WO2022216386A2 - T-type calcium channel antagonists and uses thereof - Google Patents

T-type calcium channel antagonists and uses thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022216386A2
WO2022216386A2 PCT/US2022/018682 US2022018682W WO2022216386A2 WO 2022216386 A2 WO2022216386 A2 WO 2022216386A2 US 2022018682 W US2022018682 W US 2022018682W WO 2022216386 A2 WO2022216386 A2 WO 2022216386A2
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Prior art keywords
miro1
alkyl
cycloalkyl
haloalkyl
compound
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2022216386A9 (en
WO2022216386A3 (en
Inventor
Xinnan Wang
Roeland VANHAUWAERT
Robert Zahler
Vinita BHARAT
David Nguyen
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Acurex Therapeutics
Leland Stanford Junior University
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Acurex Therapeutics
Leland Stanford Junior University
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Priority to JP2023553432A priority Critical patent/JP2024508903A/ja
Priority to BR112023016601A priority patent/BR112023016601A2/pt
Priority to CA3208202A priority patent/CA3208202A1/en
Priority to CN202280019131.7A priority patent/CN116917289A/zh
Priority to IL305381A priority patent/IL305381A/en
Priority to MX2023010175A priority patent/MX2023010175A/es
Priority to US18/280,096 priority patent/US20240190865A1/en
Priority to KR1020237033323A priority patent/KR20230167035A/ko
Priority to AU2022255225A priority patent/AU2022255225A1/en
Priority to EP22785131.8A priority patent/EP4301759A4/en
Publication of WO2022216386A2 publication Critical patent/WO2022216386A2/en
Publication of WO2022216386A9 publication Critical patent/WO2022216386A9/en
Publication of WO2022216386A3 publication Critical patent/WO2022216386A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
    • A61K31/5025—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/62—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C07D213/63—One oxygen atom
    • C07D213/65—One oxygen atom attached in position 3 or 5
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D231/56—Benzopyrazoles; Hydrogenated benzopyrazoles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C07D491/056—Ortho-condensed systems with two or more oxygen atoms as ring hetero atoms in the oxygen-containing ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D498/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D498/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
    • G01N33/6896—Neurological disorders, e.g. Alzheimer's disease
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
    • G01N2333/914—Hydrolases (3)
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/50—Determining the risk of developing a disease

Definitions

  • Mitochondria are dynamic organelles by several criteria. They engage in repeated cycles of fusion and fission, which serve to intermix the lipids and contents of a population of mitochondria. In addition, mitochondria are actively recruited to subcellular sites, such as the axonal and dendritic processes of neurons. Finally, the quality of a mitochondrial population is maintained through mitophagy, a form of autophagy in which defective mitochondria are selectively degraded. Defects in the key features of mitochondrial dynamics, such as mitochondrial fusion, fission, transport and mitophagy are associated with neurodegenerative disorder. Several major neurodegenerative disorders—including Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease—involve disruption of mitochondrial dynamics.
  • Mitochondrial movements are tightly controlled to maintain energy homeostasis and prevent oxidative stress.
  • Mitochondrial motility ceases prior to the initiation of mitophagy, a crucial cellular mechanism by which depolarized mitochondria are degraded through autophagosomes and lysosomes. The arrest of motility may sequester damaged mitochondria, preventing them from moving and from reintroducing damage to other healthy mitochondria.
  • Miro is an outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) protein that anchors the microtubule motors kinesin and dynein to mitochondria (Glater et al., “Axonal transport of mitochondria requires milton to recruit kinesin heavy chain and is light chain independent,” The Journal of cell biology, 2006,173:545–557; and Koutsopoulos et al., “Human Miltons associate with mitochondria and induce microtubule-dependent remodeling of mitochondrial networks,” Biochimica et biophysica acta, 2010,1803:564–574).
  • OMM outer mitochondrial membrane
  • This depolarization- triggered mitochondrial arrest is achieved by removal of Miro from the damaged mitochondrial surface (Wang et al., “PINK1 and Parkin target Miro for phosphorylation and degradation to arrest mitochondrial motility,” Cell, 2011,147:893–906). Miro is subsequently degraded by proteasomes (Wang et al., 2011).
  • PINK1 PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
  • Parkin two PD-linked proteins, PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) and Parkin, act in concert to target Miro for degradation
  • PINK1 PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
  • Parkin act in concert to target Miro for degradation
  • the mitochondrial outer membrane protein Miro is stabilized and remains on damaged mitochondria for longer than normal, prolonging active transport and inhibiting mitochondrial degradation (Hsieh et al., “Functional Impairment in Miro Degradation and Mitophagy Is a Shared Feature in Familial and Sporadic Parkinson's Disease,” Cell Stem Cell, 2016 Dec 1;19(6):709-724).
  • Miro degradation and mitochondrial motility are also impaired in sporadic PD patients (Hsieh et al., 2016). Prolonged retention of Miro, and the downstream consequences that ensue, may constitute a central component of PD pathogenesis.
  • T-type voltage-dependent calcium channels or T-type calcium channels are low voltage activated calcium channels that become deinactivated during cell membrane hyperpolarization but then open to depolarization.
  • T-type calcium channel subtypes There are three known T-type calcium channel subtypes: Cav3.1, Cav3.2, and Cav3.3.
  • the entry of calcium into various cells has many different physiological responses associated with it.
  • voltage-gated calcium channel activation initiates contraction directly by allowing the cytosolic concentration to increase.
  • T-type calcium channels are present within cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as in many neuronal cells within the central nervous system.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (II): , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring B is C 6 -C 10 aryl or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently H, halogen, CN, OR 11 , NR 12a R 12b , C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, phenyl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, -(CH 2 ) n -(C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl), 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or -(CH2)n-(4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl), wherein the phenyl, heteroaryl, cyclo
  • the compound of Formula (II) can have a structure wherein X 1 is CR 8 .
  • R 8 can be H.
  • the Formula (II) compound can comprise X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 that are each independently N, NR 9 , or CR 9 , provided that at least one of X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 is N or NR 9 .
  • the disclosure also provides a compound of Formula (III): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4a , R 4b , R 6 , R 8 , and R 9 are as defined anywhere herein.
  • the compound of Formula (II) or (III), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof can have R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 that are each independently H, halogen, CN, OH, NH2, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, or C3-C7 cycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, OH, NH 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 - C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, or C1-C6 haloalkyl.
  • the compound of Formula (II) or (III), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof can have R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 2 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 - C 6 haloalkyl, or C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, OH, NH2, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, or C1-C6 haloalkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 can be each independently H, halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C 2 -C 3 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl, or C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 alkylamino, or C1-C3 haloalkyl.
  • the compound of Formula (II) or (III), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof can have R 4a and R 4b that are each independently H or CH 3 .
  • the compound of Formula (II) or (III), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof can have R 6 that is H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
  • R 6 can be CH 3 .
  • the disclosure also provides a compound of Formula (IV): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 4a , R 6 , and R 9 are as defined anywhere herein.
  • the compound of Formula (II), (III), or (IV), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof can have R 9 that is C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, OH, NH 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl.
  • R 9 can be C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 - C6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, OH, NH2, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl.
  • the compound of Formula (II), (III), or (IV), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof can have ring B that is phenyl or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • ring B can be phenyl or pyridyl.
  • the disclosure also provides a compound of Formula (V): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , and R 9 are as defined anywhere herein.
  • Exemplary T-type calcium channel antagonists of the disclosure can have a structure of any one of the compounds in Table 1. Additional structures for compounds of the disclosure can be found in Table 2.
  • the present disclosure includes a pharmaceutical composition of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a method of treating a neurodegenerative disorder in a subject comprising administering a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a method of reducing Miro1 level in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a T-type calcium channel antagonist.
  • the T-type calcium channel antagonist can have a selectivity for a T-type calcium channel of at least about 1.2-fold or more over one or more of L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels.
  • the method can comprise a T-type calcium channel antagonist having the structure of Formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring A and ring B are each independently C 6 -C 10 aryl or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently H, halogen, CN, OR 11 , NR 12a R 12b , C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, phenyl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the phenyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, OR 11 , NR 12a R 12b , C1-C6 al
  • Ring A can be a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl.
  • Ring B can be phenyl or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl.
  • the T-type calcium channel antagonist can have a structure of Formula (II), (III), (IV), or (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the method of reducing Miro1 level described herein can be performed in any suitable cell.
  • the cell can be a muscle cell.
  • the cell can be a neuronal cell.
  • the reducing Miro1 level can be in vitro or ex vivo. Alternatively, the reducing Miro1 level can be in vivo.
  • a method for identifying a subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder comprising: a) detecting whether a Miro1 level is similar or higher in a biological sample obtained from the subject and treated with a mitochondrial stressor, as compared to a control Miro1 level in a control biological sample obtained from the subject and is untreated; and b) identifying the subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder if the Miro1 level is similar or higher in the biological sample compared to the control Miro1 level in the control biological sample, wherein the biological sample and the control biological sample comprise iPSCs or cells differentiated from iPSCs.
  • the mitochondrial stressor can be carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP).
  • the method can further comprise treating the subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a method for identifying a subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder comprising: a) detecting whether a Miro1 level is similar or higher in a biological sample obtained from the subject and treated with a mitochondrial stressor, as compared to a control Miro1 level in a control biological sample obtained from the subject and is untreated; b) identifying the subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder if the Miro1 level is similar or higher in the biological sample compared to the control Miro1 level in the control biological sample.
  • the mitochondrial stressor can be carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP); and c) treating the subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the biological sample and the control biological sample can comprise fibroblasts.
  • the present disclosure further describes a method for treating a neurodegenerative disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: a) detecting whether a Miro1 level is similar or higher in a biological sample obtained from the subject and treated with a mitochondrial stressor, as compared to a control Miro1 level in a control biological sample obtained from the subject and is untreated; b) identifying the subject for treatment if the Miro1 level is similar or higher in the biological sample compared to the control Miro1 level in the control biological sample; and c) administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the subject.
  • the mitochondrial stressor can be carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP).
  • the biological sample and the control biological sample can comprise fibroblasts.
  • Neurodegenerative disorders include Drug-induced Parkinsonism, Progressive supranuclear Palsy, Vascular Parkinsonism, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, diffuse Lewy body disease, Corticobasal degeneration, multisystem degeneration (Shy-drager syndrome), Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple systems atrophy, vascular dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy (Steel-Richardson syndrome).
  • the subject can be asymptomatic for the neurodegenerative disorder.
  • the Miro1 level as compared to a control Miro1 level can be determined by any method in the art, such as the methods described further herein.
  • the ratio of the Miro1 level to the control Miro1 level can be from about 0.5 to about 10. In another example, the ratio of the Miro1 level to the control Miro1 level can be from about 0.7 to about 4.
  • FIG.1 shows the effect of benidipine in feed on locomotor decline in a Parkinson’s disease fly model.
  • FIG.2 shows the Miro1 Response to carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • CCCP carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone
  • iPSCs induced pluripotent stem cells
  • FIG.3 shows Correlation Analysis of Miro1 Ratio in iPSCs.
  • A One-Way Anova was used to determine the significant difference among all groups.
  • B Two-Way Anova was used to determine the interaction between sex and genetic background with Miro1 ratio as the response variable.
  • FIG.4 shows Correlation Analysis of Miro1 Ratio in Fibroblasts.
  • A One-Way Anova was used.
  • B Two-Way Anova was used to determine the interaction between sex and genetic background with Miro1 ratio as the response variable.
  • C, D Multivariable regression was used to determine the interaction between age and genetic background (C), or age and sex (D), with Miro1 ratio as the response variable. All P values were calculated by linear fit.
  • FIG.5 shows Interactions among Demographic and Clinical Variables.
  • A A representative partial regression plot shows the influence of a single variable, Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), on Miro1 ratio.
  • B–D Representative partial regression plots shows the interactions of two variables for influencing Miro1 ratio.
  • B Hoehn and Yahr Scale (hys) and onset age.
  • C MMSE and hys.
  • D Onset age and MMSE.
  • the present disclosure provides for, inter alia, methods and compositions of selective T-type calcium channel antagonists, and not selective L-type or N-type calcium channel antagonists, nor mixed L-/N-type or L-/N-/P-type calcium channel antagonists, are capable of reducing a Miro1 level in a cell.
  • a selective T-type voltage- dependent calcium channel antagonist, or a mixed selectivity calcium channel antagonist that has T-type antagonist activity may be useful in reducing a Miro1 level in diseases or conditions that would benefit from the reduction of a Miro1 level in a cell, for example, a neuronal cell.
  • diseases or conditions include neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease.
  • a compound of Formula (II) is capable of reducing a Miro1 level in a cell, and may be useful in treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease.
  • a method of identifying a subject at risk of developing a Miro1- related disorder by measuring a Miro1 level from the subject’s biological sample, that had been treated with a mitochondrial stressor, in comparison with a control Miro1 level measured from a corresponding untreated biological sample.
  • Miro1-related disorders include any of the neurodegenerative disorders described herein, for example, Parkinson’s disease.
  • the Miro1 level in cells from subject- derived biological samples such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or skin fibroblasts, that have been treated with the mitochondrial stressor CCCP, was lower than the control Miro1 level in cells that were not treated.
  • the Miro1 levels were similar or higher than the control Miro1 levels (FIGS.2-4). Accordingly, Miro1 levels could be used for marking a subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder, such as Parkinson’s symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.
  • Alkyl is a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon.
  • an alkyl group can have 1 to 18 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-18 alkyl) or 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-8 alkyl) or 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-6 alkyl) or 1 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-4 alkyl).
  • alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH 2 CH 3 ), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t- Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-pentyl (-CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ),
  • alkyl groups include heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, pentadcyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl and octadecyl.
  • Alkenyl refers to a straight chain or branched hydrocarbon having at least 2 carbon atoms and at least one double bond.
  • Alkenyl can include any number of carbons, such as C 2 , C 2-3 , C 2-4 , C 2-5 , C 2-6 , C 2-7 , C 2-8 , C 2-9 , C 2-10 , C 3 , C 3-4 , C 3-5 , C 3-6 , C 4 , C 4-5 , C 4-6 , C 5 , C 5-6 , and C 6 .
  • Alkenyl groups can have any suitable number of double bonds, including, but not limited to, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more.
  • alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl (ethenyl), propenyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutenyl, butadienyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, isopentenyl, 1,3-pentadienyl, 1,4-pentadienyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 1,3-hexadienyl, 1,4-hexadienyl, 1,5-hexadienyl, 2,4-hexadienyl, or 1,3,5-hexatrienyl.
  • Alkenyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Alkynyl refers to either a straight chain or branched hydrocarbon having at least 2 carbon atoms and at least one triple bond. Alkynyl can include any number of carbons, such as C2, C2-3, C2-4, C2-5, C2-6, C2-7, C2-8, C2-9, C2-10, C3, C3-4, C3-5, C3-6, C4, C4-5, C4-6, C5, C5-6, and C 6 .
  • alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, acetylenyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, butadiynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, isopentynyl, 1,3-pentadiynyl, 1,4-pentadiynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 1,3-hexadiynyl, 1,4-hexadiynyl, 1,5-hexadiynyl, 2,4-hexadiynyl, or 1,3,5-hexatriynyl.
  • Alkynyl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Alkoxy refers to an alkyl group having an oxygen atom that connects the alkyl group to the point of attachment: alkyl-O-.
  • alkyl group alkoxy groups can have any suitable number of carbon atoms, such as C 1-6 .
  • Alkoxy groups include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, iso-propoxy, butoxy, 2-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, etc.
  • the alkoxy groups can be further substituted with a variety of substituents described within. Alkoxy groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Alkoxyalkyl refers an alkoxy group linked to an alkyl group which is linked to the remainder of the compound such that the alkyl group is divalent.
  • Alkoxyalkyl can have any suitable number of carbon, such as from 2 to 6 (C 2-6 alkoxyalkyl), 2 to 5 (C 2-5 alkoxyalkyl), 2 to 4 (C 2-4 alkoxyalkyl), or 2 to 3 (C 2-3 alkoxyalkyl).
  • the number of carbons refers to the total number of carbons in the alkoxy and the alkyl group.
  • C6 alkoxyalkyl refers to ethoxy (C2 alkoxy) linked to a butyl (C4 alkyl), and n-propoxy (C3 alkoxy) linked to a isopropyl (C3 alkyl).
  • Alkoxy and alkyl are as defined above where the alkyl is divalent, and can include, but is not limited to, methoxymethyl (CH3OCH2-), methoxyethyl (CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 -) and others.
  • Halo or “halogen” as used herein refers to fluoro (-F), chloro (-Cl), bromo (-Br) and iodo (-I).
  • Haloalkyl refers to an alkyl as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl are independently replaced by a halo substituent, which may be the same or different.
  • C1-4 haloalkyl is a C1-4 alkyl wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the C 1-4 alkyl have been replaced by a halo substituent.
  • haloalkyl groups include but are not limited to fluoromethyl, fluorochloromethyl, difluoromethyl, difluorochloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl and pentafluoroethyl.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a single saturated or partially unsaturated all carbon ring having 3 to 20 annular carbon atoms (i.e., C3-20 cycloalkyl), for example from 3 to 12 annular atoms, for example from 3 to 10 annular atoms, or 3 to 8 annular atoms, or 3 to 6 annular atoms, or 3 to 5 annular atoms, or 3 to 4 annular atoms.
  • the term “cycloalkyl” also includes multiple condensed, saturated and partially unsaturated all carbon ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 carbocyclic rings).
  • cycloalkyl includes multicyclic carbocyles such as a bicyclic carbocycles (e.g., bicyclic carbocycles having 6 to 12 annular carbon atoms such as bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane), and polycyclic carbocycles (e.g., tricyclic and tetracyclic carbocycles with up to 20 annular carbon atoms).
  • the rings of a multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements.
  • Non-limiting examples of monocyclic cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1- cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl and 1-cyclohex-3-enyl.
  • Heterocyclyl or “heterocycle” or “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a single saturated or partially unsaturated non-aromatic ring or a multiple ring system having at least one heteroatom in the ring (i.e., at least one annular heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur) wherein the multiple ring system includes at least non-aromatic ring containing at least one heteroatom.
  • the multiple ring system can also include other aromatic rings and non-aromatic rings.
  • a heterocyclyl group has from 3 to 20 annular atoms, for example from 3 to 12 annular atoms, for example from 3 to 10 annular atoms, or 3 to 8 annular atoms, or 3 to 6 annular atoms, or 3 to 5 annular atoms, or 4 to 6 annular atoms, or 4 to 5 annular atoms.
  • the term includes single saturated or partially unsaturated rings (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered rings) having from 1 to 6 annular carbon atoms and from 1 to 3 annular heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the ring.
  • the rings of the multiple condensed ring (e.g. bicyclic heterocyclyl) system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements.
  • Heterocycles include, but are not limited to, azetidine, aziridine, imidazolidine, morpholine, oxirane (epoxide), oxetane, thietane, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazolidine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyrrolidinone, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, dihydropyridine, tetrahydropyridine, quinuclidine, 2-oxa-6- azaspiro[3.3]heptan-6-yl, 6-oxa-1-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-1-yl, 2-thia-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-6- yl, 2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl, 2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl, 3- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 2-azabicyclo[2.
  • Aryl refers to a single all carbon aromatic ring or a multiple condensed all carbon ring system wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic.
  • an aryl group has 6 to 20 carbon atoms, 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • Aryl includes a phenyl radical.
  • Aryl also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 rings) having 9 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g., 9 to 16 carbon atoms, in which at least one ring is aromatic and wherein the other rings may be aromatic or not aromatic (i.e., carbocycle).
  • Such multiple condensed ring systems are optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or 3) oxo groups on any carbocycle portion of the multiple condensed ring system.
  • the rings of the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. It is also to be understood that when reference is made to a certain atom-range membered aryl (e.g., 6-10 membered aryl), the atom range is for the total ring atoms of the aryl.
  • a 6-membered aryl would include phenyl and a 10-membered aryl would include naphthyl and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl.
  • aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, indenyl, naphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like.
  • Heteroaryl refers to a single aromatic ring that has at least one atom other than carbon in the ring, wherein the atom is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; “heteroaryl” also includes multiple condensed ring systems that have at least one such aromatic ring, which multiple condensed ring systems are further described below. Thus, “heteroaryl” includes single aromatic rings of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The sulfur and nitrogen atoms may also be present in an oxidized form provided the ring is aromatic.
  • heteroaryl ring systems include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, oxazolyl or furyl.
  • “Heteroaryl” also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 rings) wherein a heteroaryl group, as defined above, is condensed with one or more rings selected from heteroaryls (to form for example 1,8- naphthyridinyl), heterocycles, (to form for example 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridinyl), carbocycles (to form for example 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolyl) and aryls (to form for example indazolyl) to form the multiple condensed ring system.
  • heteroaryls to form for example 1,8- naphthyridinyl
  • heterocycles to form for example 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridiny
  • a heteroaryl (a single aromatic ring or multiple condensed ring system) has 1-20 carbon atoms and 1-6 heteroatoms within the heteroaryl ring.
  • Such multiple condensed ring systems may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4) oxo groups on the carbocycle or heterocycle portions of the condensed ring.
  • the rings of the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. It is to be understood that the individual rings of the multiple condensed ring system may be connected in any order relative to one another.
  • the point of attachment for a heteroaryl or heteroaryl multiple condensed ring system can be at any suitable atom of the heteroaryl or heteroaryl multiple condensed ring system including a carbon atom and a heteroatom (e.g., a nitrogen).
  • a heteroatom e.g., a nitrogen
  • the atom range is for the total ring atoms of the heteroaryl and includes carbon atoms and heteroatoms.
  • a 5-membered heteroaryl would include a thiazolyl and a 10-membered heteroaryl would include a quinolinyl.
  • heteroaryls include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, indazolyl, quinoxalyl, quinazolyl, 5,6,7,8- tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, thianaphthenyl, pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridinyl, quinazolinyl-4(3H)-one, and triazolyl.
  • n is the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule.
  • the deuterium atom is a non-radioactive isotope of the hydrogen atom.
  • Such compounds may increase resistance to metabolism, and thus may be useful for increasing the half-life of the compounds described herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, isomer, or a mixture thereof when administered to a mammal. See, e.g., Foster, “Deuterium Isotope Effects in Studies of Drug Metabolism,” Trends Pharmacol.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds also include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, 123 I, and 125 I, respectively.
  • Isotopically-labeled compounds of Formula (I) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Examples as set out below using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.
  • a “compound of the disclosure” includes compounds described herein, for example a compound of the disclosure includes compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V), including the compounds of the Examples.
  • composition as used herein is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product, which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable it is meant the carrier, diluent or excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • “Pharmaceutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound of the present disclosure in a formulation or combination thereof, that provides the desired therapeutic or pharmaceutical result.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes without limitation any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye/colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, or emulsifier which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in humans or domestic animals.
  • “Treatment” or “treat” or “treating” as used herein refers to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results.
  • beneficial or desired results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of a symptom and/or diminishment of the extent of a symptom and/or preventing a worsening of a symptom associated with a disease or condition.
  • “treatment” or “treating” includes one or more of the following: a) inhibiting the disease or condition (e.g., decreasing one or more symptoms resulting from the disease or condition, and/or diminishing the extent of the disease or condition); b) slowing or arresting the development of one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition (e.g., stabilizing the disease or condition, delaying the worsening or progression of the disease or condition); and c) relieving the disease or condition, e.g., causing the regression of clinical symptoms, ameliorating the disease state, delaying the progression of the disease, increasing the quality of life, and/or prolonging survival.
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount that is effective to elicit the desired biological or medical response, including the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease.
  • the effective amount can vary depending on the compound, the disease, and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated.
  • the effective amount can include a range of amounts.
  • an effective amount may be in one or more doses, i.e., a single dose or multiple doses may be required to achieve the desired treatment endpoint.
  • an effective amount may be considered in the context of administering one or more therapeutic agents, and a single agent may be considered to be given in an effective amount if, in conjunction with one or more other agents, a desirable or beneficial result may be or is achieved. Suitable doses of any co- administered compounds may optionally be lowered due to the combined action (e.g., additive or synergistic effects) of the compounds.
  • administering refers to oral administration, administration as a suppository, topical contact, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intralesional, intranasal or subcutaneous administration, intrathecal administration, or the implantation of a slow-release device e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, to the subject.
  • Co-administration refers to administration of unit dosages of the compounds disclosed herein before or after administration of unit dosages of one or more additional therapeutic agents, for example, administration of the compound disclosed herein within seconds, minutes, or hours of the administration of one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure is administered first, followed within seconds or minutes by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed by administration of a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure within seconds or minutes.
  • a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of a compound of the present disclosure.
  • Co-administration of a compound disclosed herein with one or more additional therapeutic agents generally refers to simultaneous or sequential administration of a compound disclosed herein and one or more additional therapeutic agents, such that therapeutically effective amounts of each agent are present in the body of the patient.
  • Subject refers to animals such as mammals, including, but not limited to, primates (e.g., humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice and the like. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
  • Disease or “condition” refer to a state of being or health status of a patient or subject capable of being treated with a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or method provided herein. II. COMPOUNDS [0059] The present disclosure provides compounds useful as T-type voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists.
  • the compound has the structure of Formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring A and ring B are each independently C6-C10 aryl or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently H, halogen, CN, OR 11 , NR 12a R 12b , C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, phenyl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the phenyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, OR 11 , NR 12a R 12b , C 1 -C 6 alkyl,
  • ring A is a 9- to 10-membered heteroaryl.
  • ring A is pyrrolopyridine, isoxazolopyridine, pyrazolopyridine, pyrazolopyridazine, or triazolopyridine.
  • ring A is pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-5-yl, pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-6-yl, isoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-6-yl, isoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5-yl, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-yl, pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazin-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-6-yl, or pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-5-yl.
  • ring A is pyrazolopyridine.
  • the compound has the structure of Formula (II): , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring B is C6-C10 aryl or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently H, halogen, CN, OR 11 , NR 12a R 12b , C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, phenyl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, -(CH2)n-(C3-C7 cycloalkyl), 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or -(CH2)n-(4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl), wherein the phenyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optional
  • X 1 is CR 8 .
  • R 8 is H.
  • X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each independently N, NR 9 , or CR 9 , provided that at least one of X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 is N or NR 9 .
  • X 1 is N or CR 8
  • X 2 and X 3 are each independently N or NR 9
  • X 4 is N, NR 9 , or CR 9
  • X 5 is CR 8 .
  • X 1 can be CR 8
  • X 2 and X 3 can be each independently N or NR 9
  • X 4 can be N, NR 9 , or CR 9
  • X 5 can be CR 8
  • X 1 is N or CR 8
  • X 2 is N or NR 9
  • X 3 is N, NR 9 , or CR 9
  • X 4 is N or CR 9
  • X 5 is CR 9
  • X 1 is CR 8
  • X 2 is N or NR 9
  • X 3 is N, NR 9 , or CR 9
  • X 4 is N or CR 9
  • X 5 is CR 9 .
  • the compound of Formula (I) and/or (II) does not have the structure: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound does not have the structure: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound has the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring B is C 6 -C 10 aryl or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently H, halogen, CN, OR 11 , NR 12a R 12b , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, phenyl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, -(CH2)n-(C3-C7 cycloalkyl), 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or -(CH 2 ) n -(4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl), wherein the phenyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycly
  • the compound has the structure of Formula (III): [0072]
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each independently H, halogen, CN, OH, NH 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, or C3-C7 cycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, OH, NH2, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1- C 6 alkylamino, or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl.
  • R 3 is H, halogen, or CN. In some embodiments, R 3 is H or halogen. In some embodiments, R 3 is H. [0074] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), and/or (III), R 4b is H or CH3. [0075] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), and/or (III), R 4a and R 4b are each independently H or CH 3 .
  • ring B is phenyl, 1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl, 1H-indazol-5-yl, benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl, 2H- indazol-6-yl, thiophen-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl, or pyridin-3-yl;
  • R 1 is F, Me, iPr, CF3, CF2CH3, cyclopropyl, 1-fluorocyclopropyl, 1-cyanocyclopropyl, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl, or 1- trifluoromethylcyclopropyl, 1,1-difluoromethylcyclopropyl;
  • R 2 is H, F, Cl, CN, or CH3;
  • R 3 is H or CH3.
  • the compound has the structure of Formula (IV): , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • ring B is phenyl or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring B is phenyl or pyridyl.
  • R 4a is H or CH 3 .
  • the compound has the structure of Formula (V): [0081] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V), R 1 is H, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is H, halogen, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, or C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is H or halogen. In some embodiments, R 1 is C1-C3 haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is CF3.
  • R 2 is H, halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, or C 2 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is H, halogen, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, or C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is H or halogen. In some embodiments, R 2 is H.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 2 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, or C3-C7 cycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, OH, NH2, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, or C1-C6 haloalkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, halogen, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 2 -C 3 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl, or C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1- C 3 alkylamino, or C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, halogen, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, or C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently H or halogen. In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, C1- C 3 alkyl, or C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are each independently H or C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl. [0084] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V), R 1 is H or C1-C3 haloalkyl; and R 2 is H or halogen. In some embodiments, R 1 is C1-C3 haloalkyl; and R 2 is H. In some embodiments, R 1 is CF 3 ; and R 2 is H.
  • R 6 is H or C1-C3 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 6 is CH3. [0086] In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V), R 9 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, OH, NH 2 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkylamino, or C 1 -C 6
  • R 9 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is substituted by 0, 1, 2, or 3 halogen, CN, OH, NH2, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylamino, or C1-C6 haloalkyl.
  • R 9 is C1-C3 alkyl, C2-C3 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is substituted by 0, 1, 2, or 3 F, Cl, CN, OH, NH 2 , C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 alkylamino, or C1-C3 haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 9 is C1-C3 alkyl, C2-C3 alkoxyalkyl, or C1-C3 haloalkyl.
  • R 9 is C1-C3 haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 9 is CH 2 CF 3 .
  • the compound does not have the structure: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can have one or more stereocenters. To facilitate compound evaluation, in certain instances, it may be advantageous to separate and to evaluate individual enantiomers and/or diastereomers.
  • Methods to generate individual diastereomers and/or enantiomers are known in the art, including, but not limited to, chromatography, such as chiral chromatography, e.g., supercritical fluid chromatography on a chiral amylose column, and diastereoselective and/or enantioselective synthesis using a chiral auxiliary, for example, organometallic addition to a chiral sulfinimine. See, for instance, procedures described in Example 8.
  • the compound is enantiomerically enriched, and is present in from about 90% to about 99.999% enantiomeric excess (ee), such as from about 90% to about 99.99%, from about 93% to about 99.99%, from about 95% to about 99.99%, from about 95% to about 99.9%, from about 97% to about 99.9%, from about 98% to about 99.9%, or from about 99% to about 99.99% ee.
  • the predominant isomer is the stereochemistry shown in the compound structure herein.
  • the compound is predominantly the R isomer.
  • the compound is predominantly the S isomer.
  • the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V) has a structure of any one of the compounds in Table 1 and Table 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V) has a structure of any one of the compounds in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound of the disclosure has the structure: , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V) has a structure of any one of the compounds in Table 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Table 2
  • the compound of Formula (I) has a structure of any one of the compounds in Table 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Table 3 [0094]
  • the compounds described herein are T-type calcium channel antagonists or T-type voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists. Accordingly, a compound of the disclosure can show T-type calcium channel antagonist activity in one or more assays known in the art or described herein.
  • COMPOUND ACTIVITY [0095]
  • the compounds of the disclosure generally have activity in one or more T-type calcium channel antagonist assays described herein or known in the art. In some embodiments, the compound of the disclosure has T-type calcium channel antagonist activity in a patch clamp assay.
  • the compound has IC 50 ⁇ 20 ⁇ M in a patch clamp assay. In some embodiments, the compound has IC 50 ⁇ 10 ⁇ M in a patch clamp assay. In some embodiments, the compound has IC50 ⁇ 1 ⁇ M in a patch clamp assay. In some embodiments, the compound has IC50 ⁇ 100 nM in a patch clamp assay. In some embodiments, the compound has IC 50 ⁇ 10 nM in a patch clamp assay. In some embodiments, the compound has IC 50 ⁇ 1 nM in a patch clamp assay. In some embodiments, the compound has IC50 ⁇ 0.1 nM in a patch clamp assay.
  • the compound has IC50 ⁇ 0.01 nM in a patch clamp assay. [0096] In some embodiments, the compound has an IC 50 in the range of about 0.01 nM to about 20 ⁇ M in a patch clamp assay. In some embodiments, the compound has an IC50 in the range of about 0.01 nM to about 10 ⁇ M in a patch clamp assay. In some embodiments, the compound has an IC 50 in the range of about 0.01 nM to about 1 ⁇ M in a patch clamp assay. In some embodiments, the compound has an IC50 in the range of about 0.01 nM to about 100 nM in a patch clamp assay.
  • the compound has an IC50 in the range of about 0.01 nM to about 10 nM in a patch clamp assay. In some embodiments, the compound has an IC50 in the range of about 0.1 nM to about 100 nM in a patch clamp assay. In some embodiments, the compound has an IC50 in the range of about 0.1 nM to about 10 nM in a patch clamp assay. COMPOUND SELECTIVITY OVER OTHER ION CHANNELS [0097] Compound selectivity is generally preferred in order to effect the desired pharmacological effect while reducing the potential of undesired off-target effects.
  • the compound of the disclosure is selective for T-type calcium channels over other types, including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels.
  • the compound of the disclosure is selective for T-type calcium channels over L-type calcium channels.
  • the compound of the disclosure is selective for T-type calcium channels over N-type calcium channels.
  • the compound of the disclosure is selective for T-type calcium channels over P-type calcium channels.
  • the compound of the disclosure is selective for T-type calcium channels over R-type calcium channels.
  • Comparator ion channels for selectivity determinations include Ca v 1.2 (L-type), Ca v 1.3 (L-type), Ca v 2.1 (P-type), Ca v 2.2 (N-type), Ca v 2.3 (L-type), K v 1.5, K v 4.3, KChIP2, Kv7.1, KCNE1 (minK), Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv11.1 (hERG), HCN4, Kir2.1, Kir3.1, Kir3.4, Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.5, and Nav1.6.
  • Selectivity can be determined by comparing the antagonist activity of a given compound on at least two different ion channel types on a comparable assay format.
  • selectivity can be determined by comparing IC 50 or % inhibition values.
  • Illustrative assays that can be used to determine activity and selectivity are described further below.
  • a compound selectivity of T-type calcium channel Ca v 3.1 can be measured over the R-type calcium channel Ca v 2.3 by comparing the compound’s antagonist IC 50 values obtained for each calcium channel by patch clamp assay.
  • a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T- type calcium channel of at least about 1.2, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 10000, 100000-fold or more over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N- type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels.
  • the selectivity for T-type calcium channels over other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels may be determined by any assay known in the art, for example, by patch clamp assay.
  • a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T-type calcium channel of at least about 1.2-fold or more over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels. In some embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T-type calcium channel of at least about 1.5-fold or more over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels.
  • a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T-type calcium channel of at least about 10-fold or more over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels. In some embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T-type calcium channel of at least about 100-fold or more over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels.
  • a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T-type calcium channel of at least about 1000-fold or more over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels. In some embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T-type calcium channel of at least about 10000-fold or more over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels.
  • a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T-type calcium channel of at least about 100000-fold or more over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels.
  • a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T- type calcium channel in the range of from about 1.2-fold to about 100000-fold over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels.
  • the selectivity for T-type calcium channels over other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels may be determined by any assay known in the art, for example, by patch clamp assay.
  • a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T-type calcium channel in the range of from about 1.2-fold to about 10000-fold over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels.
  • a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T- type calcium channel in the range of from about 1.2-fold to about 1000-fold over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels. In some embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T-type calcium channel in the range of from about 1.2-fold to about 100- fold over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N- type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels.
  • a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T-type calcium channel in the range of from about 10- fold to about 100000-fold over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels. In some embodiments, a compound of the present disclosure has selectivity for T-type calcium channel in the range of from about 100-fold to about 100000-fold over one or more, e.g., 2, 3, or more, other calcium channel types including L-type, N-type, P-type, and/or R-type calcium channels. III.
  • compositions of one or more compounds that are T-type calcium channel antagonists as disclosed herein can decrease the level of Miro1 in a cell by acting through T-type calcium channels.
  • the composition comprises a compound of the present disclosure, or a salt thereof.
  • the composition further comprises a carrier or excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, or pharmaceutical formulation, comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is capable of delivering an amount of a compound of the disclosure sufficient to produce a therapeutically effective treatment as described further below.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the compounds herein are formulated with conventional carriers and excipients, which will be selected in accord with ordinary practice. Tablets will contain excipients, glidants, fillers, binders and the like.
  • Aqueous formulations are prepared in sterile form, and when intended for delivery by other than oral administration generally will be isotonic.
  • compositions will optionally contain excipients such as those set forth in the "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients" (1986).
  • Excipients include ascorbic acid and other antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA, carbohydrates such as dextran, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid and the like.
  • the pH of the formulations ranges from about 3 to about 11, but is ordinarily about 7 to 10.
  • the formulations both for veterinary and for human use, comprise at least one active ingredient, as above defined, together with one or more acceptable carriers and optionally other therapeutic ingredients, particularly those additional therapeutic ingredients as discussed herein.
  • the carrier(s) must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and physiologically innocuous to the recipient thereof.
  • the formulations include those suitable for the foregoing administration routes.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Techniques and formulations generally are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA). Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • Formulations suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non- aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • a tablet is made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered active ingredient moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and optionally are formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therefrom. [0110] Pharmaceutical formulations herein comprise a combination together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients and optionally other therapeutic agents.
  • compositions containing the active ingredient may be in any form suitable for the intended method of administration.
  • tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, solutions, syrups or elixirs may be prepared.
  • Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation.
  • Tablets containing the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which are suitable for manufacture of tablets are acceptable.
  • excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.
  • inert diluents such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate
  • granulating and disintegrating agents such as maize starch, or alginic acid
  • binding agents such as starch, ge
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye also include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the active ingredient.
  • the active ingredient can be present in such formulations in a concentration of about 0.5 to about 20%, such as about 0.5 to about 10%, for example about 1.5% w/w. IV.
  • Assays [0112] Calcium channel antagonist activity, including T-type calcium channel antagonist activity, can be assessed using patch clamp assays or fluorescence imaging plate reader (FLIPR) assays known in the art. See, for example, Leech, C.A. and Holz, G.G., IV. Methods Cell Biol.1994; 40: 135-151; Bell, D.C.
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist capable of reducing Miro1 level and/or activity may be validated as such by any convenient method in the art for detecting the level and/or activity of Miro1 in the presence versus absence of the T-type calcium channel antagonist.
  • the level and/or the phosphorylation state of a Miro protein may be detected, for example by immunoprecipitation with a mitochondrial transport protein-specific antibody followed by Western blotting with a phospho-specific or a general antibody, where an increase in phosphorylation of Miro proteins and/or a decrease of total Miro protein levels, or a decrease in phosphorylation of Khc following contact with the agent may indicate that the agent will treat Parkinson’s Disease.
  • the level and/or the ubiquitination of a Miro protein may be detected, for example by immunoprecipitation with a mitochondrial transport protein-specific antibody followed by Western blotting with a ubiquitin-specific antibody, where an increase in ubiquitination following contact with the candidate agent indicates that the agent will treat Parkinson’s Disease.
  • the ability of the target mitochondrial protein to transport mitochondria within a cell may be assessed by, for example, treating cultured cells (e.g., neurons) with the T-type calcium channel antagonist and observing the transport of mitochondria in the cells as compared to cells not treating with the T-type calcium channel antagonist, e.g., using live cell imaging techniques (see, e.g., Brickley and Stephenson J.
  • the effect of T-type calcium channel antagonist on Miro function may be assessed by assessing the ability of Miro, TRAK and Khc to form a complex in the presence of the T-type calcium channel antagonist.
  • Such an assessment can be performed using any technique to determine protein-protein interaction including, but not limited to, co- immunoprecipitation and affinity purification techniques.
  • the ability is assessed in a cell having a familial PD mutation, e.g. a PINK1 or LRRK2 mutation.
  • Affinity assays which are often immunoassays, are an assay or analytic procedure that relies on the binding of the target molecule, i.e.
  • Miro1, to receptors, antibodies or other macromolecules A detection method is used to determine the presence and extent of the binding complexes that are formed.
  • Many formats for such assays are known and used in the art, and are suitable for detection of Miro1 degradation following mitochondrial uncoupling or depolarization.
  • the assay format is suitable for high-throughput analysis. [0115] Included in suitable assay formats are immunoassays that utilize antibodies specific for Miro1. Suitable antibodies for this purpose are known and commercially available as polyclonal or monoclonal compositions, e.g.
  • Assays of interest include, for example, Western blots; immunohistochemistry; immunoprecipitation; etc., and particularly include immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA); enzyme immunoassay (EIA).
  • ELISAs enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • EIA enzyme immunoassay
  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the presence or concentration of a particular soluble antigen such as Miro1, in liquid samples, such as cell lysates.
  • the capture substrate in this format is a capture antibody, often a monoclonal antibody, to increase the specificity of the assay and reduce background noise.
  • the analyte is bound to the capture antibody, then detected by binding to a detection antibody.
  • a variation of sandwich ELISA assay called Single-Molecule Assay (Simoa), uses beads are coated with a capture antibody; each bead is bound to either one or zero target molecule, and individual beads are detected with another antibody (detection antibody) and a labeling enzyme.
  • Other ELISA formats include indirect ELISA, where the capture substrate is the specific antigen that is being tested and the detection step is mediated by a primary antibody and an enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody which is reactive against the primary antibody.
  • Immuno-PCR is a technique that combines the sensitivity of the nucleic acid amplification by PCR with the specificity of the antibody-based assays resulting in an increase of the detection sensitivity.
  • An exemplary method for measuring Miro1 reduction after compound administration is described in Hsieh C-H, Li L, Vanhauwaert R, Nguyen KT, Davis MD, Bu G, et al.
  • a method of reducing Miro1 level in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a T-type calcium channel antagonist.
  • the T-type calcium channel antagonist has the structure of one or more of the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V) described herein.
  • the method of reducing Miro1 level in a cell can be performed with any one of the compounds of Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present disclosure further shows that calcium channel antagonists having at least some activity against T-type calcium channels could effect dose-dependent reduction of Miro1 level in Western blot and fibroblast assays (Examples 61 and 62).
  • Compounds having T-type calcium channel antagonist activity and exhibiting Miro1 reducing capability include benidipine (1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid methyl 1-(phenylmethyl)-3-piperidinyl ester); MK-8998 ((R)-2-(4-Isopropylphenyl)-N-(1-(5- (2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)acetamide); ABT-639 (5-[(8aR)-3,4,6,7,8,8a- hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-2-carbonyl]-4-ch
  • T-type calcium channel antagonists have been described in US Patent Nos. 8,377,968; 9,403,798; 10,562,857; US application publication nos.20120264804; 20150329533; 20160340322; EP 3572403; and PCT publication nos. WO2011022315; WO2012094615; WO2013148640; WO2018200850; WO2019175395; WO2020072773; and WO2021007487; each of which are incorporated in its entirety by reference thereto.
  • a reduction of a Miro1 level in a method as described herein is a reduction in the amount of a Miro1 protein and/or a reduction in the activity of a Miro1 protein.
  • the reduction of a Miro1 level is a reduction in the amount of a Miro1 protein as determined by any assay method, including assays known in the art and the assays described in the present disclosure, that results in a reduction in the Miro1 activity.
  • the T-type calcium channel antagonist did not induce a Miro1 level in a disease-derived fibroblast or an iPSC DA neuronal cell above that observed in a na ⁇ ve healthy fibroblast or control iPSC DA neuronal cell. Further, the T-type calcium channel antagonist did not reduce a Miro1 level in a disease-derived fibroblast or an iPSC DA neuronal cell below the control level observed in a na ⁇ ve healthy fibroblast or control iPSC DA neuronal cell. [0125] Any suitable cell can be used in a method of reducing, or downregulating, Miro1 level described herein.
  • Cultured cells may be derived from patient or control samples; and may be modified to generate genetically-modified cells, in vitro differentiated cells, cells exposed to a candidate therapeutic agent; and the like.
  • the cell is a muscle cell.
  • the muscle cell can be a cardiac cell, that is, a cardiomyocyte.
  • the cell is a renal cell.
  • the cell is a liver cell.
  • the cell is a neuronal cell.
  • the method can be performed in a cell in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.
  • the reducing Miro1 level is in vitro or ex vivo. In some embodiments, the reducing Miro1 level is in vivo.
  • Any suitable biological sample comprising cells can be used in the methods described herein.
  • the methods can be performed with a biological sample obtained from a subject, including without limitation biological samples such as fibroblasts, such as skin fibroblasts, peripheral blood lymphocytes, iPSCs, and the like.
  • a Miro1 level measured in a method described herein can be compared to a control Miro1 level by any method known in the art. See, for example, the ELISA assay described in Hsieh C-H, et al. Cell Metab.2019; 1131–1140.
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level of Miro1 to a normal range.
  • a Miro1 normal range can be the range observed between untreated or na ⁇ ve healthy fibroblast or iPSC DA neuron cells (top of the range) and mitochondrial stressor-challenged healthy fibroblast or iPSC DA neuron cells (bottom of the range).
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces, or downregulates, the level of Miro1 to within about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, or about 20% relative to a control level of Miro1.
  • the control level of Miro1 is measured in a control cell from a control subject that does not have or is not suspected of having a disease or disorder mediated by an aberrant Miro1 level.
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist can downregulate the Miro1 level in a neuronal cell from a Parkinson’s disease patient to within about 50% relative to a control level of Miro1 in a control neuronal cell from an age-matched patient that does not have or is not suspected of having Parkinson’s disease.
  • the level of Miro1 in a cell after contacting with the T-type calcium channel antagonist can be higher or lower than the control level of Miro1 in the control cell.
  • the level of Miro1 in a cell after contacting with the T-type calcium channel antagonist is about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50% higher than the control level of Miro1 in the control cell.
  • the level of Miro1 in a cell after contacting with the T-type calcium channel antagonist is from about 20% to about 50% higher than the control level of Miro1 in the control cell. In some embodiments, the level of Miro1 in a cell after contacting with the T-type calcium channel antagonist is about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50% lower than the control level of Miro1 in the control cell. In some embodiments, the level of Miro1 in a cell after contacting with the T-type calcium channel antagonist is from about 20% to about 50% lower than the control level of Miro1 in the control cell. [0131] Any suitable concentration of a T-type calcium channel antagonist in a cell can be used to effect reducing the Miro1 level in the cell to a desired level.
  • the concentration of T-type calcium channel antagonist in the cell can be from about 1 nM to about 100 ⁇ M, such as from about 1 nM to about 10 ⁇ M, from about 1 nM to about 1 ⁇ M, from about 10 nM to about 100 ⁇ M, from about 10 nM to about 10 ⁇ M, from about 10 nM to about 1 ⁇ M, from about 100 nM to about 100 ⁇ M, from about 100 nM to about 10 ⁇ M, from about 100 nM to about 1 ⁇ M, from about 1 ⁇ M to about 100 ⁇ M, or from about 1 ⁇ M to about 10 ⁇ M.
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 20% or more, for example, about 30% or more, about 40% or more, or about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, or about 80% or more, e.g. about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%, relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist.
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 20% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist.
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 25% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 30% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 35% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 40% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist.
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 45% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 50% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 55% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 60% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist.
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 65% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 70% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 75% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 80% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist.
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 85% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 90% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 95% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. [0133] In some embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 20% to about 100% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist.
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 20% to about 90% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 20% to about 80% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 20% to about 70% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 20% to about 60% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist.
  • a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 20% to about 50% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 20% to about 40% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 30% to about 50% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. In embodiments, a T-type calcium channel antagonist reduces the level or biological activity of Miro1 by about 40% to about 60% relative to an untreated control not contacted with the T-type calcium channel antagonist. C.
  • a deficiency in the ability to degrade or clear Miro1 from cells is believed to correlate with the development of a Miro1-related disorder, for example, a neurodegenerative disorder, such as Parkinson’s disease, before a subject displays an overt symptom of the neurodegenerative disorder, such as one or more of the symptoms described herein. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the subject is asymptomatic for a neurodegenerative disorder.
  • Example 64 shows experimental data that supports correlation of a deficiency to remove Miro1 from cells derived from Parkinson’s disease patients or those at risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.
  • Miro1 may be used as a predictive biomarker for a neurodegenerative disorder in a subject at risk of developing such disorder, for example, as an initial step in treating the neurodegenerative disorder before symptoms appear.
  • the subject at risk can have familial history of developing a neurodegenerative disorder, can present a genetic marker associated with increased risk of developing a neurodegenerative disorder, for example, LRRK2 G2019S mutation for Parkinson’s disease, or can have no known risk of developing a neurodegenerative disorder.
  • LRRK2 G2019S mutation for Parkinson’s disease can have no known risk of developing a neurodegenerative disorder.
  • a Miro1 level in cells treated with a mitochondrial stressor is expected to be lower than a control Miro1 level in untreated control cells due to mitophagy processes induced by the mitochondrial stressor.
  • a Miro1 level that is similar or higher in cells treated with a mitochondrial stressor compared to a control Miro1 level in untreated control cells may indicate a neurodegenerative disorder that correlates with defective mitophagy processes.
  • a method for identifying a subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder comprising: a) detecting whether a Miro1 level is similar or higher in a biological sample obtained from the subject and treated with a mitochondrial stressor, as compared to a control Miro1 level in a control biological sample obtained from the subject and is untreated; and b) identifying the subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder if the Miro1 level is similar or higher in the biological sample compared to the control Miro1 level in the control biological sample, wherein the biological sample and the control biological sample comprise iPSCs or cells differentiated from iPSCs.
  • the method further comprises treating the subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound is a compound as described in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a method for identifying a subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder comprising: a) detecting whether a Miro1 level is similar or higher in a biological sample obtained from the subject and treated with a mitochondrial stressor, as compared to a control Miro1 level in a control biological sample obtained from the subject and is untreated; b) identifying the subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder if the Miro1 level is similar or higher in the biological sample compared to the control Miro1 level in the control biological sample; and c) treating the subject at risk of developing a Miro1-related disorder by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound is a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound is a compound as described in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a Miro-1 related disorder is any disease or disorder that correlates with abnormal degradation and/or clearance of a Miro1 protein, and includes any one of the neurodegenerative disorders described herein.
  • the Miro-1 related disorder is Drug-induced Parkinsonism, Progressive supranuclear Palsy, Vascular Parkinsonism, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, diffuse Lewy body disease, Corticobasal degeneration, multisystem degeneration (Shy-drager syndrome), Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple systems atrophy, vascular dementia, or progressive supranuclear palsy (Steel-Richardson syndrome).
  • the Miro1-related disorder is Parkinson’s disease.
  • the Miro1-related disorder is Alzheimer's disease.
  • the Miro1-related disorder is Pick's disease.
  • the Miro1-related disorder is frontotemporal dementia. In some embodiments, the Miro1-related disorder is multiple systems atrophy. [0139] Further provided herein is a method for treating a neurodegenerative disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising: a) detecting whether a Miro1 level is similar or higher in a biological sample obtained from the subject and treated with a mitochondrial stressor, as compared to a control Miro1 level in a control biological sample obtained from the subject and is untreated; b) identifying the subject for treatment if the Miro1 level is similar or higher in the biological sample compared to the control Miro1 level in the control biological sample; and c) administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as described herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the subject.
  • the neurodegenerative disorder is Drug-induced Parkinsonism, Progressive supranuclear Palsy, Vascular Parkinsonism, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, diffuse Lewy body disease, Corticobasal degeneration, multisystem degeneration (Shy-drager syndrome), Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple systems atrophy, vascular dementia, or progressive supranuclear palsy (Steel-Richardson syndrome).
  • the compound is a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound is a compound as described in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Example 65 illustrates one compound of the disclosure, Example 15, showing a dose- dependent rescue of Miro1 deficit in fibroblasts of a P301L tau donor at risk for developing frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
  • FTD frontotemporal dementia
  • the biological sample and the control biological sample comprise fibroblasts.
  • skin fibroblasts can be directly obtained from the subject.
  • the biological sample and the control biological sample comprise iPSCs or cells differentiated from iPSCs.
  • iPSCs can be directly obtained from a subject or be cultured from other cell types obtained from a subject according to any method known in the art. See, Shi, Y. et al.
  • iPSCs can be dedifferentiated from fibroblast cells that were directly obtained from a subject. Additionally, iPSCs can be redifferentiated into a variety of different cell types, including neuronal cells, skin cells, blood cells, and liver cells. [0142] Such cells differentiated from iPSCs of a subject can be used to determine a personalized therapy in a convenient manner without directly obtaining a target cell type directly from a subject. In an illustrative example, a skin fibroblast can be obtained from a subject at risk for developing Parkinson’s disease.
  • the skin fibroblast can be dedifferentiated into iPSCs, which can then be redifferentiated into motor neurons.
  • the motor neurons differentiated from iPSCs can be tested in an assay described herein for Miro1 deficit with and without treatment of a mitochondrial stressor in order to identify whether the subject may be responsive to a Miro1 reducing therapy, such as one containing a compound of the disclosure.
  • Methods for comparing a Miro1 level to a control Miro1 level are known in the art.
  • the ratio of the Miro1 level to the control Miro1 level can be compared.
  • the ratio of the Miro1 level to the control Miro1 level is from about 0.5 to about 10, such as from about 0.5 to about 5, from about 0.6 to about 6, from about 0.7 to about 4, from about 0.7 to about 3, from about 0.8 to about 3, or from about 0.9 to about 2.
  • the ratio of the Miro1 level to the control Miro1 level can be from about 0.5 to about 10.
  • the ratio of the Miro1 level to the control Miro1 level can be from about 0.7 to about 4.
  • Suitable mitochondrial stressors include mitochondrial depolarizing agents, such as carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) and carbonyl cyanide 3- chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP); mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors, including Complex I inhibitors, such as rotenone, piericidin A, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and paraquat, Complex III inhibitors, such as antimycin A, Complex V inhibitors, such as oligomycin A, and mitochondrial membrane potassium ionophores, such as valinomycin; metabolic modulators, including modulators of insulin signaling, such as metformin, and inhibitors of mTOR master signaling pathway required for cell growth and metabolism, such as rapamycin
  • the mitochondrial stressor is carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). In some embodiments, the mitochondrial stressor is carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP).
  • CCCP carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone
  • FCCP carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone
  • D. Methods of Treatment Provided herein is a method of treating a neurodegenerative disorder, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a T-type calcium channel antagonist, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, described herein.
  • the T-type calcium channel antagonist is a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and/or (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the method delivers a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, sufficient to treat one or more symptoms of a condition described further below.
  • Neurodegenerative disorders included within the methods of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to neurological disorders that share symptoms similar to those seen in Parkinson’s disease related disorders. In some cases, the neurological disorders may show symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease, atypical Parkinson’s disease or Parkinson’s plus disease.
  • Examples include but are not limited to Drug-induced Parkinsonism, Progressive supranuclear Palsy, Vascular Parkinsonism, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, diffuse Lewy body disease, Corticobasal degeneration, multisystem degeneration (Shy-drager syndrome), Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple systems atrophy, vascular dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy (Steel-Richardson syndrome).
  • Other conditions also included within the methods of the present invention include age- related dementia and other dementias and conditions with memory loss including vascular dementia, diffuse white matter disease (Binswanger's disease), dementia of endocrine or metabolic origin, dementia of head trauma and diffuse brain damage, dementia pugilistica and frontal lobe dementia.
  • the neurological disorder may not respond well to dopaminergic treatments and may be caused as a result of various vascular, drug-related, infectious, toxic, structural and other known secondary causes.
  • Drug-induced Parkinsonism may be caused by agents that block post-synaptic dopamine D2 receptors with high affinity, such as anti-psychotic and anti-emetic medications and sodium valproate, anti-depressants, reserpine, tetrabenazine etc.
  • a variety of subjects are suitable for treatment with a T-type calcium channel antagonist of the present disclosure.
  • Suitable subjects include any subject who displays symptoms of Parkinson’s disease such as bradykinesia, repetitive movements, tremors, limb rigidity, gait and balance problems, inability to aim the eyes due to weakness of eye muscles, weakness, sensory loss, non-motor manifestations such as REM sleep behavior disorder, neuropsychiatric symptoms including mood disturbances and cognitive changes, anxiety, apathy, changes in thinking ability, level of attention or alertness and visual hallucinations, intellectual and functional deterioration, forgetfulness, personality changes, autonomic dysfunction affecting cardiovascular, respiratory, urogenital, gastrointestinal and sudomotor function, difficulties in breathing and swallowing, inability to sweat, orthostatic hypotension, pain, constipation, and loss of olfaction, e.g., hyposmia.
  • Parkinson’s disease such as bradykinesia, repetitive movements, tremors, limb rigidity, gait and balance problems, inability to aim the eyes due to weakness of eye muscles, weakness, sensory loss, non-motor manifestations such as
  • the subjects may experience predominant speech or language disorder, predominant frontal presentation and gait freezing.
  • the subject may not display any overt symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
  • the subject in need may show increased susceptibility to infections, hypothermia, weaker bones, joint stiffness, arthritis, stooped posture, slowed movements, decrease in overall energy, constipation, urinary incontinence, memory loss, slower thinking, slower reflexes, difficulty with balance, decrease in visual acuity, diminished peripheral vision, hearing loss, wrinkling skin, greying hair, weight loss, loss of muscle tissue.
  • the subject is selected from those that have been diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease; subjects who have suffered one or more strokes; subjects who have suffered traumatic head injury; individuals who have high serum cholesterol levels; subjects who have proteinopathies including deposits in brain tissue; subjects who have had one or more cardiac events; subjects undergoing cardiac surgery; and subjects with multiple sclerosis.
  • the subject displays symptoms associated with neurological diseases that include motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, degenerative ataxias, cortical basal degeneration, ALS-Parkinson's-Dementia complex of Guam, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, synucleinopathies, primary progressive aphasia, striatonigral degeneration, Machado-Joseph disease/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 and olivopontocerebellar degenerations, Gilles De La Tourette's disease, bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy, spinal and spinobulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease), primary lateral sclerosis, familial spastic paraplegia, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, Kugelberg-Welander disease, Tay-Sach's disease, Sandhoff disease, familial spastic disease, Wohlfart-Kugelberg
  • motor neuron diseases such as
  • Step 4 Synthesis of (R)-2-(4-isopropylphenyl)-N-(1-(2-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]pyridin-5-yl)ethyl)acetamide
  • EDCI 177 mg
  • HOBt 125 mg
  • 2-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetic acid 151 mg
  • Step 1 Synthesis of methyl 1-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-6-carboxylate and methyl 2-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-6-carboxylate [0173] To a solution of methyl 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-6-carboxylate (2.0 g) in anhydrous DMF (20 mL) were added Cs 2 CO 3 (5.5 g) and iodomethane(1.8 g), and the reaction was stirred at RT for 18 hr.
  • Step 2.2-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde To a solution of (2-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-6-yl)methanol (280 mg) in DCM (5 mL) was added manganese dioxide (0.12 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 3 hr. The mixture was then filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to provide crude 2-methyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde, which was directly used for next step. LC/MS ESI (m/z): 162 [M+H] + . [0192] Step 3.
  • the Grignard regent was added at such a rate that the internal reaction temperature was never warmer than -60°C. After addition, the reaction mixture was stirred for 2h at -78 °C then warmed to room temperature and quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted once with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to provide a residue which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (R)-2-methyl-N-((R)-1-(3- methylisoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-6-yl)ethyl)propane-2-sulfinamide (187 mg).
  • Step 4 Synthesis of (R)-1-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-5- yl)ethan-1-amine hydrochloride [0272] To a solution of (R)-2-methyl-N-((R)-1-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- c]pyridin-5-yl)ethyl)propane-2-sulfinamide (300 mg) in dioxane (2.0 mL) was added HCl/dioxane (4N in dioxane, 2.0 mL).
  • Step 2.Synthesis of 1-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-ol To a solution of (1-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)trimethylsilane (19.4 g, 58.2 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was added HCl (9.7 mL, 116.4 mmol, 12 mol/L) at 0 o C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs, and TLC showed the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was quenched by ice-water and then extracted twice with EtOAc.
  • reaction mixture was stirred under N2 in the sealed the tube for 10 min at rt, then heated at 120 o C overnight. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to rt and diluted with EA (30 mL). The resulting mixture was washed with saturated NaCl and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (eluting with 5%-10% PE in EA) to give ethyl 2-(5-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)thiophen-2-yl)acetate as yellow liquid (50 mg).
  • Step 2.1-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)cyclopropane-1-carbaldehyde [0387] To a solution of 1-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)cyclopropane-1-carbonitrile (4.5 g) in THF (80 mL) was added diisobutylaluminium hydride (1.0M in THF, 40.3 mL) at 0 °C and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 2 hr. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (20 mL) and 1 N HCl (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc.
  • Step 5.2-(6-(1-(difluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)pyridin-3-yl)acetic acid [0393] To a solution of ethyl 2- ⁇ 6-[1-(difluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]pyridin-3-yl ⁇ acetate (430 mg) in MeOH (1.0 mL) was added NaOH (1 M in H 2 O, 4.0 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 30 min. The mixture was then concentrated, diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc.
  • the aqueous layer was acidified to pH ⁇ 3 with 1M aqueous HCl, and the mixture was extracted with EA.
  • the combined EtOAc extracts from the acidic water layer were washed with saturated NaCl, dried with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated to provide 2-(4- (1-(difluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)acetic acid as a white solid (244 mg, crude).
  • reaction mixture was then warmed to 100°C and stirred overnight.
  • reaction mixture was then cooled and diluted with DCM.
  • organic phase was washed with 1 N aqueous NaOH and water, dried with Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated to dryness.
  • the solid residue was suspended in ether, stirred for 30 min, and filtered to collect the desired product 5-bromo-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine (1.66 g) as a white solid.
  • Aqueous NaOH (1N, 50 mL) was added to the mixture resulting in a colorless solution.
  • the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EA.
  • the aqueous layer was acidified to pH ⁇ 3 with 1N aqueous HCl.
  • the aqueous phase was then extracted with EA.
  • the EtOAc extraxt from the acidified aqueous phase was washed with saturated NaCl solution, filtered, and concentrated to provide 2-(6-cyclopropylpyridin-3-yl)acetic acid as a white solid (2.31 g, crude).
  • Step 7 Synthesis of (R)-N-(1-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-5- yl)ethyl)-2-(6-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)pyridin-3-yl)acetamide [0463] To a mixture of 2-(6-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)pyridin-3-yl)acetic acid (125.0 mg) in DMF (1.0 mL) was added HATU (213 mg), and the mixture was stirred at rt for 5 min to provide Solution A.
  • the reaction mixture was charged with N 2 and stirred at 100 °C overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EA and water and the two layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EA (20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine (40 mL each), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (5- 18% EA/PE) to give ethyl 2-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)acetate (1.368 g) as a pale-yellow oil.
  • the reaction was stirred at rt for 1 hour, and LC/MS showed the reaction was complete.
  • the reaction was diluted with EA and water. The two phases were then separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EA (10 mL x3). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.
  • Example 30 2-(4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)phenyl)-N 1-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H- pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethyl)acetamide diastereomer A
  • Step 1.1-bromo-4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)benzene A solution of 1-bromo-4-ethenylbenzene (2.50 mL), trimethyl(bromodifluoromethyl)silane (4.46 mL) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.178 mL) in toluene (50 mL) was stirred at 110 °C for 12 hr.
  • Racemic 2- (4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)phenyl)acetic was resolved by chiral prep-SFC (Column: ChiralPak AD, 250 ⁇ 21.2mm I.D., 5 ⁇ m; Mobile phase: A for CO2 and B for MeOH; Gradient: B 15%; wavelength: 220 nm) to give 2-[4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)phenyl]acetic acid enantiomer P1 (200 mg) and 2-[4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)phenyl]acetic acid enantiomer P2 (240 mg) as white solids.
  • Step 4A 2-(4-((R or S)-2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)phenyl)-N-((R)-1-(1-(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethyl)acetamide
  • a solution of 2-[4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)phenyl]acetic acid enantiomer P2 120 mg
  • (R)-1-[1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-5-yl]ethan-1-amine hydrochloride (165.7 mg)
  • HATU 236.5 mg
  • DIEA (0.28 mL) in DMF (5 mL)
  • Step 2 5-(bromomethyl)-3-chloro-2-cyclopropylpyridine.
  • a solution of 3-chloro-2- cyclopropyl-5-methylpyridine (960 mg), NBS (1.12 g) and AIBN (0.042 mL,) in carbon tetrachloride (15 mL) was stirred at 80 °C for 12 hours under N 2 .
  • the reaction was filtered and concentrated to give a residue.
  • Step 3 2-(5-chloro-6-cyclopropylpyridin-3-yl)acetonitrile.
  • a solution of 5- (bromomethyl)-3-chloro-2-cyclopropylpyridine (600 mg, 2.43 mmol) and NaCN (239 mg) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at 25 °C for 12 hours. The reaction was complete monitored by LCMS.
  • Step 5 (R)-2-(5-chloro-6-cyclopropylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(1-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethyl)acetamide.
  • Step 1 4-bromo-2-chloro-N-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide.
  • HATU 4- bromo-2-chlorobenzoic acid
  • methoxy(methyl)amine hydrochloride 4.54 g
  • TEA 3.5 mL
  • Step 6 (R)-2-(3-chloro-4-(1,1-difluoroethyl)phenyl)-N-(1-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethyl)acetamide.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and quenched with 10 ml of water.
  • the resulting mixture was extracted twice with 20 ml of ether.
  • the combined ether phases were washed twice with water, twice with aqueous sodium bicarbonate, once with 10% aqueous citric acid, once with brine, and then dried over magnesium sulfate.
  • the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and was purified by a gel silica column (3% EA in PE) to afford 4-bromo-1-(1,1-difluoroethyl)-2- fluorobenzene (294 mg) as a colorless oil.
  • aqueous layer was acidified to pH ⁇ 3 with 1M aqueous HCl, and the mixture was extracted with EA.
  • the combined organic phases were washed with saturated NaCl, dried with Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated to product 2-(4-(1,1-difluoroethyl)-3- fluorophenyl)acetic acid (100 mg) as a yellow solid.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with EA and water. The two phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with EA (10 mL x 2). The combined organic phases were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated to give a residue.
  • the residue was purified by prep-HPLC (Column: AZZOTA C1830*250mm*10um; Mobile phase: from 25% to 95% MeCN with H2O (0.1% FA); flow rate: 30 mL/min; wave length: 220 nm/254 nm) to afford (R)-2-(4-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)phenyl)-N-(1-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-5- yl)ethyl)acetamide (256 mg) as a white solid.
  • the title compound was synthesized according to Example 16 of US Patent No. 7,875,636.
  • Example 57. (R)-N-(1-(2,2-difluoro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyridin-6-yl)ethyl)-2-(4- isopropylphenyl)acetamide
  • the mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 20 min, and the cooling bath was then replaced with ice-NaCl and the mixture stirred at -10 °C for 1 hour.
  • the mixture was quenched with 50% NaOH solution (10 mL) until the pH was neutral.
  • Na2S2O3 (10% solution, 20 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with DCM (20 mL ⁇ 3). The combined organic layers were dried, filtered and concentrated to give a yellow oil.
  • the yellow oil was purified by prep-HPLC [YMC-Actus Triart C180250*21mm; Mobile phase: from 30% to 95% MeCN with H 2 O (0.1%FA)] to give (R)-N-(1-(2,2-difluoro- [1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyridin-6-yl)ethyl)-2-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide (51.6 mg) as a white solid.
  • Example 61 T-type Calcium Channel Antagonists Reduce Miro1 [0651] Determination of Miro1 reduction after compound administration was performed according to the Western blot method described in: Hsieh C-H, Li L, Vanhauwaert R, Nguyen KT, Davis MD, Bu G, et al. Miro1 Marks Parkinson’s Disease Subset and Miro1 Reducer Rescues Neuron Loss in Parkinson’s Models. Cell Metab.2019; 1131–1140.
  • Example 62 Exemplary Compounds That Reduce Miro1 a) Miro1 Fibroblast Assay
  • Skin fibroblasts were obtained from human Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients.
  • CCCP was applied at 40 ⁇ M for 24 hr to fibroblasts before cells were lysed in RIPA lysis buffer with 0.25 mM PMSF and protease inhibitors. Lysates were cleared by centrifugation at 17,000 x g for 10 min at 40C, and supernatants were run in an SDS-PAGE for Western blotting.
  • nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad) were used in wet transfer. Transferred membranes were first blocked for 1 hr in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 5% fat-free milk and 0.1% tween-20, and then incubated with the following primary antibodies: rabbit anti-Miro1 (HPA010687, Sigma-Aldrich) at 1:1,000, mouse anti-ATP5 ⁇ (AB14730, Abcam) at 1:5,000, mouse anti- ⁇ -Actin (A00702, Genscript) at 1:3,000, or rabbit anti-VDAC (4661S, Cell Signaling Technology) at 1:1,000 at 4°C overnight in blocking buffer.
  • PBS phosphate-buffered saline
  • AB14730 mouse anti-ATP5 ⁇
  • mouse anti- ⁇ -Actin A00702, Genscript
  • rabbit anti-VDAC 4661S, Cell Signaling Technology
  • Miro1 Reduction in Fibroblast b) Miro1 Neuron Assay [0656] Neuron Challenge and Mitochondria Western blot: iPSC-derived neuronal cells are homogenized, spun, and separated into a “cytosolic fraction” supernatant, and a “mitochondrial fraction” pellet. Samples are then run in an SDS-PAGE for Western blotting. Example 63. In Vivo Miro1 Reduction with Benidipine [0657] The Parkinson’s disease (PD) fly model was used as described in Hsieh C-H, Li L, Vanhauwaert R, Nguyen KT, Davis MD, Bu G, et al.
  • PD Parkinson’s disease
  • PI Performance Index
  • Benidipine was tested in a PD fly model (mutant SNCA flies) and the flies examined for their locomotion.2.5 ⁇ M Benidipine in feed for 10 days significantly improved locomotor decline, suggesting the involvement of Miro1 and calcium in PD mechanisms (FIG.1).
  • Example 64. Miro1 Reduction in Patient-Derived Samples [0659] The failure to clear Miro1 from patient-derived cells following depolarization has been associated with the risk of Parkinson’s disease. The data herein supports the potential use of Miro1 for detecting a pre-symptomatic phase of Parkinson’s disease.
  • iPSCs were obtained under an MTA from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) human and cell repository or Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), which is in a partnership with multiple institutions that deposited iPSCs, approved study protocols, and ensured consent from donors.
  • NINDS National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
  • PPMI Progression Markers Initiative
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells were cultured in mTeSR Plus Kit (05825, Stemcell Technologies) and maintained in a 37 oC, 5% CO2 incubator with humidified atmosphere. The media were refreshed every 1–2 days and split every 4–6 days.
  • CCCP C2759, Sigma- Aldrich
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • NP40 Cell lysis buffer FNN0021, ThermoFisher Scientific
  • protease inhibitor cocktail 539134, Calbiochem
  • 2X Laemmli buffer 4% SDS, 20% Glycerol, 120 mM Tris–HCl, 0.02% bromophenol blue, 700 mM 2-mercaptoethanol
  • nitrocellulose membranes (1620115, Bio-Rad) were used in semi-dry transfer with Bjerrum Schafer-Nielsen buffer [48 mM Tris, 39 mM glycine, 20% Methanol (v/v), pH 9.2].
  • Transferred membranes were first blocked overnight in phosphate-buffered saline containing 5% fat-free milk and 0.1% tween-20 at 4 oC, and then incubated with the following primary antibodies: mouse anti-Miro1 (WH0055288M1, Sigma- Aldrich) at 1:1,000, mouse anti-ATP5b (AB14730, AbCam) at 1:1,000, or rabbit anti- GAPDH (5174S, Cell Signaling Technology) at 1:1-3,000, at 4 oC overnight in blocking buffer.
  • HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse 115-035-003, Jackson ImmunoResearch
  • goat anti-rabbit 111-035-144, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories
  • Multivariance regression or Anova was used to determine the interactions among multiple variables for affecting Miro1 ratio and P values were calculated by linear fit in FIGS.3, 4. During the analysis, Hoehn and Yahr Scale and Mini-Mental Status Examination were detected to show an interaction. Partial regression plots were subsequently generated to help decipher the relationship between an individual variable and the response variable in a multivariable regression problem. Seven partial regression plots, one for each individual variable in the regression problem (Hoehn and Yahr Scale, Mini- Mental Status Examination, onset age), their interaction terms, and the intercept were generated.
  • the Rhot1 ELISA kit (EKL54911, Biomatik) was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The specificity and stability were validated by Biomatik. The dynamic detection range, sensitivity (lower limit of detection–LLOD), and precision (inter- and intraassay) were determined by both Biomatik and us (FIGS.2E–2G), and the results were comparable. Briefly, 50 ml of cell lysate prepared from above, or serial dilutions of the standard (0–40 ng/ml) were added and incubated for 2 h at 37 oC. Each well was then incubated with 100 ml of Detection Reagent A for 1 h at 37 oC.
  • iPSCs were cultured, and CCCP, a mitochondrial uncoupler, was appliced to depolarize the mitochondrial membrane potential.
  • CCCP a mitochondrial uncoupler
  • Miro1 was significantly degraded as detected by Western blotting (FIGS.2A, 2B); this time point was prior to the completion of mitophagy when multiple mitochondrial markers were degraded. This method was applied to a total of 87 iPSC lines obtained from the PPMI and NINDS human and cell repository.
  • This cohort included 9 wild-type controls (8 healthy subjects and 1 corrected wild-type), 30 PD patients bearing mutations in SNCA, LRRK2, or GBA without the presence of signs for other neurological disorders, 42 asymptomatic genetic carriers (named “Risk”), and 6 individuals exhibiting prodromal symptoms such as hyposmia or RBD but without PD diagnosis (named “Risk-Hyposmia” and “Risk-RBD,” respectively.57 individuals have a positive family history. The experiments were performed in a blinded manner. Cell passaging numbers were within the range of 12–17 which had no influence on the phenotype.
  • Miro1 ratio (Miro1 intensities “with CCCP” divided by “with DMSO”) was also significantly correlated with PD and genetic risk (FIG.3A), but not with age (at sampling) or sex (FIGS.3B–3D). There were no interactions among age, sex, and genetic background for affecting Miro1 ratio (FIGS.3B–3D).
  • the rate of the Miro1 defect was slightly lower in PD patients bearing mutations in LRRK2 or GBA in this cohort using iPSCs than that in the previous cohort using fibroblasts (iPSCs: 83.3 and 93.3%; fibroblasts: 100 and 100%, for LRRK2 and GBA, respectively).
  • the occurrence of the Miro1 phenotype in iPSCs from PD patients and asymptomatic genetic carriers harboring mutations in the same gene was compared.
  • Example 65 Rescue of Miro1 Deficit in Cells from Frontotemporal Dementia Subject [0670] The compound of Example 15 rescued Miro1 deficit in P301L tau donor at risk for developing frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
  • FTD frontotemporal dementia
  • a fibroblast was obtained from a non- symptomatic at risk carrier of the pathogenic P301L mutation in the MAPT / Tau gene, a highly penetrant risk factor for frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
  • a Miro1 ratio could be calculated based on the Miro1 level after treatment of fibroblasts with FCCP compared with a control Miro1 level measured from fibroblasts that were not treated. A Miro1 ratio of about 1 was measured in the P301L tau donor fibroblasts, demonstrating a lack of Miro1 reduction observed in the fibroblasts in response to FCCP.
  • Example 15 a Miro1 ratio of about 0.3 was measured in the healthy donor fibroblasts, demonstrating a Miro1 reduction in the healthy fibroblasts in response to FCCP.
  • the P301L tau donor fibroblasts was converted to healthy donor phenotype in a dose-dependent manner by treating with Example 15.
  • Each compound was formulated in 5%DMAC+5%Solutol HS15+90%Saline to yield a solution for dosing.
  • IV intravenously
  • PO orally
  • the dogs were given free access to food and water for the IV group, were fasted overnight and fed 4 hr post-dosing for the PO group.
  • the IV group was administered Example 15 via cephalic vein injection.
  • the PO group was administered 3 mg/kg Example 15 by oral gavage.
  • Dosing formulations were prepared at 1 mg/mL in 5% dimethylacetamide, 5% Solutol HS 15, 90% saline prior to use.
  • Example 15 Dosing solutions were prepared of Example 15 in 0.2 mg/mL (IV) or 1 mg/mL (PO) in 5% dimethylacetamide, 5% Solutol HS 15, 90% saline solution prior to use. Compound was administered either IV by tail vein injection or PO by oral gavage.
  • Compound was administered either IV by tail vein injection or PO by oral gavage.
  • Blood collection The animal was restrained manually at the designated time points, approximately 110 ⁇ L of blood sample was collected via facial vein into K 2 EDTA tubes. Blood sample was put on ice and centrifuged at 2000 g for 5 mins to obtain plasma sample within 15 minutes.
  • Brain collection After the blood collection, the animals were euthanized via CO2.
  • Example 15 The whole brain was collected, rinsed with cold saline, dried on filtrate paper, weighed, and snap frozen by placing into dry-ice.
  • the brain penetrance of Example 15 was calculated using mouse plasma/brain PK and relative mouse plasma and brain homogenate binding.
  • Example 15 exhibited measurable brain penetration in both IV and PO experiments. For instance, at 4 hours post-dose: Example 15 brain concentration >100 ng/mL (IV); Example 15 brain concentration >1000 ng/mL (PO).
  • IV ng/mL
  • PO ng/mL

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MX2023010175A MX2023010175A (es) 2021-03-04 2022-03-03 Antagonistas de canales de calcio tipo t y usos de los mismos.
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CN116813444A (zh) * 2023-06-28 2023-09-29 福建凯昕药业有限公司 一种1-溴-4-(1-(三氟甲基)环丙基)苯的制备方法
WO2024097632A1 (en) * 2022-10-31 2024-05-10 Acurex Biosciences Corporation Methods of reducing miro1 or phosphorylated alpha-synuclein
WO2024081653A3 (en) * 2022-10-12 2024-06-27 Acurex Biosciences Corporation Methods of lowering miro2 to treat neurodegenerative diseases

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WO2025257786A1 (en) * 2024-06-13 2025-12-18 Iama Therapeutics S.R.L. Benzoimidazole derivatives as nkcc1 inhibitors

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US6610701B2 (en) * 2001-02-09 2003-08-26 Merck & Co., Inc. Thrombin inhibitors
EP2010493B1 (en) * 2006-04-12 2016-01-27 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Pyridyl amide t-type calcium channel antagonists
AU2008317353B2 (en) * 2007-10-24 2014-08-07 Merck Sharp & Dohme Llc Heterocycle phenyl amide T-type calcium channel antagonists
JP2011500808A (ja) * 2007-10-24 2011-01-06 メルク・シャープ・エンド・ドーム・コーポレイション 複素環アミドｔ型カルシウムチャネルアンタゴニスト
EP2493297B1 (en) * 2009-10-30 2016-08-17 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Heterocycle amide t-type calcium channel antagonists
CN120118971A (zh) * 2019-09-05 2025-06-10 小利兰·斯坦福大学托管委员会 修饰线粒体功能的方法和化合物

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WO2024081653A3 (en) * 2022-10-12 2024-06-27 Acurex Biosciences Corporation Methods of lowering miro2 to treat neurodegenerative diseases
WO2024097632A1 (en) * 2022-10-31 2024-05-10 Acurex Biosciences Corporation Methods of reducing miro1 or phosphorylated alpha-synuclein
CN116813444A (zh) * 2023-06-28 2023-09-29 福建凯昕药业有限公司 一种1-溴-4-(1-(三氟甲基)环丙基)苯的制备方法

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