Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/20—Filters
  • G02B5/28—Interference filters
  • G02B5/281—Interference filters designed for the infrared light
  • G02B5/282—Interference filters designed for the infrared light reflecting for infrared and transparent for visible light, e.g. heat reflectors, laser protection
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
  • G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
  • G02B1/11—Anti-reflection coatings
  • G02B1/111—Anti-reflection coatings using layers comprising organic materials

Definitions

• An infrared reflecting film can be used for reducing solar heat gain into a space.
• an infrared reflecting optical film can be used as a window film for reducing solar heating of a room in a building or can be used in laminated windshields or sunroofs to reduce solar heating of an interior of an automobile.
• the present description generally relates to multilayer optical films having a color shift (e.g., along at least one axis in a color space) of reflected and/or transmitted light below a specified limit.
• the multilayer optical film can have an average optical reflectance in an infrared wavelength range extending from about 850 nm to about 1200 nm of greater than about 60%.
• the multilayer optical film can have an average optical transmittance in a visible wavelength range extending from about 450 nm to about 650 nm of less than about 50%
• a multilayer optical film includes a plurality of alternating polymeric first and second layers numbering at least 20 in total where each of the first and second layers has an average thickness of less than about 500 nm, and optically absorptive material dispersed in at least one layer of the multilayer optical film.
• the multilayer optical film can have an average optical transmittance in a visible wavelength range extending from about 450 nm to about 650 nm of about 0.5% to about 40%, an average optical reflectance in the visible wavelength range of less than about 40%, and an average optical reflectance in an infrared wavelength range extending from about 850 nm to about 1200 nm of greater than about 60%.
• the multilayer optical film reflects and transmits portions of the incident light as reflected and transmitted lights having, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, respective “a*” colorimetric parameters arl* and atl* for an incident angle of less than about 10 degrees and respective “a*” colorimetric parameters ar2* and at2* for an incident angle of about 40 degrees, a magnitude of a difference between each of atl* and at2*, and arl* and ar2* being less than about 20.
• the multilayer optical film reflects and transmits portions of the incident light as reflected and transmitted lights having, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, respective “b*” colorimetric parameters brl * and btl * for an incident angle of less than about 10 degrees and respective “b*” colorimetric parameters br2* and bt2* for an incident angle of about 60 degrees, where a magnitude of a difference between each of brl* and br2*, and btl* and bt2* is less than about 35.
• the multilayer optical film transmits a portion of the incident light as a transmitted light having, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, an “a*” colorimetric parameter at* and a “b*” colorimetric parameter bt*, where a magnitude of each of at* and bt* remains less than about 35 as the incident angle varies continuously from less than about 10 degrees to at least about 40 degrees.
• the multilayer optical film reflects a portion of the incident light as a reflected light having, in CIE L*a*b* color space, an “a*” colorimetric parameter ar* and a “b*” colorimetric parameter br*, where a magnitude of each of ar* and br* remains less than about 45 as the incident angle varies continuously from less than about 10 degrees to at least about 40 degrees.
• FIG. 1 A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a multilayer optical film, according to some embodiments.
• FIG. IB is a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of a multilayer optical film, according to some embodiments.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a glass laminate, according to some embodiments.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an optical element illustrating light incident on the optical element, according to some embodiments.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a CIE L*a*b* color space showing a change in a* and b* colorimetric parameters as an incident angle changes, according to some embodiments.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic plot of optical reflectance and optical transmittance of a multilayer optical film, according to some embodiments.
• FIG. 6A is a plot of calculated reflectance and transmittance of substantially normally incident light on an optical film not including optically absorptive material.
• FIG. 6B is a plot of calculated reflectance and transmittance of substantially normally incident light on an optical film corresponding to the optical film of FIG. 6A, but including optically absorptive material, according to some embodiments.
• FIGS. 7A-7C are CIE L*a*b* color space plots of calculated a*, b* colorimetric parameters for transmitted or reflected light for incident illuminant D65 light, according to some embodiments.
• FIG. 8 is a plot of extinction coefficients of polymeric layers containing blue dye, red dye, or yellow pigment, according to some embodiments.
• FIGS. 9A-9B are plots of calculated transmittance and reflectance for a glass laminate including a multilayer optical film including skin layers loaded with the blue and red dyes, and yellow pigment of FIG. 8, according to some embodiments.
• FIGS. 10A-10B are CIE L*a*b* color space plots of calculated a*, b* colorimetric parameters for transmitted and reflected light, respectively, from the glass laminate of FIGS. 9A- 9B for light from an illuminant D65 incident on the glass laminate as the incident angle varies, according to some embodiments.
• FIG. 11 is a plot of extinction coefficients of polymeric layers containing blue, red, yellow, or cyan dyes, according to some embodiments.
• FIGS. 12A-12B are plots of calculated transmittance and reflectance for a glass laminate including a multilayer optical film including skin layers loaded with the blue, red, yellow, and cyan dyes of FIG. 11, according to some embodiments.
• FIGS. 13A-13B are CIE L*a*b* color space plots of calculated a*, b* colorimetric parameters for transmitted and reflected light, respectively, from the glass laminate of FIGS. 12A- 12B for light from an illuminant D65 incident on the glass laminate as the incident angle varies, according to some embodiments.
• FIGS. 14A-14B are plots of calculated transmittance and reflectance for a glass laminate including a multilayer optical film including skin layers loaded with the blue dye of FIG. 8, according to some embodiments.
• FIGS. 15A-15B are CIE L*a*b* color space plots of calculated a*, b* colorimetric parameters for transmitted and reflected light, respectively, from the glass laminate of FIGS. 14A- 14B for light from an illuminant D65 incident on the glass laminate as the incident angle varies, according to some embodiments.
• Multilayer optical films including alternating polymeric layers can be used to provide desired reflection and transmission in desired wavelength ranges by suitable selection of layer thicknesses and refractive index differences as generally described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
• the alternating polymeric layers typically include alternating high and low index layers which can be described as optical layers that transmit and reflect light primarily by optical interference.
• a multilayer optical film including alternating high and low index layers can be described as including a plurality of optical repeat units where each optical repeat unit includes a high index layer and a low index layer.
• Each optical repeat unit may include one or more layers in addition to the high and low index layers as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,103,337 (Schrenk et al.); 5,540,978 (Schrenk) and 6,207,260 (Wheatley et al.), for example.
• a multilayer optical film can have an infrared reflection band for reducing solar heat gain into a space.
• an infrared reflecting optical fdm can be used as a window fdm for reducing solar heating of a room in a building.
• an infrared reflecting optical film can be used in laminated windshields or sunroofs to reduce solar heating of an interior of an automobile.
• Conventional infrared reflecting optical films can have an undesired color shift with incident angle for reflected light and/or for transmitted light due to, for example, the infrared reflection band shifting into the visible range and/or a harmonic of the infrared reflection band shifting into, out of, or within the visible range.
• optically absorptive material can be included in various layer(s) of the optical fdm to substantially reduce a color shift with incident angle for light reflected from and transmitted through the optical film.
• the optical film has a near infrared reflection band (e.g., in a wavelength range extending at least from about 850 nm to about 1200 nm) and at least one harmonic of the infrared reflection band is at least partially disposed in a visible wavelength range of about 420 nm to about 680 nm, or about 450 nm to about 650 nm, for at least one angle of incidence.
• a first portion of the optically absorptive material is selected to reduce reflection from the harmonic in the visible range and result in a low color shift in reflection and a second portion of the optically absorptive material is selected to result in a low color shift in transmission.
• the first portion may be disposed in an outer layer or outer layers of the optical film adapted to face the light source (e.g., a top layer of the optical film in a sunroof) and the second portion may be disposed in an outer layer or outer layers of the optical film adapted to face away from the light source (e.g., a bottom layer of the optical film in a sunroof).
• first and/or second portions of the optically absorptive material may be dispersed in optical layers of the optical film.
• a first portion of the optically absorptive material may be dispersed in the skin layers and a second portion of the optically absorptive material may be dispersed in the first layers of alternating first and second layers of the optical film where the first layers have a higher refractive index than the second layers.
• the optically absorptive material can be selected to result in a desired visible light transmittance while providing a low color shift with incident angle.
• the desired visible light transmittance can depend on the application. For example, in some sunroof applications, an average visible light transmission in a range of about 0.5% to about 20% may be desired.
• the color of the reflected and/or transmitted light may be neutral (e.g., low a*, b* colorimetric parameters) or may be have a predetermined color (e.g., a*, b* colorimetric parameters in specified ranges) depending on the optically absorptive material chosen.
• a multilayer optical film may include optical repeat units including at least first and second layers.
• the optical film may be characterized by the f-ratios of the layers of the optical repeat units.
• the f-ratio of a layer of an optical repeat unit is the optical thickness of the layer divided by the optical thickness of the optical repeat unit, where the optical thickness of each layer of the optical repeat unit is the thickness of the layer multiplied by an index of refraction of the layer along a same in-plane direction and the optical thickness of the optical repeat unit is the sum of the optical thickness for each of the layers.
• the refractive indices may be determined at a wavelength in a specified visible wavelength range (e.g., from about 420 nm to about 680 nm or about 450 nm to about 650 nm).
• the refractive indices may be determined at a wavelength of about 532 nm, or about 550 nm, or about 589 nm, or about 633 nm, for example.
• the f-ratio of the optical film (when the layer of an optical repeat unit is not specified) generally refers to the f-ratio of the layer of the optical repeat unit having the highest index of refraction. In some embodiments, the optical film has an f-ratio of about 0.5.
• a different f-ratio (e.g., from about 0.55 to about 0.8 or from about 0.2 to about 0.45) is used. It has been found that shifting the f-ratio from 0.5 allows the strength of the second and third order harmonics of the infrared reflection band to be tuned to further reduce color shift of reflected and/or transmitted light with incident angle.
• the f-ratio may be selected to provide a substantially constant reflectance as a function of wavelength throughout a visible wavelength range.
• FIG. 1 A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a multilayer optical film 100, according to some embodiments.
• the optical film 100 includes a plurality of alternating polymeric first and second layers 111 and 112.
• the optical film 100 may include many more layers than schematically illustrated in FIG. 1 A.
• FIG. IB is a schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of a multilayer optical film 100, according to some embodiments, indicating a larger number of alternating first and second layers 111 and 112.
• the alternating first and second layers 111 and 112 number at least 20 in total, or at least 40 in total, or at least 60 in total, or at least 80 in total, or at least 100 in total.
• the alternating first and second layers 111 and 112 number no more than 1000 in total, or no more than 800 in total, or no more than 700 in total, or no more than 650 in total, or no more than 600 in total.
• each of the first and second layers 111 and 112 has an average thickness tl, t2 of less than about 500 nm, or less than about 400 nm, or less than about 350 nm.
• each of the first and second layers 111 and 112 has an average thickness tl, t2 of greater than about 50 nm, or greater than about 70 nm, or greater than about 90 nm.
• the multilayer optical film 100 may be described as including a plurality of optical repeat units 110 where each optical repeat unit 110 includes at least individual first and second layers 111 and 112.
• the plurality of optical repeat units 110 may number between about 10 and about 400 in total, or between about 10 and about 300 in total, or between about 10 and about 250 in total, or between about 50 and about 250 in total, for example.
• An optical repeat unit is generally the smallest distinct unit of optical layers that repeats along a thickness direction (z-direction) of the optical film.
• the total number of optical repeat units in the plurality of optical repeat units refers to the total number of distinct optical repeat units (no layer of the film is in more than one distinct optical repeat unit).
• each optical repeat unit 110 unit may include one or more layers in addition to the first and second layers 111 and 112.
• the optical film 100 may further include first and second skin layers 121 and 122 where the plurality of alternating polymeric first and second layers 111 and 112, and/or the plurality of optical repeat units 110, is disposed between the first and second skin layers 121 and 122.
• each of the first and second skin layers 121 and 122 has an average thickness tsl, ts2 of greater than about 500 nm, or greater than about 750 nm, or greater than about 1000 nm (1 micrometer), or greater than about 1500 nm, or greater than about 2000 nm.
• the first and second skin layers 121 and 122 may be integrally formed with the plurality of alternating polymeric first and second layers 111 and 112 and/or with the plurality of optical repeat units 110.
• a first element “integrally formed” with a second element means that the first and second elements are manufactured together rather than manufactured separately and then subsequently joined. Integrally formed includes manufacturing a first element followed by manufacturing the second element on the first element.
• Skin layers and optical layers e.g., the alternating polymeric first and second layers and/or the optical repeat units
• Suitable materials for the various layers in the multilayer optical film 100 include, for example, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), coPEN (copolyethylene naphthalate terephthalate copolymer), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyhexylethylene naphthalate copolymer (PHEN), glycol-modified PET (PETG), glycol-modified PEN (PENG), syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS), THV (a terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), coPMMA (a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate), or blends thereof.
• PEN polyethylene naphthalate
• coPEN copolyethylene naphthalate terephthalate copolymer
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• PHEN polyhexylethylene n
• the optical film 100 may include additional layers not shown in FIGS. 1A-1B. For example, protective boundary layers between packets of optical repeat units may be included as is known in the art.
• the optical film 100 may further include first and second adhesive layers where the first and second skin layers 121 and 122 and the plurality of alternating polymeric first and second layers 111 and 112 (and/or the plurality of optical repeat units 110) are disposed between the first and second adhesive layers.
• the optical film 100 is used in a glass laminate, for example.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a glass laminate 101 including first and second glass layers 124 and 126 and a multilayer optical film 100’ disposed therebetween, according to some embodiments.
• the optical film 100’ includes first and second adhesive layers 141 and 142 and the multilayer optical film 100 disposed therebetween.
• the first and second adhesive layers 141 and 142 may be, for example, any adhesive known to be suitable for bonding to glass. Suitable materials for the first and second adhesive layers 141 and 142 include, for example, one or more of pressure sensitive adhesives, liquid optically clear adhesives, radiation or thermally curable adhesives, or hot melt adhesives. In some embodiments, each of the adhesive layers 141 and 142 comprises polyvinyl butyral (PVB).
• PVB polyvinyl butyral
• the first and second layers 111 and 112 (e.g., in each of the optical repeat units 110) have respective indices of refraction nl and n2 and corresponding respective f- ratios fl and f2 along a same in-plane first direction (e.g., x-direction) for a same first visible wavelength in a visible wavelength range extending from about 420 nm to about 680 nm or from about 450 nm to about 650 nm.
• nl > n2.
• n2 > nl.
• each of fl and f2 is about 0.5 (e.g., the thicker of the first and second layers may have a lower refractive index than the thinner of the first and second layers such that f 1 is about 0.5).
• nl > n2 and one of fl and f2 is between about 0.55 and about 0.80 (e.g., in a range of 0.55 to 0.80) or between about 0.6 and about 0.75 (e.g., in a range of 0.6 to 0.75) or between about 0.625 and about 0.725 (e.g., in a range of 0.625 to 0.725).
• fl is between about 0.55 and about 0.80 (e.g., in a range of 0.55 to 0.80) or between about 0.6 and about 0.75 (e.g., in a range of 0.6 to 0.75) or between about 0.625 and about 0.725 (e.g., in a range of 0.625 to 0.725).
• An f-ratio of the optical film may be defined as the f-ratio of the layer of the optical repeat unit having the highest refractive index (e.g., if the first layers have a higher refractive index along the in-plane first direction than the second layers, f 1 may be referred to as the f-ratio of the optical film).
• the first and second skin layers 121 and 122 have respective indices of refraction nsl and ns2 along a same in-plane first direction (e.g., x-direction) for a same first visible wavelength in a visible wavelength range extending from about 420 nm to about 680 nm or from about 450 nm to about 650 nm.
• nsl and ns2 are about equal to one another and, in some embodiments, each of nsl and ns2 is about equal to one of nl and n2 (e.g., each of the skin layers 121 and 122 can be formed of a same material as that of one of the first and second layers 111 and 112).
• the first and second adhesive layers 141 and 142 have respective indices of refraction nal and na2 along a same in-plane first direction (e.g., x- direction) for a same first visible wavelength in a visible wavelength range extending from about 420 nm to about 680 nm or from about 450 nm to about 650 nm.
• nal and na2 are each in a range of about 1.4 to about 1.6, or about 1.45 to about 1.55, for example.
• a layer can be described as having a complex refractive index N having a real part n and an imaginary part k.
• the real part n of the complex refractive index N is referred to as the refractive index or index of refraction (if refractive index is referred to without specifying that it is a complex refractive index, it should be understood that the real part is being referred to) and the imaginary part k is referred to as the extinction coefficient.
• the complex refractive index (and its real and imaginary parts) can be defined along different directions (e.g., the complex refractive index can be different for light polarized along different directions).
• the first and second layers 111 and 112 (e.g., in each of the optical repeat units 110) have respective extinction coefficients kl and k2 along a same in-plane first direction (e.g., x-direction) for a same first visible wavelength in a visible wavelength range extending from about 420 nm to about 680 nm or from about 450 nm to about 650 nm.
• the first and second skin layers 121 and 122 have respective extinction coefficients ksl and ks2 along a same in-plane first direction (e.g., x-direction) for a same first visible wavelength in a visible wavelength range extending from about 420 nm to about 680 nm or from about 450 nm to about 650 nm.
• the first and second adhesive layers 141 and 142 have respective extinction coefficients kal and ka2 along a same in-plane first direction (e.g., x-direction) for a same first visible wavelength in a visible wavelength range extending from about 420 nm to about 680 nm or from about 450 nm to about 650 nm.
• At least one of the first and second layers 111 and 112 and/or at least one of the first and second skin layers 121 and 122 and/or at least one of the first and second adhesive layers 141 and 142 includes optically absorptive material (e.g., dye(s), pigment(s), ora combination thereof).
• optically absorptive material e.g., dye(s), pigment(s), ora combination thereof.
• a layer not including optically absorptive material may have an extinction coefficient k (e.g., corresponding to one or more of kl, k2, ksl, ks2, kal, ka2) of less than about 10 5 , or less than about 7 x 10 6 , or less than about 5 x 10 6 , or less than about 2 x 10 6 along each in-plane direction and for each wavelength in a visible wavelength range from about 420 nm to about 680 nm or about 450 nm to about 650 nm.
• k e.g., corresponding to one or more of kl, k2, ksl, ks2, kal, ka2
• a layer including optically absorptive material may have an extinction coefficient k (e.g., corresponding to one or more of kl, k2, ksl, ks2, kal, ka2) of greater than about 2 x 10 5 , or greater than about 5 x 10 5 , or greater than about 10 4 , or greater than about 5 x 10 4 , or greater than about 10 3 , along at least one in-plane direction and for at least one wavelength in a visible wavelength range from about 420 nm to about 680 nm or form about 450 nm to about 650 nm.
• k e.g., corresponding to one or more of kl, k2, ksl, ks2, kal, ka2
• optically absorptive material is dispersed in at least one layer of the multilayer optical film, where the at least one layer includes one or more layers having an extinction coefficient of greater than about 2 x 10 5 , or greater than about 5 x 10 5 , or greater than about HG 4 . or greater than about 5 x 10 4 , or greater than about 10 3 , along at least one in-plane direction and for at least one wavelength in a visible wavelength range from about 420 nm to about 680 nm or from about 450 nm to about 650 nm.
• the layer(s) including optically absorptive material may have a relatively low optical absorption in a near infrared wavelength range.
• each of the layer(s) may have an extinction coefficient k (e.g., corresponding to one or more of kl, k2, ksl, ks2, kal, ka2) of less than about 10 3 , or less than about 5 x 10 4 , or less than about 2 x 10 4 , or less than about 10 4 along each inplane direction and for each wavelength in a wavelength range from about 750 nm to at least about 1300 nm (e.g., from about 750 nm to about 1300 nm or from about 750 nm to about 1400 nm).
• k e.g., corresponding to one or more of kl, k2, ksl, ks2, kal, ka2
• Suitable optically absorptive materials include, for example, dyes, pigments, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, two, three, four, or more different optically absorptive materials are included in order to adjust the reflected and/or transmitted color. For example, a blue dye or pigment, a yellow or green dye or pigment, and a red dye or pigment may be used. The optically absorptive materials may be included in a same layer or may be separately included in different layers.
• Suitable dyes and pigments include, for example, Disperse Blue 60 (C20H17N3O5; CAS Number 12217-80-0); Pigment Yellow 147 (C37H21N5O4; CAS Number 4118-16-5); red azo dyes such as Red Dye 40 (Ci 8 Hi 4 N 2 Na 2 0 8 S 2 ; CAS Number 25956-17-6); anthraquinone dyes pr pigments such as Solvent Yellow 163 (C26H16O2S2; CAS Number 13676-91-0), Pigment Red 177 (C28H16N2O4; CAS Number 4059-63-2), and Disperse Red 60 (C20H13NO4; CAS Number 12223- 37-9); perylene dyes or pigments such as Pigment Black 31 (C40H26N2O4; CAS Number 67075-37- 0), Pigment Black 32 (C40H26N2O6; CAS Number 83524-75-8), and Pigment Red 149 (C40H26N2O4
• the amount and color of the dyes/pigments can be selected based on optical properties of a corresponding optical film not including optically absorptive material. For example, in embodiments where a color shift of the optical fdm not including optically absorptive material is due primarily to a third order harmonic of an infrared reflection band, the dyes/pigments can be selected to have an absorption spectrum overlapping the third order harmonic throughout a desired range of incidence angles and the amount of dyes/pigments can be selected to reduce reflection from the third order harmonic to a degree suitable for reducing the color shift to a desired range.
• the dyes/pigments can be selected to have an absorption spectrum overlapping the harmonic having a stronger reflection throughout a desired range of incidence angles and the amount of dyes/pigments can be selected to reduce reflection from the harmonic to approximately match the reflection strength of the other harmonic.
• a multilayer optical film may be characterized in terms of color of light reflected from the optical film and/or of light transmitted through the optical film when a substantially white light is incident on the optical film.
• the substantially white incident light may be from an illuminant D65, which is a standard illuminant defined by the International Commission on Illumination, commonly known as CIE based on its French name Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage.
• CIE International Commission on Illumination
• the light from the illuminant D65 can be unpolarized light.
• the color of the reflected and transmitted lights may be characterized in terms of the a* and/or b* colorimetric parameters of the CIE L*a*b* color space (also referred to as the CIE 1976 L*a*b* color space or the CIELAB color space).
• the a* andb* colorimetric parameters can be determined as described in ASTM E308-18 “Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System”.
• the ASTM E308-18 standard also provides the relative spectral power distribution of the standard illuminant D65.
• FIG. 1A schematically illustrates a light 180 incident on the optical film 100 in an incident plane (plane defined by the direction of incident light and the surface normal).
• the incident plane is the x-z plane, referring to the illustrated x-y-z coordinate system.
• a p-polarization state 131 (electric field in the incident plane) and an s-polarization state 132 (electric field orthogonal to the incident plane) are illustrated.
• a light 180’ substantially normally incident on the optical film 100 is also illustrated.
• Light 180 and light 180’ are incident on a major surface 127 of the multilayer optical film 100.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an optical element 200 illustrating light 130 and light 230 incident on a major surface 227 of the optical element 200, according to some embodiments.
• the optical element 200 may be an optical film corresponding to optical film 100 or optical film 100’, for example.
• the optical element 200 may be a plurality of optical repeat units (or a plurality of alternating first and second layers) corresponding to the plurality of optical repeat units 110 of the optical film 100 or 100’, for example.
• the optical element 200 may be a glass laminate corresponding to the glass laminate 101, for example.
• Light 130 is incident on the optical element 200 at a first incident angle 01 and light 230 is incident on the optical element 200 at a second incident angle Q2.
• Light 130 and/or light 230 may be from an illuminant D65.
• the illuminant 222 schematically indicated in FIG. 3 may be an illuminate D65, for example.
• the optical element 200 transmits a portion of the incident light 130 as a transmitted light 133 and reflects a portion of the incident light 130 as a reflected light 134.
• the transmitted light 133 has, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, an “a*” colorimetric parameter atl* and a “b*” colorimetric parameter btl*.
• the reflected light 134 has, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, an “a*” colorimetric parameter arl* and a “b*” colorimetric parameter brl*.
• the optical element 200 transmits a portion of the incident light 230 as a transmitted light 233 and reflects a portion of the incident light 230 as a reflected light 234.
• the transmitted light 233 has, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, an “a*” colorimetric parameter at2* and a “b*” colorimetric parameter bt2*.
• the reflected light 234 has, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, an “a*” colorimetric parameter ar2* and a “b*” colorimetric parameter br2*.
• Light 130 is incident on the optical element 200 at incident location 630 and light 230 is incident on the optical element 200 at incident location 730.
• optical properties e.g., low color shift of reflected and/or transmitted light
• optically absorptive material is included in a first skin layer, but not in the opposite skin layer, of the optical film.
• the reflected light can have different a* and/orb* colorimetric parameters for light incident on the first skin layer than for light incident on the second skin layer.
• optical properties described herein can hold for each incident location across at least 60%, or at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 95% by area (e.g., area of the major surface on which the light is incident or area in a top plan view) of the optical film for light incident on one or both sides of the optical film, or can hold for each incident location across the optical film for light incident on one or both sides of the optical film.
• An incident angle is an angle of a direction of light incident on a surface relative to a normal to the surface and is in a range of 0 degrees to 90 degrees.
• optical properties e.g., transmittance or reflectance or colorimetric parameters
• the incident angle is the incident angle at the surface of the optical element where the light is incident, unless indicated otherwise.
• the incident angle Q1 may be less than about 10 degrees, or less than about 6 degrees, or less than about 3 degrees.
• the incident angle 01 may be about 0 degrees (e.g., about 2 degrees or less), for example.
• the incident angle Q2 may be at least about 40 degrees, or at least about 50 degrees, or at least about 60 degrees, or at least about 65 degrees, for example.
• the incident angle Q2 may be up to about 85 degrees, for example.
• the incident angle Q2 may be about 40 degrees, or about 50 degrees, or about 60 degrees, or about 65 degrees, or about 70 degrees, for example.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a CIE L*a*b* color space showing a change in a* and b* colorimetric parameters as an incident angle Q changes continuously from a first incident angle (e.g., 01 which may be less than about 10 degrees) at point 301 having color space coordinates al*, bl* to a second incident angle (e.g., Q2 which may be about 40 degrees or greater) at point 302 having color space coordinates a2*, b2*, according to some embodiments.
• the illustrated a*, b* parameters may be for reflected light or for transmitted light.
• a maximum Euclidean distance d in the CIE L*a*b* color space from a predetermined color space location 303 having predetermined color space coordinates a0*, bO* as the incident angle changes continuously from the first incident angle to the second incident angle is indicated.
• the predetermined color space location 303 may correspond to a substantially white light (e.g., each of
• is less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, or less than about 2, or less than about 1.
• is greater than about 20, or greater than about 30, or greater than about 35, or greater than about 40.
• the maximum Euclidean distance d is less than about less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, or less than about 2, or less than about 1.
• a light 130, 230 incident on the multilayer optical film 100 for a light 130, 230 incident on the multilayer optical film 100,
• the multilayer optical film reflects and transmits portions of the incident light as reflected (134, 234) and transmitted (133, 233) lights.
• the reflected and transmitted lights have, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, respective “a*” colorimetric parameters arl * and atl * for an incident angle q 1 of less than about 10 degrees and respective “a*” colorimetric parameters ar2* and at2* for an incident angle Q2 of about 40 degrees, where a magnitude of a difference between each of atl* and at2*, and arl* and ar2* is less than about 20, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, or less than about 2, or less than about 1.
• the reflected and transmitted lights have, in the CIE L*a*b* color space, respective “b*” colorimetric parameters brl * andbtl* for an incident angle of less than about 10 degrees and respective “b*” colorimetric parameters br2* and bt2* for an incident angle of about 40 degrees, a magnitude of a difference between each of brl* and br2*, and btl* and bt2* is less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 25, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, or less than about 2, or less than about 1.
• is less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, or less than about 2, or less than about 1.
• is less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 25, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, or less than about 2, or less than about 1.
• is less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 25, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, or less than about 2, or less than about 1.
• is less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 25, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, or less than about 2, or less than about 1.
• can be less than about 10 or greater than about 10 or
• can be in any range described elsewhere herein.
• can be less than about 10 or greater than about 10 or
• can be in any range described elsewhere herein.
• the reflected and transmitted lights have, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, respective “a*” colorimetric parameters arl * and atl * for an incident angle q 1 of less than about 10 degrees and respective “a*” colorimetric parameters ar2* and at2* for an incident angle Q2 of about 60 degrees, where a magnitude of a difference between each of atl* and at2*, and arl* and ar2* is less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 20, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3.
• the reflected and transmitted lights have, in the CIE L*a*b* color space, respective “b*” colorimetric parameters brl* and btl* for an incident angle of less than about 10 degrees and respective “b*” colorimetric parameters br2* and bt2* for an incident angle of about 60 degrees, a magnitude of a difference between each of brl* and br2*, and btl* and bt2* being less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 25, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3.
• is less than about 35, or less thana about 30, or less than about 25, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, or less than about 2.
• is less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 25, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, or less than about 2
• the multilayer optical film reflects and transmits portions of the incident light as reflected (134, 234) and transmitted (133, 233) lights.
• the reflected and transmitted lights have, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, respective “a*” colorimetric parameters arl* and atl* for an incident angle 01 of less than about 10 degrees and respective “a*” colorimetric parameters ar2* and at2* for an incident angle 02 > 01.
• the reflected and transmitted lights have, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, respective “b*” colorimetric parameters brl * and btl * for the incident angle q 1 of less than about 10 degrees and respective “b*” colorimetric parameters br2* and bt2* for the incident angle 02 > q 1.
• a magnitude of a difference between each of atl* and at2*, arl* and ar2*, btl* and bt2*, and arl* and ar2* remains less than about less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 25, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4, or less than about 3, or less than about 2 as the incident angle Q2 varies continuously from 01 to at least about 40 degrees.
• the angle of at least about 40 degrees can be up to about 85 degrees, or up to about 80 degrees, or up to about 75 degrees, or up to about 70 degrees, for example.
• the angle of at least about 40 degrees can be about 40 degrees, or about 50 degrees, or about 60 degrees, or about 65 degrees, for example.
• the multilayer optical film transmits a portion of the incident light as a transmitted light (e.g., 133, 233) having, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, an “a*” colorimetric parameter at* (e.g., corresponding to atl* or at2*) and a “b*” colorimetric parameter bt* (e.g., corresponding to btl* orbt2*), where a magnitude of each of at* and bt* remains less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 25, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4 as the incident angle varies continuously from less than about
• the multilayer optical film reflects a portion of the incident light as a reflected light (e.g., 134, 234) having, in a CIE L*a*b* color space, an “a*” colorimetric parameter ar* (e.g., corresponding to arl* or ar2*) and a “b*” colorimetric parameter br* (e.g., corresponding to brl* or br2*), where a magnitude of each of ar* and br* remains less than about 45, or less than about 40, or less than about 35, or less than about 30, or less than about 25, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than
• the magnitude of each of at*, bt*, ar*, and br* remains less than about 30, or less than about 25, or less than about 20, or less than about 18, or less than about 15, or less than about 12, or less than about 10, or less than about 8, or less than about 7, or less than about 6, or less than about 5, or less than about 4 as the incident angle varies continuously from less than about 10 degrees to at least about 40 degrees.
• the angle of less than about 10 degrees can be in any range described elsewhere herein for q 1.
• the angle of at least about 40 degrees can be about 40 degrees, or about 50 degrees, or about 60 degrees, or about 65 degrees, for example, or can be in any range described elsewhere herein for Q2.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic plot of optical reflectance 377 and optical transmittance 379 of a multilayer optical fdm 100, 100’ for a substantially normally incident light 180’ (e.g., within about 20 degrees, or within about 10 degrees, or within about 5 degrees of normally incident or nominally normally incident) for at least one polarization state (e.g., for at least one of 131 and 132), according to some embodiments.
• the optical reflectance and optical transmittance are about the same for orthogonal first and second polarization states (e.g., the optical film may be biaxially oriented along orthogonal first and second in-plane directions).
• the optical reflectance and optical transmittance may differ for the first and second polarization states.
• the optical film may be stretched differently in down web and cross web directions to produce different reflection spectra for incidence planes in the down web and cross web directions.
• the optical reflectance 377 has an average RavgO in a wavelength range of l ⁇ to l2 and an average Ravgl in a wavelength range of l3 to l4.
• the optical transmittance 379 has an average TavgO in the wavelength range of l ⁇ to l2 and an average Tavgl in a wavelength range of l3 to l4.
• the multilayer optical film has an average optical absorptance (e.g., due to optically absorptive material dispersed in at least one layer of the multilayer optical film) in the wavelength range of l ⁇ to l2 of 100 percent - RavgO - TavgO.
• TavgO for the wavelength range of l ⁇ to l2 is no more than about 65%, or no more than about 60%, or no more than about 50%, or no more than about 45%, or no more than about 40%, or no more than about 35%, or no more than about 30%, or no more than about 25%, or no more than about 20%, or no more than about 15%.
• the average transmittance TavgO for the wavelength range of l ⁇ to l2 is at least about 0.5%, or at least about 0.75%, or at least about 1%, or at least about 1.5%, or at least about 2%.
• the average reflectance RavgO for the wavelength range of l ⁇ to l2 is less than about 65%, or less than about 60%, or less than about 50%, or less than about 45%, or less than about 40%, or less than about 35%, or less than about 30%, or less than about 25%, or less than about 20%, or less than about 15%.
• the average reflectance Ravgl for the wavelength range of l3 to l4 is greater than about 50%, or greater than about 60%, or greater than about 70%, or greater than about 75%, or greater than about 80%, or greater than about 85%.
• the average transmittance Tavgl for the wavelength range of l3 to l4 is less than about 40%, or less than about 30%, or less than about 20%, or less than about 10%.
• a difference between the average reflectance Ravgl for the wavelength range of l3 to l4 and the average reflectance RavgO for the wavelength range of l ⁇ to l2 is at least 10%, or at least 20%, or at least 30%, or at least 40%, or at least 50%, or at least 60%.
• a difference between the average transmittance TavgO for the wavelength range of l ⁇ to l2 and the average transmittance Tavgl for the wavelength range of l3 to l4 is at least 5%, or at least 10%, or at least 20%, or at least 30%, or at least 40%, or at least 50%.
• the optical reflectances RavgO and Ravgl and/or the optical transmittances TavgO and Tavgl may be in any of these ranges for at least one polarization state or for each of two mutually orthogonal polarization states (e.g., 131 and 132).
• the wavelength l ⁇ is in a range of about 400 nm to about 450 nm.
• the wavelength l ⁇ may be about 400 nm, or about 420 nm, or about 450 nm, for example.
• the wavelength l2 is in a range of about 650 nm to about 700 nm.
• the wavelength l2 may be about 650 nm, or about 680 nm, or about 700 nm, for example.
• the wavelength l3 is in a range of about 800 nm to about 900 nm.
• the wavelength l3 may be about 800 nm, or about 850 nm, or about 900 nm, for example.
• the wavelength l4 is in a range of about 1150 nm to about 1400 nm.
• the wavelength l4 may be about 1150 nm, or about 1200 nm, or about 1300 nm, or about 1400 nm, for example.
• the multilayer optical film 100, 100’ has an average optical reflectance RavgO in a visible wavelength range extending from about 450 nm to about 650 nm of less than about 70%, or less than about 60%, or less than about 50%, or less than about 40%, or less than about 35%, or less than about 30%, or less than about 25%, or less than about 20%, or less than about 15% and an average optical reflectance Ravgl in an infrared wavelength range extending from about 850 nm to about 1200 nm of greater than RavgO plus about 10%.
• Ravgl is greater than RavgO plus about 20%, or greater than RavgO plus about 30%, or greater than RavgO plus about 40%, or greater than RavgO plus about 50%. In some embodiments, Ravgl is greater than about 50%, or greater than about 60%, or greater than about 65%, or greater than about 70%, or greater than about 75%, or greater than about 80%, or greater than about 85%.
• the multilayer optical film 100, 100’ has an average optical transmittance TavgO in a visible wavelength range extending from about 450 nm to about 650 nm of about 0.5% to about 40%, an average optical reflectance RavgO in the visible wavelength range of less than about 40%, and an average optical reflectance Ravgl in an infrared wavelength range extending from about 850 nm to about 1200 nm of greater than about 60%.
• the average optical transmittance TavgO in the visible wavelength range is at least about 0.6%, or at least about 0.75%, or at least about 1%.
• the average optical transmittance TavgO in the visible wavelength range is no more than about 35%, or no more than about 30%, or no more than about 25%, or no more than about 20%, or no more than about 15%.
• the average optical transmittance TavgO in the visible wavelength range may be in a range of about 0.75% to about 30%, or about 1% to about 20%.
• the average optical reflectance RavgO in the visible wavelength range is less than about 35%, or less than about 30%, or less than about 25%, or less than about 20%, or less than about 15%.
• the average optical reflectance RavgO in the visible wavelength range is at least about 1%, or at least about 3%, or at least about 5%, or at least about 8%.
• the average optical reflectance Ravgl in the infrared wavelength range is greater than about 65%, or greater than about 70%, or greater than about 75%, or greater than about 80%, or greater than about 85%.
• the average optical reflectance Ravgl in the infrared wavelength range can be up to about 95%, for example.
• the multilayer optical film 100, 100’ has an average optical reflectance in an infrared wavelength range extending from about 850 nm to about 1300 nm or from about 850 nm to about 1400 nm of greater than about 60%.
• the average optical reflectance in such infrared wavelength ranges can be in any of the ranges described for the average optical reflectance in the infrared wavelength range extending from about 850 nm to about 1200 nm.
• the multilayer optical film 100, 100’ includes optically absorptive material dispersed in at least one layer of the multilayer optical film.
• Optically absorptive material dispersed in a layer refers to material that significantly increases an optical absorption of the layer (e.g., increases an extinction coefficient of the layer by at least a factor of about 2, or in some cases, at least a factor of about 5 or at least a factor of about 10, for at least one wavelength in a visible wavelength range where the visible wavelength range can be from about 400 nm to about 700 nm, or about 420 nm to about 680 nm, or about 450 nm to about 650 nm, for example) compared to the layer without the optically absorptive material.
• At least one of the first and second skin layers 121 and 122 includes optically absorptive material (e.g., for at least one wavelength in the visible wavelength range, at least one of ksl and ks2 may be greater than about 2 x 10 5 or in a range described elsewhere herein for a layer including optically absorptive material).
• the multilayer optical film 100, 100’ includes optically absorptive material where at least a portion of the optically absorptive material is dispersed in the first layers (e.g., for at least one wavelength in the visible wavelength range, kl may be greater than about 2 x 10 5 or in a range described elsewhere herein for a layer including optically absorptive material) or in the second layers (e.g., for at least one wavelength in the visible wavelength range, k2 may be greater than about 2 x 10 5 or in a range described elsewhere herein for a layer including optically absorptive material).
• the multilayer optical film 100, 100’ includes optically absorptive material that includes a first optically absorptive material dispersed in at least one of the first and second skin layers 121 and 122 (e.g., for at least one wavelength in the visible wavelength range, at least one of ksl and ks2 may be greater than about 2 x 10 5 or in a range described elsewhere herein for a layer including optically absorptive material), and a second optically absorptive material dispersed in each of the polymeric first layers 111 (e.g., for at least one wavelength in the visible wavelength range, kl may be greater than about 2 x 10 5 or in a range described elsewhere herein for a layer including optically absorptive material) or in each of the polymeric second layers 112 (e.g., for at least one wavelength in the visible wavelength range, k2 may be greater than about 2 x 10 5 or in a range described elsewhere herein for a layer including optically absorptive material
• the first and second optically absorptive materials typically have different optical absorption spectra.
• “different optical absorption spectra” means that the spectra have different wavelength dependence and do not differ solely in overall absorption scale (e.g., different concentrations of a same dye would not result in different optical absorption spectra).
• the optically absorptive material further includes a third optically absorptive material dispersed in at least one of the first and second adhesive layers 141 and 142 (e.g., for at least one wavelength in the visible wavelength range, at least one of ksl and ks2 may be greater than about 2 x 10 5 or in a range described elsewhere herein for a layer including optically absorptive material), where the first, second and third optically absorptive materials have compositions different from each other.
• the first, second and third optically absorptive materials typically have optical absorption spectra different from each other.
• Optical reflectance and transmittance as a function of wavelength for a multilayer optical film can be calculated using standard optical modeling techniques. Such techniques allow the wavelength distribution of the reflected and transmitted light to be determined which allows the CIE a*, b* colorimetric parameters to be calculated.
• FIG. 6A is a plot of calculated reflectance and transmittance of substantially normally incident light on an illustrative optical film having an f-ratio of 0.5 and not including optically absorptive material.
• the optical film was substantially biaxially oriented and the transmittance and reflectance were averaged over orthogonal polarization states.
• the film included a total of 650 layers of alternating PET and coPMMA optical layers disposed between outer PET skin layers and had an f-ratio of 0.5.
• the PET skin layers were 2 micrometers thick.
• FIG 6B is a plot of calculated reflectance and transmittance of substantially normally incident light on a multilayer optical film, according to some embodiments, that corresponds to the optical film of FIG.
• the PET optical layers were modeled as being loaded with a blue dye (Disperse Blue 60), the PET skin layers were modeled as being loaded with a yellow pigment (Pigment Yellow 147, also referred to as PY147), and a colored (red) adhesive (PVB) layer (TROSIFOL Red PVB available from Kuraray America) were included in the model.
• the PET optical and skin layers had the extinction coefficients shown in FIG. 8 for blue and yellow colored PET layers.
• the substantially normally incident light was incident on the TROSIFOL Red PVB.
• the average transmittance and reflectance in the wavelength range of 450 nm to 650 nm for the optical film of FIG. 6B were 2.36% and 6.29%, respectively.
• the average transmittance and reflectance in the wavelength range of 850 nm to 1300 nm for the optical film of FIG. 6B were 3.01% and 88.91%, respectively.
• FIGS. 7A-7C are CIE L*a*b* color space plots of calculated a*, b* colorimetric parameters for transmitted or reflected light for incident illuminant D65 light as an incident angle varies from 0 degrees to 70 degrees in 10 degree increments, according to some embodiments.
• FIG. 7 A shows a color space plot 471 for light transmitted through the optical film of FIG. 6 A and a color space plot 472 for light transmitted through the optical fdm of FIG. 6B.
• the color space plot 472 shows substantially reduced color and substantially reduced color variation with incident angle compared to the color space plot 471.
• FIG. 7B shows a color space plot 481 for light reflected from the optical film of FIG. 6 A and a color space plot 482 for light reflected from the optical film of FIG. 6B.
• FIG. 7C shows the color space plot 482 on an expanded scale compared to that of FIG. 7B.
• the color space plot 482 shows highly reduced color and highly reduced color variation with incident angle compared to the color space plot 481.
• the shift in color of reflected and/or transmitted light with changing incident angle may be further reduced by changing the f-ratio. It has been found that for light from an illuminant D65 incident on an optical film including alternating PET and coPMMA layers where the PET layers have an f-ratio of 0.675, for example, each of a* and b* for each of transmited and reflected light for an incident angle of 0 degrees differs from the corresponding a* and b* for an incident angle of 40 degrees by less than 1.
• FIG. 8 is a plot of illustrative extinction coefficients of colored PET layers, where each colored PET layer includes blue dye (Disperse Blue 60), red dye (Disperse Red 60), or yellow pigment (PY 147) dispersed in the PET, according to some embodiments. Similar plots can be made for other dyes or pigments and/or for other polymeric layers.
• the extinction coefficients of FIG. 8 can be the extinction coefficients along each of two orthogonal in-plane directions (e.g., the extinction coefficient of a layer along the x- and y- directions can be approximately the same and can be as shown in FIG. 8). The dye or pigment concentration was selected to produce the illustrated extinction coefficients.
• FIGS. 9A-9B are plots of calculated transmittance and reflectance for a glass laminate including a multilayer optical film disposed between two glass layers (each 2.1 mm thick) and bonded to the glass layers with PVB layers (each 0.38 mm thick).
• the multilayer optical film included alternating PET and coPMMA optical layers numbering 425 in total and disposed between 25 micrometer thick PET skin layers.
• the f-ratio of the PET optical layers was 0.625.
• the PET skin layers were modeled as being loaded with the blue dye, red dye, and yellow pigment of FIG.
• TpO and TsO are the transmittance s at normal incidence for light polarized along a first in-plane direction (e.g., x-direction) and along an orthogonal second in-plane direction (e.g., y-direction), respectively.
• RpO and RsO are the reflectances at normal incidence for light polarized along the first in-plane direction and along the second in-plane direction, respectively.
• Tp60 and Ts60 are the transmittances for light incident on the glass laminate at an incident angle of 60 degrees in an incident plane parallel to the first direction for p- and s-polarization states, respectively.
• Rp60 and Rs60 are the reflectances for light incident on the glass laminate at an incident angle of 60 degrees in an incident plane parallel to the first direction for p- and s-polarization states, respectively.
• the average of TpO, TsO, RpO, and RsO over a wavelength range of 450 nm to 650 nm was 0.84%, 0.63%, 5.77%, and 5.82%, respectively.
• the average of TpO, TsO, RpO, and RsO over a wavelength range of 850 nm to 1200 nm was 10.15%, 5.36%, 67.58%, and 72.51%, respectively.
• FIGS. 10A-10B are CIE L*a*b* color space plots of calculated a*, b* colorimetric parameters for transmited and reflected light, respectively, from the glass laminate of FIGS. 9A- 9B for light from an illuminant D65 incident on the glass laminate at an incident angle as the incident angle varies from 0 degrees to 85 degrees in 2.5 degree increments.
• FIG. 10A-10B are CIE L*a*b* color space plots of calculated a*, b* colorimetric parameters for transmited and reflected light, respectively, from the glass laminate of FIGS. 9A- 9B for light from an illuminant D65 incident on the glass laminate at an incident angle as the incident angle varies from 0 degrees to 85 degrees in 2.5 degree increments.
• FIG. 10A-10B are CIE L*a*b* color space plots of calculated a*, b* colorimetric parameters for transmited and reflected light, respectively, from the glass laminate of FIGS. 9A- 9B for light from
• each dyed PET layer includes blue (PD-325H from Mitsui Fine Chemicals), red (PD-104 from Mitsui Fine Chemicals), yellow (PD-335H from Mitsui Fine Chemicals), or cyan (PD-318H from Mitsui Fine Chemicals) dye dispersed in the PET, according to some embodiments. Similar plots can be made for other dyes or pigments and/or for other polymeric layers.
• the extinction coefficients of FIG. 11 can be the extinction coefficients along each of two orthogonal in-plane directions (e.g., the extinction coefficient of a layer along the x- and y- directions can be approximately the same and can be as shown in FIG. 11).
• FIGS. 12A-12B are plots of transmittance and reflectance for a glass laminate including a multilayer optical film disposed between two glass layers (each 2.1 mm thick) and bonded to the glass layers with PVB layers (each 0.38 mm thick).
• the multilayer optical film included alternating PET and coPMMA optical layers numbering 425 in total and disposed between 25 micrometer thick PET skin layers.
• the f-ratio of the PET optical layers was 0.625.
• Each of the PET skin layers was modeled as being loaded with the blue, red, yellow, and cyan dyes of FIG. 11 at respective concentrations of 0.9, 0.85, 0.3, and 0.75 times the concentration in the respective dyed PET layers of FIG. 11.
• TpO, TsO, TpO, and Tp60 are as described elsewhere herein.
• the average of TpO, TsO, RpO, and RsO over a wavelength range of 450 nm to 650 nm was 4.77%, 3.60%, 10.50%, and 11.35%, respectively.
• the average of TpO, TsO, RpO, and RsO over a wavelength range of 850 nm to 1200 nm was 9.42%, 4.97%, 63.14%, and 67.74%, respectively.
• FIGS. 13A-13B are CIE L*a*b* color space plots of calculated a*, b* colorimetric parameters for transmitted and reflected light, respectively, from the glass laminate of FIGS. 12A- 12B for light from an illuminant D65 incident on the glass laminate at an incident angle as the incident angle varies from 0 degrees to 85 degrees in 2.5 degree increments.
• FIGS. 14A-14B are plots of transmittance and reflectance for a multilayer optical film including alternating PET and coPMMA optical layers numbering 425 in total and disposed between 25 micrometer thick PET skin layers.
• the f-ratio of the PET optical layers was 0.625.
• the PET skin layers were modeled as being loaded with the blue dyes of FIG. 8 at a concentration of 0.117 times the times the concentration in the blue dyed PET layer of FIG. 8.
• TpO, TsO, TpO, and Tp60 are as described elsewhere herein.
• the average of TpO, TsO, RpO, and RsO over a wavelength range of 450 nm to 650 nm was 17.21%, 13.05%, 25.35%, and 28.90%, respectively.
• the average of TpO, TsO, RpO, and RsO over a wavelength range of 850 nm to 1200 nm was 10.19%, 5.37%, 67.77%, and 72.71%,
• FIGS. 15A-15B are CIE L*a*b* color space plots of the a*, b* colorimetric parameters for transmitted and reflected light, respectively, from the glass laminate of FIGS. 14A-14B for light from an illuminant D65 incident on the glass laminate at an incident angle as the incident angle varies from 0 degrees to 70 degrees in 2.5 degree increments.
• Terms such as “about” will be understood in the context in which they are used and described in the present description by one of ordinary skill in the art. If the use of “about” as applied to quantities expressing feature sizes, amounts, and physical properties is not otherwise clear to one of ordinary skill in the art in the context in which it is used and described in the present description, “about” will be understood to mean within 10 percent of the specified value.
• a quantity given as about a specified value can be precisely the specified value. For example, if it is not otherwise clear to one of ordinary skill in the art in the context in which it is used and described in the present description, a quantity having a value of about 1, means that the quantity has a value between 0.9 and 1.1, and that the value could be 1.

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