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  • C07C275/26—Derivatives of urea, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of urea groups bound to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings
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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
  • A61K31/17—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having the group >N—C(O)—N< or >N—C(S)—N<, e.g. urea, thiourea, carmustine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/453—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with oxygen as a ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/18—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for pancreatic disorders, e.g. pancreatic enzymes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/56—Nitrogen atoms
  • C07D211/58—Nitrogen atoms attached in position 4
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/60—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/92—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with a hetero atom directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/96—Sulfur atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
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  • C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2603/00—Systems containing at least three condensed rings
  • C07C2603/56—Ring systems containing bridged rings
  • C07C2603/58—Ring systems containing bridged rings containing three rings
  • C07C2603/76—Ring systems containing bridged rings containing three rings containing at least one ring with more than six ring members
  • C07C2603/78—Ring systems containing bridged rings containing three rings containing at least one ring with more than six ring members containing seven-membered rings

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of pharmaceutical products for human and veterinary medicine, particularly to soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors and their therapeutic indications.
• SEH soluble epoxide hydrolase
• sEH inhibition has been associated to various beneficial biological effects, that may be translated into various therapeutic treatments (cf. e.g. H.C. Shen and B.D. Hammock, "Discovery of inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase: A target with multiple potential therapeutic indications", J Med Chem. 2012, vol. 55, pp. 1789-1808, a review with 117 references; K.M. Wagner et al. “Soluble epoxide hydrolase as a therapeutic target for pain, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases”, Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Dec; 180:62-76, a review with 186 references).
• kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury, diabetic nephrology, chronic kidney diseases, hypertension- mediated kidney disorders and high fat diet-mediated renal injury
• kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury, diabetic nephrology, chronic kidney diseases, hypertension- mediated kidney disorders and high fat diet-mediated renal injury
• BBB blood brain barrier
• compounds of the invention have a high metabolic stability when tested in rat or mouse microsomes because the selection of the compounds for its further testing in humans is made only for compounds which have good microsomal stability in rat or mouse. It is also advantageous that the compounds are able to cross the BBB.
• FIG. 1 Histological images of amyloid plaques stained with thioflavin-S of example 15 showing representative b-amyloid plaques distribution in the hippocampus in WT- control, 5XFAD-control and 5XFAD-treated group. As shown in Figure 1, there is a heavy burden of plaques (white spots) in most of the brain areas illustrated in the 5XFAD-control group compared to the WT-control and 5XFAD-treated mice groups.
• FIG. 3 Representative H&E-stained sections of the pancreas from the in vivo efficacy study described in example 16. Arrow indicates inflammatory cells and edema. Bold arrow indicates intracellular vacuole.
• Figure 4 Histologic scoring of pancreatic tissues of mice treated with vehicle (control), cerulein, and cerulein plus either 0.1 mg/kg or 0.3 mg/kg of the compound of example 2. *** p ⁇ 0.001 vs. control. # p ⁇ 0.05 vs. cerulein. ### p ⁇ 0.001 vs. cerulein. & p ⁇ 0.05 as described in example 16.
• the inventors have found new sEH inhibitors having an unexpectedly a high inhibitory activity for soluble epoxide hydrolase, a high metabolic stability, in particular stability against hepatic CYP-mediated metabolism as determined by a microsomal stability assay in human microsomes, as well as significant efficacy in a seizure assay due to the ability of the compounds to cross the BBB, thereby readily penetrating the CNS and protecting the subject from seizure.
• the present invention relates to compounds of formula (I) or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• G 1 represents a nitrogen atom or a -CH- group
• R 1 is a phenoxy which may be unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 4 groups selected from COOH, COOR 4 , CONH 2 , CN, fluor, chloro, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl and OH;
• R 2 is an halogen atom
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methoxy
• R 4 is a radical selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• compositions comprising therapeutically effective amounts of compounds of the first aspect of the invention and preferably adequate amounts of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• the present invention relates to the compounds of the first aspect of the invention and to the compositions of the second aspect of the invention for use as a medicament.
• the present invention relates to the compounds of the first aspect of the invention and to the compositions of the second aspect of the invention for use in the treatment or prevention in an animal, including a human, of a disease or disorder susceptible of improvement by inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase.
• the present invention relates to the use of the compounds of the first aspect of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention in an animal, including a human, of a disease or disorder susceptible of improvement by inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase.
• the present invention relates to a method of prevention or treatment of diseases or disorders susceptible of improvement by inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase by administration to a patient in need thereof of the compounds of the first aspect of the invention or of the compositions of the second aspect of the invention.
• the present invention relates to compounds of formula (I) or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: ⁇ G 1 represents a nitrogen atom or a -CH- group;
• R 1 is a phenoxy which may be unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 4 groups selected from COOH, COOR 4 , CONH 2 , CN, fluor, chlorine, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl and OH;
• R 2 is an halogen atom
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methoxy
• R 4 is a radical selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• G 1 is N.
• G 1 is N and R 1 is a phenyl which may be optionally substituted by 1 to 4 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen atoms, C 1 -C 6 acyl, cyano (CoN), trifluoromethyl (CF 3 ), trifluoromethoxy (OCF 3 ), pentafluorosulfanyl (SF 5 ), sulfonyl (SO 3 H), fluorosulfonyl (SO 2 F), carboxylic group (COOH), ester group (COOR 4 ), amino (NH 2 ), mono-Ci-C 6 alkylamino, di-Ci-C 6 alkylamino, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl and C1-C6 alkoxycarbonylmethyl.
• substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen atoms, C 1 -C 6 acyl, cyano (CoN), tri
• G 1 is N and R 1 is a phenyl which may be optionally substituted by 1 to 4 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen atoms, C 1 -C 6 acyl, cyano (CoN), trifluoromethyl (CF 3 ), trifluoromethoxy (OCF 3 ), pentafluorosulfanyl (SF 5 ), sulfonyl (SO 3 H), fluorosulfonyl (SO 2 F), carboxylic group (COOH), amino (NH 2 ), mono-Ci-C 6 alkylamino, di-Ci-C 6 alkylamino, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and C 1 -C 6 alkoxycarbonylmethyl.
• substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen atoms, C 1 -C 6 acyl, cyano (CoN), trifluoromethyl (
• G 1 is N and R 1 is a sulfonyl containing group selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkylsulfonyl, and C 6 -C 10 arylsulfonyl which may be optionally substituted by 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen atoms, nitro (NO 2 ), cyano (CoN), trifluoromethyl (CF 3 ), trifluoromethoxy (OCF 3 ), pentafluorosulfanyl (SF 5 ), sulfonyl (SO 3 H), carboxylic group (COOH), ester group (COOR 4 ), amino (NH 2 ), mono-Ci-C 6 alkylamino, di-Ci-C 6 alkylamino, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 al
• G 1 is N and R 1 is a sulfonyl containing group selected from the group consisting of linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkylsulfonyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkylsulfonyl, and C 6 -C 10 arylsulfonyl which may be optionally substituted by 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen atoms, nitro (NO 2 ), cyano (CoN), trifluoromethyl (CF 3 ), trifluoromethoxy (OCF 3 ), pentafluorosulfanyl (SF 5 ), sulfonyl (SO 3 H), carboxylic group (COOH), amino (NH 2 ), mono-Ci-C 6 alkylamino, di-Ci-C 6 alkylamino, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 1 -C 6
• G 1 is a -CH- group and R 1 is a phenoxy which may be unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 2 groups selected from COOH, COOR 4 , CONH 2 , CN, fluor, chlorine, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl and OH.
• G 1 is a -CH- group and R 1 is a phenoxy which may be unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 2 groups selected from COOH, CONH 2 , CN, fluor, chlorine, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl and OH.
• G 1 is a -CH- group and R 1 is an optionally substituted phenoxy group as defined above wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of COOH, COOR 4 , CONH 2 , CN, fluor, chlorine, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl and OH (preferably wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of COOH, CONH2, CN, fluor, chlorine, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl and OH) and n has a value of 0 to 4, the compounds of formula (la) exist in cis and trans configurations as shown below and both are covered by the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) are in the trans configuration (la trans).
• R 2 is a chlorine or a fluorine atom, preferably it is a fluorine atom when G 1 is nitrogen and it is a chlorine atom when G 1 is CH.
• R 3 are both hydrogen atoms.
• the compound is selected from the group consisting of: i. 4-[((1r,4r)-4-(3-(9-fluoro-5,6,8,9,10,11-hexahydro-7H-5,9:7,11- dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)ureido)cyclohexyl)oxy]benzoic acid, ii.
• the disease or disorder susceptible of improvement by inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase is selected from the group consisting of hypertension, atherosclerosis, pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, asthma, sarcoidosis and cystic fibrosis, kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury, diabetic nephrology, chronic kidney diseases, hypertension-mediated kidney disorders and high fat diet-mediated renal injury, stroke, pain, neuropathic pain, inflammation, pancreatitis in particular acute pancreatitis, immunological disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, eye diseases in particular diabetic keratopathy, wet age-related macular degeneration and retinopathy such as premature retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy, cancer, obesity, including obesity-induced colonic inflammation, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, preeclampsia, anorexia nervosa, depression, male sexual dysfunction such as erectile dysfunction, wound healing, NSAID
• the disease or disorder susceptible of improvement by inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase is selected from the group consisting of hypertension, atherosclerosis, pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, asthma, sarcoidosis and cystic fibrosis, kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury, diabetic nephrology, chronic kidney diseases, hypertension-mediated kidney disorders and high fat diet-mediated renal injury, stroke, pain, neuropathic pain, inflammation, pancreatitis in particular acute pancreatitis, immunological disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, eye diseases in particular diabetic keratopathy, wet age-related macular degeneration and retinopathy such as premature retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy, cancer, obesity, including obesity-induced colonic inflammation, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, preeclampsia, anorexia nervosa, depression, male sexual dysfunction such as erectile dysfunction, wound healing, NSAID
• the compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by reacting the amine of formula (II), preferably in the form of a salt such as the hydrochloride with isocyanate of formula (III), in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane (DCM), and in the presence of a base such as triethylamine.
• a salt such as the hydrochloride
• isocyanate of formula (III) in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane (DCM)
• DCM dichloromethane
• the compounds of formula (I) may also be prepared by converting in a first step the amine of formula (II), preferably in the form of a salt, into isocyanate of formula (IV) by reaction with an (NH2®NCO)- converting reagent, such as triphosgene, in an inert solvent, such as DCM.
• an (NH2®NCO)- converting reagent such as triphosgene
• the amine of formula (V) is reacted with the isocyanate of formula (IV) to yield compound of formula (I).
• the coupling reaction may be carried out without catalyst and the reaction conveniently takes place at room temperature in the presence of an organic solvent, typically DCM, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or A/,/ ⁇ /-dimethylformamide (DMF).
• R 1 is H in the structure depicted below for the compounds formula (I), which is a compound of formula (XII), in the reaction of the amine of formula (V) with the isocyanate of formula (IV)
• the R 1 group is preferably an amine protecting group, such as a te/f-butoxycarbonyl group (Boc), which is deprotected after the coupling reaction by conventional means, such as treatment with an acid (e.g. HCI) in an organic solvent (e.g. DCM) to provide amine (I) wherein R 1 is H, i.e. a compound of formula (XII).
• This compound (XII), having an unsubstituted piperidinyl rest, is subsequently converted into a piperidinyl rest carrying substituent R 1 as defined in the claims using procedures described below for compounds (lc), i.e. either using RCO2H, EDCI, DMAP or HOBt, EtOAc; or using RCOCI and Et 3 N in DCM.
• the amines of formula (II) may be obtained using a range of different reactions depending on the nature of the substituents R 2 and R 3 and some amines of formula (II) are disclosed in the art (see for example Bioorg Med Chem. 2014, 22, 2678; Bioorg Med Chem. 2015, 23, 290 and WO 2019/243414 A1).
• the deprotection step of the chloroacetamide to yield the final amine (lie) may be carried out by refluxing overnight the compound (VIII) in the presence of thiourea and acetic acid in ethanol.
• R 2 is chlorine the amines of formula (lid) may be prepared according to the reaction scheme shown below:
• the deprotection step of the chloroacetamide to yield the final amine (lid) may be carried out by refluxing overnight the compound (IX) in the presence of thiourea and acetic acid in ethanol.
• the deprotection step of the chloroacetamide to yield the compound of formula (VI) may be carried out by refluxing overnight the compound (VII) in the presence of thiourea and acetic acid in ethanol.
• G 1 is a nitrogen group
• the compounds of the invention may also be prepared following the methods explained above from precursors of formula (XII) as shown below wherein an unsubstituted piperidinyl rest is converted into a piperidinyl rest carrying substituent R 1 as defined in the claims:
• the reaction of compound (XII) to yield compound (Id) is carried out using K2CO3 and anhydrous DMSO applying heat.
• reaction of compound (XII) to yield compound (lc) is carried out either as shown (RCO2H, EDCI, DMAP or HOBt, EtOAc) or using RCOCI and Et3N in DCM.
• reaction of compound (XII) to yield compound (lb) is carried out using RSO2CI and Et 3 N in DCM.
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of halogen atoms, C1-C6 acyl, cyano (CoN), trifluoromethyl (CF 3 ), trifluoromethoxy (OCF 3 ), pentafluorosulfanyl (SF 5 ), sulfonyl (SO 3 H), fluorosulfonyl (SO 2 F), carboxylic group (COOH), ester group (COOR 4 ), amino (NH 2 ), mono-Ci-C 6 alkylamino, di-Ci-C 6 alkylamino, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, Ci- C 6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl and C1-C6 alkoxycarbonylmethyl and n has a value of 0 to 4.
• halogen atoms designates atoms selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine, bromine and iodine atoms, preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms.
• halo when used as a prefix has the same meaning.
• alkyl is meant to designate linear or branched hydrocarbon radicals (C n H2 n+i ) having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Examples include methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 1 -methyl-butyl, 2-methyl-butyl, isopentyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 1 , 1 -dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2- ethylbutyl, 1 , 1 -dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl and 3-methylpentyl radicals.
• said alkyl groups have 1 to 3 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 3 alkyl).
• aryl designates typically a C 6 -C M monocyclic or polycyclic aryl radical such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthranyl. Said aryl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 4 substituents.
• heteroaryl designates typically a 5- to 14-membered ring system, comprising at least one heteroaromatic ring and containing at least one heteroatom selected from O, S and N, typically 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms.
• a heteroaryl group can comprise a single ring or two or more fused rings wherein at least one ring contains a heteroatom. Said heteroaryl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 4 substituents.
• cycloalkyl embraces hydrocarbon cyclic groups having 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• alkoxy is used to designate radicals which contain a linear or branched alkyl group linked to an oxygen atom (C n H2n +i -0-).
• Preferred alkoxy radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy and t-butoxy.
• cycloalkoxy is used to designate radicals containing a cycloalkyl group linked to an oxygen atom.
• acyl is used to designate groups which are formed by a linear or branched alkyl bound to a carbonyl group.
• the number of carbons of an acyl is specified it is to be understood as indicating the total number of carbons including the carbonyl group (i.e. C3-acyl is propanoyl).
• Preferred acyl radicals include propanoyl, butanoyl, 2-methylbutanoyl, pentanoyl and hexanoyl.
• sulfonyl is used to designate a group -SO2-.
• aryl is used to designate aromatic hydrocarbon groups such as phenyl or anthranyl.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt designates any salt which, upon administration to the patient is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound as described herein.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds provided herein are synthesized from the parent compound, which contains a basic or acidic moiety, by conventional chemical methods.
• such salts are, for example, prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent or in a mixture of both.
• non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, 2-propanol or acetonitrile are preferred.
• acid addition salts include mineral acid addition salts such as, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, and organic acid addition salts such as, for example, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methanesulfonate and p-toluenesulfonate.
• mineral acid addition salts such as, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate
• organic acid addition salts such as, for example, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methanesulfonate and p-toluenesulfonate.
• alkali addition salts examples include inorganic salts such as, for example, sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium salts, and organic alkali salts such as, for example, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, A/./V-dialkylenethanolamine, triethanolamine and basic aminoacids salts.
• stereoisomers designates molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution) but differ in the three- dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.
• ATR attenuated total reflectance
• BSA bovine serum albumin
• CMNPC cyano(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl 2-(3-phenyloxiran-2-yl)methyl- carbonate
• FAD familial Alzheimer's disease
• GAPDH glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
• GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein
• H&E stain haematoxylin and eosin stain Hz: Hertz
• NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
• NMR nuclear magnetic resonance NSAID: non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
• p-TSA p-toluenesulfonic acid
• PBS phosphate-buffered saline
• PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride s: singlet sEH: soluble epoxide hydrolase t: triplet
• TBS Tris-buffered saline
• TPPU A/-[1-(1-Oxopropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-/ ⁇ /'-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]urea
• TREM2 Triggering Receptor Expressed On Myeloid Cells 2 t-TUCB: 4-[[trans-4-[[[[4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]amino]cyclohexyl] oxy]benzoic acid
• - Melting points were determined in open capillary tubes with a MFB 595010 M Gallenkamp melting point apparatus.
• - Infrared (IR) spectra were run either on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum RX I spectrophotometer (using the attenuated total reflectance technique) or on a spectrophotometer Nicolet Avatar 320 FT-IR. Absorption values are expressed as wavenumbers (cm -1 ); only significant absorption bands are given.
• Reference example 1 2,3-dimethoxy-7-methylene-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5,9- propanobenzo[7]annulen-11 -one
• Reference example 8 1 -(9-chloro-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 - dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)-3-(piperidin-4-yl)urea
• Comparative example 1 1 -(1 -acetylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(9-methyl-5,6,8,9,10,11 - hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 -dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)urea
• the compound was prepared as described in Example 38 of WO 2019/243414 A1.
• Comparative example 3 1 -(9-methyl-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 - dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)-3-(1-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)urea
• 9-methyl-5,6,8,9,10,11-hexahydro-7/-/-5 9:7,11- dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-amine hydrochloride (112.5 mg, 0.43 mmol) in DCM (6 ml_) saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 solution (5 ml_) and triphosgene (93.8 mg, 0.16 mmol) were added.
• the compound was prepared as described in Example 63 of WO 2019/243414 A1.
• the compound was prepared as described in Example 68 of WO 2019/243414 A1.
• Comparative example 11 1 -[1 -(isopropylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]-3-(9-methyl- 5, 6, 8, 9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 -dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)urea
• the compound was prepared as described in Example 64 of WO 2019/243414 A1.
• Example 1 4-r((1r.4r -(3-(9-fluoro-5.6.8.9.10.11-hexahvdro-7H-5.9:7.11- dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)ureido)cyclohexyl)oxy]benzoic acid.
• Example 2 4-[((1r,4r)-4-(3-(9-chloro-5,6,8,9,10,11-hexahydro-7H-5,9:7,11- dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)ureido)cyclohexyl)oxy]benzoic acid.
• HRMS Calcd for [C2 9 H 33 CIN2O4-H]-: 507.2056, found: 507.2057.
• Example 3 1 -(9-chloro-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 -dimethanobenzo[9] annulen-7-yl)-3-(1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)urea.
• Example 4 1 -(9-fluoro-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 -dimethanobenzo[9] annulen-7-yl)-3-(1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)urea.
• Example 5 1 -(9-fluoro-2,3-dimethoxy-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 - dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)-3-(1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carbonyl)piperidin-
• Example 6 1 -(9-chloro-2,3-dimethoxy-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 - dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)-3-(1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carbonyl)piperidin-
• Example 7 1 -(9-fluoro-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 -dimethanobenzo[9] annulen-7-yl)-3-(1-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)urea.
• Example 8 1 -(9-chloro-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 -dimethanobenzo[9] annulen-7-yl)-3-(1-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)urea.
• Anal. Calcd for C25H32CIN3O2 O.75 H 2 0: C 66.05, H 7.41, N 9.24. Found: C 66.21 , H 7.31 , N 9.00.
• Example 9 1 -(9-chloro-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 -dimethanobenzo[9] annulen-7-yl)-3-(1 -(1 -fluorocyclopropane-1 -carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)urea.
• Example 10 1 -(9-chloro-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 -dimethanobenzo[9] annulen-7-yl)-3-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)piperidin-4-yl)urea.
• Example 11 1 -(9-chloro-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 -dimethanobenzo[9] annulen-7-yl)-3-(1-(isopropylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)urea.
• Example 12 1 -(9-chloro-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 -dimethanobenzo[9] annulen-7-yl)-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl)urea.
• Example _ 13 4-(4-(3-(9-fluoro-5,6,8,9,10,11 -hexahydro-7H-5, 9:7,11 - dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)ureido)piperidin-1-yl)benzoic acid.
• Example _ 14 4-(4-(3-(9-chloro-5,6,8,9,10,11-hexahydro-7H-5,9:7,11- dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)ureido)piperidin-1-yl)benzoic acid
• Example 15 methyl 4-(4-(3-(9-chloro-5,6,8,9,10,11-hexahydro-7H-5,9:7,11- dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)ureido)piperidine-1-carbonyl)benzoate
• Example _ 16 4-(4-(3-(9-chloro-5,6,8,9,10,11-hexahydro-7H-5,9:7,11- dimethanobenzo[9]annulen-7-yl)ureido)piperidine-1-carbonyl)benzoic acid
• Example 17 a) In vitro determination of sEH inhibition activity
• the following fluorescent assay was used for determination of the sEH inhibition activity (IC 50 ), with the substrate and comparative control compound (f-TUCB) indicated below.
• CNPC Cyano(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl 2-(3-phenyloxiran-2-yl)methylcarbonate
• CNPC Cyano(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl 2-(3-phenyloxiran-2-yl)methylcarbonate
• sEH soluble epoxide hydrolase
• the fluorescent assay was used with purified recombinant human or mouse sEH proteins.
• the plate was centrifuged (46000 g, 30 min) and supernatants were taken and analyzed in a UPLC-MS/MS (Xevo-TQD, Waters) by employing a BEH C18 column and an isocratic gradient of 0.1% formic acid in water: 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile (60:40).
• the metabolic stability of the compounds was calculated from the logarithm of the remaining compounds at each of the time points studied.
• Data are expressed as the mean ⁇ Standard Error of the Mean (SEM) from at least samples for each group for behavioural test and 4-6 samples for molecular analysis. Data analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism ver. 8. Statistical software. For statistical analysis of treated group and 5XFAD-Ct, one-way ANOVA was applied followed by Dunnett’s two-tailed test and between control groups Student’s f-test. Statistical significance was considered when p values were ⁇ 0.05.
• 5XFAD (tg6799) is an early-onset mouse transgenic model which overexpress mutant human APP(695) with the Swedish (K670N, M671L), Florida (1716V) and London (V717I) Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) mutations along with human PS1 harbouring two FAD mutations (M146L and L286V).
• the Tg6799 line used is the original hybrid B6SJL background, and this hybrid B6SJL strain is used as a control of healthy animals.
• the mouse Thy1 promoter regulates both transgenes to drive overexpression in the brain.
• 5XFAD mice recapitulate major features of AD amyloid pathology and is a useful model of intraneuronal Abeta-42 induced neurodegeneration with amyloid increase brain content and amyloid plaque formation and tau hyperphosphorylation (J Neurosci. 2006, 26(40), 10129-10140).
• mice were treated for 4 weeks with vehicle (control) or the compound of example 2 added to the drinking water.
• the test compound was dissolved in 1.8% hydroxypropyl- beta-cyclodextrin and concentration in water was calculated according to the weekly animal consumption to reach the precise daily dose. A freshly made weekly replaces the drinking solution. The amount of water that the animals drink was monitored weekly, by the cage, and drug concentration was adjusted every week to reach the precise dose. After 4 weeks of maintained treatment, mice were studied in the behavioural tests.
• NORT Novel Object Recognition Test
• mice were placed in a 90°, two-arm, 25-cm-long, 20-cm-high, 5-cm-wide black maze. The walls could be lifted off for easy cleaning. Light intensity in the middle of the field was 30 lux. The objects to be discriminated were made of plastic and were chosen in order not to frighten the mice, and objects with parts that could be bitten were avoided. Before performing the test, the mice were individually habituated to the apparatus for 10 min for 3 days. On day 4, the animals were submitted to a 10-min acquisition trial (first trial), during which they were placed in the maze in the presence of two identical, novel objects (A+A or B+B) at the end of each arm. A 10-min retention trial (second trial) was carried out 2 h later.
• the object recognition paradigm has been shown to be sensitive to the effects of aging and cholinergic dysfunction, among others ( Neurosci . Lett. 1994, vol. 170, pp 117-120; Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1996, vol. 35 53, pp. 277- 283).
• This model has been adapted to mice and validated using pharmacological agents (Front. Biosci. (Schol. Ed.) 2015, vol. 7, pp 10-29).
• mice were sacrificed and the whole hippocampus dissected or brain slices from control and treated mice obtained by using a cryostat. Tissues were stored to -80°C up to be used in Western blot analysis or thioflavin staining experiments.
• 5XFAD mice treatment with the compound of example 2 reduced the ratio of hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, which was significantly increased in 5XFAD mice compared to WT animals.
• Table 4 shows the values of protein levels of hyperphosphorylated tau in serine 404 of the hippocampus tissue in male mice at 6-month-old controls Wild Type (Wt-Ct) and 5XFAD (5XFAD-Ct), and 5XFAD treated with the compound of example 2 (5 mg/kg). The duration of the treatment was 4 weeks. Protein levels for p-Tau (Ser404) and total Tau were determined by Western blotting and ratio p-Tau/total Tau was calculated. ⁇ p O.OI compared to the 5 Wt-Ct. **p ⁇ 0.01 compared to 5XFAD-Ct.
• GFAP and TREM2 gliosis .
• Table 5 shows the values of protein levels of GFAP and TREM2 evaluated by WBin the hippocampus tissue in male mice at 6 months-old controls Wild Type (Wt-Ct) and 5XFAD (5XFAD-Ct), and 5XFAD treated with the compound of example 2 (5 mg/kg). The duration of the treatment was 4 weeks. **p ⁇ 0.01 compared to Wt-Ct. *p ⁇ 0.05 compared to the 5XFAD-CL
• Brain slices were unfrozen at room temperature and then were rehydrated with PBS solution for 5 min. Later, the brain sections were incubated with 0.3% thioflavin S (Sigma-Aldrich) for 20 min at room temperature in the dark. Subsequently, these were submitted to washes in 3-min series, specifically 80% ethanol (two 15 washes), 90% ethanol (one wash), and three washes with PBS. Finally, the slides were mounted using Fluoromount-GTM mounting medium (EMS), allowed to dry overnight at room temperature in the dark and stored at 4°C. Image acquisition was performed with an epifluorescence microscope (BX51; Olympus, Germany).
• EMS Fluoromount-GTM mounting medium
• Example 19 Activity on mouse model of acute pancreatitis
• Acute pancreatitis is a potentially life-threatening gastrointestinal disease, and its incidence has been increasing over the last few decades.
• the onset of the disease is thought to be triggered by intra-acinar cell activation of digestive enzymes that results in interstitial edema, inflammation and acinar cell death that often leads to a systemic inflammation response.
• the efficacy of the new compound of example 2 at 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg was assessed in the cerulein-induced AP murine model.
• the experimental procedure for the in vivo efficacy study followed already published protocols ( Mol Pharmacol. 2015 Aug;88(2):281-90)
• pancreas histologic analysis of pancreas was assessed in order to determine if treatment with the compound of example 2 reduced the severity of the cerulein-induced pancreatitis.
• Pathologic changes were studied on H&E-stained pancreas sections ( Figure 3).
• cerulein control group presents strong pancreatic damage representative of AP, including edema, necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells.
• treatment with both doses of the compound of example 2 ameliorated cerulein-induced effects.
• the higher dose (0.3 mg/kg) more efficiently reversed the pancreatic damage, edema and neutrophils infiltration ( Figures 3 and 4).
• mice Forty-one male C57BL/6 mice (eight week-old; approximately 24 g) were supplied by Envigo (Barcelona, Spain) (Ref.16512). During the experimental procedure, animals were identified with permanent marker (tail code numbers). Upon arrival, animals were housed in groups of 8-9 animals/cage in polysulfone maintenance cages (480 x 265 x 210 mm, with a surface area of 940 cm 2 ), with wire tops and wood chip bedding. Animals were kept in an environmentally controlled room (ventilation, temperature 22 ⁇ 2°C and humidity 35-65%) on a 12-h light/dark cycle. A period of 7 days of acclimatization underwent between the date of arrival and the start of the procedure.
• the maintenance diet was supplied by Harlan Interfauna Iberica S.L. (2018 Harlan Teklad Global Diets). Diet will be provided to the animals ad libitum, but they were fasted overnight before first cerulein injection, and food was replaced after last cerulein injection. Tap water was supplied by CASSA (Servei d’Aigues de Sabadell) ad libitum. The animals were maintained in accordance with European Directive for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (86/609/EU). Decree 214/1997 of 30th July. Ministry of agriculture, livestock and fishing of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Spain.
• Test item was administered intraperitoneally in one injection to the compound of example 2 (0.3 mg/kg) and the compound of example 2 (0.1 mg/kg) groups at 14-hour after the first cerulein injection.
• Extra groups were treated 2-hour after the first cerulein injection: the compound of example 2 (0.3 mg/kg), control and cerulein group (10% 2- hydroxypropyl ⁇ -cyclodextrin).
• Study end 24 h after the first cerulein injection, animals were weighed and anesthetized with isoflurane.
• Plasma Blood was collected from vena cava in an eppendorf containing K2-EDTA and centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 5 minutes for plasma collection. Plasma was stored at -80°C until analysis. Mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and pancreas were dissected and weighed. Pancreas from 3 animals were frozen in liquid N2 and stored at -80°C until analysis. Pancreas from 5 mice were sectioned and one part was placed in 10% formalin and sent to Anapath (Granada, Spain) for histology analysis and the other was immediately placed in RNAse-free eppendorfs, frozen in N2 and stored at -80 °C for gene expression assays.
• Pancreatic samples were treated with increasing grade alcohols, two xylol baths and embedded in paraffin. They were subsequently cut using a microtome and processed for staining.
• 2 xylene baths (10 minutes) and 3 alcohols were used in decreasing solutions (100%, 90% and 70%) (5 minutes) and subsequently stained with hematoxylin (5 minutes) and eosin (5 minutes).
• alcohols in increasing solution (70%, 96% and 100%) and xylene were used again. Finally, the samples were mounted with DPX.
• Histologic scoring of pancreatic sections was performed to grade the extent of pancreatic parenchymal atrophy, vacuolar degeneration of cells, edema, hemorrage, mononuclear inflammatory cells, mononuclear inflammatory cells, polimorfonuclear inflammatory cells and necrosis.
• the assigned scores were the following: 0 (no changes): when no lesions were observed or the observed changes were within normality; 1 (minimal): when changes were few but exceeded those considered normal; 2 (light): lesions were identifiable but with moderate severity; 3 (moderate): important injuries but they can still increase in severity; 4 (very serious): the lesions are very serious and occupy most of the analyzed tissue.
• the lesions were evaluated in the most affected lobes of all the pancreas. In the case of assessment of atrophy, it was determined based on the percentage of atrophied tissue as: 0 without atrophy; 1 : 0- 25% of atrophic parenchyma; 2: between 25-50%; 3: between 50-75% and 4: between 75 and 100%.
• mice Age matched male CD1 mice weighing 35-40 g were treated with vehicle (control or test compounds TPPU, Cpd. Example 2) by gavage at a dose of 5 mg/Kg. Test compounds were dissolved in 20% hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and concentration was calculated according to the animal weigh to reach the precise dose. Animals were housed in standard care facilities with a 12 hours light-dark cycle with free access to water and food.
• Behavioral test To investigate the ability of compounds to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a standard acute test involving the administration of pro-convulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was employed [Inceoglu et al, PLoS ONE, 2013, 8(12), e80922; WO 2015/148954 A1] In the test, PTZ was administered at 85 mg/Kg by subcutaneous route, time to onset of first clonic seizure, average of clonic seizures, tonic seizure latency and lethality were monitored for 30 min. Vehicles or compounds were administered by gavage at 5 mg/kg 1h prior to pro-convulsant.
• PTZ pentylenetetrazole
• Table 7 shows the effects on different seizure behavioral parameters of compounds in PTZ test.
• the compound of Example 2 was found to protect mice from convulsions and associated lethality demonstrating that compounds claimed herein can cross the BBB.
• the PTZ assay is considered highly translatable from mice to humans.
• the compound of Example 2 displayed significant efficacy suggesting that this compound readily penetrates the CNS and protect the mice from seizure (Table 7).
• TPPU, and the compound of Example 2 treatment at 5 mg/Kg delay onset of tonic seizures induced by PTZ in comparison with the control group (Vehicle). Note that animals that did not display tonic seizure within 30 min were excluded from this table.
• the compound of Example 2 gave better results than TPPU.
• Example 21 Inflammation and reactive conversion in primary glial cells
• 3x10 5 microglia isolated from CD1 mouse brain were seeded onto 12 well culture plates in microglia medium.
• the cells were incubated in serum-free condition for 24 h and were pretreated with sEH inhibitor (the compound of Example 2) pretreated for 30 min followed by AbO (1 mM, b-Amyloid (1- 42), Ultra Pure, HFIP A-1163-1, rPeptide) or PBS for 4 h.
• sEH inhibitor the compound of Example 2
• sEH 10 6 astrocytes isolated from CD1 mouse brain (Sciencell #M1800) or primary human astrocyte (Sciencell #1800) were seeded onto 6 well culture plates in astrocyte medium (Sciencell #1831 or #1801). The cells were incubated in serum-free condition for 24 h and were pretreated with sEH inhibitor (the compound of Example 2, 10 or 30 mM) p retreated for 30 min followed by recombinant T/l/C: 11-1 a (3 ng/ml, Peprotech), TNFa (30 ng/ml, R&D), C1q (400 ng/ml, R&D), or PBS for 24h.
• sEH inhibitor the compound of Example 2, 10 or 30 mM
• RNAs were isolated from microglia or astrocyte using a Quick-RNA kit (Zymo Research, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA). The concentration of total RNAs was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (NanoDrop8000, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA) and reverse-transcribed with a high-capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Gene expression was quantified by Fast SYBR green real-time PCR on a Quantstudio 5 system (Applied Biosystems). The primer sequences are listed below (Table 8). Data were analyzed according to the comparative Ct method. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) was used to normalize the amounts of cDNA within each sample.
• Gapdh Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
• Proteins were extracted from microglia or astrocyte by RIPA buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Extracted proteins were separated by SDS/PAGE and subsequently transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Membranes were blocked in 3% BSA for 1 h at RT and incubated with primary antibodies against EPHX2 (Abeam ab155280), C3 (Abeam, ab200999), and GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc sc-32233.) overnight at 4 °C, followed by incubation with Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor Plus 800 or 680 (Life Technologies) for 1 h at RT. Membranes visualized on Odyssey (LI-COR Biosciences, NE, USA). Cell viability assay
• the compound of example 2 did not show any neuronal cell toxicity in SH- SY5Y cells for 24h.
• mouse primary microglia isolated from CD1 brain tissue were pretreated with the compound of example 2 followed by Ab1-42 (2 mM) and were assessed by qPCR.
• AbO significantly induced mRNA for pro- inflammatory cytokines, including II-6, and 11-1 b, which were prevented by the compound of example 2.
• mRNA levels of reactive astrocyte representative markers, CxcllO, and C3 were significantly reduced by the treatment with the compound of example 2. Consistent with the inhibition effect of the compound of example 2 in mRNA, protein levels of C3 and phosphor-p38 were decreased in T/l/C-induced reactive astrocyte treated with the compound of example 2. Thus, it can be concluded that the compound of example 2 inhibited the inflammation and reactive conversion in primary glial cells.

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