WO2022200407A1 - Zuverlässige identifikation von bereichen (,a-sites') in komplexen rna-molekülen, die zugänglich sind für nukleinsäuren oder komplexe von nukleinsäuren mit endonukleasen - Google Patents
Zuverlässige identifikation von bereichen (,a-sites') in komplexen rna-molekülen, die zugänglich sind für nukleinsäuren oder komplexe von nukleinsäuren mit endonukleasen Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/111—General methods applicable to biologically active non-coding nucleic acids
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- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
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- C12N2310/11—Antisense
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- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
- C12N2310/14—Type of nucleic acid interfering N.A.
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- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
- C12N2310/14—Type of nucleic acid interfering N.A.
- C12N2310/141—MicroRNAs, miRNAs
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- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
- C12N2310/20—Type of nucleic acid involving clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats [CRISPRs]
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- C12N2320/00—Applications; Uses
- C12N2320/10—Applications; Uses in screening processes
- C12N2320/11—Applications; Uses in screening processes for the determination of target sites, i.e. of active nucleic acids
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for detecting accessible regions ('a-sites') in complex RNA molecules (target RNAs), with nucleic acids or complexes of these nucleic acids and endonucleases associated therewith binding to the a-sites and the function of the target alter RNAs, characterized in that the method comprises the following steps:
- esiRNA/fRNA screen that identifies siRNAs that, in complexes with Argonaute (AGO) proteins, can reliably induce a functional change of this target RNA;
- the invention further relates to the use of the method for identifying eNAs that
- Endonucleases selected from AGO proteins, RNase Fl and Cas proteins, capable of directing to the a-sites of target RNAs and in the presence or absence of these endonucleases, preferably reliably, affecting/changing the function of these RNA molecules; and eNAs and compositions containing these eNAs in pathogen control.
- RNAs complex ribonucleic acid molecules
- pre-mRNAs or mRNAs ribonucleic acid molecules
- viroid or viral replication as viroids, viral genomes, viral mRNAs or viral Antigenomes/replication intermediates
- RNAs also referred to below as 'target RNAs'
- 'target RNAs' are either self-replicating, as in the case of viroids, are replicated, as in the case of viral RNAs, are processed to mature RNAs, as in the case of pre-mRNAs and some viral RNAs , or they are translated to generate proteins, as in the case of mature viral, prokaryotic, or eukaryotic mRNAs and some viral genomes.
- target RNAs are also non-coding RNAs that modulate gene expression.
- NA short-chain nucleic acids
- the directing NA can in turn be ribonucleic acid molecules such as small sRNAs (e.g. small interfering RNAs, siRNAs, or m/croRNAs, miRNAs) or guide (g) or CRISPR (er) RNAs, but also deoxyribonucleic acids such as antisense Act DNA oligonucleotides (ASO).
- small sRNAs e.g. small interfering RNAs, siRNAs, or m/croRNAs, miRNAs
- guide g
- CRISPR er RNAs
- ASO antisense Act DNA oligonucleotides
- the directing NA can already inhibit the function of the target RNA, for example as a translation substrate, by binding ('hybridization') to the target RNA.
- the directing NA usually form a complex with an endonuclease. This endonuclease is either already associated to the directing NA and then becomes active on the target RNA after it has hybridized to the target RNA. Alternatively, after association of the directing NA to the target RNA, an endonuclease is recruited. The function of the target RNAs can then be inhibited via nuclease-mediated catalysis of endonucleolytic cleavage.
- a 'silencing' of the target RNA 1-6).
- a core aspect of the use of directing NA inter alia with the purpose of directing endonucleases such as AGO proteins, RNase H or Cas proteins to a target RNA, is the accessibility of the target sequence to which the directing NA are intended to hybridize.
- longer RNA molecules fold into complex secondary and tertiary structures where segments interact with adjacent or more distant segments.
- Sterns 1 stem loops, kissing loops and other RNA-RNA interactions form (7).
- most RNA molecules in the cell associate with RNA-binding proteins (8).
- RNA interference RNA interference
- ASO/RNase H in antisense methods
- g/crRNA/Cas in CRISPR/Cas methods have to compete with these structures and proteins in order to to associate to the target (RNAi, antisense and CRISPR/Cas methods are discussed below).
- RNAi RNA interference
- antisense and CRISPR/Cas methods are discussed below.
- the more accessible the target RNA the more pronounced the effect. This connection was demonstrated for siRNA/AGO, for example, by Gago et al (9) and for ASO, for example, by Vickers and Crooke (10).
- a-sites accessible sites - accessible areas
- NA or nucleic acid/endonuclease complexes see also preliminary work.
- RNA molecules viral RNA genomes, viroids, cellular or viral mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, etc.
- RNA molecules viral RNA genomes, viroids, cellular or viral mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, etc.
- chemical modifications 11:12
- these approaches are very limited because they are technically complex and only deliver RNA structures under very defined conditions. If the conditions change - and this is constantly the case during the activity of an RNA in the cell, if only because of the dynamic interactions of RNA-binding proteins - an experimental structure determination is not meaningful.
- RNA structures can be predicted in silico using algorithms such as mfold, sfold or RNApIfold. Similar approaches should detect areas that are accessible for directing NA or nucleic acid/endonuclease complexes, for example via a 'viral siRNA predictor' (http://crdd.osdd.net/servers/virsirnapred). However, these programs, as well as approaches to use libraries (libraries) of conducting NA, are only partially reliable (13-20). The high structuring of long-chain target RNAs thus explains the lack of silencing efficiencies in RNAi, ASO and CRISPR/Cas approaches.
- RNAi, antisense and CRISPR/Cas methods have been a significant problem when using RNAi, antisense and CRISPR/Cas methods; they occur, for example, via incomplete base pairing between the directing NA and target RNA.
- WO 2005042705 A2 describes a method for identifying, designing and synthesizing unique siRNA nucleotide sequences, which leads to the improvement of RNAi application.
- a database of mRNA sequences from the target species is compared with an siRNA nucleotide sequence which consists of 18-25 nucleotides, with at least 11 consecutive nucleotides being complementary to the mRNA target sequence.
- a miRNA sequence can be compared to an mRNA database.
- WO 2019222036 A1 describes genetically modified proteins of the AGO family which achieve improved silencing. Special regulations relating to the production of the AGO proteins increase their efficiency.
- the mutated AGO protein forms a complex with the guide strand of an siRNA, which leads to inhibition of gene expression. However, there is no mention of an increased affinity. However, the present invention is not directed to the generation of mutant AGO proteins.
- WO 2019001602 A1 provides methods for the identification and production of highly efficient siRNAs (esiRNAs/ ⁇ RNAs) in cytoplasmic extracts from Nicotiana tabacum. The system allows the reconstitution of the antiviral RNA-s/ ' /enc/ngs in vitro.
- Dicer/DCL proteins and, optionally, AGO proteins are active in the described extracts. EsiRNAs/ ⁇ RNAs provided in this way are used in the regulation of gene expression in target organisms, including in the improvement of pathogen resistance.
- the object of the invention was to provide a method for detecting accessible regions ('a-sites') in complex RNA molecules (target RNAs), wherein nucleic acids or complexes of these nucleic acids and associated endonucleases directing to the a-sites bind and reliably ('reliably') change the function of the target RNAs.
- the object of the invention is achieved by a method according to claim 1.
- the object of the invention is achieved in particular by a method for detecting accessible regions, 'a-sites', in complex RNA molecules (target RNAs), with nucleic acids or complexes of these nucleic acids and associated endonucleases directing to the a-sites bind and reliably change the function of the target RNAs, characterized in that the method comprises the following steps:
- RNAs Under 'Target RNA' according to step (i) according to the invention complex ribonucleic acid molecules (RNAs) are understood that either in the course of transcription of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cellular genome (as pre-mRNAs or mRNAs or non-coding RNAs) or in the course of viroid or viral replication (as viroids, viral genomes, viral mRNAs or viral Antigenomes/replication intermediates) are generated.
- RNAs of interest are either self-replicating, as in the case of viroids, are replicated, as in the case of some viral RNAs, are processed into mature RNAs, as in the case of pre-mRNAs and some viral RNAs, or are translated to generate proteins , as in the case of mature viral, prokaryotic, or eukaryotic mRNAs and some viral genomes.
- target RNAs are also non-coding RNAs that modulate gene expression.
- step (ii) which identifies siRNAs that can reliably induce a functional change in a target RNA in complexes with AGO proteins and part of RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC), is known from the prior art WO 2019/001602 known.
- a change in function is understood to mean, for example, efficient endonucleolysis or inhibition of translation of the target RNA and thus, for example, a silencing (loss of function) of this target RNA.
- the esiRNA/fRNA screen according to step (ii) can be described as follows: A method which has been established to date and is described below aims at a reliable RNAi-based change in the function of a target RNA. It is used, for example, in combating pathogens such as plant-pathogenic viruses.
- the largest group of plant-pathogenic viruses are (+)-strand RNA viruses, whose genome consists of one or more positively oriented (mRNA sense) RNA molecules.
- the viral genome acts accordingly after entry into the cell as messenger RNA (mRNA), from which viral proteins are translated. Some of these proteins, along with cellular host factors, then replicate the viral RNA.
- mRNA messenger RNA
- RNAs double-stranded (ds) RNAs as replication products, which consist of (+) and complementary (-) RNAs.
- mRNAs can be transcribed from the (-)RNAs, from which further viral proteins are translated.
- the replication products can trigger an RNA interference mechanism (RNAi) in the infected plant host (see above).
- Dicer or Dicer-like proteins from the genome, from the replication products and from the mRNAs of the virus produce a large number of small, 19-25 nt long, double-stranded siRNAs, a so-called siRNA pool ', generated; At most, this consists of all siRNAs that can theoretically be processed from these target RNAs by Dicer/DCL.
- the siRNA/AGO complex then associates as part of a high-priority RISC to the 'cognate' viral RNAs, ie the target RNAs from which the siRNAs originally arose.
- the association of the siRNA/AGO/RISC changes the function of the target RNAs, eg by AGO-catalyzed endonucleolysis (flydrolysis), which leads to inactivation (silencing) of the target.
- flydrolysis AGO-catalyzed endonucleolysis
- silencing inactivation
- the experimental basis for the esiRNA/ ⁇ RNA screen is a cytoplasmic extract (BY2 lysate, BYL) prepared from protoplasts of suspension cells of the Nicotiana tabacum plant (24). BYL has endogenous Dicer/DCL activities and it is possible to reconstitute sRNA/AGO/RISC complexes in vitro in this extract (25-28, 9).
- the esiRNA/ ⁇ RNA screen was initially established for 21 and 22 nt siRNAs and the two plant AGO proteins AG01 and AG02; these forms of siRNAs and AGO protein variants are known to be involved in the plant antiviral RNAi immune response.
- Two properties served as indicators for an esiRNA/ ⁇ RNA an efficient flydrolysis induced by this RNA on the relevant target RNA by AGOL or AG02 ('slicing' or deavage') in vitro, and the ability to plants to which these siRNAs administered in various ways (e.g. via 'rub in' or transient expression) to protect against subsequent viral infection by silencing the viral RNA.
- the esiRNA/£RNA screen consists of the following steps:
- RNA-Seq next-generation RNA sequencing
- RISC are reconstituted with a selected AGO and an siRNA pool generated in BYL.
- the RISC are enriched via immunoprecipitation (IP) and the AGO-bound siRNAs are detected via RNA-Seq.
- IP immunoprecipitation
- RNA-Seq RNA-Seq
- the siRNAs identified in step two are finally tested individually with the AGOs used in each case to determine whether they are able to produce an efficient to induce endonucleotic hydrolysis ('slicing' or 'cleavage') in the cognate target RNA.
- the esiRNAs identified in vitro are tested in vivo/in planta for their potential to protect plants against infection with the virus.
- esiRNA/f RNA screen can be used in vitro, i.e. in the 'test tube', to identify esiRNAs from the siRNA pool of a viral RNA in an empirical/experimental system that are capable of doing so to protect plants effectively against infections with the virus (9, WO 2019001602 A1).
- siRNAs with a 5'uridine preferentially bind to the plant AG01 and siRNAs with a 5'adenosine preferentially bind to the plant AG02 (29, 26, 9).
- affinity of an sRNA to an AGO protein is determined by other previously unknown binding determinants in the sequence of the sRNA.
- RNA structure determinations do not provide any reliable information about the a-sites of a target RNA.
- the first open question/the first problem to be solved concerns the binding determinants of sRNAs, which, in addition to the 5' nucleotide, determine the affinity of the binding of a guide strand to an AGO protein. Since the affinity of an sRNA to AGO/RISC also largely determines its activity (see above), knowledge of all binding determinants is of great importance for identifying sRNAs that act efficiently and reliably in the RNAi process. Accordingly, the task was to fully define the binding determinants of an sRNA, which are necessary for optimal association with AGO proteins.
- the task was to expand and optimize the esiRNA/fRNA screen method in such a way that it is possible to identify a-sites in complex RNA molecules of any type that are universal, i.e. for all types of directing NA or nucleic acid/ Endonuclease complexes are accessible. It should therefore be possible, even without knowing the structure of a complex RNA, to reliably identify the regions of these RNAs that can be used for a functional change or silencing of any kind.
- Consensus sequences of siRNAs that bind to mammalian AGO proteins with high affinity were also identified.
- the affinity of sRNAs to the relevant AGO proteins can be increased in a targeted manner and the activity of the relevant AGO/RISC in RNA-mediated silencing can be improved accordingly (Figure 2) .
- the method of the invention includes an extended and improved step (ii), with which it is possible to adapt the sequences of identified esiRNAs / fRNAs or other sRNAs (such as miRNAs) to the determined consensus sequences whose activity in AGO / RISC, e.g. in Improving RNA-mediated silencing procedures.
- AGO/RISC were isolated with AGO proteins from species of three different kingdoms of the Eukaryan domain, namely AGO from Plantae, AGO from Fungi and AGO Mammalia reconstituted in BYL.
- the different AGO/RISC were reconstituted with the same, adapted sRNA (see above).
- This sRNA was an esiRNA/fRNA which can accordingly bind to an a-site of a target RNA.
- identical slicing/cleavage (hydrolysis) of the target RNA was observed with all AGO/RISC (FIG. 3).
- This unexpected finding implies that sRNAs associated to a specific AGO/RISC (e.g. from plant) induce slicing/cleavage or inhibition of translation on a target RNA, do so on the same target RNA in the same way in to another AGO/RISC, ie from a completely different species (eg from a fungus) (FIG. 3).
- This demonstrated that a-sites of complex RNA molecules are universally accessible to AGO/RISC of any nature, provided that these AGO/RISC have bound an sRNA that can hybridize to this a-site.
- RNAs of various natures e.g. genomic RNA from viruses and mRNAs from various organisms originating from viruses, bacteria, plants, fungi, oomycetes, animals such as nematodes, arthropods and higher animals such as mammals or humans .
- sRNA/AGO/RISC from different species act identically on the same target RNA when sRNA is incorporated with an identical or very similar binding sequence and that this is equally the case in cytoplasmic extracts from plants and humans. It was thus possible to conclude that complex RNA molecules apparently fold similarly in the cytoplasmic extracts of different cell types and that the a-sites of these RNA molecules are correspondingly formed in the same way. An a-site is thus equally accessible to AGO/RISC from a wide variety of origins, provided they have incorporated an sRNA that can hybridize to this a-site.
- RNAi complex RNA molecules
- Cas endonucleases
- the a-sites should thus be universally identifiable and usable, ie not only for RNAi but also for DNA-mediated and CRISPR/Cas-mediated silencing.
- Regions, a-sites, of a target RNA that are accessible for sRNA/AGO/RISC are correspondingly also accessible for ASO/RNase H and for g/crRNA/Cas.
- a basic principle is thus disclosed which shows that directing NAs such as sRNAs, ASO and g/crRNAs or the nucleic acid/protein complexes sRNA/AGO/RISC, ASO/RNase H and g/crRNA/Cas derived therefrom can be accessed according to analogous principles associate a-sites of a complex target RNA and become reliably effective there.
- the esiRNA screen method can thus be extended and used as an 'eNA screen' method (eNA stands for effective directing nucleic acid). It is now possible, e.g. via screening with sRNA/AGO/RISC, to identify areas in a complex RNA on which ASO/RNase H and g/crRNA/Cas are also active when similar or identical sequences of the ASO or g/crRNAs are used ( see application examples).
- Viral replication in the plant can be inhibited both by siRNAs that bind to the a-sites of the viral RNA and by ASO or g/crRNAs of the same or similar sequence (see figures 4 and 6 as well as application examples).
- the method according to the invention comprises as step (iii) a test following step (ii) with antisense DNA oligonucleotides (ASO) derived from the esiRNAs/f RNAs identified in step (ii) to determine whether these are present or can induce a functional change of the target RNA in the absence of RNase F1.
- ASO antisense DNA oligonucleotides
- the method according to the invention comprises as step (iv) a test following steps (ii) or (iii) with g/crRNAs derived from the esiRNAs/fRNAs or ASO identified in steps (ii) or (iii) to determine whether these are present of a Cas protein can induce a functional change of the target RNA.
- a-sites are identified in this target RNA to which different types of targeting nucleic acids ('eNAs') bind and can reliably change the function (e.g. see above) of this target RNA either alone or through an associated endonuclease.
- 'eNAs' targeting nucleic acids
- RNA-mediated, DNA-mediated and CRISPR/Cas-mediated silencing are thus provided according to the invention, with which it is reliably possible to detect areas, a-sites, in complex target RNAs that are for endonuclease-directing nucleic acids such as e.g. siRNAs, miRNAs, ASO and g/crRNA are accessible.
- the information obtained can be used to make RNA-mediated, DNA-mediated and CRISPR/Cas-mediated silencing more efficient and specific than previously possible (i.e. with a significantly reduced risk of 'off targeting') to combat pathogens and/or to modulate gene expression processes use in cells.
- the method according to the invention contains as step (v) the identification of a-sites in the target RNA, wherein nucleic acids of different types ('eNAs') bind to the a-sites and reliably function this target either alone or through an associated endonuclease -change RNA.
- 'eNAs' nucleic acids of different types
- RNAs ribonucleic acids
- DNAs deoxyribonucleic acids
- RNA-mediated silencing also referred to as RNA interference, RNAi
- RNAi RNA interference
- miRNAs m/croRNAs
- siRNAs small interfering RNAs
- AGO Argonaute
- RISC RNA-induced silencing complexes
- DNA-mediated silencing mediated by various forms of antisense DNA oligonucleotides (ASO), which, inter alia, can activate the RNA-degrading enzyme RNase F1.
- ASO antisense DNA oligonucleotides
- RNase F1 RNA-degrading enzyme
- CRISPR/Cas Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated
- g/crRNAs guide/CRISPR RNAs associated to a Cas endonuclease.
- RNAi RNA-mediated silencing
- RNAi is a cellular mechanism that regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally in eukaryotes (32). In plants, but also in fungi, oomycetes, nematodes and insects, RNAi is also a central component of the immune system (33, 34).
- RNAi is regulated by partially or completely double-stranded small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs), which are usually between 20 and 30 nucleotides (nt) in length.
- sRNAs small non-coding RNAs
- Central regulators at the post-transcriptional level are m/croRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).
- miRNAs are coded genomically, are transcribed in the form of precursor molecules and matured by ribonucleases, including Dicer/DCL.
- siRNAs are processed by Dicer/DCL proteins from double-stranded (ds) RNA elements. These dsRNA elements can be structured regions from genomes or replication products of viroids or RNA viruses, but also from mRNA molecules and other forms of RNA molecules, e.g. non-coding RNAs.
- miRNAs and siRNAs become active in RISC, the main components of which are AGO proteins. The guide strand of the sRNA is bound by AGO, while the other strand of the sRNA double strand is removed/degraded.
- the guide strand in the sRNA/AGO/RISC complex hybridizes to regions of the target RNA.
- these are e.g. partially or fully complementary regions on target mRNAs
- siRNAs these are fully complementary regions on all types of target RNAs, e.g. genomic RNAs or mRNAs of pathogens from which these siRNAs were originally generated ( so-called 'cognate RNAs').
- the target RNAs can then be inactivated, e.g.
- RISC-associated sRNAs can thus be a target-specific inhibition (silencing) of gene expression (34-40).
- RNAi has been used for the experimental regulation of gene expression at the (pre)mRNA level and to combat pathogens for around two decades.
- siRNAs with a length of 21 or 22 bp are predominantly used (41); these consist of a completely complementary RNA duplex with two base overhangs at the 3' ends (35, 36).
- RNAi is also used to combat plant-pathogenic insects, nematodes, oomycetes, fungi or plant-pathogenic plants used.
- mRNAs of essential proteins of these pathogens are used as targets and the RNAi mechanism of the pathogens is directed against their own mRNAs.
- RNAi-based approaches can be used to regulate cellular gene expression at the RNA level.
- mammals in particular, however, they are also used to combat pathogens, including animal and human pathogenic viruses, some of which are already being used in clinical studies (40-43).
- pathogens including animal and human pathogenic viruses, some of which are already being used in clinical studies (40-43).
- siRNA-based drug 'patisiran', was approved in humans for use against polyneuropathy in hATTR (hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis).
- 'Backbone' changes such as phosphorothioate (PS) or 'peptide nucleic acids' and sugar phosphate modifications such as morpholino/PMO (phosphorodiamidate morpholino) influence hydrophobicity, protein association and, in turn, nuclease resistance or hybridization temperature.
- PS phosphorothioate
- morpholino/PMO phosphorodiamidate morpholino
- DNA-mediated silencing This includes methods that artificially and specifically influence the metabolism and/or the expression of target RNAs by using single-stranded, 12-30 nucleotides long, chemically synthesized antisense DNA oligonucleotides (ASO). Unlike miRNAs or siRNAs, which regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally in cellular processes, chemically synthesized 12-30 nt single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides have been used from the outset for the purpose of targeted silencing of RNA molecules.
- ASO antisense DNA oligonucleotides
- the active enzyme is RNase H, which is present in the nucleus of mammalian cells and, to a lesser extent, in the cytoplasm.
- the enzyme is involved in cellular DNA replication and repair; RNase H recognizes the structure of at least five bp DNA/RNA hybrids independently of the sequence (46). On these, it probably acts in a similar way to a DNase (6).
- the 5'-phosphate/3'-hydroxyl products formed during cleavage are degraded in the cell by exonucleases, with the degradation rate in turn depending on the chemistry of the ASO (see below) but also on the type of target RNA attacked (47 ). Accordingly, ASOs intended to use the degradation mechanism must contain at least five consecutive nts that hybridize to the target, with longer complementary sequences significantly increasing the specificity.
- the properties of ASO can be significantly influenced by chemical modifications. This concerns, among other things, pharmacokinetics, stability and toxic/inflammatory properties.
- uptake in defined target cells binding affinity to target RNA and binding affinity to proteins can be modulated (45, 48, 49).
- Conjugates such as GalNac3 or cholesterol and sugar modifications such as 2'-MOE are in use.
- bridged nucleic acids such as LNA or cEt BNA are used.
- base and backbone modifications are used with a similar effect as described above for siRNAs.
- the type of chemical modification also determines whether an ASO works via steric blocking or degradation. For example, PMOs, which have already been tested in a number of antiviral approaches (50), only cause blockage of the target RNA.
- So-called ASO gapmers where an RNase H-active region is modified at the 5' and 3' end by nuclease-resistant, chemically modified domains such as LNA or 2'-0, have proven to be particularly effective in therapeutic approaches in humans nucleotides are flanked (48).
- chemically modified PS-ASOs can enter the cytoplasm of a target cell 'gymnotically', i.e. without an additional carrier, via the hydrophobicity of the phosphorothioate 'backbone'. Since 2016, PS/MOE-modified ASO have been used as 'nusinersen' in a first ASO-based therapy against spinal muscular atrophy. Nusinersen inhibits an aberrant splicing process (48).
- the CRISPR/Cas system is a key component of the adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea, specifically targeting phage infection and plasmid DNA uptake.
- the CRISPR/Cas system is a key component of the adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea, specifically targeting phage infection and plasmid DNA uptake.
- catalyzed by various Cas proteins parts of genomic phage DNA or plasmids as so-called protospacers between direct repeats, i.e. identical, repetitive sequences, are integrated into the bacterial genome.
- Pre-CRISPR RNAs pre-crRNAs
- crRNAs CRISPR RNAs
- crRNAs In a third step, mature crRNAs then associate either directly with the processing or other Cas proteins and form interfering complexes, which then, depending on the sequence of the crRNAs, associate with complementary DNA or RNA elements and hydrolyze them endonucleolytically.
- Cas proteins can be used specifically on DNA or RNA molecules, e.g. at the transcriptional level (51).
- Casl3a from Leptotrichia shahii LshCasl3a
- Leptotrichia wadei LwaCasl3a
- chemically modified g/crRNAs are also used to modulate the binding properties and also the stability of the RNA molecules (52-54).
- a-sites are therefore identified in the target RNA, with nucleic acids of different types ('eNAs') binding to these a-sites and reliably ('reliable') binding either alone or through an associated endonuclease change the function of this target RNA.
- 'Reliable' in the sense of this particularly preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention means that the eNAs at the identified a-sites always bring about a corresponding change in the function of the target RNA.
- the eNAs of different types are preferably selected from siRNAs (e.g. siRNAs, vsiRNAs, tasiRNAs, hpsiRNAs, natsiRNAs, vasiRNAs, hetsiRNAs, piwi RNAs, easiRNAs, phasiRNAs, endo-siRNAs) miRNAs, antisense DNA oligonucleotides and g/crRNAs, preferably any type of the mentioned eNAs, e.g. B. naturally occurring, synthetic, recombinant or artificially produced eNAs.
- siRNAs e.g. siRNAs, vsiRNAs, tasiRNAs, hpsiRNAs, natsiRNAs, vasiRNAs, hetsiRNAs, piwi RNAs, easiRNAs, phasiRNAs, endo-siRNAs
- the endonucleases are selected from AGO, RNase H and/or Cas proteins.
- the particularly preferred reliable change in the function of the target RNA is mediated by RNA, DNA or CRISPR/Cas.
- a change in the function of the target RNA is understood to mean, for example, the efficient endonucleolysis or inhibition of the translation of the target RNA and thus a silencing (loss of function) of this target RNA.
- the (reliable) silencing of the target RNA is preferred.
- the (reliable) silencing of the target RNA is understood, the silencing being selected from RNA, DNA or CRISPR/Cas-mediated silencing.
- the eNAs sRNAs, antisense DNA oligonucleotides (ASO) or g/crRNAs
- eNAs sRNAs, antisense DNA oligonucleotides (ASO) or g/crRNAs
- ASO antisense DNA oligonucleotides
- g/crRNAs g/crRNAs
- the eNA is an siRNA.
- suitable consensus sequences of the guide strand of the siRNA provided according to the invention are selected, for example, from i) UUX 1 X 2 X 3 AX 4 X 5 AX 6 A UX 7 U XgACXgXioU Xu (SEQ ID No. 1) where
- Xi is selected from G and A;
- X 2 is selected from C and G;
- X 3 is selected from C and A;
- X 4 is selected from C and G;
- X 5 is selected from A, G and U;
- Xe is selected from A and U;
- X 7 is selected from C, G and A;
- Xg is selected from U, G and A;
- Xg is selected from U and A;
- X 10 is selected from U and G;
- Xu is selected from C and A; and ii) AAAX 12 X 13 AX 14 CAAX 15 AX 16 X 17 X 18 X 19 X 20 UX 21 X 22 A (SEQ ID NO: 2) wherein
- X 12 is selected from G and U;
- X 13 is selected from A, C and U; Xi4 is selected from G, A and C;
- Xis is selected from C, A and G;
- Xi 6 is selected from A and U;
- Xi7 is selected from A, U and C;
- Xis is selected from G, C and A;
- Xi 9 is selected from U and C;
- X20 is selected from C and U;
- X21 is selected from A and U;
- X22 is selected from U, A and C;
- Preferred consensus sequences are the sequences UUGCCACAAAAUCUUACUUUC (SEQ ID NO: 3) and AAAGAAGCAACAAAGUCUAUA (SEQ ID NO: 4).
- the eNA is an sRNA, i.e. any form of siRNAs (e.g. siRNAs, vsiRNAs, tasiRNAs, hpsiRNAs, natsiRNAs, vasiRNAs, hetsiRNAs, piwi RNAs, easiRNAs, phasiRNAs, endo-siRNAs) or any form of miRNAs and the endonuclease is an AGO protein.
- siRNAs e.g. siRNAs, vsiRNAs, tasiRNAs, hpsiRNAs, natsiRNAs, vasiRNAs, hetsiRNAs, piwi RNAs, easiRNAs, phasiRNAs, endo-siRNAs
- AGO proteins Argonaute proteins (AGO proteins) are a family of proteins whose representatives are evolutionarily highly conserved.
- eNAs are particularly suitable for the RNA-mediated silencing of target RNAs, such as for the silencing of RNAs that can be of cellular or pathogenic origin.
- the eNA is any form of an antisense DNA oligonucleotide (ASO) and the endonuclease is an RNase H.
- the ribonucleases Fl (from ribonuclease Fhybrid, synonymously RNase Fl) comprise a group of enzymes (ribonucleases ) that degrade RNA in DNA-RNA flybrids. They are divided into two groups, RNase FH I (in bacteria) or RNase FH 1 (in eukaryotes) and RNase FH 11 (in bacteria) or RNase FH2 (in eukaryotes).
- Type Fl ribonucleases are found in almost all living things and are sequence-unspecific endonucleases that hydrolyze the phosphodiester bond of RNA in duplexes of DNA and RNA, yielding a 3'-hydroxy group and a 5'-phosphate group (6). These eNAs are particularly suitable for the DNA-mediated silencing of target RNAs, such as for the silencing of RNAs that can be of cellular or pathogenic origin.
- the nucleic acid is any form of a CRISPR RNA or a g/crRNA derived from the CRISPR RNA and the endonuclease is a Cas protein.
- the DNA or RNA cutting enzyme called Cas (from English CRISPR-associated 'CRISPR-associated') binds a specific RNA sequence. Before or after this RNA sequence there is another RNA sequence that can bind to a target DNA or target RNA with a complementary sequence by base pairing.
- the g/crRNA serves as a bridge between Cas and the target DNA or target RNA to be cut.
- the endonuclease Cas is brought into close proximity to the target, whereupon Cas hydrolyses it (51).
- These eNAs are particularly suitable for the Cas-mediated silencing of target RNAs, e.g. for the silencing of RNAs that can be of cellular or pathogenic origin.
- Suitable eNAs provided by the invention are selected from the sequences presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
- the invention further relates to the use of the method according to the invention for identifying nucleic acids (eNAs) which direct endonucleases selected from AGO, RNase H and Cas proteins to the a-sites of target RNAs and thus, preferably reliably, the functions of this RNA Influence/change molecules, whereby the target RNAs are inactivated, for example, by endonucleolytic hydrolysis ( slicing/cleavage ) or translation inhibition, resulting in silencing of the target RNA.
- eNAs nucleic acids
- the eNAs are preferably selected from any type of siRNAs, any type of miRNAs, any type of antisense DNA oligonucleotides and any type of g/crRNAs. These eNAs are particularly suitable for use in the preferably reliable RNA-mediated, DNA-mediated and/or CRISPR/Cas-mediated silencing of RNAs which can be of cellular but also pathogenic origin.
- the eNAs can be used in transgenic or transient (non-transforming) form for combating pathogens or for targeted, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They are particularly suitable for use in combating pathogens in plants/crop plants, animals/crop animals and in humans, e.g. B. as virucides, bactericides, fungicides, nematicides and insecticides.
- the invention relates to a composition comprising at least one eNA which was identified using the method according to the invention.
- the invention relates to a composition
- a composition comprising at least one eNA which was identified using the method according to the invention and optionally a carrier/adjuvant suitable for administration to plants, nematodes, insects, oomycetes, fungi, animals and humans.
- composition is preferably a solution which can be administered in direct form, for example as a broth or as an aerosol/spray. This makes it particularly easy to prevent or treat diseases in plants/crop plants as well as in animals and also in humans.
- the invention provides pharmaceutical or veterinary compositions for parenteral, enteral, intramuscular, mucosal or oral administration, which contain an eNA according to the invention, optionally in combination with customary carriers and/or excipients.
- the invention relates to pharmaceutical or veterinary compositions which are suitable for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases in animals/livestock and/or in humans.
- the pharmaceutical or veterinary composition preferably comprises at least one physiologically tolerable carrier, diluent and/or excipient.
- the eNAs according to the present invention can be contained in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., in a conventional medium such as an aqueous saline medium or a buffer solution as a pharmaceutical composition for injection.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier e.g., in a conventional medium such as an aqueous saline medium or a buffer solution as a pharmaceutical composition for injection.
- a medium may also contain conventional pharmaceutical substances such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts for adjusting osmotic pressure, buffers, preservatives and the like.
- Preferred media include physiological saline and human serum.
- a particularly preferred medium is PBS-buffered saline.
- Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are those skilled in the art, for example, from Remington's Practice of Pharmacy, 13th Edition and J. of. Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Vol. 52, No. 5, Sept-Oct., pp. 238-311.
- the eNA according to the invention has one or more chemical modifications, it being possible for the chemical modifications to be selected from 2'-ribose modifications (2'-0-methyl, 2'-fluoro, 2'-0-(methoxyethyl) (2'-MOE)), sugar modifications ('locked' (LNA) or unlocked (UNA)), 'backbone' changes such as phosphorothioate (PS) or 'peptide nucleic acids' and sugar phosphate modifications such as morpholino/PMO (phosphorodiamidate morpholino).
- 2'-ribose modifications (2'-0-methyl, 2'-fluoro, 2'-0-(methoxyethyl) (2'-MOE)
- sugar modifications 'locked' (LNA) or unlocked (UNA)
- 'backbone' changes such as phosphorothioate (PS) or 'peptide nucleic acids' and sugar phosphate modifications such as morpholino/PMO (phosphorodiamidate morpholin
- FIG. 1A examples of consensus sequences of siRNAs (guide strand) which were determined to be optimal for plant AGOL (left) and AG02 (right).
- double-stranded RNAs from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) or Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in BYL were first processed into siRNAs by endogenous Dicer/DCLs. Total RNA was isolated from these batches and the viral siRNAs were characterized using RNA-Seq ('DCL assay').
- RNA-Seq RNA-Seq
- siRNAs were purified from the complexes and characterized using RNA-Seq ('AGO-IP') (9).
- RNA-Seq 'AGO-IP'
- siRNAs could be identified which have a high affinity for AG01 or AG02.
- Consensus sequences for AGO1 and AG02 were derived from the sequences of the 50 21 nt siRNAs most strongly enriched in the 'AGO-IPs'. Positions at which several nucleotides allow the (almost) maximum activity are marked accordingly by letters one below the other. This was done in a similar way for AGO proteins from other organisms (e.g. fungi and humans).
- FIG. 1B examples of 'slicer assays' which were carried out with a 21 nt esiRNA and with consensus-optimized 21 nt esiRNAs; left with AG01/RISC, right with AG02/RISC.
- the 21 nt long variant of the gf698-siRNA specific for GFP mRNA was used as esiRNA (25, 26), and the sequences from FIG. 2A (upper line) as consensus-optimized siRNAs.
- the plant AGO proteins were generated in BYL using corresponding mRNAs in v/iro translation.
- the translation reaction was carried out in the presence of the synthetic siRNA duplexes to be tested, so that the desired siRNAs were incorporated into the AGO/RISC.
- a radioactively labeled target RNA with the appropriate target sequence was then added and incubated.
- the 21 nt long target sequences were each present in a segment of a GFP mRNA (in anf/sense orientation), so that the surrounding sequence was identical in all cases.
- Total RNA was isolated from the batches and analyzed for cleavage products by means of denaturing PAGE and autoradiography. The target RNA used and the resulting cleavage products are each marked.
- the AGO proteins were generated in BYL using corresponding mRNAs in v/iro translation.
- the translation reaction was performed in the presence of the synthetic siRNA duplex, resulting in incorporation of the siRNA into the AGO/RISC.
- a radioactively labeled segment of GFP mRNA was then added as target RNA and incubated.
- Total RNA was isolated from the batches and analyzed for cleavage products by means of denaturing PAGE and autoradiography.
- the target RNA used and the resulting cleavage products are each marked.
- the target RNA used and the resulting cleavage products are each marked.
- Figure 3 shows that a-sites accessible to sRNA/AGO/RISC are also accessible to ASO.
- A) 'Slicer assays' performed in BYL with a target RNA, an esiRNA and an antisense DNA oligonucleotide (ASO) corresponding in sequence to the guide strand of the esiRNA.
- ASO antisense DNA oligonucleotide
- the 21 nt variant of the gf698 siRNA specific for GFP mRNA was used as the esiRNA (25, 26).
- An in vitro translation reaction was carried out without (left) or with (right) AGO mRNA in the presence of the specified amounts of synthetic siRNA duplex or ASO.
- a radioactively labeled segment of GFP mRNA was then added as target RNA and incubated.
- the target RNA used and the resulting cleavage products are each marked. It can be seen that cleavage with ASO is always caused by the RNase H activities contained in the extract, i. H. independent of AGO, while siRNA-mediated cleavage occurs only in the presence of additionally generated AGO. The size of the resulting 5' cleavage product is identical.
- the siRNAs used here were selected because of their high affinity for AG01 or AG02, determined by 'DCL assay' and 'AGO-IP' (see FIG. 2A).
- the AGO proteins were generated in BYL using corresponding mRNAs in v/iro translation (left, middle). The translation reaction was performed in the presence of the synthetic siRNA duplexes, resulting in incorporation of the siRNA into the AGO/RISC.
- the ASO was used under identical conditions, but without the addition of AGO mRNA (right). Then radioactively labeled genomic TBSV RNA was added as target RNA and incubated. Total RNA was isolated from the batches and analyzed for a decrease in the amount of target RNA and the appearance of cleavage products by means of a denaturing agarose gel and autoradiography. The target RNA used and the resulting cleavage products are each marked. It can be seen that on the complex TBSV RNA only the ASOs induce cleavage whose siRNA counterpart can also induce cleavage. The ASO are inactive, whose respective siRNA counterpart is also inactive. In other words, a-sites accessible to sRNA/AGO/RISC are also accessible to ASO/RNaseH. Sites that are not accessible to sRNA/AGO/RISC are also not accessible to ASO/RNase H.
- Figure 4 shows the results of a 'slicer assay' performed with FleLa S10 cytoplasmic extract (55) with a target RNA and matching siRNA or ASO in the presence (right) and absence (left) of translated human AG02.
- the 21 nt variant of the gf698 siRNA specific for GFP mRNA was used as the esiRNA (25, 26).
- An in vitro translation reaction took place without (left) or with (right) AGO mRNA in the presence of synthetic siRNA duplex or ASO. Subsequently, a radioactively marked Added segment of GFP mRNA as target RNA and incubated. Total RNA was isolated from the batches and analyzed for cleavage products by means of denaturing PAGE and autoradiography.
- RNA used and the resulting cleavage products are each marked. It can be seen that analogous endonucleolytic hydrolysis also takes place in the HeLa extract by the respective sRNA/AGO/RISC or ASO/RNase H complexes. While cleavage with ASO takes place independently of the AGO protein by the RNase H activities contained in the extract, the activity of the siRNA is significantly improved by the amount of AG02 increased by means of in vitro translation.
- Figure 5 shows the results of a CRISPR/Cas 'cleavage' experiment performed with BYL, Casl3b and TBSV RNA compared to a 'slicer assay' with plant AGO protein.
- the target sequence of the CRISPR-RNA 200 (crR200) used here overlaps with the target sequences of the esiRNAs 186 and 209 (siR186, siR209).
- AGO protein and Casl3b from Prevotella sp. P5-125 were generated in BYL using corresponding mRNAs in v/iro translation.
- the translation reactions were carried out in the presence of the synthetic siRNA duplexes or the crRNA, so that the corresponding nucleic acid/endonuclease complexes were formed.
- a radioactively labeled region of the TBSV genomic RNA was then added as a target and incubated.
- Total RNA was isolated from the batches and analyzed for cleavage products by means of denaturing PAGE and autoradiography.
- the target RNA used and the resulting cleavage products are each marked. It can be seen that in the presence of Casl3b and CRISPR-RNA 200 the viral RNA is cleaved, so the a-sites recognized by the esiRNAs 186 and 209 can also be attacked by crR200/Casl3b.
- the experimentally determined secondary RNA structure of the genome of the tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) (30) was used. This has segments that form functional, far-reaching RNA-RNA interactions.
- This genomic viral RNA was used as target RNA in an in vitro 'slicer assay' with selected 21 nt siRNAs that showed high affinity to the plant AGO proteins AG01 or AG02.
- the AGO proteins in BYL were generated by means of in vitro translation.
- the translation reaction was carried out in the presence of the synthetic siRNA duplexes to be tested, so that the desired siRNAs were incorporated into the AGO/RISC. Then radioactively labeled TBSV genome was added as a target and incubated.
- Example 2 Determination of consensus sequences of siRNAs improve AGO/RISC activity.
- RNA-seq analyzes performed during the second step (AGO-IP) of esiRNA/fRNA screens of different target RNAs viral RNAs and different mRNAs
- siRNAs derived from different AGO proteins were analyzed to be bound.
- guide-strand consensus sequences were created for the respective AGOs: For each individual position of the sRNA, these reflect the nucleotide variant or nucleotide variants (in the case of several possibilities) for which it was determined that they each made the best contribution to an efficient Binding of the sRNA to the corresponding AGO protein makes ( Figure 1A).
- a slicer assay was carried out in which a non-optimized siRNA was compared to a consensus-optimized siRNA.
- the target RNA was adapted in such a way that both siRNAs can hybridize to it with the complete sequence.
- the effect of the consensus sequence on the activity of the AGO/RISC could be determined independently of the accessibility of the target RNA. It was thus shown that the slicing of the target RNA triggered by these optimized esiRNAs/fRNAs can be increased again compared to the original esiRNA (FIG. 1B).
- the esiRNA/fRNA screen method has thus been improved in such a way that it is no longer based exclusively on the empirical/experimental determination of efficiently effective esiRNAs and the selection of a 5′ nucleotide adapted to the respective AGO protein.
- the binding of an esiRNA/fRNA guide strand to the AGO protein used in each case can be increased and the RNA s/Venc/ng activity of the resulting sRNA/AGO/RISC can be specifically improved.
- Example 3 Proof that AGO/RISC complexes from different organisms, with bound esiRNAs/fRNAs of the same binding sequence, act identically on a target RNA. So far it has been shown that with an esiRNA/fRNA screen method, which is carried out in plant cytoplasmic extracts (BYL), it is possible to experimentally determine siRNAs which, as esiRNAs, are particularly efficient on a target RNA, eg the genomic RNA a plant virus, can act. The affinity to the AGO protein acting in each case was identified as an important factor for the efficiency of a siRNA on a target RNA.
- BYL plant cytoplasmic extracts
- the affinity for AGO is determined by the 5' nucleotide of the siRNA (29); on the other hand, as shown here according to the invention, by an optimal sequence (consensus sequence; see above).
- the accessibility of the target RNA for AGO/RISC was assumed to be a further factor for the efficiency of an siRNA in the RN Ai.
- a key question that arose in this context was whether regions of a target RNA that are accessible to plant AGO/RISC are similarly accessible to AGO/RISC from other organisms.
- the AG01 and AG02 proteins from plants were expressed in BYL and analyzed in slicer assays with a Target RNA tested.
- the siRNAs used each had the identical binding sequence (the sequence that hybridizes completely with the complementary sequence of the target RNA) and a 5' nucleotide that was adapted to the binding priority of the respective AGO: for the plant AGO1 this was 5' U, for the plant AG02 5 ⁇ , for the human AG02 5'U or 5 ⁇ and for the fungal AGO1 5'U.
- RNA molecules are common to all AGO/RISC as long as they are directed by the same nucleic acid.
- These can be siRNAs, but also e.g. miRNAs (28), or other types of nucleic acids (see also below).
- Example 4 Demonstrating that regions of a target RNA that are accessible to sRNA/AGO/RISC are also accessible to ASO/RNase H.
- Example 5 Proof that sRNA/AGO/RISC and ASO/RNase H complexes from cytoplasmic extracts of plant and human cells act identically on a target RNA when using sRNAs or ASO with an identical binding sequence.
- esiRNA/fRNA screens were performed in FleLa S10. mRNAs of a human virus were used as target RNAs. The esiRNAs identified in vitro and (modified) ASOs derived from them were then tested in vivo, i.e. by application in a mouse model, for a protective effect against a virus infection. It was shown that mice treated with the esiRNAs and ASO identified in vitro showed significantly improved protection against viral infection compared to corresponding control animals.
- a-sites that are accessible for AGO/RISC and also for ASO/RNase F1 can be identified in a target RNA.
- BYL and other cytoplasmic extracts e.g. human FleLa extracts
- correspondingly accessible areas on target RNAs can be determined in a targeted manner and these can be subjected to either sRNA- or ASO-mediated regulation, e.g. inhibition of gene expression by endonucleolytic degradation.
- cytoplasmic extracts from cells in which it is possible to reconstitute sRNA/AGO/RISC, can be used according to the invention for the areas accessible to these complexes as well as to ASO/RNase F1, a-sites, on complex folded and with RNA -binding proteins to detect associated target RNAs.
- Example 6 Proof that regions of a target RNA that are accessible for sRNA/AGO/RISC and ASO/RNase F1 are also accessible for CRISPR/Cas.
- cytoplasmic extracts from cells in which it is possible to reconstitute sRNA/AGO/RISC can be used according to the invention for the areas accessible to these complexes as well as to ASO/RNase F1 and to CRISPR/Cas, a-sites , to be detected on complex folded target RNAs.
- the target RNA can then be reliably changed in its function with RNA, DNA or CRIPR/Cas methods, e.g. inactivated by silencing.
- C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector. Science 353, aaf5573.
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EP22718104.7A EP4314288A1 (de) | 2021-03-25 | 2022-03-23 | Zuverlässige identifikation von bereichen (,a-sites') in komplexen rna-molekülen, die zugänglich sind für nukleinsäuren oder komplexe von nukleinsäuren mit endonukleasen |
CN202280037538.2A CN117836410A (zh) | 2021-03-25 | 2022-03-23 | 核酸或核酸与核酸内切酶复合物可接近的复合RNA分子中区域(“a-位点”)的可靠鉴定 |
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Cited By (2)
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EP4365297A1 (de) * | 2022-11-07 | 2024-05-08 | Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg | Nukleinsäurewirkstoffe gegen verschiedene pflanzenpathogene |
WO2024100038A1 (de) | 2022-11-07 | 2024-05-16 | Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg | Nukleinsäurewirkstoffe gegen verschiedene pflanzenpathogene |
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