power lines 11a, 11b. For example, the shorter the distance between the connection point of the power load and the connection point of the battery units 31 and 32 (that is, the smaller the resistance of the power lines 11a and 11b), the greater the electrical inertia force.
- a power load may be connected to any point (place) on the DC bus 11, and if the battery units are centrally loaded in one place, the power consumption of the power load far from the battery unit will increase. Inertial force does not work sufficiently.
- the expected electrical inertia force will be reduced even if the power consumption increases rapidly in the power load loaded at any location on the DC bus. It works, and the sudden voltage drop of the DC bus 11 can be suppressed.
- renewable energy generators such as PV may also be connected to any point on the DC bus, but if the power supply from any generator surges, the battery unit will be on the DC bus 11. If they are distributedly loaded, the rapid voltage rise of the DC bus 11 can be suppressed by the electrical inertial force.
- the embodiment of the present invention adopts a configuration in which a plurality of battery units are distributed and loaded on the DC bus 11 .
- the loading method (number and placement) of the battery units can be determined based on the strength of electrical inertia required. For example, in the assumed environment, the voltage of the DC bus 11 is always maintained within the allowable voltage range by also using control to connect the DC bus 11 to the power system as necessary. can be determined by simulation or the like.
- the electrical inertia force is important for stable operation of the DC bus 11.
- it is also possible to suppress longer-term voltage fluctuations of the DC bus 11. It is important for stable operation.
- the time during which the electrical inertial force can be maintained is longer when the battery capacities 31a and 32a of the battery units 31 and 32 are larger, and shorter when the battery capacities 31a and 32a are smaller. That is, the larger the capacity of each battery unit, the longer it is possible to suppress the voltage fluctuations of the DC bus 11 with respect to fluctuations in power consumption and power generation.
- the magnitude of the electrical inertial force is determined by the electrical resistance of the battery unit, etc., and the duration of the electrical inertial force is determined by the battery capacity.
- the source of inertial force in existing power grids is the power plant at the top of the power grid.
- a generator is rotated by rotating a large steam turbine.
- a turbine has a large moment of inertia due to the high speed rotation of a heavy rotating body. Therefore, even if a large power load is suddenly applied and a force that decelerates the rotation of the turbine acts, the large moment of inertia allows the rotation to continue without a significant decrease in the rotation speed.
- the moment of inertia of the rotating body of the turbine is M
- the rotational angular velocity is ⁇
- the strength of the inertial force (moment of inertia M) acting against the force of the connected electric power load that tends to reduce the rotational speed of the turbine is proportional to the electric power P that can be extracted by the connected electric power load. I know you do. From this, it can be seen that the characteristics of the electrical inertial force can be evaluated using the maximum power Pmax that can be instantaneously extracted at the time of connection, depending on the power load connected to the power line. Following this, we further consider the characteristics of the electrical inertia force on the DC bus using P max below.
- FIG. 4 shows changes in P max characteristics due to differences in core wire cross-sectional area.
- the graph in FIG. 4 assumes that the total length of the DC bus is 1 km, the reference voltage V is 400 (V), the internal resistance of the battery unit is 0.1 ( ⁇ ), and one battery unit is placed at one end (0 m position) on the DC bus. ), the characteristic change of P max is compared.
- P max drops as the distance from the battery unit increases, but when comparing the cases of 8SQ and 200SQ, in 200SQ, even if the distance is 800 (m) from the battery unit, P max is 2 ⁇ 10 5 (W). Although the above is maintained, it can be seen that in the case of 8SQ, it drops to 2 ⁇ 10 5 (W) or less at a distance of 50 (m) or less.
- the electrical inertial force depends on the cross-sectional area of the core wire of the power line in addition to the distance from the battery unit. Therefore, in addition to the number and arrangement of the battery units, the cross-sectional area of the core wire of the power line is one of the important factors to ensure that the electric inertial force acts evenly on the DC bus.
- the range on the DC bus where the electrical inertial force of each battery unit acts with sufficient strength is also determined to some extent.
- the strength of the electrical inertia force is mainly affected by the distance (that is, electrical resistance) between the battery unit and the connection point of the power load, not by the capacity of each battery unit.
- the capacity of each battery unit mainly affects the duration during which the electrical inertial force acts. Therefore, it is important to place the appropriate number of battery units at the appropriate locations on the DC bus in order to exert sufficient electrical inertia on power loads connected anywhere on the DC bus. .
- the battery units are similarly arranged at equal intervals. Note that these arrangement examples are merely examples, and the scope of application of the present invention is not limited to these.
- each battery unit of the autonomous cooperative control system 10 is distributed on the DC bus 11 and directly connected to the power lines 11 a and 11 b of the DC bus 11 .
- the generator and power loads are indirectly connected to the DC bus 11 and operate autonomously, such as the generator 22 and power loads 23 and 24 shown in FIG.
- the generator 22 is connected to the DC bus 11 via a DC/DC converter 22a.
- the generator 22 monitors the voltage of the DC bus 11 and generates power when the voltage of the DC bus 11 exceeds a preset upper limit level. or the DC/DC converter 22 a stops supplying power to the DC bus 11 .
- These autonomous operations reduce the risk of the voltage on the DC bus 11 abnormally increasing.
- the power system absorbs surplus power that cannot be completely consumed and cannot be stored. , there is no need to perform the above autonomous actions. In this case, the generator 22 can flow all of the generated power into the DC bus 11 .
- the power loads connected to the DC bus 11 can freely receive the necessary power supply from the DC bus 11 when needed. Autonomous action is therefore unfamiliar.
- the DC bus 11 is connected via an externally controllable CB (Circuit Breaker) 23a to enable forcible disconnection from the bus in an emergency or abnormal situation.
- the CB 23a serves to cut off the power supply from the DC bus 11 to the power load 23 when the voltage of the DC bus 11 drops below some abnormal level.
- the abnormal level is set to a level significantly lower than the lower limit value LV1 of the first voltage range described later, and the allowable voltage range (third voltage range described later) allowed in the existing power system. It can be set to a level lower than the lower limit value LV2.
- the power load 24 When connecting an AC-driven power load 24 to the DC bus 11, the power load 24 is connected to the DC bus 11 via a DC/AC converter 24a.
- the DC/AC converter 24 a converts the DC power from the DC bus 11 into AC power and supplies it to the power load 24 .
- the DC/AC converter 24a may cut off power from the DC bus 11 to the power load 24 when the voltage on the DC bus 11 drops below the abnormal level described above.
- a separate CB may be provided between the DC bus 11 and the power load 24 . Blackout can be avoided by these controls.
- DC bus 11 is connected to local grid 17 via switch 15 and converter 16 .
- the local grid 17 is an external power system such as a power system capable of stably supplying power using thermal power generation, hydraulic power generation, wind power generation, nuclear power generation, or the like, or other power grids.
- the local grid 17 may also receive excess power from the connected DC bus 11 .
- the DC bus 11 and the local grid 17 are connected.
- power is supplied from the local grid 17 to the DC bus 11 via the converter 16 when the voltage on the DC bus 11 is below a certain level, and conversely, when the voltage on the DC bus 11 is above a certain level. If so, power from the DC bus 11 is received by the local grid 17 .
- the converter 16 converts DC power on the DC bus 11 side to AC power on the local grid 17 side, or converts AC power on the local grid 17 side to DC power on the DC bus 11 side.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram schematically showing the configuration of the switch 40.
- switch 40 includes voltmeter 41 , switching mechanism 42 and control mechanism 43 .
- the voltmeter 41 is means for measuring the voltage at the connection point (voltage monitoring point) between the DC bus 11 and the local grid 17 .
- the switching mechanism 42 is means for switching connection/disconnection between the DC bus 11 and the local grid 17 .
- the control mechanism 43 is means (for example, a control circuit) that controls the switching operation of the switching mechanism 42 based on the measured value of the voltmeter 41 .
- the configuration of FIG. 7, which employs a voltmeter is more cost effective than the configuration of a voltage monitoring system, which will be described later. Details of control by the control mechanism 43 will be described later with reference to FIG.
- a voltage monitoring system includes a processor and memory.
- the processor is a CPU (Central Processing Unit), DSP (Digital Signal Processor), ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or the like.
- the memory is ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), flash memory, or the like.
- the processor acquires measurement data of a voltmeter provided at each connection point through a communication line, and stores the acquired measurement data in the memory.
- each battery unit connected to the DC bus 11 is configured such that the terminal voltage is substantially equal to the reference voltage of the DC bus 11 within a certain range of SOC, and the SOC is kept within the certain range during operation. controlled to be maintained within Further, each power load connected to the DC bus 11 is configured so as to receive power freely from the DC bus 11 as needed within a range in which cutoff control by CB or the like does not operate.
- each generator connected to the DC bus 11 stops power generation or supplies power when the voltage of the DC bus 11 exceeds a certain level in the case of off-grid where there is no power exchange with the local grid 17. operate autonomously to block On the other hand, each generator does not need to operate autonomously when it is on-grid in which it is possible to exchange power with the local grid 17 , and the generated power can flow to the DC bus 11 without restriction.
- each element connected to the DC bus 11 operates autonomously, even in an autonomous operation operation in an off-grid state in which the DC bus 11 is disconnected from the local grid 17, stable power supply from the DC bus 11 to each power load can be achieved. power supply can be maintained to some extent. However, depending on the amount of power generated by each generator, the capacity and SOC of each battery, the number and size of power loads connected to the DC bus 11, or other factors, the voltage of the DC bus 11 is preset. It can be outside the first voltage range. Therefore, when the voltage of the DC bus 11 is likely to deviate from the first voltage range, the switch 15 is turned on, the autonomous driving operation is changed to the on-grid state in which the DC bus 11 is connected to the local grid 17, and the local grid 17 Switch to assist control operation.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of the autonomous cooperative control method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the vertical axis of the graph illustrated in FIG. 8 is the voltage of the DC bus 11 at the voltage monitoring point, and the horizontal axis is time.
- LV0, LV1, LV2, HV0, HV1, and HV2 in the figure are preset voltage thresholds.
- LV0 is set to a level lower than the reference voltage (400 V in this example), and LV1 is set to a level even lower than LV0.
- HV0 is set to a level higher than the reference voltage
- HV1 is set to a level higher than HV0.
- the voltage range allowed in the existing power system is ⁇ 5% of the reference voltage, and the upper limit and lower limit of the voltage range are denoted by HV2 and LV2, respectively.
- the range from LV1 to HV1 (first voltage range) must be set so that the terminal voltage of the battery falls within the range exhibiting characteristics that change almost linearly with respect to the SOC. must be set.
- the switch 15 when the voltage goes out of the first voltage range, the switch 15 is turned on and the assist operation from the local grid 17 is started. Then, the autonomous cooperative control system 10 controls the voltage of the DC bus 11 to be within the first voltage range at all times. However, some undershoot and overshoot are allowed, and the voltage on the DC bus 11 at the voltage monitoring point may reach the range HV1 to HV2 and the range LV1 to LV2, but the first voltage range is deviated from, assist control is performed to bring the voltage back within the first voltage range as quickly as possible.
- the range from LV0 to HV0 is referred to as a second voltage range.
- the second voltage range is within the first voltage range including the reference voltage.
- the range from LV2 to HV2 may be referred to as a third voltage range.
- the third voltage range is set to a prescribed voltage range (acceptable voltage range) that is allowed by the existing power system (or connected local grid).
- the first voltage range is set within the third voltage range.
- a curve 51 in the figure represents the voltage at the connection point between the DC bus 11 and the local grid 17 (that is, the connection point between the DC bus 11 and the switch 15).
- the DC bus 11 voltage is near the reference voltage, but all generators in the DC11 bus If the power generated by (such as PV) continues to exceed the power consumption of the entire power load, the power of the difference will flow to the battery unit. As a result, the charging rate of the battery unit increases, so the terminal voltage also rises, and the voltage of the DC bus 11 rises. The voltage on DC bus 11 rises over time and exceeds HV0, reaching HV1 at time P1.
- the control mechanism 43 performs control to connect the DC bus 11 to the local grid 17 .
- surplus power is transmitted from the DC bus 11 to the local grid 17, and the voltage of the DC bus 11 begins to drop. That is, if the converter 16 is operated so that the voltage on the DC bus 11 side of the converter 16 becomes the reference voltage (400 V in this example), a current flows from the DC bus 11 with a high voltage to the converter 16. As a result, the voltage on the DC bus 11, which has become too high, begins to drop.
- a plurality of battery units are distributed and loaded on the DC bus 11 to strengthen the electrical inertial force. Therefore, even if the amount of power generation increases sharply, a sudden voltage rise of the DC bus 11 can be suppressed. As a result, even if the voltage slightly exceeds HV1 immediately before switching to the on-grid due to some reason such as a transmission delay of the control signal, , the voltage on the DC bus is pulled back into the first voltage range and quickly returns to a level below HV1. By increasing the electrical inertia force in this way, the time during which the voltage of the DC bus 11 deviates from the first voltage range can be shortened as much as possible.
- the time required to return to the level of HV1 or less is preferably within a predetermined time (for example, 1 second). That is, the autonomous cooperative control system 10 charges the plurality of battery units directly connected to the DC bus 11 from the DC bus 11 and the assist operation by the local grid 17, even if the voltage deviates from the first voltage range. 3, and returns to within the first voltage range within a predetermined time.
- a predetermined time for example, 1 second
- the control mechanism 43 After turning on the grid at P1, the voltage of the DC bus 11 drops below HV1, and reaches HV0 at P2. In this way, when the voltage of the DC bus 11 drops and reaches HV0, the control mechanism 43 performs control to disconnect the DC bus 11 from the local grid 17, and the assist operation by the local grid 17 ends.
- the electrical inertia force is strengthened, a rapid voltage drop of the DC bus 11 can be suppressed even when the load increases rapidly. Even if the voltage drops slightly below LV1 just before switching to the grid, it is quickly pulled back into the first voltage range and quickly returned to a level above LV1.
- the time required to return to the level of LV1 or higher is preferably within a predetermined time (for example, 1 second).
- the autonomous coordinated control system 10 operates even when the voltage deviates from the first voltage range due to the discharge from the plurality of battery units directly connected to the DC bus 11 to the DC bus 11 and the assist operation by the local grid 17, even when the voltage is outside the third voltage range. and return to within the first voltage range within a predetermined time.
- the control mechanism 43 disconnects the DC bus 11 from the local grid 17 and terminates the assist operation by the local grid 17 .
- the control mechanism 43 turns on the switch 15. , connect the DC bus 11 to the local grid 17 . Further, when the voltage of the DC bus 11 at the voltage monitoring point drops and reaches HV0, and when the voltage rises and reaches LV0, the control mechanism 43 turns off the switch 15 so that the DC bus 11 from the local grid 17.
- the voltage of the DC bus 11 is generally maintained within the first voltage range, and even if a slight overshoot or undershoot occurs, the first voltage is quickly restored without deviating from the third voltage range. Converge within range. Note that the control when using the voltage monitoring system (modification) is also the same as described above.
- DC bus voltage stability condition As described above, by distributing and directly connecting the battery units to the DC bus 11, the electrical inertia force is strengthened, and the capacity of each battery unit is appropriately set to ensure a sufficient inertia duration. In such an environment, stable operation of the DC bus 11 can be realized by autonomous cooperative control. However, the conditions for stable operation (stability conditions) depend on the scale of the power load loaded on the DC bus 11, the thickness (electrical resistance) and length of the core wire of the bus wire cable, and the like. Therefore, we explored the stability condition by simulation.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a simulation model of an autonomous cooperative control system.
- a first battery unit 61 to which batteries 61a and 61b are connected, a second battery unit 62 to which batteries 62a and 62b are connected, and a third battery unit 63 to which batteries 63a and 63b are connected are DC It is loaded on bus 11 .
- Each battery is assumed to be a lithium ion battery, the cell is configured so that the terminal voltage is approximately equal to the reference voltage of the DC bus 11, and the terminal voltage is operated in a region where the terminal voltage changes linearly with respect to the SOC.
- the DC bus 11 is further loaded with power loads 61c, 62c, 63c and generators 61d, 62d, 63d.
- DC bus 11 is connected to switch 64 and configured to be connectable to local grid 65 .
- L1 be the distance (length of the power line) between the first battery unit 61 and the power load 61c
- L2 be the distance between the power load 61c and the generator 61d.
- the distance between the second battery unit 62 and the generator 61d is L3
- the distance between the second battery unit 62 and the power load 62c is L4.
- L5 is the distance between the power load 62c and the generator 62d
- L6 is the distance between the generator 62d and the third battery unit 63
- L6 is the distance between the third battery unit 63 and the power load 63c. is L7.
- L8 be the distance between the power load 63c and the generator 63d.
- each power line of the DC bus 11 is a 5.5SQ CV cable.
- the reference voltage of the DC bus 11 is set to 400 V
- one power line is +200 V with respect to the ground potential
- the other power line is -200 V with respect to the ground potential.
- the total length of the DC bus 11 is set to 200 m
- the distances L1 to L8 between connection points are all set to 25 m.
- the same degree of electric inertial force acts regardless of which power load has a sudden increase in power consumption.
- the stop or cutoff control of each generator was omitted, and the power generated from each generator was supplied to the DC bus 11 without restriction.
- the amount of power supplied from each generator is assumed to be the amount of power generated by PV equivalent to the amount of sunshine in Sendai City, Japan in January. Household power consumption is assumed.
- the voltage thresholds LV2, LV1, LV0, HV0, HV1 and HV2 are set to 380V, 385V, 395V, 405V, 415V and 420V, respectively.
- the voltage range allowed in the existing power system is ⁇ 5% of the reference voltage, and the voltage thresholds HV2 and LV2 are set to the upper and lower limits of that voltage range, respectively.
- FIG. 10 shows simulation results under the above model and environment.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the result of simulating changes in the DC bus voltage at the connection point with the local grid 65 over the month of January.
- Graph 71 in FIG. 10(a) corresponds to a first scenario in which the capacity of each battery unit is (20/3) kWh and the total capacity of the batteries connected to DC bus 11 is 20 kWh. Simulation results are shown. As graph 71 shows, the voltage on DC bus 11 is maintained in the range between LV1 and HV1 with assistance from local grid 65 as needed. Since the battery units are dispersedly loaded on the DC bus 11 and a sufficient electrical inertial force is acting thereon, the voltage does not greatly deviate from the range, and the voltage of the DC bus 11 is always stable.
- Graph 72 in FIG. 10(b) corresponds to a second scenario in which the capacity of each battery unit is (10/3) kWh and the total capacity of the batteries connected to the DC bus 11 is 10 kWh. Simulation results are shown. As graph 72 shows, the voltage on DC bus 11 is maintained in the range between LV1 and HV1 with assistance from local grid 65 as needed. As in the first scenario, sufficient electrical inertia is acting so that the voltage does not deviate significantly from its range and the voltage on DC bus 11 is always stable. However, since the capacity of each battery unit has decreased, the frequency of receiving assistance from the local grid 65 is higher in the second scenario than in the first scenario.
- Graph 73 of FIG. 10(c) corresponds to a third scenario in which the capacity of each battery unit is (5/3) kWh and the total capacity of the batteries connected to the DC bus 11 is 5 kWh. Simulation results are shown.
- graph 73 shows, the voltage on DC bus 11 is maintained within the range of LV1 to HV1 with assistance from local grid 65 as needed.
- sufficient electrical inertia is acting so that the voltage does not deviate significantly from its range and the voltage on DC bus 11 is always stable.
- the frequency of receiving assistance from the local grid 65 is further increased in the third scenario than in the second scenario.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing DC bus stability conditions according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- a stable region 81 in the figure indicates a condition (stability condition) under which the voltage of the DC bus 11 is substantially maintained within the first voltage range by receiving assistance from the local grid 65 as necessary.
- the unstable region 83 the voltage of the DC bus 11 deviating from the first voltage range cannot be recovered within the first voltage range even with assistance from the local grid 65.
- Transition region 82 is an intermediate state between stable region 81 and unstable region 83 where the voltage on DC bus 11 frequently deviates outside the first range and with assistance from local grid 65 also indicates a condition in which the time required to recover to within the first voltage range is shorter than some specified value A but longer than some specified value B (eg, 1 second).
- the battery capacity required for stable operation of the DC bus 11 is It can be seen that it is proportional to the scale. According to the stability conditions shown in FIG. 11, the capacity of each battery unit loaded on the DC bus 11 may be set to a minimum capacity proportional to the scale of the power load, and such small capacity batteries Even the unit can maintain the stability of the DC bus 11 by distributed loading.
- the stability of the DC bus 11 depends not only on the battery capacity but also on the electrical inertial force.
- the electrical inertia force is related not only to the internal resistance of the battery, but also to the distributed resistance of the power line.
- the distributed resistance of the power line increases as the distance between the connection point of the power load and the connection point of the battery unit increases or as the power line becomes thinner.
- the stability of the DC bus 11 it is preferable for the stability of the DC bus 11 that the distance between the connection point of the power load and the connection point of the battery unit is short and the power line is thick.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the DC bus stability conditions according to the embodiment of the present invention from a different perspective from that of FIG.
- the horizontal axis is the cross-sectional area of the core wire of the CV cable used for the power line
- the vertical axis is the length of the CV cable
- the stable region 91, the transition region 92, and the unstable region 93 are mapped. is.
- a stable region 91 indicates a condition (stability condition) under which the voltage of the DC bus 11 is substantially maintained within the first voltage range by receiving assistance from the local grid 65 as necessary.
- the unstable region 93 the voltage of the DC bus 11 deviating from the first voltage range cannot be recovered within the first voltage range even with assistance from the local grid 65. also indicates a condition that a certain specified value A or more is applied.
- Transition region 92 is an intermediate state between stable region 91 and unstable region 93 where the voltage on DC bus 11 frequently deviates outside the first range and with assistance from local grid 65 also indicates a condition in which the time required to recover to within the first voltage range is shorter than a certain specified value A but longer than a certain specified value B.
- the thinner and longer the CV cable the greater the distributed resistance of the power line, and the less stable the DC bus 11 tends to be. From this, in order to guarantee stable operation of the DC bus 11, it is important to use a CV cable with a thick core wire as much as possible and to keep the length of the CV cable within a certain length. .
- Table 1 below shows the relationship between the thickness of the core wire of the CV cable and the total length of the DC bus 11 that allows the state of the stable region 91 to be maintained.
- SQ is the cross-sectional area of the core wire of the CV cable
- L is the total length of the DC bus 11 . From Table 1, it can be seen that the stability of the DC bus 11 can be maintained even if the total length of the DC bus 11 is extended by thickening the core wire of the CV cable. This is because the thicker the core wire, the smaller the distributed resistance of the CV cable, and the stronger the electrical inertial force, as compared to the thin core wire. In other words, the overall length of the DC bus 11 can be extended while maintaining the stability of the DC bus 11 by the amount of strengthening of the electrical inertia force by thickening the core wire.
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Abstract
Description
まず、本発明の実施形態に係る自律協調制御システムについて説明する。図1は、自律協調制御システム10を模式的に示した図である。図1に示した自律協調制御システム10は、本発明の実施形態に係る自律協調制御システムの一例であり、本発明の実施形態に係る技術の適用範囲はこの例に限定されない。
DCバス11は、図2に示すように、少なくとも2本の電力線11a、11bで構成される。図2は、本発明の実施形態に係るDCバスの例を模式的に示した図である。例えば、DCバス11は、5.5SQの2コアCVケーブル(Cross-linked polyethylene insulated Vinyl sheath cable)、即ち、コアの断面積が約5.5mm2の2コアCVケーブルで構成されうる。DCバス11の電圧は、後述する自律協調制御システム10内の制御機構によって、規定の電圧レベル(基準電圧)を中心とする予め設定された電圧範囲(許容電圧範囲)内に維持される。基準電圧は、例えば、400Vに設定されうる。
ここで、図3を参照しながら、DCバス11の電気的慣性力の源について、さらに説明する。図3は、バッテリユニット(蓄電池)を分散装荷したDCバスの等価回路の例を模式的に示した図である。
再び図2を参照する。上記のように自律協調制御システム10の各バッテリユニットは、DCバス11上に分散装荷され、DCバス11の電力線11a、11bに直接的に接続される。一方、発電機及び電力負荷は、図2に示した発電機22、及び電力負荷23、24のようにDCバス11に間接的に接続されて自律的に動作する。
再び図1を参照する。図1に示すように、DCバス11は、スイッチ15及び変換器16を介してローカルグリッド17に接続される。ローカルグリッド17は、火力発電、水力発電、風力発電、及び原子力発電などを利用して安定的に電力を供給可能な電力系統、又は他の電力グリッドなどの外部電力システムである。ローカルグリッド17は、接続されたDCバス11に電力を供給することに加え、接続されたDCバス11の余剰電力を受容することもできる。
上述したスイッチ15の機能は、例えば、図7に示したスイッチ40によって実装されうる。図7は、スイッチ40の構成を模式的に示したブロック図である。図7に示すように、スイッチ40は、電圧計41と、スイッチング機構42と、制御機構43とを含む。電圧計41は、DCバス11とローカルグリッド17との接続点(電圧監視点)における電圧を計測する手段である。スイッチング機構42は、DCバス11とローカルグリッド17との間の接続/切断を切り替える手段である。制御機構43は、電圧計41の計測値に基づいてスイッチング機構42の切り替え動作を制御する手段(例えば、制御回路)である。電圧計を採用する図7の構成は、後述する電圧監視システムの構成を採用する場合に比べてコスト面で有利である。制御機構43による制御の詳細については、図8を参照しながら後述する。
次に、本発明の実施形態に係る自律協調制御方法について説明する。
上記の通り、DCバス11にバッテリユニットを分散して直接接続することにより電気的慣性力を強化し、各バッテリユニットの容量を適切に設定して十分な慣性持続時間を確保することで、想定される環境において、自律協調制御によるDCバス11の安定稼働が実現されうる。但し、安定稼働の条件(安定性条件)は、DCバス11に装荷される電力負荷のスケール、バス電線ケーブルの心線の太さ(電気抵抗)及び長さなどに依存する。そこで、シミュレーションにより安定性条件を探った。
シミュレーションには、図9に示したシミュレーションモデルを利用した。図9は、自律協調制御システムのシミュレーションモデルを示した図である。
図10(a)のグラフ71は、各バッテリユニットの容量をそれぞれ(20/3)kWhとし、DCバス11に接続されたバッテリの総容量が20kWhになるようにした第1のシナリオに対応するシミュレーション結果を示す。グラフ71が示すように、DCバス11の電圧は、必要に応じてローカルグリッド65からのアシストを受けることにより、LV1とHV1との間の範囲に維持される。DCバス11にバッテリユニットが分散装荷されて十分な電気的慣性力が作用しているため、その範囲から電圧が大きく逸脱することはなく、DCバス11の電圧が常に安定している。
11 DCバス
11a、11b 電力線
12a、13a、14a バッテリユニット
12b、13b、14b 発電機
12c、13c、14c 電力負荷
15 スイッチ
16 変換器
17 ローカルグリッド
Claims (7)
- 電力負荷及び発電機が接続されたDC(Direct Current)バスと、
前記DCバスに直接的に接続された複数のバッテリユニットであって、前記複数のバッテリユニットは、前記DCバス上に分散装荷され、各バッテリユニットの端子電圧は、前記DCバスの基準電圧に一致又は近似する、複数のバッテリユニットと
を備える、自律協調制御システム。 - 前記DCバスの電圧が、前記基準電圧を中心とする第1の電圧範囲内から、前記第1の電圧範囲の上限又は下限に達したとき、前記DCバスは、電力系統又は他の電力システムからなるローカルグリッドに接続されて、前記ローカルグリッドによるアシストを得て動作するアシスト運転状態に切り替わり、
前記アシスト運転状態で、前記DCバスの電圧が、前記第1の電圧範囲内の第2の電圧範囲の境界に達したとき、前記DCバスは前記ローカルグリッドから切断されて、前記ローカルグリッドからのアシストなしに動作する自律運転動作に切り替わり、
前記自律運転動作では、前記DCバスに接続された発電機の少なくとも一部は、前記DCバスの電圧を監視し、事前設定された上限レベルを超える場合に発電又は前記DCバスへの電力供給を停止する自律動作を行う、
請求項1に記載の自律協調制御システム。 - 前記複数のバッテリユニットは、前記DCバスに直接的に接続されることによって、前記DCバス上の電力負荷による消費電力及び発電機による発電量が急増したときに前記DCバスの急激な電圧変化を抑制するように機能する、
請求項2に記載の自律協調制御システム。 - 前記第1の電圧範囲は、前記ローカルグリッドで許容される第3の電圧範囲内に設定され、前記自律協調制御システムは、前記消費電力及び前記発電量が急増して前記DCバスの電圧が前記第1の電圧範囲を逸脱したとしても、前記複数のバッテリユニットによって前記DCバスの急激な電圧変化を抑制する機能及び前記ローカルグリッドによるアシストによって、前記DCバスの電圧が前記第3の電圧範囲を逸脱せず、かつ所定時間以内に前記第1の電圧範囲内に戻るように機能する、
請求項3に記載の自律協調制御システム。 - 前記DCバスに直接的に接続される各バッテリユニットの容量を、前記DCバスに接続される電力負荷のスケールに比例して増加するように設定することによって、前記DCバスの電圧が前記第3の電圧範囲を逸脱せず、かつ前記所定時間以内に前記第1の電圧範囲内に戻る安定領域の状態が維持される、
請求項4に記載の自律協調制御システム。 - 前記自律協調制御システム内の前記DCバスの全長を、前記DCバスを形成する電力線の断面積に比例して長くするように設定することによって、前記DCバスの電圧が前記第3の電圧範囲を逸脱せず、かつ前記所定時間以内に前記第1の電圧範囲内に戻る安定領域の状態が維持される、
請求項4に記載の自律協調制御システム。 - 電力負荷、発電機、及び複数のバッテリユニットが接続されたDC(Direct Current)バスの電圧を電圧計によって計測するステップであって、前記複数のバッテリユニットは、前記DCバスに直接的に接続される形態で前記DCバス上に分散装荷され、各バッテリユニットの端子電圧は、前記DCバスの基準電圧に一致又は近似する、ステップと、
前記DCバスの電圧が、前記基準電圧を中心とする第1の電圧範囲内から、前記第1の電圧範囲の上限又は下限に達したとき、制御回路によって、前記DCバスを、電力系統又は他の電力システムからなるローカルグリッドに接続して、前記ローカルグリッドによるアシストを得て動作するアシスト運転状態に切り替えるステップと、
前記アシスト運転状態で、前記DCバスの電圧が、前記第1の電圧範囲内の第2の電圧範囲の境界に達したとき、前記制御回路によって、前記DCバスを前記ローカルグリッドから切断して、前記ローカルグリッドからのアシストなしに動作する自律運転動作に切り替えるステップと、を含み、
前記自律運転動作では、前記DCバスに接続された発電機の少なくとも一部は、前記DCバスの電圧を監視し、事前設定された上限レベルを超える場合に発電又は前記DCバスへの電力供給を停止する自律動作を行う、
自律協調制御方法。
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