WO2022213597A1 - 一种新能源车辆三电系统安全特征数据库构建方法 - Google Patents

一种新能源车辆三电系统安全特征数据库构建方法 Download PDF

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WO2022213597A1
WO2022213597A1 PCT/CN2021/129510 CN2021129510W WO2022213597A1 WO 2022213597 A1 WO2022213597 A1 WO 2022213597A1 CN 2021129510 W CN2021129510 W CN 2021129510W WO 2022213597 A1 WO2022213597 A1 WO 2022213597A1
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safety
safety threshold
data
sub
temperature
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French (fr)
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王震坡
张照生
周立涛
刘鹏
吴益忠
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北京理工大学
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/20Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
    • G06F16/24Querying
    • G06F16/245Query processing
    • G06F16/2458Special types of queries, e.g. statistical queries, fuzzy queries or distributed queries
    • G06F16/2462Approximate or statistical queries
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/20Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
    • G06F16/21Design, administration or maintenance of databases
    • G06F16/215Improving data quality; Data cleansing, e.g. de-duplication, removing invalid entries or correcting typographical errors
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/20Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
    • G06F16/23Updating
    • G06F16/2379Updates performed during online database operations; commit processing
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/20Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
    • G06F16/24Querying
    • G06F16/245Query processing
    • G06F16/2458Special types of queries, e.g. statistical queries, fuzzy queries or distributed queries
    • G06F16/2474Sequence data queries, e.g. querying versioned data
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/20Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
    • G06F16/25Integrating or interfacing systems involving database management systems
    • GPHYSICS
    • G07CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07CTIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C5/00Registering or indicating the working of vehicles
    • G07C5/008Registering or indicating the working of vehicles communicating information to a remotely located station
    • GPHYSICS
    • G07CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07CTIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C5/00Registering or indicating the working of vehicles
    • G07C5/08Registering or indicating performance data other than driving, working, idle, or waiting time, with or without registering driving, working, idle or waiting time
    • G07C5/0808Diagnosing performance data
    • GPHYSICS
    • G07CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07CTIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C5/00Registering or indicating the working of vehicles
    • G07C5/08Registering or indicating performance data other than driving, working, idle, or waiting time, with or without registering driving, working, idle or waiting time
    • G07C5/0841Registering performance data

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  • the invention belongs to the technical field of new energy vehicle big data, and in particular relates to a method for establishing a safety feature database for a new energy vehicle including a battery, a motor and an electric control three-electrical system.
  • the present invention aims to give full play to the advantages of the real vehicle big data of new energy vehicles and comprehensively consider various factors affecting the safety of the three-electrical system, and provides a method for constructing a safety feature database of the three-electrical system of a new energy vehicle, which specifically includes the following steps: The following steps:
  • the battery safety feature parameter set, the motor safety feature parameter set and the electronic control safety feature parameter set are respectively selected;
  • the battery safety feature parameter set in step (1) specifically includes: the voltage item consisting of open circuit voltage, average voltage difference, cell voltage, cell voltage difference extreme value, and static voltage, and a fixed SoC segment (85%) -100%) capacity, full charge capacity, ohmic internal resistance, pulse internal resistance composed of capacity and internal resistance terms, charging current, temperature terms composed of average temperature, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature distribution;
  • the motor safety feature parameter set specifically includes: torque integral slope, temperature integral slope, and motor temperature;
  • the electrical control safety feature parameter set specifically includes: motor controller voltage, motor controller temperature, motor DC bus current, and insulation resistance.
  • the new energy vehicle big data platform described in step (2) includes but is not limited to my country's new energy vehicle national big data platform, a central server or cloud server constructed based on new energy vehicle big data, and the like.
  • step (3) judging whether the charging state is normal and processing the abnormal data specifically includes:
  • step (5) setting the corresponding battery safety feature parameter thresholds for each of the established grouping subsets specifically includes adopting corresponding statistical methods for the following thresholds:
  • ohmic internal resistance safety threshold calculate its upper and lower quartiles in each sub-data set as the ohmic internal resistance safety threshold
  • step (5) setting the corresponding motor safety feature parameter thresholds for each of the established grouping subsets specifically includes adopting corresponding statistical methods for the following thresholds:
  • step (5) setting the corresponding electric control safety feature parameter thresholds for each of the established grouping subsets specifically includes adopting corresponding statistical methods for the following thresholds:
  • the insulation resistance safety threshold except for abnormal conditions, the insulation resistance is mostly 4000m ⁇ , so the insulation resistance mode in each sub-data set is taken as the insulation resistance item safety threshold;
  • the safety feature database of the three-electric system of new energy vehicles constructed based on the method provided by the present invention can perform high-precision analysis on the safety features of the power battery system throughout the life cycle from multi-season and multi-regional scales, and form a long-term scale,
  • the high-precision, multi-working-condition, mathematical-statistical coupling relationship model and characteristic parameter threshold standard of key components can be applied to application scenarios such as safety standard query, safety status diagnosis, safety performance comparison, and vehicle performance evolution law research.
  • this database can be updated in real time, effectively overcoming the low comprehensiveness of traditional three-electrical system safety detection methods, ignoring differences in usage scenarios, and unfavorable platform supervision. defects, and thus have wider applicability.
  • Fig. 1 is the overall flow of the method provided by the present invention.
  • Figure 2 shows the extractable fields in the original data
  • Fig. 3 is the process of judging whether the charging state is normal and processing abnormal data
  • Fig. 4 is based on the method of the present invention to the data expansion feature after preprocessing
  • FIG. 6 is a process of dividing the extracted security feature parameters into sections and setting thresholds.
  • the method for constructing the safety feature database of the three-electrical system of a new energy vehicle provided by the present invention specifically includes the following steps:
  • the battery safety feature parameter set, the motor safety feature parameter set and the electronic control safety feature parameter set are respectively selected;
  • the abnormal data values existing in the original data are processed. If there are values in the form of " ⁇ r" in individual data, they are replaced with null values, and then the time series processing is performed, and the abnormal data cleaning is performed on the original data. For data frames with abnormal time fields, delete them.
  • the features of the extended original data include the extracted label items such as month and season on the basis of preprocessing.
  • it also includes frame-by-frame integration of the charging condition of each frame of the charging condition frame.
  • Intermediate variables such as calculation results, as well as segment number label items used to support subsequent segment division work, etc.;
  • the extraction of battery safety feature parameters is specifically obtained in the following manner:
  • the calculation method for calculating the capacity is to filter the data segments with charging segments in the segmented data segments, extract the added value dsoc of the increase in soc during the charging process, and the increase value dc of the capacity during the charging process, and convert it into the increase in charging soc.
  • the capacity value cap of 100 is the capacity value cap of 100, and the calculation formula is as follows:
  • the increase of the ohmic internal resistance of the battery pack has a strong correlation with the growth of the SEI film, the decomposition of the electrolyte, and the corrosion of the current collector.
  • a first-order rc equivalent circuit model (ECM) was constructed, and the ohmic internal resistance of the battery pack was calculated by the least squares algorithm based on the forgetting factor.
  • the ECM construction adopts the 1st-order ECM model, as shown in Figure 5, where Uoc represents the open circuit voltage, U represents the terminal voltage, I represents the current, R 1 represents the ohmic internal resistance, which can reflect the aging state of the battery, and R 2 and C represent the polarity of the battery.
  • the internal resistance and polarization capacitance reflect the dynamic characteristics of the battery.
  • ⁇ T is the upload time interval of data in the platform data, mostly 10s or 30s, and k represents the time.
  • R 1 , R 2 and C can be obtained by solving the equation.
  • the first frame of voltage data started after standing for a long time is taken as the open-circuit voltage value.
  • the motor is the key component of the driving vehicle in the three-electrical system.
  • the characteristic parameters reflecting the motor safety are: alarm data, driving motor current, driving motor voltage, driving motor temperature, driving motor speed, driving motor torque, etc.
  • the real-time monitoring of the safety state of the motor can be realized through the alarm parameters, and the temperature of the driving motor can be used as a safety feature parameter to realize the real-time monitoring of the motor temperature and avoid potential safety hazards caused by overheating.
  • the speed of the drive motor combined with the torque of the drive motor, combined with the input current and voltage, can reflect the safety state of the motor efficiency, as well as the normal/abnormal working state of the motor.
  • the parameters that can reflect the safety of the drive motor controller include the temperature of the drive motor controller, the input voltage of the motor controller, the DC bus current of the motor controller, etc. Combined with other motor safety feature parameters, a more comprehensive analysis of the motor safety state can be performed to avoid Status misjudgment caused by motor controller failure.
  • the specific extracted motor characteristic parameters include the motor temperature integral and the motor torque integral, that is, the integral of the motor temperature and torque in the time dimension, in addition to the motor temperature and current.
  • the motor and electronic control system are used as a substitute for the traditional engine (gearbox) function, and their performance directly determines the main performance indicators of electric vehicles such as climbing, acceleration, and maximum speed. Therefore, based on the data of each electronic control component that can be collected, the power supply voltage of the electronic control components (such as ECU), the current of each electronic control component, the temperature of some electronic control components (such as DC-DC), the temperature of the motor controller and the insulation resistance are extracted as Electronic control safety feature parameters.
  • the power supply voltage of the electronic control components such as ECU
  • the current of each electronic control component such as DC-DC
  • DC-DC the temperature of the motor controller and the insulation resistance
  • an index label item is established.
  • the safety status of the three-power system is closely related to the use environment, use time and operating conditions.
  • the motor and electronic control safety feature database selects three label items of season, working condition and region. Considering that the time factor has a great influence on the battery safety state, the battery safety feature database selects four items of mileage, region, season and working condition.
  • Season label items are: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter.
  • the region label items are divided according to the city where the vehicle is running, the working condition label items are divided into driving conditions, slow charging conditions and fast charging conditions, and the mileage label items are divided into a dimension based on the mileage of the vehicle every 50,000 kilometers.
  • the mileage label item can reflect the use time of the power battery to a certain extent.
  • the power battery will inevitably experience capacity decline and increase in internal resistance. Therefore, the mileage label item and the fixed SOC capacity in the characteristic parameters, There is a strong coupling relationship between full charge capacity, internal resistance and pulse resistance.
  • the capacity decline will also lead to a drop in the cell voltage, so the cell voltage term, the open circuit voltage term and the mileage label also have a strong coupling relationship.
  • Seasonal label items can reflect the changes in ambient temperature. Temperature has a significant impact on the calendar life and cycle life of lithium power batteries. High temperature will accelerate the decline of power batteries, increase internal resistance, and affect the charging and discharging performance of power batteries. Therefore, season labels term and temperature feature term, cell voltage feature term and capacity feature term. In addition, there is a strong coupling relationship between the seasonal label item and the temperature integral slope, the motor temperature, and the motor controller temperature in terms of the motor electronic control safety feature parameters.
  • the working condition label item represents the state of the vehicle.
  • the extracted feature parameter items are different under different working conditions.
  • the internal resistance, pulse internal resistance, open circuit voltage and temperature are extracted under driving conditions. Since the charging current rate also affects the service life and charging performance of the battery, the charging conditions are divided into fast charging conditions and slow charging conditions.
  • the corresponding extracted characteristic parameters are: fixed SOC segment charging capacity, slow charging charging capacity, charging starting cell voltage and temperature distribution. There is a strong coupling relationship between the motor torque integral slope, the motor controller voltage, the motor busbar current, and the insulation resistance in terms of the motor electronic control safety characteristic parameters and the working condition label item.
  • the collection of the database has been completed. Then, according to the consideration of seasons, working conditions, mileage, and regions, the corresponding parameter thresholds can be set to complete as shown in Figure 6. The final establishment of the database will be used for follow-up supervision and early warning.
  • the data items of the battery safety feature database include open circuit voltage, cell voltage difference, the highest cell voltage and lowest cell voltage in different SOC segments, internal resistance, ohmic internal resistance, charging current, maximum temperature, minimum temperature average temperature, Resting voltage, full charge capacity and fixed soc segment (85-100) capacity.
  • the data items of the motor safety feature database include motor torque integral slope, temperature integral slope and motor temperature. Firstly, sub-data sets are divided according to seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter), operating conditions (driving, charging and fully charged stationary) and regions (Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Shenyang and Shenzhen), and the thresholds of safety feature parameters are calculated in each sub-data set. Finally, the safety feature thresholds calculated in each sub-data set are aggregated to obtain the overall motor safety feature database.
  • the data items of the electronic control safety database include the voltage of the motor controller, the current of the DC bus, the insulation resistance and the temperature of the motor controller. Firstly, sub-data sets are divided according to seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter), operating conditions (driving, charging and fully charged stationary) and regions (Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Shenyang and Shenzhen), and the thresholds of safety feature parameters are calculated in each sub-data set. Finally, the safety feature thresholds calculated in each sub-data set are aggregated to obtain the overall electronic control safety feature database.
  • the invention uses the actual vehicle operation data to study the multi-season and multi-regional scale high-precision power battery system full life cycle safety feature analysis model, and establishes a long-term scale, high-precision, and multi-working conditions.
  • characteristic parameter threshold standard database which can be applied to application scenarios such as safety standard query, safety status diagnosis, safety performance comparison, and research on the evolution law of vehicle performance.
  • the database can import real vehicle operation data that meets the data standards in real time, and update the safety feature parameters of a certain vehicle model under different working conditions in the whole life cycle in real time.
  • the database by entering the vehicle type, operating area and season information, the corresponding safety state parameters under different working conditions can be queried.
  • the safety status of the current vehicle is diagnosed, and the push of vehicle risk and fault information is further realized.
  • car companies can carry out research on safety performance comparison between different models, analysis of accident failure causes, and evolution of safety performance, so as to provide reference for vehicle performance improvement.

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Abstract

一种新能源车辆三电系统安全特征数据库构建方法,其能够从多季节、多地域尺度对动力电池系统全生命周期的安全特征进行高精度分析,并且形成了长时间尺度、高精度、多工况的关键零部件数理统计耦合关系模型及特征参数阈值标准,可以应用于安全标准查询、安全状态诊断、安全性能比对、车辆性能演化规律研究等应用场景。随着新能源汽车国家大数据平台的建立与完善,能够对这种数据库实现实时更新,有效克服了传统三电系统安全检测方式全面性低、忽略使用场景差异且不利于平台监管等的多方面缺陷,从而具有更广泛的适用性。

Description

一种新能源车辆三电系统安全特征数据库构建方法 技术领域
本发明属于新能源车辆大数据技术领域,尤其涉及一种针对新能源车辆包括电池、电机以及电控的三电系统建立安全特征数据库的方法。
背景技术
随着新能源车辆的迅猛发展,其包括电池、电机以及电控的三电系统安全性能成为消费者、生产厂家、交通管理部门最关心的指标之一。伴随着当前时期新能源车辆在我国迅速推广普及的趋势,解决好实时准确评估新能源车辆三电系统安全状态以及实车安全故障诊断与预警等问题的需求也愈发迫切。
现有新能源车辆三电系统安全状态的评估方式大多是对三电系统的健康状态进行在线诊断,主要局限于电压、温度、电流等几个少量的参数,对影响三电系统安全的各方面因素还无法做到全面考虑,比如常常忽略不同条件下的安全标准差异,也未有效地利用实车大数据作为依据,导致相关模型的可靠性,泛用性不足。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明旨在充分发挥新能源车辆实车大数据的优势并全面考虑影响三电系统安全性的各方面因素,提供一种新能源车辆三电系统安全特征数据库构建方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)针对影响三电系统安全性的因素,基于开展调研、专家咨询以及经验数据分别选取电池安全特征参数集、电机安全特征参数集以及电控安全特征参数集;
(2)通过新能源车辆的车载终端、传感器设备以及通信设备等收集车辆自身工况原始数据,并将所述原始数据上传至新能源车辆大数据平台;
(3)在所述新能源车辆大数据平台端对上传的原始数据进行预处理,包括:剔除在时间、电流、电压、SoC方面存在问题的异常值以及重复帧;判断充电状态是否正常并对异常数据进行处理;扩展原始数据的特征,建立与月份、季节对应的标签以及用于计算各特征参数的中间参数标签;
(4)针对所选取的三个安全特征参数集,从经预处理后的数据中提取各参数集中的相应参数;对提取的电池、电机以及电控安全特征参数分别添加地域、季节、工况三种标签,并且对电池安全特征参数还添加行驶里程标签;利用所建立的各种标签对提取的各参数进行片段划分以建立分组子集;
(5)利用所述新能源车辆大数据平台对历史数据进行统计分析,为所建立各分组子集分别设定相应的电池安全特征参数阈值、电机安全特征参数阈值以及电控安全特征参数阈值,完成所述数据库的构建并用于对目标车辆的在线安全诊断与预警。
进一步地,步骤(1)中所述电池安全特征参数集具体包括:开路电压、平均压差、单体电压、单体电压差极值、静置电压组成的电压项,固定SoC段(85%-100%)容量、满充容量、欧姆内阻、脉冲内阻构成的容量与内阻项,充电电流,平均温度、最高温度、最低温度分布组成的温度项;
所述电机安全特征参数集具体包括:转矩积分斜率、温度积分斜率、电机温度;
所述电控安全特征参数集具体包括:电机控制器电压、电机控制器温度、电机直流母线电流、绝缘电阻。
进一步地,步骤(2)中所述的新能源车辆大数据平台包括但不限于我国的新能源车辆国家大数据平台、基于新能源车辆大数据所构建的中心型服务器或云服务器等。
进一步地,步骤(3)中判断充电状态是否正常并对异常数据进行处理具体包括:
结合电流、车速以及SoC的值对当前帧设置不同的状态标签,用于分别表示车辆:行进、临时停车、停车充电、行驶充电、满电待机、熄火以及故障数据状态;通过偏置与滑窗滤波最终将各帧数据设置关于行驶、充电以及满电静置状态的3个标签,用于与未经处理的原始数据中的车辆当前状态相比较,确定保留处理后的状态或者以原状态替换处理后的相应值。
进一步地,步骤(5)中为所建立各分组子集分别设定相应的电池安全特征参数阈值具体包括针对以下阈值采用相应的统计学方法:
1)对于开路电压安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为开路电压安全阈值;
2)对于单体电压压差安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为单体电压压差安全阈值;
3)对于最高单体电压安全阈值:依照SoC数据项将每个子数据集划分为0-20%SoC、20%-40%SoC、40%-60%SoC、60%-80%SoC以及80%-100%SoC五组,统计每组中的最高单体电压,计算均值,作为不同SoC段的最高单体电压安全阈值;
4)对于最低单体电压安全阈值:依照SoC数据项将每个子数据集划分为0-20%SoC、20%-40%SoC、40%-60%SoC、60%-80%SoC以及80%-100%SoC五组,统计每组中的最低单体电压,计算均值,作为不同SOC段的最低单体电压安全阈值;
5)对于内阻安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为内阻安全阈值;
6)对于欧姆内阻安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为欧姆内阻安全阈值;
7)对于充电电流安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算运用K-Means聚类计算得到慢充模式和快充模式两种充电电流作为充电电流安全阈值;
8)对于最高温度安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的最高温度项,计算平均值,作为最高温度安全阈值;
9)对于最低温度安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的最低温度项,计算平均值,作为最低温度安全阈值;
10)对于平均温度安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的平均温度项,计算平均值,作为平均温度安全阈值;
11)对于静置电压安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的静置电压项,计算平均值,作为静置电压安全阈值;
12)对于满充容量安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的满充容量项,计算上下四分位数,作为满充容量的安全阈值;
13)对于固定SoC段(85%-100%)容量安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的固定SoC段(85%-100%)容量项,计算上下四分位数,作为固定SoC段(85%-100%)容量的安全阈值。
进一步地,步骤(5)中为所建立各分组子集分别设定相应的电机安全特征参数阈值具体包括针对以下阈值采用相应的统计学方法:
1)对于电机转矩积分斜率安全阈值:在子数据集中提取每个单车的数据,将单车的转矩积分与单车行驶里程进行线性回归,得到单车里程与转矩积分的一次函数,计算每个子数据集中的各个单车的里程与转矩积分一次函数的斜率的上下四分位数,作为电机转矩积分斜率的安全阈值;
2)对于电机温度安全阈值:在子数据集中提取每个单车的数据,将单车的温度积分与单车行驶里程进行线性回归,得到单车里程与温度积分的一次函数,计算每个子数据集中的各个单车的里程与温度积分一次函数的斜率的上下四分位数,作为电机温度积分斜率的安全阈值;
3)对于电机温度安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为电机温度安全阈值。
进一步地,步骤(5)中为所建立各分组子集分别设定相应的电控安全特征参数阈值具体包括针对以下阈值采用相应的统计学方法:
1)对于电机控制器电压安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为电机控制器电压项安全阈值;
2)对于直流母线电流安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为直流母线电流项安全阈值;
3)对于绝缘电阻安全阈值:除异常情况外,绝缘电阻大多为4000mΩ,故将将每个子数据集中的绝缘电阻众数作为绝缘电阻项安全阈值;
4)对于电机控制器温度安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为电机控制器温度安全阈值。
基于上述本发明所提供方法构建的新能源汽车三电系统安全特征数据库,能 够从多季节、多地域尺度对动力电池系统全生命周期的安全特征进行高精度分析,并且形成了了长时间尺度、高精度、多工况的关键零部件数理统计耦合关系模型及特征参数阈值标准,可以应用于安全标准查询、安全状态诊断、安全性能比对、车辆性能演化规律研究等应用场景。随着新能源汽车国家大数据平台的建立与完善,能够对这种数据库实现实时更新,有效克服了传统三电系统安全检测方式全面性低、忽略使用场景差异且不利于平台监管等的多方面缺陷,从而具有更广泛的适用性。
附图说明
图1为本发明所提供方法的总体流程;
图2为原始数据中可提取的字段;
图3为判断充电状态是否正常并对异常数据进行处理的过程;
图4为基于本发明的方法对预处理后的数据扩展特征;
图5为本发明的实例中用于提取容量与内阻项而采用的等效电路模型;
图6为对提取的安全特征参数划分区段并设置阈值的流程。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明所提供的新能源车辆三电系统安全特征数据库构建方法,如图1所示,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)针对影响三电系统安全性的因素,基于开展调研、专家咨询以及经验数据分别选取电池安全特征参数集、电机安全特征参数集以及电控安全特征参数集;
(2)通过新能源车辆的车载终端、传感器设备以及通信设备等收集车辆自身工况原始数据,如采用如图2所示的数据及字段形式,并将所述原始数据上传至新能源车辆大数据平台;
(3)在所述新能源车辆大数据平台端对上传的原始数据进行预处理,包括:剔除在时间、电流、电压、SoC方面存在问题的异常值以及重复帧,如采用表1所示的方式;
表1异常值问题及处理方法
Figure PCTCN2021129510-appb-000001
首先对原始数据中存在的异常数据值进行处理,个别数据中存在如“\r”等形式的值,采用空值对其进行替换,之后进行时序排列处理,并对原始数据进行异常数据清洗,针对时间字段异常的数据帧,予以删除处理。
判断充电状态是否正常并对异常数据进行处理,如图3所示,可结合电流、车速以及SoC的值对当前帧设置不同的状态标签,从10到70分别表示车辆:行进、临时停车、停车充电、行驶充电、满电待机、熄火以及故障数据状态;为给后续工作提供支撑,包括片段划分,相关参数计算,以及车辆使用的实际情况,通过偏置与滑窗滤波最终将各帧数据设置关于1行驶、3充电以及4满电静置状态的3个标签,用于支撑后续工作,同时将新判断的状态与原数据自带的车辆(充电)状态进行比较,相同率高于合理数值(0.95)即视为原状态无问题,否则将原状态用判断状态予以替换;
扩展原始数据的特征,如图4所示,包括在预处理的基础上,提取出的如月份,季节等标签项,此外,还包括对充电工况帧的每帧充电情况进行逐帧的积分计算结果等中间变量,此外还有用于支撑后续片段划分工作的片段号标签项等;
(4)针对所选取的三个安全特征参数集,从经预处理后的数据中提取各参数集中的相应参数;对提取的电池、电机以及电控安全特征参数分别添加地域、季节、工况三种标签,并且对电池安全特征参数还添加行驶里程标签;利用所建立的各种标签对提取的各参数进行片段划分以建立分组子集;
(5)利用所述新能源车辆大数据平台对历史数据进行统计分析,为所建立各分组子集分别设定相应的电池安全特征参数阈值、电机安全特征参数阈值以及电控安全特征参数阈值,完成所述数据库的构建并用于对目标车辆的在线安全诊断与预警。
在本发明的一个优选实施方式中,电池安全特征参数的提取具体通过以下方式获得:
(1)对于容量与内阻项包括计算以下参数:
1)计算容量:
计算容量计算方法为,在切分好的数据片段中,筛选具备充电片段的数据片段,提取其充电过程soc增加的加和值dsoc,以及充电过程中容量的增加值dc, 换算为充电增加soc为100的容量值cap,计算公式如下所示:
cap=100*dc/dsoc               (1)
2)固定SOC段容量
积分计算得到85-100段soc的容量。
3)欧姆内阻
电池组欧姆内阻的增加与SEI膜的增长、电解液的分解、集电器腐蚀有较强的相关性,通过构建模型,提取电池组的欧姆内阻,可以反映电池组当前的健康状态。
构建一阶rc等效电路模型(ECM),通过基于遗忘因子的最小二乘算法计算电池组的欧姆内阻。
ECM构建采用1阶ECM模型,如图5所示,其中Uoc代表开路电压,U表示端电压,I表示电流,R 1表示欧姆内阻,可以反映电池老化状态,R 2与C表示电池的极化内阻与极化电容,反映电池的动态特性。
Figure PCTCN2021129510-appb-000002
时域频域转换后可以得到如下关系:
Figure PCTCN2021129510-appb-000003
ΔT为在平台数据中数据的上传时间间隔,多为10s或30s,k表示时刻。
Figure PCTCN2021129510-appb-000004
设为a,
Figure PCTCN2021129510-appb-000005
设为b,
Figure PCTCN2021129510-appb-000006
设为c,通过结合遗忘因子的最小二乘法进行参数辨识得到a,b,c,解方程即可获得R 1,R 2与C的值。
4)脉冲内阻
取充电结束时电流阶跃的数据,用电压差与电流差的比值来计算电池的阻抗值。
(2)对于温度项包括计算以下参数:
1)包括电池组最高温度与最低温度,平均温度
2)单体温度差极值
(3)对于电压项包括计算以下参数:
1)满电静置电压,提取充满电后长时间静置的电压数据,通过滤波方法,限制静置时长,斜率验证确保提取到满电静置电压。
2)单体电压极值
包括单体最高电圧、单体最低电压,电压差值等
3)开路电压
以长时间静置后启动的第一帧电压数据作为开路电压值。
电机安全特征参数的提取中,电机是三电系统中驱动车辆的关键零部件,反 映电机安全的特征参数有,报警数据、驱动电机电流、驱动电机电压、驱动电机温度、驱动电机转速、驱动电机转矩等。
通过报警参数可以实现对电机安全状态的实时监控,驱动电机温度作为安全特征参数,可以实现对电机温度的实时监控,避免过热导致的安全隐患。驱动电机转速结合驱动电机转矩,与输入电流电压结合,可以反映电机效率方面安全状态,同时也可以反映电机的正常/异常工作状态。可反映驱动电机控制器安全的参数包括驱动电机控制器温度、电机控制器输入电压、电机控制器直流母线电流等,与其余电机安全特征参数结合,可对电机安全状态进行更全面的分析,避免电机控制器故障导致的状态误判。
具体提取的电机特征参数包括,电机温度积分,电机转矩积分,即在时间维度上对电机的温度与转矩进行积分,此外还有电机温度、电流等。
电控安全特征参数的提取中,电机、电控系统作为传统发动机(变速箱)功能的替代,其性能直接决定了电动汽车的爬坡、加速、最高速度等主要性能指标。故基于可采集的各电控部件数据,提取包括电控部件(如ECU)电源电压、各电控部件电流、部分电控部件(如DC-DC)温度、电机控制器温度以及绝缘电阻等作为电控安全特征参数。
应理解,本发明实施例中各步骤的序号的大小并不意味着执行顺序的先后,各过程的执行顺序应以其功能和内在逻辑确定,而不应对本发明实施例的实施过程构成任何限定。
上述各参数提取完成后,为便于后续应用数据库对车辆进行安全状态诊断,建立索引标签项。三电系统的安全状态与使用环境、使用时间和使用工况息息相关,依此选择三电系统安全特征数据的索引标签项。电机和电控安全特征数据库选取季节、工况和地域三项标签项,考虑到时间因素对电池安全状态影响较大,电池安全特征数据库选取里程、地域、季节和工况四项。季节标签项为:春季、夏季、秋季和冬季。地域标签项根据车辆运行所在城市划分,工况标签项划分为行驶工况、慢充工况和快充工况,里程标签项根据车辆行驶里程每五万公里划分一个维度。
里程标签项一定程度上能够反映动力电池的使用时间,在动力电池的使用过程中动力电池不可避免地会出现容量衰退、内阻增加的现象,故里程标签项与特征参数中的固定SOC容量、满充容量、内阻和脉冲电阻有着很强的耦合关系。此外,容量衰退也会导致单体电压的下降,所以单体电压项、开路电压项与里程标签也有很强的耦合关系。
季节标签项可以体现环境温度的变化,温度对锂动力电池的日历寿命和循环寿命都有显著影响,高温会加速动力电池的衰退,增加内阻,影响着动力电池的充放电性能,故季节标签项与温度特征项、单体电压特征项和容量特征项。另外,在电机电控安全特征参数方面季节标签项与温度积分斜率、电机温度、电机控制 器温度有很强的耦合关系。
工况标签项表示车辆的状态,根据车辆的工况划分,不同工况下提取的特征参数项不同。行驶工况下提取内阻、脉冲内阻、开路电压以及温度,由于充电电流倍率也对电池的使用寿命、充电性能有影响,故充电工况划分为快充工况和慢充工况。对应提取的特征参数有:固定SOC段充电容量、慢充充电容量、充电起始单体电压以及温度分布。在电机电控安全特征参数方面电机转矩积分斜率、电机控制器电压、电机母线电流、绝缘电阻与工况标签项有很强的耦合关系。
完成了特征参数的提取和标签设置后,数据库的收集工作已经完成,之后根据季节、工况、里程、地域等多个不同方面的考虑,设置相应的参数阈值即可完成如图6所示的数据库的最终建立,并用于后续的监管和预警。其中,电池安全特征数据库数据项包括开路电压、单体电压压差、不同SOC段的最高单体电压和最低单体电压、内阻、欧姆内阻、充电电流、最高温度、最低温度平均温度、静置电压、满充容量和固定soc段(85-100)容量。首先根据季节(春夏秋冬)、工况(行驶、充电和满电静置)、里程(0-5万公里、5万-10万公里、10万-15万公里、15万-20万公里)和地域(北京、重庆、上海、沈阳和深圳)划分子数据集,在每个子数据集中进行安全特征参数阈值的计算,最后将每个子数据集中计算得到的安全特征阈值汇总得到整体的电池安全特征数据库。
电机安全特征数据库数据项包括电机转矩积分斜率、温度积分斜率以及电机温度三项。首先根据季节(春夏秋冬)、工况(行驶、充电和满电静置)和地域(北京、重庆、上海、沈阳和深圳)划分子数据集,在每个子数据集中进行安全特征参数阈值的计算,最后将每个子数据集中计算得到的安全特征阈值汇总得到整体的电机安全特征数据库。
电控安全数据库数据项包括电机控制器电压、直流母线电流、绝缘电阻以及电机控制器温度四项。首先根据季节(春夏秋冬)、工况(行驶、充电和满电静置)和地域(北京、重庆、上海、沈阳和深圳)划分子数据集,在每个子数据集中进行安全特征参数阈值的计算,最后将每个子数据集中计算得到的安全特征阈值汇总得到整体的电控安全特征数据库。
本发明利用实车运行数据,研究了多季节、多地域尺度的高精度动力电池系统全生命周期安全特征分析模型,建立了长时间尺度、高精度、多工况的关键零部件数理统计耦合关系及特征参数阈值标准数据库,可以应用于安全标准查询、安全状态诊断、安全性能比对、车辆性能演化规律研究等应用场景。
数据库借助新能源汽车数据平台数据接口,可以实时地导入满足数据标准的的实车运行数据,实时更新某车型的全生命周期不同工况下的安全特征参数。借助该数据库,通过输入车辆的车型、运行地域以及季节信息,能够查询不同工况下相对应的安全状态参数。通过比对当前车辆的特征参数与数据库中的安全特征参数标准值,对当前车辆的安全状态进行诊断,进一步实现车辆风险和故障信息 推送。此外,基于该数据库车企可以开展不同车型之间的安全性能比对、事故故障原因分析、安全性能演化规律等研究,为车辆性能改进提供参考意见。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例,对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以理解在不脱离本发明的原理和精神的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型,本发明的范围由所附权利要求及其等同物限定。

Claims (7)

  1. 一种新能源车辆三电系统安全特征数据库构建方法,其特征在于:具体包括以下步骤:
    (1)针对影响三电系统安全性的因素,基于开展调研、专家咨询以及经验数据分别选取电池安全特征参数集、电机安全特征参数集以及电控安全特征参数集;
    (2)通过新能源车辆的车载终端、传感器设备以及通信设备等收集车辆自身工况原始数据,并将所述原始数据上传至新能源车辆大数据平台;
    (3)在所述新能源车辆大数据平台端对上传的原始数据进行预处理,包括:剔除在时间、电流、电压、SoC方面存在问题的异常值以及重复帧;判断充电状态是否正常并对异常数据进行处理;扩展原始数据的特征,建立与月份、季节对应的标签以及用于计算各特征参数的中间参数标签;
    (4)针对所选取的三个安全特征参数集,从经预处理后的数据中提取各参数集中的相应参数;对提取的电池、电机以及电控安全特征参数分别添加地域、季节、工况三种标签,并且对电池安全特征参数还添加行驶里程标签;利用所建立的各种标签对提取的各参数进行片段划分以建立分组子集;
    (5)利用所述新能源车辆大数据平台对历史数据进行统计分析,为所建立各分组子集分别设定相应的电池安全特征参数阈值、电机安全特征参数阈值以及电控安全特征参数阈值,完成所述数据库的构建并用于对目标车辆的在线安全诊断与预警。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述电池安全特征参数集具体包括:开路电压、平均压差、单体电压、单体电压差极值、静置电压组成的电压项,固定SoC段容量、满充容量、欧姆内阻、脉冲内阻构成的容量与内阻项,充电电流,平均温度、最高温度、最低温度分布组成的温度项;
    所述电机安全特征参数集具体包括:转矩积分斜率、温度积分斜率、电机温度;
    所述电控安全特征参数集具体包括:电机控制器电压、电机控制器温度、电机直流母线电流、绝缘电阻。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中所述的新能源车辆大数据平台包括但不限于我国的新能源车辆国家大数据平台、基于新能源车辆大数据所构建的中心型服务器或云服务器。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中判断充电状态是否正常并对异常数据进行处理具体包括:
    结合电流、车速以及SoC的值对当前帧设置不同的状态标签,用于分别表示车辆:行进、临时停车、停车充电、行驶充电、满电待机、熄火以及故障数据状态;通过偏置与滑窗滤波最终将各帧数据设置为关于行驶、充电以及满电静置状 态的3个标签,用于与未经处理的原始数据中的车辆当前状态相比较,确定保留处理后的状态或者以原状态替换处理后的相应值。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(5)中为所建立各分组子集分别设定相应的电池安全特征参数阈值具体包括针对以下阈值采用相应的统计学方法:
    1)对于开路电压安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为开路电压安全阈值;
    2)对于单体电压压差安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为单体电压压差安全阈值;
    3)对于最高单体电压安全阈值:依照SoC数据项将每个子数据集划分为0-20%SoC、20%-40%SoC、40%-60%SoC、60%-80%SoC以及80%-100%SoC五组,统计每组中的最高单体电压,计算均值,作为不同SoC段的最高单体电压安全阈值;
    4)对于最低单体电压安全阈值:依照SoC数据项将每个子数据集划分为0-20%SoC、20%-40%SoC、40%-60%SoC、60%-80%SoC以及80%-100%SoC五组,统计每组中的最低单体电压,计算均值,作为不同SOC段的最低单体电压安全阈值;
    5)对于内阻安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为内阻安全阈值;
    6)对于欧姆内阻安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为欧姆内阻安全阈值;
    7)对于充电电流安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算运用K-Means聚类计算得到慢充模式和快充模式两种充电电流作为充电电流安全阈值;
    8)对于最高温度安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的最高温度项,计算平均值,作为最高温度安全阈值;
    9)对于最低温度安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的最低温度项,计算平均值,作为最低温度安全阈值;
    10)对于平均温度安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的平均温度项,计算平均值,作为平均温度安全阈值;
    11)对于静置电压安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的静置电压项,计算平均值,作为静置电压安全阈值;
    12)对于满充容量安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的满充容量项,计算上下四分位数,作为满充容量的安全阈值;
    13)对于固定SoC段容量安全阈值:统计每个子数据集中的固定SoC段容量项,计算上下四分位数,作为固定SoC段容量的安全阈值。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(5)中为所建立各分组子集分别设定相应的电机安全特征参数阈值具体包括针对以下阈值采用相应的统计学方法:
    1)对于电机转矩积分斜率安全阈值:在子数据集中提取每个单车的数据,将单车的转矩积分与单车行驶里程进行线性回归,得到单车里程与转矩积分的一次函数,计算每个子数据集中的各个单车的里程与转矩积分一次函数的斜率的上下四分位数,作为电机转矩积分斜率的安全阈值;
    2)对于电机温度积分斜率安全阈值:在子数据集中提取每个单车的数据,将单车的温度积分与单车行驶里程进行线性回归,得到单车里程与温度积分的一次函数,计算每个子数据集中的各个单车的里程与温度积分一次函数的斜率的上下四分位数,作为电机温度积分斜率的安全阈值;
    3)对于电机温度安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为电机温度安全阈值。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(5)中为所建立各分组子集分别设定相应的电控安全特征参数阈值具体包括针对以下阈值采用相应的统计学方法:
    1)对于电机控制器电压安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为电机控制器电压项安全阈值;
    2)对于直流母线电流安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为直流母线电流项安全阈值;
    3)对于绝缘电阻安全阈值:将每个子数据集中的绝缘电阻众数作为绝缘电阻项安全阈值;
    4)对于电机控制器温度安全阈值:在每个子数据集中计算其上下四分位数作为电机控制器温度安全阈值。
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