WO2023007872A1 - 電池制御方法 - Google Patents
電池制御方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023007872A1 WO2023007872A1 PCT/JP2022/016965 JP2022016965W WO2023007872A1 WO 2023007872 A1 WO2023007872 A1 WO 2023007872A1 JP 2022016965 W JP2022016965 W JP 2022016965W WO 2023007872 A1 WO2023007872 A1 WO 2023007872A1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
- B60L58/14—Preventing excessive discharging
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
- B60L58/15—Preventing overcharging
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
- H02J7/00302—Overcharge protection
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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- H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
- H02J7/007188—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters
- H02J7/007192—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature
- H02J7/007194—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature of the battery
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- B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
- B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
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- B60L2240/545—Temperature
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- B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
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- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
- H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a battery control method.
- allowable power As an index that indicates the maximum power that the battery can output and the maximum power that the vehicle system can consume.
- a vehicle system is operated by a battery control method that keeps the power consumption within the allowable power range.
- allowable power in the charge direction (charge allowable power) and allowable power in the discharge direction (discharge allowable power).
- the allowable discharge power is determined by referring to the difference between the minimum working voltage and the current battery voltage.
- the allowable power will be forcibly restricted so as to prohibit or suppress battery charging/discharging immediately, and the vehicle system will be charged with battery power. restrict use.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a mechanism for preventing overcharge and overdischarge during charging and discharging.
- the mechanism is provided as a function of post-processing the power value calculated to limit the allowable power, sets the overvoltage threshold voltage and the overdischarge threshold voltage, and calculates the allowable power value before reaching the battery voltage. Limit by ratio. Subsequent processing is as follows.
- the limit rate is set to 100% for the limit start threshold voltage, and is output as it is. Also, the limit rate is set to 0% for the limit end threshold voltage, and the calculation result is set to 0W. Also, the limiting rate is applied with a constant slope between the threshold voltages.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and its purpose is to provide a battery control method that eliminates the hunting of restrictions and cancellations of allowable power and improves reliability.
- a battery control method of the present invention includes a control unit that controls a battery, a storage unit that stores data relating to allowable power for charging the battery, a measurement unit that measures a voltage value between a pair of electrode terminals of the battery, , the allowable power is determined as the maximum chargeable power calculated from the predetermined upper limit voltage value and the current state of charge. a second voltage value that is higher than the first voltage value and requires a partial limitation of the allowed power; and a third voltage value that is higher than the second voltage value and requires a full limitation of the allowed power.
- the control unit acquires the voltage value from the measurement unit at predetermined time intervals, and when the voltage value of the allowable power is equal to or higher than a third voltage value, the allowable power is completely restricted, The allowable power is partially or completely restricted until the voltage value of the allowable power decreases to the first voltage value through the second voltage value.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a battery system (hereinafter also referred to as “this system") according to Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing in more detail a battery state estimator in the system of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing in more detail an allowable power calculator included in the battery state estimator of FIG. 2;
- 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram showing a battery model used in the system described in FIGS. 1 to 3;
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing in more detail an allowable power limiter in the system of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing an allowable charge power limiting method according to a comparative example (hereinafter also referred to as a “charge limiting method of a comparative example” or a “battery control method”); 7 is a graph showing a hunting phenomenon that occurs in the charge limiting method of the comparative example shown in FIG. 6; 5 is a graph showing an allowable discharge power limiting method according to a comparative example (hereinafter also referred to as "discharge limiting method of comparative example” or “battery control method”). 9 is a graph showing a hunting phenomenon that occurs in the discharge limiting method of the comparative example shown in FIG. 8; FIG.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing a method for limiting allowable charging power (hereinafter also referred to as “this charging limiting method” or “battery control method”) in the present system of FIG. 1;
- FIG. FIG. 11 is a flow chart showing a process from occurrence of limitation to release of limitation in the charging limitation method of FIG. 10;
- FIG. FIG. 12 is a graph showing the effect of applying the charge limiting method of FIGS. 10 and 11;
- FIG. FIG. 2 is a graph showing a discharge allowable power limit method (hereinafter also referred to as “this discharge limit method” or “battery control method”) in the present system of FIG. 1.
- FIG. FIG. 14 is a flow chart showing processing from generation of limitation to release of limitation in the present discharge limiting method of FIG. 13;
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the effect of applying the discharge limiting method of FIGS. 13 and 14;
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing a method of limiting the allowable charge power according to Example 2 (hereinafter also referred to as “main charge limiting method of Example 2" or “battery control method”).
- 5 is a graph showing a discharge allowable power limiting method according to Example 2 (hereinafter also referred to as “this discharge limiting method of Example 2" or “battery control method”).
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing an allowable power limiter (see FIG. 3) according to the third embodiment;
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing an allowable charging power limiting method using the allowable power limiting unit of FIG.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing an allowable charging power limiting method using the allowable power limiting unit of FIG. 18 (hereinafter also referred to as “this discharge limiting method of Example 3” or “battery control method”).
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a battery system (this system) 100 according to the first embodiment.
- the battery system 100 is a system that supplies power to an external supply target, and the supply target may be an electric vehicle, a hybrid vehicle, a train, industrial equipment, or the like.
- Battery system 100 of FIG. 1 is installed in a hybrid vehicle and is configured to transmit and receive electric power to and from motor generator 410 for running.
- the battery system 100 is connected to the inverter 400 via relays 300 and 310.
- Inverter 400 supplies power from battery system 100 to motor generator 410 .
- Inverter 400 and motor generator 410 are controlled by motor/inverter control section 420 .
- the vehicle control unit 200 determines distribution of driving force and the like based on battery information obtained by the battery system 100, information from the inverter 400 and the motor generator 410, information from an engine (not shown), and the like.
- the battery system 100 includes an assembled battery 110 composed of a plurality of cells 111, a measurement unit 120 including a plurality of cell control units 121a and 121b (collectively 121) for monitoring the state of the cells 111, and an assembled battery A current detection unit 130 that detects the current flowing through the battery 110, a voltage detection unit 140 that detects the total voltage of the assembled battery 110, a battery state estimation unit 150 that estimates the battery state of the assembled battery 110, the assembled battery 110, and the single cell. 111 and a storage unit 180 that stores information about battery characteristics of the cell group 112 .
- the plurality of single cells 111 that make up the assembled battery 110 are grouped into a predetermined number of units. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the plurality of cells 111 are grouped into two cell groups 112a and 112b. The cell groups 112a and 112b are electrically connected in series.
- the cell 111 is a repeatedly rechargeable battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery.
- a storage battery such as a nickel-metal hydride battery, a lead battery, an electric double layer capacitor, and a device having a power storage function are assumed.
- a single battery is considered as the single battery 111, but it may be replaced with a module structure in which a plurality of single batteries 111 are connected in series and in parallel.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a configuration in which two cell groups 112a and 112b are connected in series as the assembled battery 110
- the configuration is not limited to this.
- the assembled battery 110 may have a predetermined number of unit cell groups connected in series or in parallel.
- it may be configured with various combinations of serial or parallel numbers depending on the application.
- the measurement unit 120 monitors the state of each unit cell 111 that constitutes the assembled battery 110, and is provided with the same number of unit cell control units 121a and 121b corresponding to the plurality of unit cell groups 112a and 112b. There is A cell control unit 121a is assigned to the cell group 112a, and a cell control unit 121b is assigned to the cell group 112b.
- Each of the cell control units 121a and 121b operates by receiving power from the cell groups 112a and 112b assigned thereto.
- Each cell control unit 121a, 121b monitors the battery voltage and battery temperature of the cell groups 112a, 112b assigned thereto.
- the battery state estimating section 150 receives the current value flowing through the assembled battery 110 transmitted from the current detecting section 130 and the total voltage value of the assembled battery 110 transmitted from the voltage detecting section 140 . Also, the battery state estimation unit 150 transmits and receives signals to and from the measurement unit 120 through the signal communication unit 160 . The battery state estimating unit 150 receives diagnostic results and abnormal signals from the measuring unit 120 .
- the diagnosis result refers to the detection value of the measurement unit 120 and the diagnosis result based on the battery voltage and battery temperature of the single battery 111, and whether the single battery 111 is overcharged or overdischarged.
- An abnormal signal is a signal that is output when a communication error occurs in the measurement unit 120 .
- the battery state estimation unit 150 performs processes such as battery state estimation based on the input information. The processing result is transmitted to the measurement unit 120 and the vehicle control unit 200 .
- the battery state estimator 150 performs numerical calculation processing for estimating states such as SOC, SOH, and allowable power. Also, the measurement unit 120 operates by being supplied with power from the assembled battery 110 .
- the battery state estimating unit 150 uses a battery for an in-vehicle accessory (for example, a 12V battery) as a power source.
- the battery state estimating unit 150 and the measuring unit 120 have different reference potentials for their respective operating power supplies. Therefore, the signal communication unit 160 is provided with an insulating element 170 such as a photocoupler.
- the insulating element 170 may be mounted on the circuit board that constitutes the measuring section 120 or may be mounted on the circuit board that constitutes the battery state estimating section 150 . Note that the insulating element 170 may be omitted depending on the system configuration.
- the unit cell controllers 121a and 121b are connected in series in descending order of potential of the unit cell groups 112a and 112b monitored by each.
- the isolation element 170 is not provided between the output of the cell control section 121a and the input of the cell control section 121b. This is because a possible mechanism is provided. However, the insulating element 170 needs to be provided when electrical insulation is required for communication between the cell control unit 121a and the cell control unit 121b.
- the signal transmitted by the battery state estimation unit 150 is input to the cell control unit 121a by the signal communication unit 160 provided with the insulating element 170.
- An output signal from the cell control unit 121b is transmitted to the input unit of the battery state estimation unit 150 by the signal communication unit 160 provided with the insulating element 170 .
- the battery state estimation unit 150 and the cell control units 121a and 121b are connected in a loop by the signal communication unit 160.
- a connection and communication method is called a daisy chain connection, but may also be called a daisy chain connection, a string connection, or the like.
- the storage unit 180 stores information such as the OCV-SOC map.
- the OCV-SOC map refers to internal resistance characteristics, capacity at full charge, polarization resistance characteristics, deterioration characteristics, individual difference information, battery open circuit voltage OCV and battery It is the information which shows the correspondence of charging rate SOC.
- the storage unit 180 is arranged outside the battery state estimation unit 150 and the measurement unit 120, but the storage unit 180 may be provided in the battery state estimation unit 150 or the measurement unit 120. good.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing in more detail the battery state estimator in the system 100 of FIG.
- the battery state estimator 150 includes a battery state detector 151 and an allowable power calculator 152 .
- the battery state detection unit 151 receives voltage, current, and temperature as inputs, and calculates and outputs SOC (battery state of charge) and SOHR (battery deterioration rate).
- the SOC and SOHR (similar concepts to SOH) output from the battery state detection unit 151, voltage, current, and temperature are input, and the charge allowable power (up to the upper limit voltage that can be charged in charging) is calculated. surplus power value) and discharge allowable power (surplus power value up to the lower limit voltage that can be discharged in discharging) are calculated and output.
- the voltage, current, and temperature input to the battery state detection unit 151 and the allowable power calculation unit 152 are representative of the battery state of the assembled battery 110 obtained by the cell control units 121a and 121b and the current detection unit 130. value.
- Voltage indicates information about battery variations and averages, such as the maximum voltage, average voltage, and minimum voltage among the battery voltages of the cells 111 .
- the current indicates the interval average current obtained by continuously sampling the instantaneous current acquired at the same timing as the battery voltage acquisition timing and the current flowing through the assembled battery 110 in a certain time interval and averaging the multiple sampled current values. .
- the temperature indicates the maximum temperature, average temperature, and minimum temperature obtained by a plurality of temperature sensors arranged in the assembled battery 110 in consideration of the temperature distribution of the assembled battery 110, the cell group 112, and the single cell 111. there is These temperature information, voltage value and current value are used as necessary to calculate SOC, SOHR and allowable power (charge allowable power and discharge allowable power).
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing in more detail the allowable power calculation unit provided in the battery state estimation unit of FIG.
- the allowable power calculator 152 is composed of an allowable power calculator 153 and an allowable power limiter 154 .
- the allowable power calculation unit 153 inputs the SOC, SOHR, and the voltage, current, and temperature described with reference to FIG. 2, and calculates the allowable power while incorporating the index value of battery deterioration.
- the allowable power limiter 154 appropriately limits the allowable power output by the allowable power calculator 153 based on the battery state information. At this time, the allowable power limiter 154 uses voltage, current, temperature, and SOC as the battery state information to determine whether the current allowable power should be limited.
- the final allowable power of the allowable power limiter 154 and the pre-limit allowable power of the allowable power calculator 153 are distinguished from each other.
- the charge allowable power output from the allowable power calculation unit 153 is referred to as “charge allowable power after the calculation unit”.
- the discharge allowable power output from the allowable power calculator 153 will be referred to as "post-calculator discharge allowable power”.
- the allowable power calculation unit 153 uses an equivalent circuit model of the battery (hereinafter also referred to as "battery model” or “circuit model”) from the actual battery information (SOC, voltage, temperature, current, etc.) , to estimate the allowable power.
- battery model or “circuit model”
- SOC battery information
- voltage voltage
- temperature temperature
- current etc.
- FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram showing a battery model used in the system 100 described in FIGS. 1-3.
- the circuit model can be represented by a circuit in which a battery open-circuit voltage OCV, a power flow resistance Ro, a polarization resistance Rp, and a CR parallel circuit (time constant ⁇ ) of a polarization capacitance component are connected in series. can.
- Battery voltage V can be expressed as in formula (1) when current I flows.
- the polarization voltage Vp in equation (1) is the voltage generated when the current I flows through the CR parallel circuit (having the time constant ⁇ ) of the polarization resistance Rp and the polarization capacitance component.
- the charge allowable power per battery is represented by the product of charge allowable current (Imax, chg) and chargeable voltage (Vmax, chg).
- the allowable charge current is the maximum current that can be allowed to flow in the current state of the battery.
- the chargeable voltage is the voltage generated when the allowable charging current is applied to the circuit model.
- the assembled battery 110 of Example 1 is composed of N unit cells 111 connected in series. Therefore, the permissible discharge power of the first embodiment is N times the permissible charge power per battery by the number of batteries.
- the allowable charging current Imax, chg is obtained.
- Formula (2) shows the calculation formula that is the basis of the charge allowable current. Let the chargeable current here be Ichg.
- the chargeable current is the current that flows when the voltage V shown in the circuit model of FIG. 4 is equal to the upper limit voltage Vmax used in the vehicle system. Therefore, by modifying the equation (1) for the current I, the equation (2) is obtained.
- Example 1 the open-circuit voltage OCV is calculated from the current SOC and temperature T using an OCV map that shows the correspondence between SOC and battery temperature. Also, the DC resistance Ro is calculated from the current SOC and temperature T using an Ro map obtained from the correspondence relationship between the SOC and the temperature T.
- This Ro map consists of values for a new battery, which is different from when the battery has deteriorated. By multiplying this Ro by SOHR, which is the deterioration rate of the battery, it is possible to approximate the actual Ro of the battery in consideration of the current deterioration state of the battery.
- the chargeable current Ichg obtained by Equation (2) is the maximum current that can flow through the battery.
- the upper limit current Ilimit defined by the specifications of the battery system 100 is limited even if the battery performance has a margin.
- Formula (3) is a formula that expresses the chargeable current Imax,chg constrained by the system upper limit current Ilimit as the maximum current. Ichg obtained from the circuit model is limited so as not to exceed the upper limit current Ilimit in the system. Thus, the maximum allowable current Imax,chg can be obtained.
- Formula (4) is a formula showing the chargeable voltage Vmax, chg. It is the voltage V when the charging allowable current Imax, chg is applied to the circuit model of FIG. 4, and is calculated by applying the equation (1). Similar to Imax, chg, the OCV map is used to calculate the OCV. Further, the current deterioration of the battery is reflected in the Ro calculated from the Ro map of the new battery, and the deterioration rate SOHR of the battery is multiplied in order to approximate the actual Ro.
- the allowable discharge power per battery is represented by the product of the allowable charge current (Imax, dis) and the dischargeable voltage (Vmax, dis).
- the allowable discharge current dischargeable current
- Imax, dis allowable charge current
- Vmax, dis dischargeable voltage
- the dischargeable voltage is the voltage generated when the discharge allowable current is applied to the circuit model.
- the assembled battery 110 of Example 1 is composed of N unit cells 111 connected in series. Therefore, the allowable discharge power of Example 1 is N times the allowable discharge power per battery by the number of batteries.
- the allowable discharge current Imax,dis is obtained.
- Formula (6) shows a calculation formula that is the basis of the discharge allowable current. Let the dischargeable current here be Idis.
- the dischargeable current can be obtained as the current that flows when the voltage V shown in the circuit model of FIG. 4 is equal to the lower limit voltage Vmin used in the vehicle system.
- equation (6) is obtained by transforming equation (1) for the current I.
- the basic content of the calculation is the same as the allowable charge current Ichg in Equation (2), but considering that the direction of the current is opposite, the equation is modified so that Idis becomes a positive value.
- Formula (7) is a formula that expresses the dischargeable current Imax,dis with the system upper limit current Ilimit as the maximum current, similarly to the calculation of the allowable current Imax,chg. Idis obtained from the circuit model is limited so as not to exceed the upper limit current Ilimit in the system. Thus, the maximum allowable current Imax,dis can be obtained.
- Formula (8) is a formula representing the dischargeable voltage Vmax,dis. It is the voltage V when the allowable discharge current Imax,dis is applied to the circuit model of FIG. 4, and is calculated by applying the equation (1). Similar to Imax, dis, the OCV map is used to calculate the OCV. Further, the Ro calculated from the Ro map of the new battery is multiplied by the deterioration rate SOHR of the battery in order to reflect the current deterioration of the battery and bring it closer to the actual Ro.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing in more detail the allowable power limiter 154 in the system 100 of FIG. Multiplication units 511 and 512 in FIG. 5 multiply the allowable power after the calculation unit by the limit rate.
- the allowable power after the calculator is the output of the allowable power calculator 153, and is the charge allowable power after the calculator and the discharge allowable power after the calculator.
- the limit rate is the output of the allowable power limiter 500, and is the charge limit rate and the discharge limit rate. These are output from allowable charge power limiter 501 and allowable discharge power limiter 502 of allowable power limiter 500, respectively.
- the resulting limit rate is input to the change amount limiter 520 (charge change amount limiter 521 and discharge change amount limiter 522), and the final allowable power (charge allowable power and discharge allowable power) is calculated.
- the allowable power limiter 500 is composed of a charge allowable power limiter 501 and a discharge allowable power limiter 502, each of which receives a battery state value (here, SOC, voltage, current, temperature), and determines the allowable power after the calculator.
- the limit rate charge limit rate and discharge limit rate for limiting the power to 100% (no limit)-0% (0 kW) is calculated.
- the allowable charge power limiter 501 calculates a charge limit rate for limiting the allowable charge power, detects overcharge voltage, excessive SOC, abnormal current, and abnormal temperature, and limits the allowable charge power. . Since the voltage and SOC increase during charging, there is a risk of overcharging. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the voltage and SOC, and limit when the overcharge voltage or the upper limit SOC determined by the system is exceeded.
- the allowable discharge power limiting unit 502 calculates a discharge limit rate for limiting the allowable discharge power, detects overdischarge voltage, too small SOC, abnormal current, and abnormal temperature, and limits the allowable charge power. .
- the change amount limiter 520 is composed of a charge change amount limiter 521 and a discharge change amount limiter 522.
- the maximum amount of change per unit time is limited in order to suppress sharp value changes.
- the calculation process of the allowable power by the allowable power calculator 152 is as follows. First, the allowable power calculation unit 153 calculates the allowable power (the allowable power after the calculation unit) using the circuit model. Based on this, the allowable power limiter 154 sets various limits and generates the final allowable power.
- the charge limit rate Dchg which is the output of the allowable charge power limiter 501, can be expressed by Equation (10).
- Dmax_chg is the maximum limit rate of the limit rate Dchg.
- Dvol_chg is the limit rate limited by the overcharge voltage depending on the voltage.
- Dsoc_chg is a limit rate limited by the SOC at the upper limit SOC.
- Dcur is the limiting rate that is limited in the abnormal current by the current.
- Dtemp is a limiting rate that is temperature limited at abnormal temperatures.
- allowable charge power limiter 501 After calculating each limit rate, allowable charge power limiter 501 sets each limit rate to a value between 0% and 100%, and determines charge limit rate Dchg according to the minimum value for safety. do. In other words, the allowable charge power limiter 501 limits the allowable power when even one of the battery state indicators such as voltage, current, temperature, and SOC becomes abnormal. At this time, the charge limit rate Dchg is determined according to the strictest limit rate.
- the charge limit rate Dchg in Example 1 is set to a value between 0% and Dmax_chg (%). Note that if Dmax_chg is set to 100%, the charge limit rate Dchg can be calculated based on the limit rates Dvol_chg, Dsoc_chg, Dcur, and Dtemp.
- the upper limit of the limit rate can be specified by factors other than voltage, SOC, current, and temperature.
- Dmax_chg is preferably used to set the upper limit of the rate of limitation for the allowable power after the calculation section due to factors other than the battery state.
- the discharge limit rate Ddis which is the output of the allowable discharge power limiter 502, can be expressed by equation (11).
- Dmax_dis is the maximum limit rate of the limit rate Ddis.
- Dvol_dis is the limiting rate limited by the overdischarge voltage by voltage.
- Dsoc_dis is a limit rate limited by the SOC at the lower limit SOC.
- Dcur is the limiting rate that is limited in the abnormal current by the current.
- Dtemp is a limiting rate that is temperature limited at abnormal temperatures. Each limit rate is set to 0-100%, and for safety, after calculating each limit rate, the discharge limit rate Ddis is determined according to their minimum values.
- the discharge limit rate Ddis in Example 1 is limited to a value between 0% and Dmax_dis (%).
- the charge limit rate Ddis can be calculated based on the limit rates Dvol_dis, Dsoc_dis, Dcur, and Dtemp by setting Dmax_dis to 100%.
- the upper limit of the limit rate can be specified by factors other than voltage, SOC, current, and temperature.
- Dmax_chg is preferably used to set the upper limit of the rate of limitation for the allowable power after the calculation section due to factors other than the battery state.
- the allowable power limiting method according to the comparative example also includes a charging limiting method (corresponding to the charging limiting rate Dvol_chg) and a discharging limiting method (corresponding to the discharging limiting rate Dvol_dis).
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing a charge limiting method according to a comparative example (hereinafter also referred to as a "charge limiting method of a comparative example”), which corresponds to a charge limiting rate Dvol_chg.
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 6 indicates the voltage, and the vertical axis indicates the limiting rate.
- the right side of the horizontal axis is regarded as the increasing direction of voltage.
- the second voltage threshold Vth2 is the voltage threshold for starting and releasing the restriction.
- the third voltage threshold Vth3 is the voltage threshold for ending the restriction (the voltage threshold at which the restriction rate is 0%).
- the voltage value Vth_cell indicates a voltage threshold that the battery voltage should not exceed. In Example 1, it is the overcharge voltage threshold of the battery. First, the relationship between the voltage and the limited state will be explained.
- the normal voltage is a voltage less than Vth2, and at this time the allowable charging power is in an unrestricted state (restriction rate 100%).
- the voltage rises.
- the allowable charge power is limited by the limit rate on the limit rate (100%-0%) slope.
- the restriction rate becomes 0%.
- the limit rate slope In the state where the voltage is Vth2 or more, it is uniquely determined according to the voltage according to the limit rate slope. That is, when the voltage becomes equal to or higher than Vth2, the limit is generated, and the limit rate corresponding to the voltage is calculated based on the limit rate slope so as to be constantly updated.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the hunting phenomenon that occurs in the charge limiting method of the comparative example shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 7, it consists of three graphs of charge allowable power, limit rate, and voltage, and the horizontal axis is time. As it goes to the right, it indicates the passage of time. First, before time t0, the voltage is Vth2 or less and can be regarded as a normal voltage range. The limit rate is 100%, and the charge allowable power is equivalent to the charge allowable power after the calculator.
- the allowable charging power is sufficiently limited, and the battery voltage does not increase any further. Due to the limitation of the allowable charging power, the battery voltage drops to Vth2 or less at time t2, and then recovers to the normal voltage. The restriction is lifted once from time t2. At this time, the limit rate is instantaneously set to 100% (no limit state) by canceling the limit, so that the allowable charge power is recovered to the allowable charge power after the calculation unit.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the discharge limiting method according to the comparative example (discharge limiting method of the comparative example), which corresponds to the charge limiting rate Dvol_dis.
- the horizontal axis indicates the voltage
- the vertical axis indicates the limiting rate.
- the left side of the horizontal axis indicates a lower voltage, indicating a decreasing direction.
- the second voltage threshold Vth2 is a voltage threshold for starting and releasing the restriction.
- the third voltage threshold Vth3 is the voltage threshold for ending the restriction (the voltage threshold at which the restriction rate is 0%).
- the voltage value Vth_cell is the lower limit voltage threshold specified in the specification. Usage in which the battery voltage drops below that is said to adversely affect the life of the battery. In Example 1, it is the overdischarge voltage threshold of the battery.
- the normal voltage is a voltage higher than Vth2, and at this time the allowable charging power is in a non-restricted state (restriction rate 100%).
- the voltage drops.
- the allowable discharge power is limited by the limit rate on the limit rate (100%-0%) slope.
- the limit rate becomes 0%.
- the limit rate slope In the state where the voltage is Vth2 or less, it is uniquely determined according to the voltage according to the limit rate slope. That is, when the voltage becomes Vth2 or less, the limit is generated, and the limit rate corresponding to the voltage is constantly updated and calculated based on the limit rate slope.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the hunting phenomenon that occurs in the discharge limiting method of the comparative example shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 9, it consists of three graphs of discharge allowable power, limit rate, and voltage, and the horizontal axis is time. As it goes to the right, it indicates the passage of time. First, before time t0, the voltage is Vth2 or more, and can be regarded as a normal voltage range. The restriction rate is 100%, and the discharge allowable power is equivalent to the discharge allowable power after the calculation section.
- the release of the limit instantaneously brings the limit rate to 100% (unrestricted state), so that the discharge allowable power is restored to the discharge allowable power after the calculation unit.
- the electric power is allowed to be discharged again.
- the battery voltage is still sufficiently close to the second voltage threshold Vth2 at which the restriction starts.
- the allowable discharge power limit occurs again at time t3 due to the voltage drop.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing a charge limiting method (hereinafter also referred to as "this charge limiting method") in the present system 100 of FIG.
- This charging limiting method differs from the charging limiting method of the comparative example shown in FIG. 6 in the method of calculating the limiting rate and the voltage threshold for the generation and cancellation of the limitation.
- the second voltage threshold Vth2 is only the voltage threshold for starting the restriction
- the first voltage threshold Vth1 is the independent voltage threshold for releasing the restriction
- the third voltage threshold Vth3 is a voltage threshold for ending restriction (a voltage threshold at which the restriction rate is 0%).
- the normal voltage is a voltage less than Vth2, and at this time the allowable charging power is in a non-restricted state (restriction rate 100%).
- the voltage rises.
- the allowable charge power is limited by the limit rate on the limit rate (100%-0%) slope.
- the restriction rate becomes 0%.
- V1 is a voltage between Vth2 and Vth3
- limit1 is a limit rate on the limit rate slope of 100%-0%
- limit1 is a limit rate of 0%.
- V1 in FIG. 10 is an example between Vth2 and Vth3.
- FIG. 11 is a flow chart showing processing from occurrence of limitation to release of limitation in the charging limitation method of FIG.
- the current voltage is V
- V the current voltage
- V the voltage
- Dvol_chg indicates the charge allowable power limit rate (limit rate by voltage) in the first embodiment.
- Dvol_chg_z is the previous value of Dvol_chg.
- Dvol_chg_now is the limiting rate obtained when applying the current voltage V onto the limiting rate slope in FIG. That is, when Vth2 ⁇ V ⁇ Vth3, the limit rate is on the limit rate slope, and when V ⁇ Vth3, the limit rate is 0%.
- the process 603 (equation (14) is an initialization process that substitutes a value of 100% for Dvol_chg_z.
- Process 604 (equation (15)) is the limiting rate obtained when applying the current voltage V onto the limiting rate slope, as described above for Dvol_chg_now.
- the Dvol_chg_now limit rate varies depending on the current voltage.
- the process 605 (equation (16)) is a process of updating the current limit rate Dvol_chg.
- the limit rate Dvol_chg_now obtained by applying the current voltage to the limit rate slope and the previous limit rate Dvol_chg_z the minimum value is taken and substituted for the limit rate Dvol_chg. If the current voltage continues to rise, the limit rate Dvol_chg continues to be updated toward the limit rate of 0%.
- the limit rate Dvol_chg does not change. This is because the previous limit rate Dvol_chg_z is always selected as the minimum value by setting the limit rate Dvol_chg_now to a value approaching 100% with respect to the voltage drop in process 605 (equation (16). be.
- the process 606 (equation (17)) is a process of updating the previous value Dvol_chg_z of Dvol_chg with the current Dvol_chg.
- Determination 607 is a process of determining whether the current voltage V has become equal to or less than the release voltage Vth1.
- process 608 (equation (13)) is performed to return the limit rate Dvol_chg to 100%.
- a loop process is performed to repeat the processes 604, 605, and 606 in order to continue the restriction. According to the above process flow, a series of processes from occurrence of limitation to release of limitation can be performed in the charging limitation method in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the effect of applying the charge limiting method of FIGS. 10 and 11.
- FIG. 12 there are three graphs of allowable charge power, limit rate, and voltage, and the horizontal axis is time. As it goes to the right, it indicates the passage of time. First, before time t0, the voltage is less than Vth2 and can be regarded as a normal voltage range. The limit rate is 100%, and the charge allowable power is equivalent to the charge allowable power after the calculator.
- the charging of the battery is restricted as the allowable charging power decreases.
- the allowable charging power is sufficiently limited, and the battery voltage will not increase any further.
- the limit rate limit obtained at time t2 continues to apply.
- the battery voltage begins to decrease after time t2 due to the occurrence of the limit on the allowable charge power and the continuation of the limit rate limit1.
- Example 1 Unlike the charge limiting method according to the comparative example shown in FIG. 7, it can be seen that in Example 1, the limit is not lifted even if the voltage becomes Vth2 or less during the time t2-t3. At time t3, the voltage becomes equal to or lower than the first voltage threshold Vth1 for releasing the restriction, and the restriction is released. When the restriction is released, the restriction rate instantly becomes 100% (unrestricted state), so that the allowable charge power is recovered to the allowable charge power after the calculation unit.
- the voltage does not reach the second voltage threshold Vth2 for the occurrence of the restriction even in a steep voltage rise.
- the restriction does not occur again immediately after the restriction is lifted. That is, by using the charge limiting method of the first embodiment, it is possible to prevent the unstable behavior of the allowable charge power due to repeated occurrence and cancellation of the limitation in a short period of time.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the discharge limiting method (this discharge limiting method) in the present system 100 of FIG.
- This discharge limiting method of FIG. 13 differs from the discharge limiting method of the comparative example shown in FIG. 8 in the method of calculating the limiting rate and the voltage threshold value relating to the generation and cancellation of the limitation. That is, unlike the method of FIG. 8, in this discharge limiting method, in the voltage on the horizontal axis, the second voltage threshold Vth2 is only the voltage threshold for starting limitation, and the first voltage threshold Vth1 is an independent voltage threshold for canceling the limitation. be.
- the third voltage threshold Vth3 is a voltage threshold for ending restriction (a voltage threshold at which the restriction rate is 0%).
- the normal voltage is a voltage higher than Vth2, and at this time the allowable discharge power is in an unrestricted state (restriction rate 100%).
- the voltage drops.
- the discharge allowable power is limited by the limit rate on the limit rate (100%-0%) slope.
- the restriction rate becomes 0%.
- V1 is a voltage between Vth2 and Vth3
- limit1 is a limit rate on the limit rate slope of 100%-0%
- limit1 is a limit rate of 0%.
- V1 in FIG. 13 is an example between Vth2 and Vth3.
- FIG. 14 is a flow chart showing processing from occurrence of limitation to release of limitation in the discharge limiting method of FIG.
- the current voltage is V, and at the start of the flow, it is before the restriction occurs, and the voltage V is greater than Vth2.
- Dvol_dis indicates the discharge allowable power limit rate (limit rate by voltage) in the first embodiment.
- Dvol_dis_z is the previous value of Dvol_dis.
- Dvol_dis_now is the limiting rate obtained when applying the current voltage V onto the limiting rate slope of FIG. That is, when Vth3 ⁇ V ⁇ Vth2, the restriction rate is on the restriction rate slope, and when V ⁇ Vth3, the restriction rate is 0%.
- a process 703 (equation (21)) is an initialization process for substituting a value of 100% for Dvol_dis_z.
- Process 704 (equation (22)) is the limiting rate obtained when the current voltage V is applied onto the limiting rate slope, as described above for Dvol_dis_now.
- the Dvol_dis_now limit rate varies depending on the current voltage.
- the process 705 (equation (23)) is a process of updating the current limit rate Dvol_dis.
- the limit rate Dvol_dis_now obtained by applying the current voltage to the limit rate slope and the previous limit rate Dvol_dis_z the minimum value is taken and substituted for the limit rate Dvol_dis. If the current voltage continues to rise, the limit rate Dvol_dis will continue to be updated towards the limit rate of 0%.
- the limit rate Dvol_dis does not change. This is because the previous limit rate Dvol_dis_z is always selected as the minimum value by setting the limit rate Dvol_dis_now to a value approaching 100% as the voltage rises in process 705 (equation (23)). is.
- the process 706 (equation (24)) is a process of updating the previous value Dvol_dis_z of Dvol_dis with the current Dvol_dis.
- Determination 707 is a process of determining whether the current voltage V has become equal to or greater than the release voltage Vth1.
- process 708 (equation (13)) is performed to return the limit rate Dvol_dis to 100%.
- a loop process is performed to repeat the processes 604, 605, and 606 in order to continue the restriction. According to the processing flow described above, a series of processes from occurrence of limitation to release of limitation can be performed in the method for limiting discharge in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the effect of applying the discharge limiting method of FIGS. 13 and 14.
- FIG. 15 consists of three graphs of discharge allowable power, limit rate, and voltage, and the horizontal axis is time (Time). As it goes to the right, it indicates the passage of time.
- the voltage is higher than Vth2 and can be regarded as a normal voltage range.
- the restriction rate is 100%, and the discharge allowable power is equivalent to the discharge allowable power after the calculation section.
- the allowable discharge power of the vehicle system is limited by the allowable discharge power, discharge from the battery is restricted as the allowable discharge power decreases. Immediately before time t2, the allowable discharge power is sufficiently limited, and the battery voltage does not decrease any further. From time t2 to t3, the limit rate limit obtained at time t2 continues to apply. As a result, the battery voltage begins to increase after time t2 due to the occurrence of the limit on the allowable discharge power and the continuation of the limit rate limit1.
- Example 1 Unlike the discharge power limiting method of the comparative example shown in FIG. 9, it can be seen that in Example 1, the limit is not lifted even if the voltage becomes Vth2 or higher between time t2 and t3. At time t3, the voltage becomes equal to or higher than the first voltage threshold Vth1 for releasing the restriction, and the restriction is released. When the restriction is released, the restriction rate instantly becomes 100% (unrestricted state), and the discharge allowable power recovers to the discharge allowable power after the calculation unit.
- the discharge limiting method of the first embodiment it is possible to prevent the unstable behavior of the discharge allowable power caused by repeating the occurrence and cancellation of the limitation in a short period of time.
- the first embodiment it is possible to prevent the unstable behavior of the allowable discharge power caused by repeating the occurrence and cancellation of the limitation on the allowable charge/discharge power in a short period of time.
- the method for realizing it in FIGS. 11 and 12 has been explained.
- the implementation method is an example, and does not limit the implementation method of the allowable power limiting method of the first embodiment.
- the order of processing in software, the arithmetic elements to be used, and the presence or absence of addition/reduction/functionalization of processing are not limited. It may also be realized by alternative means in an electronic circuit or other hardware mechanism.
- Example 2 In Example 2, in addition to Example 1, means for further improving safety will be described.
- the charge limiting method of Example 1 is explained with reference to FIG. 10, and the discharge limiting method of Example 1 is explained with reference to FIG.
- the allowable power restriction rate is immediately returned to 100%.
- the first voltage threshold Vth1 for releasing the restriction does not immediately return the limit rate of the allowable power to 100%, and a fourth voltage threshold Vth4 is newly provided, and the first voltage threshold Vth1-fourth voltage threshold Vth4 is set.
- a mechanism is adopted in which a restriction rate slope is provided in between and the restriction rate is gradually returned.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing a charge limiting method (battery control method) according to the second embodiment.
- This charge limiting method of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 16 has a voltage threshold Vth4 that is smaller than Vth1.
- a second limiting rate slope is provided between the first voltage thresholds Vth1 to Vth4.
- the second limit rate slope is limit1
- the second limit rate slope is a limit rate on the limit rate slope corresponding to the voltage.
- the mechanism returns to the limit rate of 100%.
- the behavior of the limit rate with respect to the voltage for releasing the limit after the limit occurs.
- the description starts from the state where the voltage becomes Vth2 or higher, reaches the maximum voltage value V1 experienced after the occurrence of the limitation, and the voltage drops.
- the limit rate remains limit1 obtained when the voltage reaches V1.
- the limit rate limit1 remains applied until the voltage reaches the first voltage threshold Vth1 for releasing the limit.
- the voltage further drops, and from the first voltage thresholds Vth1 to Vth4, the limit rate (Vth1: limit rate limit1-Vth4: limit rate 100%) on the second limit rate slope corresponding to the voltage becomes the limit rate.
- the restriction rate returns to 100%.
- the above is the description of the charge limiting method in the second embodiment.
- the behavior of releasing the limit with respect to the voltage in the calculation of the limit rate is different.
- the limiting rate gradually returns to 100% at the first voltage threshold Vth1 to Vth4 for releasing the limitation in the process of voltage drop after the occurrence of the limitation. .
- FIG. 17 is a graph showing the discharge limiting method (battery control method) according to the second embodiment.
- the discharge limiting method of Example 2 has Vth4, which is a voltage threshold greater than Vth1.
- a second limiting rate slope is provided between the first voltage thresholds Vth1 to Vth4.
- the second limit rate slope is limit1
- the second limit rate slope is a limit rate on the limit rate slope corresponding to the voltage.
- the behavior of the limit rate with respect to the voltage for releasing the limit after the limit occurs.
- the description will start from the state where the voltage becomes Vth2 or less, reaches the minimum voltage value V1 experienced after the occurrence of the limitation, and the voltage drops.
- the limit rate remains limit1 obtained when the voltage reaches V1.
- the limit rate limit1 remains applied until the voltage reaches the first voltage threshold Vth1 for releasing the limit.
- the voltage further increases, and from the first voltage thresholds Vth1 to Vth4, the limit rate (Vth1: limit rate limit1-Vth4: limit rate 100%) on the second limit rate slope corresponding to the voltage becomes the limit rate.
- the restriction rate returns to 100%.
- the restriction is gradually lifted as the voltage rises, and the discharge allowable power gradually recovers to the discharge allowable power after the calculation unit.
- the fluctuation of the allowable discharge power due to the sudden recovery of the allowable discharge power when the restriction is lifted, and prevent the unstable behavior of the allowable discharge power.
- the second embodiment if the second embodiment is adopted, fluctuations associated with a steep power recovery of the charge/discharge allowable power when the limit is released can be suppressed, and the unstable behavior of the charge/discharge allowable power can be suppressed. can be prevented. That is, in addition to the first embodiment, the reliability of battery control can be further improved.
- the second limiting slope in the present embodiment described in FIGS. 16 and 17 is a linear graph between the first voltage threshold Vth1 and the fourth voltage threshold Vth4.
- the graph of the second limit slope is an example, and does not limit the shape of the second limit slope used in the allowable power limit method of the second embodiment. Any graph may be used as long as the rate of restriction increases from the first voltage threshold Vth1 to Vth4, and may be a curve or a shape that increases stepwise.
- FIG. 18 is a block diagram showing an allowable power limiter according to the third embodiment, which corresponds to the allowable power limiter 154 in FIG.
- the allowable power limiter 500 of the third embodiment shown in FIG. 18 is different in configuration from the allowable power limiter 154 of the first embodiment shown in FIG.
- a moving average voltage calculator 530 is newly provided in the allowable power limiter 500.
- the moving average voltage calculation unit 530 calculates a moving average value of voltage at a predetermined time.
- Formula (26) is a calculation formula for the moving average voltage in the third embodiment.
- Vave is the moving average voltage.
- Vave_z is the previous value of the moving average voltage Vave.
- Ts is a sampling period indicating an update time interval of moving average voltage calculation.
- ⁇ is the time constant.
- the moving average formula of formula (26) is obtained as a modified formula of the exponential moving average formula. If this exponential moving average formula is used, only the moving average voltage Vave needs to be stored in memory for the next calculation.
- the moving average formula of formula (26) has a mechanism in which the larger the time constant ⁇ , the more the influence of the voltage in the past time is reflected in the calculation. That is, how far back in time past voltage data is reflected in the moving average depends on the time constant ⁇ .
- the moving average voltage is calculated as a value that reflects not only the current voltage but also the past voltage history.
- the moving average voltage calculated by the moving average voltage calculator 530 is input to the allowable charge power limiter 501 and the allowable discharge power limiter 502, respectively.
- the moving average voltage is used to change the value of the first voltage threshold Vth1 for releasing the limit of the allowable power limit method described below.
- a charging limiting method and a discharging limiting method in the third embodiment will be described in order.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing a charging limiting method using the allowable power limiting unit of FIG. 18 (also called “this charging limiting method of the third embodiment” or “battery control method”).
- the first voltage threshold Vth1 for releasing the limit is a variable value according to the moving average voltage, compared to the present charge limiting method of the first embodiment shown in FIG. Points are different.
- the first voltage threshold Vth1 for releasing the restriction was fixed.
- the moving average voltage is monitored, and the first voltage threshold Vth1 is increased or decreased according to the moving average voltage.
- the first voltage threshold Vth1 When the moving average voltage is high, the first voltage threshold Vth1 is lowered. In FIG. 19, it is assumed that the first voltage threshold Vth1 is moved to the voltage Vth1a. If the moving average voltage is high, there is a high possibility that charging has continued for a long time, and after the limit on the allowable charge power is lifted, the voltage will rise again, and there is a high possibility that the limit will occur.
- the release of the restriction is delayed until the voltage drops sufficiently. By doing so, it is possible to further prevent hunting in which restriction generation and restriction release are repeated in a short period of time. Also, when the moving average voltage is low, the first voltage threshold Vth1 is increased. In FIG. 19, it is assumed that the first voltage threshold Vth1 is moved to the voltage Vth1b.
- the restriction can be lifted early and the normal calculation range of the allowable charging power can be expanded.
- the range of electric power that can be used by the battery can be widened by reducing the limit range of the allowable charge power.
- FIG. 20 is a graph showing a charge limiting method ("this discharge limiting method of Example 3" or “battery control method") using the allowable power limiting unit of FIG.
- the first voltage threshold Vth1 for releasing the limitation is a variable value according to the moving average voltage.
- the first voltage threshold Vth1 for releasing the restriction is set to a fixed value.
- the moving average voltage is monitored, and the first voltage threshold Vth1 is increased or decreased according to the moving average voltage.
- the first voltage threshold Vth1 When the moving average voltage is low, the first voltage threshold Vth1 is increased. That is, as shown in FIG. 20, the first voltage threshold Vth1 is moved to voltage Vth1a.
- the moving average voltage When the moving average voltage is low, there is a high possibility that the discharge has continued for a long time, and after the release of the limit on the allowable discharge power, the voltage will drop again, increasing the possibility that the limit will occur. Therefore, by increasing the first voltage threshold Vth1 for releasing the restriction, the release of the restriction is delayed until the voltage rises sufficiently. By doing so, it is possible to enhance the effect of preventing hunting that repeats restriction generation and restriction release in a short period of time.
- the moving average voltage when the moving average voltage is high, the first voltage threshold Vth1 is lowered. In FIG. 19, it is assumed that the first voltage threshold Vth1 is moved to the voltage Vth1b. If the moving average voltage is high, there is a high possibility that the discharge has weakened sufficiently, that the discharge has not already occurred, or that the battery has already been charged, so the possibility of a further voltage drop is also low. Therefore, after the limit on the allowable charge power is lifted, the possibility that the voltage will drop again and the limit will occur is low.
- the restriction can be released early, and the normal calculation range of the discharge allowable power can be widened.
- the range of electric power that can be used by the battery can be expanded by reducing the limit range of the allowable discharge power.
- the battery control method of the third embodiment raises or lowers the voltage threshold for releasing the limitation of the charge/discharge allowable power according to the moving average voltage. As a result, the effect of preventing hunting of the charge/discharge allowable power can be enhanced, and the power usage range in the vehicle can be widened.
- the moving average was calculated using the modified exponential moving average formula shown in formula (26).
- the moving average calculation method is not limited to this. In other words, another moving average calculation method may be used in which a plurality of points of past voltage data are stored in a memory and the average is obtained.
- [supplement] SOC state of charge is the state of charge/rate of charge, and is also called remaining capacity, which is the ratio of a fully charged secondary battery to the remaining amount of electricity after removing the amount of discharged electricity. This SOC is represented by "remaining capacity (Ah)/fully charged capacity (Ah) x 100".
- SOH state of health refers to the soundness (deterioration state) of a secondary battery measured using a battery tester. This SOH is represented by "full charge capacity at deterioration (Ah)/initial full charge capacity (Ah) ⁇ 100".
- the controller monitors battery information such as battery voltage, current, temperature, SOC, SOH, etc., and outputs The allowable power is calculated to increase the degree of restriction.
- the battery control method calculates and applies the allowable power that can be used within a predetermined battery usage range.
- the secondary battery has a reduced allowable charge power and an increased allowable discharge power.
- the discharge allowable power of the secondary battery being discharged decreases, and the charge allowable power increases. In this manner, the allowable power is calculated separately for charging and for discharging.
- battery instability in a battery system is exemplified by voltage hunting associated with charging and discharging.
- a maximum operating voltage and a minimum operating voltage are set as a predetermined battery usage range. Note that the minimum working voltage is often higher than the overdischarge voltage. Hunting is a situation that should be avoided even within this battery usage range, and this is the subject of the present invention.
- This method includes a control unit 121 that controls the battery, a storage unit 180 that stores data on allowable power for charging the battery, and a measurement unit 120 that measures the voltage value between the pair of electrode terminals of the battery. and a battery system (this system) 100 that appropriately limits the allowable power (charge allowable power) during charging.
- the data includes the following first voltage value Vth1 to third voltage value Vth3.
- the first voltage value Vth1 is a limit release voltage value (4.2 V), and is an upper limit value that does not require the limit of allowable power (limit rate of 0%).
- the second voltage value Vth2 is a limit start voltage value (4.3V), is higher than the first voltage value, and requires partial limit of allowable power (limit rate 1% to 99%).
- the third voltage value Vth3 is the limit end voltage value (4.35V), which is higher than the second voltage value and requires complete limit of the allowable power (100% limit rate).
- the control unit 121 acquires the voltage value from the measurement unit 120 at predetermined time intervals, and limits the allowable power for charging as follows. - When the voltage value of the allowable power becomes equal to or higher than the third voltage value Vth3, the allowable power is completely restricted (restriction rate 100%). ⁇ The voltage value of the allowable power is partially restricted (restriction rate 1% to 99%) or completely allowed power until the voltage value of the allowable power decreases to the first voltage value Vth1 via the second voltage value Vth2. Restrict (restriction rate 100%).
- This method operates in the allowable charge power limiter 501 and limits the allowable charge power according to the voltage. After the voltage value acquired by the measuring unit 120 exceeds the second voltage threshold value Vth2 for starting the limitation, the allowable charge power limitation is continued until the voltage value becomes equal to or lower than the first voltage threshold value Vth1 for canceling the limitation. In this manner, by maintaining the limited state until the voltage reaches a voltage that does not cause hunting due to voltage fluctuations, unstable behavior of the assembled battery 110 can be prevented.
- restriction is started at a voltage higher than the central threshold, and released at a voltage lower than the voltage at which the limitation started, and further lower than the central threshold. That is, in order to set a predetermined width around the threshold and change the state across the threshold, the restriction state and the release state are switched according to the change exceeding the predetermined width. This eliminates the hunting of restriction and release of allowable power, and improves reliability.
- the controller 121 performs control under the following conditions. ⁇ From a predetermined voltage value V1 (4.3 V to 4.35 V) where the voltage value of the allowable power is equal to or higher than the second voltage value Vth2 (4.3 V) and equal to or lower than the third voltage value Vth3 (4.35 V), the When the allowable power is completely restricted (limitation rate 100%) while the voltage is reduced to one voltage value Vth1 (4.2 V), the following conditions are added for control.
- the voltage value of the allowable power decreases from the first voltage value Vth1 (4.2 V) to a fourth voltage value Vth4 (4.1 V) lower than the first voltage value Vth1 (4.2 V).
- the allowable power is partially limited (limiting rate 1% to 99%) based on a predetermined voltage gradient represented by voltage fluctuation per unit time.
- control unit 121 uses the voltage value acquired from the measurement unit 120 or a calculated value (moving average value) obtained by performing arithmetic processing on the voltage value based on a predetermined condition. , is controlled by the following conditions.
- the control unit 121 relatively lowers the first voltage value (4.2V) (from 4.2V to 4.15V) and updates the first voltage value (4.15V).
- control unit 121 calculates the voltage value acquired from the measurement unit 120, or a calculated value (moving average value ) under the following conditions.
- the control unit 121 relatively increases the first voltage value (4.2V) (from 4.2V to 4.25V) and updates the first voltage value (4.25V).
- This method includes a control unit 121 that controls the battery, a storage unit 180 that stores data about the allowable power for discharging the battery, and a measurement unit 120 that measures the voltage value between the pair of electrode terminals of the battery.
- the data includes the following first voltage value Vth1 to third voltage value Vth3.
- the first voltage value Vth1 is a limit cancellation voltage value (3 V), and is a lower limit value that does not require a limit of allowable power (limit rate of 0%).
- the second voltage value Vth2 is a limit start voltage value (2.5V), is lower than the first voltage value, and requires partial limit of allowable power (limit rate 1% to 99%).
- the third voltage value Vth3 is the limit end voltage value (2.2V), is higher than the second voltage value, and requires complete limit of the allowable power (100% limit rate).
- the control unit 121 acquires the voltage value from the measurement unit 120 at predetermined time intervals, and limits the allowable power for charging as follows. - When the voltage value of the allowable power becomes equal to or higher than the third voltage value Vth3, the allowable power is completely restricted (restriction rate 100%). ⁇ The voltage value of the allowable power is partially restricted (restriction rate 1% to 99%) or completely allowed power until the voltage value of the allowable power decreases to the first voltage value Vth1 via the second voltage value Vth2. Restrict (restriction rate 100%).
- This method operates in the allowable discharge power limiter 502 to limit the allowable discharge power according to the voltage. After the voltage value acquired by the measurement unit 120 falls below the second voltage threshold value Vth2 for occurrence of the limitation, the allowable discharge power limitation is continued until the voltage value exceeds the first voltage threshold value Vth1. In this manner, by maintaining the limited state until the voltage reaches a voltage that does not cause hunting due to voltage fluctuations, unstable behavior of the assembled battery 110 can be prevented.
- the discharge when the voltage falls below the central second voltage threshold Vth2, the discharge is limited, and when the returned voltage exceeds the first voltage value higher than the voltage at which the limitation started and is higher than the central threshold, the discharge is limited. unlock. That is, in order to set a predetermined width around the threshold and change the state across the threshold, the restriction state and the release state are switched according to the change exceeding the predetermined width. This eliminates the hunting of restriction and release of allowable power, and improves reliability.
- the controller 121 performs control under the following conditions. ⁇ From a predetermined voltage value V1 (2.2 V to 2.5 V) where the voltage value of the allowable power is the second voltage value Vth2 (2.5 V) or less and the third voltage value Vth3 (2.2 V) or more, the When the permissible power is completely restricted (restriction rate 100%) while increasing to one voltage value Vth1 (3 V), the following conditions are added for control.
- the condition is that the voltage value of the allowable power increases from the first voltage value Vth1 (3 V) to the fourth voltage value Vth4 (3.1 V) higher than the first voltage value Vth1 (3 V), and the unit time Based on a predetermined voltage slope expressed in voltage variation per unit, the allowable power is partially limited (limiting rate 1% to 99%).
- the predetermined voltage gradient is provided and controlled so as to eliminate the shock of the state change, so it is possible to further enhance safety and improve the reliability of battery control.
- control unit 121 uses the voltage value acquired from the measurement unit 120 or a calculated value (moving average value) obtained by performing arithmetic processing on the voltage value based on a predetermined condition. , is controlled by the following conditions.
- a moving average voltage calculation unit 530 shown in FIG. 18 calculates a moving average voltage that reflects not only the current voltage but also the past voltage history. According to this method, it is possible to enhance the effect of preventing hunting of the discharge allowable power and to widen the power usage range in the vehicle.
- the control unit 121 calculates the voltage value acquired from the measurement unit 120, or a calculated value obtained by processing the voltage value based on a predetermined condition (moving average value )but, ⁇ Within a predetermined second time (several tens of seconds), A predetermined voltage value (2.5 V, which is the same as the second voltage), which is lower than the first voltage value (3 V) and higher than the third voltage value (2.2 V), and and when it is not equal to or higher than the third voltage value (2.2 V) (when the moving average voltage is high), - The control unit 121 relatively lowers the first voltage value (3V) (from 3V to 2.9V) and updates the first voltage value (2.9V).
- a battery comprising a control unit that controls a battery, a storage unit that stores data relating to allowable power for charging the battery, and a measurement unit that measures a voltage value between a pair of electrode terminals of the battery.
- the allowable power is determined as a maximum chargeable power calculated from a predetermined upper limit voltage value and a current state of charge, and the data does not require a limit of the allowable power.
- a battery control comprising a control unit that controls a battery, a storage unit that stores data relating to allowable power for discharge of the battery, and a measurement unit that measures a voltage value between a pair of electrode terminals of the battery
- the allowable power is defined as the maximum power that can be discharged calculated from a predetermined lower limit voltage value and the current discharge state, and the data does not require the limit of the allowable power.
- the control unit acquires the voltage value from the measurement unit at predetermined time intervals, and the voltage value of the allowable power is equal to or less than the third voltage value , until the voltage value of the allowable power increases to the first voltage value through the second voltage value, until the voltage value of the allowable power increases to the first voltage value.
- a battery controller that limits or completely limits.
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Abstract
Description
図2は、図1の本システム100における電池状態推定部をより詳細に示すブロック図である。図2に示すように、電池状態推定部150は、電池状態検知部151と、許容電力演算部152を備える。電池状態検知部151では、電圧、電流、温度を入力とし、SOC(電池充電率)及びSOHR(電池劣化率)を演算し出力する。
実施例1では、許容電力算出部153において、実際の電池情報(SOCや電圧、温度、電流等)から電池の等価回路モデル(以下、「電池モデル」又は「回路モデル」ともいう)を用いて、許容電力を推定する。ここで、回路モデルを用いた許容電力の算出方法について説明する。
図5は、図1の本システム100における許容電力制限部154をより詳細に示すブロック図である。図5の乗算部511,512は、算出部後の許容電力に対し、制限率を乗算する。
次に、許容電力制限部500における制限率の算出方法について説明する。
次に、実施例1における上記電圧による充電制限率Dvol_chgと上記電圧による放電制限率Dvol_disの算出方法を説明する。その説明を容易にするため、予め比較例に係る許容電力制限方法(電圧による制限率の算出方法)と課題を説明する。それに対比する形で、実施例1における許容電力制限方法と効果について説明する。
比較例に係る許容電力制限方法においても、充電制限方法(充電制限率Dvol_chg相当)と放電制限方法(放電制限率Dvol_dis相当)がある。
以降、実施例1における充電制限方法と放電制限方法について順に説明するとする。図10は、図1の本システム100における充電制限方法(以下、「本充電制限方法」ともいう)を示すグラフである。本充電制限方法は、図6に示した比較例の充電制限方法に対し、制限率の算出の仕方と、制限発生及び制限解除に係る電圧閾値が異なる。
SOC(state of charge)とは、充電状態/充電率であり、二次電池が完全充電された状態から、放電した電気量を除いた残りの割合で、残容量ともいう。このSOCは「残容量(Ah)/満充電容量(Ah)×100」で表される。
[1]本方法は、電池を制御する制御部121と、電池の充電の許容電力に関するデータが記憶された記憶部180と、電池の一対の電極端子の間の電圧値を測定する計測部120と、を有する電池システム(本システム)100において、充電するときの許容電力(充電許容電力)の制限を適切に行う電池制御方法である。
・第2電圧値Vth2は、制限開始電圧値(4.3V)であり、第1電圧値よりも高く、許容電力の部分的制限(制限率1%~99%)を必要とされる。
・第3電圧値Vth3は、制限終了電圧値(4.35V)であり、第2電圧値よりも高く、許容電力の完全な制限(制限率100%)を必要とされる。
・許容電力の電圧値が、第3電圧値Vth3以上になった場合、許容電力の完全な制限(制限率100%)を行う。
・許容電力の電圧値が、第2電圧値Vth2を介して、第1電圧値Vth1まで小さくなるまでの間、許容電力の部分的制限(制限率1%~99%)又は許容電力の完全な制限(制限率100%)を行う。
・許容電力の電圧値が、第2電圧値Vth2(4.3V)以上であって第3電圧値Vth3(4.35V)以下の所定電圧値V1(4.3V~4.35V)から、第1電圧値Vth1(4.2V)まで小さくなる間、許容電力の完全な制限(制限率100%)を行った場合、つぎの条件を加えて制御する。
・第1電圧値(4.2V)よりも高く第3電圧値(4.35V)よりも低い所定の所定電圧値(第2電圧と同じ4.3V)以上であって、
・かつ、第3電圧値(4.35V)以下の場合(移動平均電圧が高い)、
・制御部121は、第1電圧値(4.2V)を相対的に下げて(4.2Vから4.15V)、第1電圧値(4.15V)を更新する。
・第1電圧値(4.2V)よりも高く、第3電圧値(4.35V)よりも低い、所定の所定電圧値(第2電圧と同じ4.3V)以上であって、
・かつ、第3電圧値(4.35V)以下ではない場合(移動平均電圧が低い)、
制御部121は、第1電圧値(4.2V)を相対的に上げて(4.2Vから4.25V)、第1電圧値(4.25V)を更新する。
・第2電圧値Vth2は、制限開始電圧値(2.5V)であり、第1電圧値よりも低く、許容電力の部分的制限(制限率1%~99%)を必要とする。
・第3電圧値Vth3は、制限終了電圧値(2.2V)であり、第2電圧値よりも高く、許容電力の完全な制限(制限率100%)を必要とする。
・許容電力の電圧値が、第3電圧値Vth3以上になった場合、許容電力の完全な制限(制限率100%)を行う。
・許容電力の電圧値が、第2電圧値Vth2を介して、第1電圧値Vth1まで小さくなるまでの間、許容電力の部分的制限(制限率1%~99%)又は許容電力の完全な制限(制限率100%)を行う。
・許容電力の電圧値が、第2電圧値Vth2(2.5V)以下であって第3電圧値Vth3(2.2V)以上の所定電圧値V1(2.2V~2.5V)から、第1電圧値Vth1(3V)まで大きくなる間、許容電力の完全な制限(制限率100%)を行った場合、つぎの条件を加えて制御する。
・第1電圧値(3V)よりも低く、第3電圧値(2.2V)よりも高い、所定の所定電圧値(第2電圧と同じ2.5V)以下であって、
・かつ、第3電圧値(2.2V)以上の場合(移動平均電圧が低い場合)、
・制御部121は、第1電圧値(3V)を相対的に上げて(3Vから3.1V)、第1電圧値(3.1V)を更新する。
・所定の第2の時間(数十秒間)内において、
・第1電圧値(3V)よりも低く、第3電圧値(2.2V)よりも高い、所定の所定電圧値(第2電圧と同じ2.5V)以下であって、
・かつ、第3電圧値(2.2V)以上ではない場合(移動平均電圧が高い場合)、
・制御部121は、第1電圧値(3V)を相対的に下げて(3Vから2.9V)、第1電圧値(2.9V)を更新する。
特許請求の範囲は、請求項1~8に記載の「電池制御方法」の下位項として、つぎの[9]~[12]に記載の「電池制御装置」も考えられる。[9],[10]は、請求項1,2それぞれの要件に対応する「電池制御装置」である。[11],[12]は、請求項5,6それぞれの要件に対応する「電池制御装置」である。
Claims (8)
- 電池を制御する制御部と、
前記電池の充電の許容電力に関するデータが記憶された記憶部と、
前記電池の一対の電極端子の間の電圧値を測定する計測部と、
を用い、
前記許容電力は、予め定められた上限電圧値と、現在の充電状態とによって算出される充電可能な最大電力として定められ、
前記データには、
前記許容電力の制限が不要な上限値である第1電圧値と、
前記第1電圧値よりも高く、前記許容電力の部分的制限が必要となる第2電圧値と、
前記第2電圧値よりも高く、前記許容電力の完全な制限が必要となる第3電圧値と、
が含まれ、
前記制御部は、
前記計測部から前記電圧値を所定時間ごとに取得し、
前記許容電力の電圧値が、前記第3電圧値以上になった場合、前記許容電力の完全な制限を行い、
前記許容電力の電圧値が、前記第2電圧値を介して、前記第1電圧値まで小さくなるまでの間、前記許容電力の部分的制限又は完全な制限を行う、
電池制御方法。 - 前記制御部は、
前記許容電力の電圧値が、前記第2電圧値以上であって前記第3電圧値以下の所定電圧値から、前記第1電圧値まで小さくなる間、前記許容電力の完全な制限を行った場合、
前記許容電力の電圧値が、前記第1電圧値から、前記第1電圧値よりも低い第4電圧値まで小さくなる間、単位時間当たりの電圧変動で表される所定の電圧勾配に基づいて、前記許容電力の部分的制限を行う、
請求項1に記載の電池制御方法。 - 前記計測部から取得した前記電圧値、又は当該電圧値を所定の条件に基づいて演算処理された演算値が、
所定の第1の時間内において、
前記第1電圧値よりも高く前記第3電圧値よりも低い所定の所定電圧以上であって、かつ、前記第3電圧値以下の場合、
前記制御部は、前記第1電圧値を相対的に下げて、前記第1電圧値を更新する、
請求項1又は2に記載の電池制御方法。 - 前記計測部から取得した前記電圧値、又は当該電圧値を所定の条件に基づいて演算処理された演算値が、
所定の第1の時間内において、
前記第1電圧値よりも高く前記第3電圧値よりも低い所定の所定電圧以上であって、かつ、前記第3電圧値以下ではない場合、
前記制御部は、前記第1電圧値を相対的に上げて、前記第1電圧値を更新する、
請求項1から3の何れか1項に記載の電池制御方法。 - 電池を制御する制御部と、
前記電池の放電の許容電力に関するデータが記憶された記憶部と、
前記電池の一対の電極端子の間の電圧値を測定する計測部と、
を用い、
前記許容電力は、予め定められた下限電圧値と、現在の放電状態とによって算出される放電可能な最大電力として定められ、
前記データには、
前記許容電力の制限が不要な下限値である第1電圧値と、
前記第1電圧値よりも低く、前記許容電力の部分的制限が必要となる第2電圧値と、
前記第2電圧値よりも低く、前記許容電力の完全な制限が必要となる第3電圧値と、
が含まれ、
前記制御部は、
前記計測部から前記電圧値を所定時間ごとに取得し、
前記許容電力の電圧値が、前記第3電圧値以下になった場合、前記許容電力の完全な制限を行い、
前記許容電力の電圧値が、前記第2電圧値を介して、前記第1電圧値まで大きくなるまでの間、前記許容電力の部分的制限又は完全な制限を行う、
電池制御方法。 - 前記制御部は、
前記許容電力の電圧値が、前記第2電圧値以下であって前記第3電圧値以上の所定電圧値から、前記第1電圧値まで大きくなる間、前記許容電力の完全な制限を行った場合、
前記許容電力の電圧値が、前記第1電圧値から、前記第1電圧値よりも高い第4電圧値まで大きくなる間、単位時間当たりの電圧変動で表される所定の電圧勾配に基づいて、前記許容電力の部分的制限を行う、
請求項1に記載の電池制御方法。 - 前記計測部から取得した前記電圧値、又は当該電圧値を所定の条件に基づいて演算処理された演算値が、
所定の第2の時間内において、
前記第1電圧値よりも低く前記第3電圧値よりも高い所定の所定電圧以下であって、かつ、前記第3電圧値以上の場合、
前記制御部は、前記第1電圧値を相対的に上げて、前記第1電圧値を更新する、
請求項5又は6に記載の電池制御方法。 - 前記計測部から取得した前記電圧値、又は当該電圧値を所定の条件に基づいて演算処理された演算値が、
所定の第2の時間内において、
前記第1電圧値よりも低く前記第3電圧値よりも高い所定の所定電圧以下であって、かつ、前記第3電圧値以上ではない場合、
前記制御部は、前記第1電圧値を相対的に下げて、前記第1電圧値を更新する、
請求項5から7の何れか1項に記載の電池制御方法。
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JP2018098899A (ja) * | 2016-12-13 | 2018-06-21 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 電池システム |
JP2020171143A (ja) * | 2019-04-03 | 2020-10-15 | 株式会社デンソー | 制御装置 |
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