WO2022199884A1 - Optisch variables sicherheitselement, herstellungsverfahren und prägeanordnung - Google Patents
Optisch variables sicherheitselement, herstellungsverfahren und prägeanordnung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022199884A1 WO2022199884A1 PCT/EP2022/025010 EP2022025010W WO2022199884A1 WO 2022199884 A1 WO2022199884 A1 WO 2022199884A1 EP 2022025010 W EP2022025010 W EP 2022025010W WO 2022199884 A1 WO2022199884 A1 WO 2022199884A1
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- Prior art keywords
- embossing
- lacquer
- layer
- feature
- varnish
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 634
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 240
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 29
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- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 claims description 150
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- 238000003848 UV Light-Curing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004945 silicone rubber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- 241000264877 Hippospongia communis Species 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/324—Reliefs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/40—Manufacture
- B42D25/405—Marking
- B42D25/425—Marking by deformation, e.g. embossing
Definitions
- Optically variable security element manufacturing process and embossing arrangement
- the invention relates to an optically variable security element for protecting valuables and a production method for such an optically variable security element.
- the invention also relates to embossing arrangements with a semi-finished security element and means for imprinting an embossing structure.
- Data carriers such as value or identification documents, but also other valuable objects, such as branded goods, are often provided with security elements for protection, which allow the authenticity of the data carrier to be checked and which also serve as protection against unauthorized reproduction.
- the security elements can be designed, for example, in the form of a security thread embedded in a banknote, a cover film for a banknote with a hole, an applied security strip, a self-supporting transfer element or in the form of a feature area applied directly to a document of value.
- optically variable security elements which have two relief structures arranged at different height levels and each provided with a color coating, which are embossed in suitably colored embossed lacquer layers, see WO 2020/011390 A1, WO 2020/011391 A1 and WO 2020/ 011392 Al.
- the viewer in order to view the deeper-lying relief structure, the viewer usually has to look through the embossing lacquer layer of the higher-lying relief structure, so that depending on the desired visual impression for the coloring of the embossing lacquers, in particular the embossing lacquer of the higher-lying embossing lacquer layer, there can be considerable restrictions .
- the invention is based on the object of specifying a generic optically variable security element with an attractive appearance and high protection against forgery, as well as advantageous production methods for such optically variable security elements.
- the invention contains an optically variable security element that can be used in particular to protect valuables.
- the security element is equipped with a feature layer that contains first and second feature areas arranged in register with one another in a common plane.
- a precisely registered arrangement of the feature areas refers in particular to an arrangement in which the first and second feature areas abut one another or are arranged at a predetermined, defined small distance from one another.
- a close distance is in particular a distance of a few microns or a few tens of microns up to 100 gm and in some applications up to 200 gm.
- the first feature areas contain a first embossing lacquer layer made of a first embossing lacquer, into which an embossing structure is embossed, which generates a first optical effect.
- the second feature areas contain a second embossing lacquer layer made of a second embossing lacquer, into which an embossing structure is embossed, which produces a second, different optical effect.
- the first and second embossing varnish have both different consolidation properties and different optical properties.
- the different hardening properties of the embossing lacquers mentioned can consist of different hardening processes, each of which leads to hardening of the lacquers, ie in particular physical drying in the case of thermoplastic embossing lacquers or radiation curing in the case of radiation-curing embossing lacquers.
- the different hardening properties can also consist of different hardening parameters in the same hardening process, i.e. different softening temperatures for thermoplastic embossing varnishes or different types of radiation, radiation intensities or irradiation durations for radiation-curing embossing varnishes.
- Radiation-curing embossing lacquers include, in particular, UV-curing embossing lacquers, those curing by means of IR radiation and electron beam-curing embossing lacquers.
- the first and second embossing lacquer are each formed by a thermoplastic embossing lacquer with different softening temperatures, so that the embossing lacquers have different hardening properties due to the different hardening parameters 'temperature'.
- the softening temperatures differ preferably by more than 10.degree. C., preferably by more than 25.degree. C., in particular by more than 50.degree.
- the first embossing varnish is formed by a radiation-curing, in particular UV-curing, embossing varnish and the second embossing varnish is formed by a thermoplastic embossing varnish.
- the second embossing lacquer can be embossed at elevated temperature and hardens when it cools down, so that different hardening processes lead to hardening of the lacquers.
- the first and second embossing varnish can in particular have different colors, different transparency and/or different luminescence.
- the embossing varnishes are stained with a translucent color and are therefore both colored and partially translucent.
- thermoplastic lacquers also known as thermoplastics
- lacquers with different properties typically have the properties described below, although lacquers with different properties can also be used for special applications.
- Typical UV embossing varnish is initially much easier to emboss than thermoplastic embossing varnish.
- a liquid embossing varnish can first be applied to a film. This reaches the embossing tool without roller contact.
- the film with the embossing lacquer is brought into contact with the embossing tool using an impression roller, whereby the lacquer surface adopts the structure of the embossing tool.
- no pressure would be required, the paint would simply flow into the structures, displacing the air.
- the embossing process on the machine is not infinitely slow, so that when embossing with too little impression pressure, the varnish can no longer completely displace the air in the specified time.
- a certain embossing pressure is used when certain requirements are placed on the speed and freedom from bubbles. If UV curing were not to take place, the paint would embossing tool immediately after removing the film from the embossing tool. In practice, however, the film wraps around the embossing tool to a certain extent. When the foil with the lacquer comes into contact with the embossing tool through the pressur, the foil normally no longer spontaneously removes itself from the embossing tool.
- UV emitters are arranged, which cross-link the UV coating while it is still in contact with the embossing tool. Only after this reaction is the film removed from the embossing tool. The entire process usually runs continuously.
- the paint cured in this way is usually a duroplastic.
- thermoplastic embossing usually runs differently than the UV embossing described.
- a thermoplastic is solid at room temperature and therefore not flowable, at elevated temperature it becomes embossable at a certain temperature. If the temperature is further increased, the lacquer becomes sticky, which limits the meaningful embossing with a standard embossing tool. If necessary, however, non-stick coated tools can be used.
- the embossing die can be heated, embossed at an elevated temperature, and the embossing die can, if necessary, be cooled down again somewhat before demoulding. In a roll-to-roll process, there is usually no cooling before demoulding.
- the film can be heated with contact to the embossing tool and embossed at the highest temperature and immediately removed from the mold without getting into the sticky area of the thermoplastic.
- Such high heating that the thermoplastic actually becomes liquid is advantageously avoided.
- the embossing tool is advantageously provided with a non-stick coating.
- a metallization of the unembossed embossing lacquer to prevent adhesions can be provided, or care is taken to ensure that the higher-melting thermoplastic only becomes higher-melting at a later point in time.
- thermoplastically embossable UV raw materials can be located next to one another, with one of these two formulations containing a photoinitiator. After the first embossing, exposure can be carried out - in this case demoulding is then possible, since the solid lacquer retains the embossed structure even without contact with the embossing tool. As a result, the formulation containing the photoinitiator increases in melting point and can no longer be deformed under the previous embossing conditions. Then the second embossing can be made.
- thermoplastic Either the second "thermoplastic" is left uncrosslinked or it is post-crosslinked by electron beam curing, since the latter process can be carried out without photoinitiators.
- the second thermoplastic may also contain a photoinitiator that is not addressed at the wavelength(s) of the first emitter.
- embossing lacquers which harden or crosslink thermally instead of photochemically.
- some embossing varnishes have a softening point Ti and a curing temperature T 2 >Ti.
- Such embossing varnishes can be formed, for example, on the basis of acrylates with isocyanates.
- a further procedure consists of selectively heating one of the embossing varnishes.
- An area with a selectively excitable substance in the UV/visible/IR or electrically/capacitive/magnetic with an alternating field selectively only heats up the area containing this substance. In this way, for example, two areas with UV embossing varnish can also be provided and processed one after the other, in particular embossed.
- the embossed structures of the first and second embossing lacquer layer each contain structural elements with structural dimensions in the plane of between 30 gm and 200 gm, in particular between 50 gm and 150 gm.
- One or both embossed structures contain as structural elements advantageously micromirror arrays with specularly reflecting Micro mirrors, in particular with non-diffractive mirrors, and preferably with flat mirrors, concave mirrors and / or Fresnel-like mirrors.
- the embossed structures of the first and second embossing lacquer layer can advantageously directly adjoin one another, but it is also possible that there is a narrow transition area between the embossing structures of the first and second embossing lacquer layer, in which the embossing height and/or embossing quality of one of the embossing structures decreases.
- the transition area preferably has a width of less than 10 ⁇ m, in particular less than 5 ⁇ m.
- the shape of the embossed structures can be retained, but the height of the embossed structures can drop from a maximum value in the interior of the feature area to a minimum value at the edge of the feature area adjacent to the adjoining feature area decrease. The minimum value can also be zero.
- the quality of the embossed structures can also be reduced compared to the interior of the feature area, for example there the structural elements of the embossing can only be transferred incompletely into the embossing varnish.
- embossing lacquer layers of the first and second feature areas are advantageously arranged next to one another without gaps or overlaps.
- the embossed structures of the first and second embossed lacquer layers are advantageously essentially at the same height, which means in particular that the average heights of the two embossed structures differ by no more than the height difference within each embossed structure.
- the first and second embossing lacquer layers are provided with a common reflection-increasing coating, in particular a high-index or metallic coating.
- the security element has an easily deformable carrier film, in particular a carrier film with a thickness of less than 23 gm, preferably a thickness of less than 19 gm and particularly preferably a thickness between 6 gm and 15 gm Glass transition temperature T & which is lower than the softening temperature of at least one thermoplastic embossing lacquer of the feature layer is advantageously considered as an easily deformable carrier film.
- the security element contains a compensating layer which is flexible, in particular elastic, ie reversibly deformable, at the softening temperature of at least one thermoplastic embossing lacquer of the feature layer.
- the leveling layer can be formed from a silicone rubber, for example.
- the thin covering layer advantageously has a layer thickness of 3 to 6 ⁇ m, for example 4.5 ⁇ m.
- the layer thickness of the leveling layer is advantageously between about 2 and about 20 gm.
- the leveling layer can also be formed by a foam or comprise a foam.
- Such leveling layers made of or with foams are particularly flexible and compressible, but often show light scattering at the bubble boundaries and therefore generally have a somewhat lower level of transparency.
- optically variable security element can contain further layers, such as protective, cover or additional functional layers, machine-readable elements, primer layers or heat-sealing lacquer layers, which, however, do not represent the essential elements of the present invention and are therefore not described in detail are.
- the security element is advantageously a security thread, in particular a window security thread or a pendulum security thread, a tear-open thread, a security band, a security strip, a patch or a label for application to security paper, a document of value or the like.
- the invention also includes a method for producing an optically variable security element, in which a feature layer on a carrier is generated, which contains first and second feature regions which are arranged in register with one another in a common plane.
- a first embossing lacquer layer made of a first embossing lacquer is applied in the first feature areas and an embossing structure is embossed in the embossing lacquer layer, which creates a first optical effect.
- a second embossing lacquer layer made of a second embossing lacquer is applied and a second embossing structure is embossed in the embossing lacquer layer, which produces a second, different optical effect.
- embossing varnishes are applied as the first and second embossing varnish which have different optical properties as well as different solidification properties and/or are solidified at different points in time. While the use of embossing varnishes with different setting properties is currently preferred, embossing varnishes with the same setting properties can also be used if they are set at different points in time.
- UV embossing varnishes can be used as the first and second embossing varnish and the first UV embossing varnish can be solidified after UV embossing, then a second UV embossing varnish is applied and this is also solidified after UV embossing. In this case, the embossing varnishes are solidified at different points in time, but can otherwise have the same solidification properties.
- a first embossing lacquer layer made of a thermoplastic embossing lacquer with a higher softening point temperature and in the second feature areas a second embossing lacquer layer made of a thermoplastic embossing lacquer with a lower softening temperature is applied, a first embossing step is carried out at a higher temperature and the first embossing lacquer layer is provided with the first embossing structure, and then a second embossing step at a lower temperature is carried out and the second embossing lacquer layer is thereby provided with the second embossing structure.
- a first embossing lacquer layer made of a thermoplastic embossing lacquer is applied in the first feature areas and a second embossing lacquer layer made of a radiation-curing embossing lacquer is applied in the second feature areas, a first embossing step is carried out at a higher temperature and the first embossing lacquer layer is provided with the first embossing structure, and subsequently a second embossing step is carried out at a lower temperature and under the influence of radiation and the second embossing lacquer layer is provided with the second embossing structure and hardened.
- the first embossing lacquer layer can advantageously be embossed and solidified in a first embossing step, while the second embossing lacquer layer remains deformable and partially or completely flows after the first embossing step.
- a first embossing lacquer layer made of a radiation-curing embossing lacquer is applied in the first feature areas and a second embossing lacquer layer made of a thermoplastic embossing lacquer is applied in the second feature areas, and the radiation-curing embossing lacquer is applied in a first embossing step with the first Embossed structure is provided and cured, and subsequently a second embossing step is carried out and the second te embossing lacquer layer is thereby provided with the second embossed structure.
- the second embossing structure is only transferred to the second embossing lacquer layer, but not to the first embossing lacquer layer.
- a flexible embossing tool, a soft embossing press or a flexible compensating layer in the layer structure of the security element is used with particular advantage in the second embossing step in order to transfer the second embossing structure only into the second embossing lacquer layer. This ensures that the embossing in the second feature areas can be transferred to the second embossing lacquer layer without destroying or damaging the first embossing structure that is already present.
- the flexible embossing tool can be deformed in the area of the hardened first embossing structure for this purpose, or the areas with the hardened first embossing structure can be pressed far enough into the soft embossing device or the flexible compensating layer.
- the invention further includes an embossing arrangement comprising a security element semi-finished product for further processing into an optically variable security element of the type described above, with a feature layer that contains first and second feature regions arranged in register with one another in a common plane, the first feature regions containing an embossing lacquer layer made of a solidified embossing lacquer into which an embossing structure is embossed, which produces a first optical effect, and the second feature areas contain a second embossing lacquer layer made of an unsolidified embossing lacquer, the first and second embossing lacquer having both different setting properties and different optical properties, and a flexible embossing tool with a second embossing structure preferably for embossing an embossing structure, which produces a second, different optical effect, only in the embossing lacquer layer with the unsolidified embossing lacquer of the semi-finished security element.
- the flexible embossing tool can be formed in particular from silicone rubber.
- the invention also includes an embossing arrangement comprising a security element semi-finished product for further processing into an optically variable security element of the type described above, with egg ner feature layer containing first and second feature areas arranged in register with one another in a common plane, wherein the first feature areas contain an embossing lacquer layer made of a solidified embossing lacquer, in which an embossing structure is embossed that produces a first optical effect, and the second feature areas contain a second embossing lacquer layer made of an unsolidified embossing lacquer, wherein the first and second embossing lacquer have different solidification properties as well as different ones have optical properties, and a hard embossing tool with a second embossing structure and a soft embossing press with a Shore hardness of less than 90, in particular less than 85, preferably for embossing an embossing structure that produces a second, different optical effect, only in the E
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a banknote with an optically variable security element
- Fig. 2 in a schematic representation of a security element with a
- Security element with a feature layer made of a thermoplastic embossing varnish and a UV embossing varnish,
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a banknote 10 with an optically variable security element 12 in the form of a transfer element glued on.
- the invention is not limited to transfer elements and banknotes, but can be used with all types of security elements, for example labels on goods and packaging or to protect documents, ID cards, passports, credit cards, health cards and the like same.
- trans- ferent elements such as patches with or without their own backing layer
- security threads or security strips for example security threads or security strips.
- the security element 12 gives the viewer a three-dimensional impression and shows, for example, at the same time a binary color and effect change when the banknote 10 is tilted, in which a first three-dimensional motif in a first color is visible from a first viewing direction and a second three-dimensional motif is seen from a second viewing direction three-dimensional motif appears in a second colour.
- embossing lacquer layers expediently also have other different properties, namely in particular different visual properties, such as different color, transparency and/or luminescence.
- the optically variable effects created by the embossing on the one hand and the visual effects created by the additional properties of the embossing lacquer layers on the other hand can be perfectly matched to each other.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a security element 20 with a carrier film 22 in the form of a transparent PET film, which is provided with an embossed feature layer 24 .
- the feature layer 24 consists of an alternating sequence of feature areas 30, 40 of the desired shape and size (only one of the feature areas is provided with reference symbols), which differ from one another both by the different different translucent coloring of the applied embossing lacquer layers 32, 42, as well as due to the different formation of the respective embossing structures ren 34, 44 differ.
- the embossed structures 34, 44 of the two feature regions 30, 40 lie in a common plane, essentially at the same level and are provided with a common reflection-increasing metal coating 26, for example a vapor-deposited aluminum layer.
- the metalized embossed structures are leveled with a lacquer layer 28 and the security element can be glued to the desired target substrate, such as banknote 10 , via an adhesive layer 29 . After sticking on, the carrier substrate 22 can be pulled off or remain in the security element as a protective film.
- the security element 20 is designed to be viewed through the translucent embossing lacquer layers 32, 42.
- the observer 14 looks in the feature areas 30 through the embossing lacquer layer areas 32 at the metalized embossed structures 34 , while in the feature areas 40 he looks through the embossed lacquer layer areas 42 at the metalized embossed structures 44 .
- the embossing varnish 32 can be dyed translucent red and the embossing structures 34 can produce a curved representation of the value number “10” as a motif, while the embossing varnish 42 is colored translucent green and the embossing structures 44 can produce a curved representation of a coat of arms as a motif.
- the two motifs can also be recognizable from different viewing directions.
- the feature areas 30, 40 with their different color effects produced by the embossing lacquer layers 32, 42 and their different motifs produced by the embossing 34, 44 are arranged directly next to one another without gaps or overlaps.
- the basic principle of advantageous production of feature layer 24, for example of security element 20, will now be explained in more detail with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, which each show four intermediate steps in the production of security element 20 in (a) to (d).
- the thermoplastic embossing varnishes 32, 42 are matched to one another in such a way that, in addition to the different colors, they also have different softening temperatures and can therefore be embossed at different temperatures.
- the thermoplastic embossing lacquer 42 can already be embossed at a lower temperature T2, while the thermoplastic embossing lacquer 32 can only be embossed at a higher temperature Ti>T2.
- both embossing varnishes 32, 42 are provided with the first embossing structure 34 using a first embossing tool 50, as illustrated in FIG. 3(b).
- the carrier film with the embossed feature layer is then cooled to the lower temperature T2 and removed from the mold, and as a result the embossing varnish 32 is strengthened in the feature areas 30 with the embossed embossing structure 34, while the embossing varnish 42 remains deformable.
- the embossing varnish 42 will therefore flow partially or completely after demoulding and will at best accept the first embossing incompletely, as indicated by reference number 34' in FIG. 3(c).
- the second embossing tool 52 for the second embossing step with which the second embossing structure 44 is embossed into the still deformable embossing lacquer layer 42 of the feature areas 40 at the lower temperature T2.
- the embossing structure 34 of the feature areas 30 is already solidified, it is no longer significantly influenced by the second embossing step, in particular due to the measures described in more detail below.
- the carrier film with the feature layer embossed twice is cooled to a temperature T ⁇ T2, for example to room temperature, and the embossing lacquer 42 in the feature regions 40 is thereby also solidified.
- a feature layer 24 having the desired double embossing 34, 44 registered to the feature regions 30, 40 is obtained as shown in Figure 3(d). Thereafter, the feature layer 24 may be metallized as illustrated in Figure 2, or the intermediate product of Figure 3(d) may otherwise be further processed into a desired security element.
- thermoplastic embossing varnish 32 and a UV embossing varnish 42 are used.
- thermoplastic embossing varnish is embossed first and only then is the UV embossing varnish embossed.
- an embossing sequence as shown in FIG. 4 can also be used. Referring to FIG. 4
- the first embossing structure 34 is embossed with a first embossing tool 50 under embossing conditions in which the thermoplastic embossing varnish 32 is embossable, as illustrated in FIG. 4(b).
- the embossing conditions may include, for example, a temperature Ti of 120°C and high embossing pressure.
- the carrier film with the embossed feature layer is then cooled to a lower temperature T2 ⁇ Ti and removed from the mold, and the embossing lacquer 32 in the feature areas 30 is thereby solidified.
- the UV embossing varnish 42 is not embossed under the embossing conditions of the first embossing step, so that after the first embossing step the embossing varnish 32 provided with the embossing structure 34 is present in the feature areas 30 and the unembossed UV embossing varnish 42 is present in the feature areas 40, as shown in Fig 4(c) .
- the second embossing tool 52 with which the second embossing structure 44 is embossed into the UV-curable embossing lacquer layer 42 of the feature regions 40 at the lower temperature T2 and under UV radiation 54.
- the heat input into the thermoplastic layer 32 can be minimized by the hardening of the embossing lacquer layer 42 by means of the radiation of a UV LED. Because of the low temperature at two th embossing step and due to the measures described in more detail below, the already solidified embossing structure 34 of the feature areas 30 is not significantly influenced by the second embossing step.
- the embossing lacquer 42 is also solidified in the feature areas 40, so that, as in FIG , as shown in Fig. 4(d).
- One way to ensure that the embossing of the first embossed layer is not destroyed or damaged by the subsequent embossing step is to use a flexible embossing tool for the second embossing.
- FIG. 5 This is illustrated by the design of FIG. 5, in which the feature layer 24, similar to the example in FIG.
- the structures 34 and 44 to be embossed in each case have structure dimensions L1 and L2, respectively, in the plane from 50 mih to 150 mih.
- the structure height is typically in the order of a few micrometers.
- the UV embossing varnish 42 is first provided with the desired second embossing structure 44 and then hardened, as shown in Fig.
- thermoplastic embossing varnish 32 can also be embossed or, as in FIG. 5(a), it can be left without an embossed structure by flowing.
- the first embossing structure 34 is embossed with the aid of a flexible embossing tool 60, which carries the desired embossing structure 34 on its surface.
- the flexible embossing tool 60 is made of silicon rubber, for example, and is deformed by pressure peaks on a length scale l of a few micrometers.
- the feature areas 40 with the already cured UV embossing varnish 42 cause a corresponding deformation 62 of the flexible embossing tool 60 during embossing, so that on the one hand the already cured embossing varnish areas 42 are not damaged, but on the other hand embossing varnish 32 in the feature areas 30 with the embossing structure 34 can be embossed as illustrated in Figure 5(b).
- the transition areas 64 in which the shape of the embossing tool 60 changes greatly, have a dimension of the order of magnitude l «Li, L2, the transition areas 64 are therefore significantly smaller than the structural dimensions of the embossings 34, 44, a possibly lower, defective or even the lack of embossing in the transition areas 64 has no appreciable influence on the quality of the embossed structures 34 in the feature area 30 overall.
- the feature layer 24 upon cooling of the thermoplastic embossing lacquer 32 and removal of the flexible embossing tool 60, the feature layer 24 is provided with the desired registered double embossing 34, 44 in the feature regions 30, 40, as illustrated in Figure 5(c).
- another possibility consists in using a hard embossing tool 70 in conjunction with a soft embossing press 72 and a suitable carrier film 74 in the security element.
- the initial situation shown in Fig. 6(a) largely corresponds to the initial situation in Fig. 5(a), i.e. on a suitable carrier film 74, described in more detail below, there is a feature layer 24 in which in Feature areas 30 is a thermoplastic shear embossing varnish 32 and in feature areas 40 a UV embossing varnish 42 is introduced.
- the UV embossing varnish 42 has already been provided with a desired embossing 44 in a first embossing step.
- the structures 34, 44 to be embossed have structure dimensions Fi or F2 in the plane, which are between 50 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m.
- a hard embossing tool 70 is used in the method of FIG. 6, which can consist of nickel, for example.
- the hard embossing tool 70 is particularly well suited for embossing thermoplastic tack 32, but it is less able to compensate for height differences than the flexible embossing tool 60 of the design in FIG. 5.
- a relatively soft Reg. 72 is used in the method of FIG. 6, which consists of an elastomer with a hardness of less than 90 Shore, in particular less than 85 Shore.
- the hard embossing tool 70 presses the already hardened UV embossing varnish areas 42 together with the carrier film 74 sufficiently far into the soft embossing presser 72 in order to emboss the thermoplastic embossing varnish 32 without To be able to damage or destroy the UV embossing varnish areas 42 men.
- the feature layer 24 is then provided with the desired registered double embossing 34, 44 in the feature areas 30, 40, as shown in FIG. 6(c).
- the impression roller can also be equipped with a structured surface that locally limits deformation of the impression roller.
- a very thin carrier film 74 can be used, the thickness of which is preferably less than 23 gm, in particular less than 19 gm and particularly preferably between 6 gm and 15 gm.
- the carrier film 74 can also be matched to the embossing conditions in that the glass transition temperature Tg of the carrier film is exceeded under the embossing conditions of the second embossing step and the film is therefore particularly easily deformable.
- a further possibility to ensure that the first embossed layer is not destroyed or damaged under the embossing conditions of the later embossed layer is to provide a compensation layer 80 in the layer structure of the security element itself.
- a compensation layer 80 is provided between a carrier film 22 and the feature layer 24, which is flexible at least under the embossing conditions of the second embossing and preferably has elastic properties. If it is provided that the optical effect of the security element is viewed from the side of the embossing lacquer layers 32, 42 and thus also through the compensating layer, the compensating layer is preferably transparent and designed with a low scattering effect.
- the compensation layer 80 can be formed from a silicone rubber, for example.
- the initial situation shown in FIG. 7(a) largely corresponds to the initial situation in FIG. 6(a), in particular it contains the feature layer 24 in the feature areas 30 a thermoplastic embossing lacquer 32 and in the feature areas 40 a UV embossing lacquer 42 which has already been provided with a desired embossing 44 in a first embossing step.
- a hard embossing tool 70 which is particularly well suited for embossing a thermoplastic lacquer 32 can then be used for embossing the embossing structure 34 in the second embossing step.
- the second embossing step of the thermoplastic lacquer 32 takes place at an elevated temperature at which the leveling layer 80 is elastic, so that the already cured UV embossing lacquer areas 42 are separated from the hard embossing tool 70 are pressed locally into the leveling layer 80 . This prevents deformation or damage to the embossed structure 44 and at the same time enables embossing of the embossing lacquer layer 32 .
- the layer thickness of the compensating layer 80 should be slightly greater than the height difference to be compensated for, which in typical embossed microstructures 44 is generally between 2 and 15 ⁇ m.
- the compensating layer 80 can advantageously also deform in such a way that when the UV embossing lacquer areas 42 are pressed in, the thermoplastic embossing lacquer areas 32 are simultaneously pressed somewhat upwards and thereby support the second embossing. Such a deformation can in particular take place while preserving the volume.
- the deformation of the elastic compensation layer 80 forms back so that the feature layer 24 is provided with the desired registered double embossing 34, 44 in the feature regions 30, 40, as shown in FIG. 7(c).
- the phenomenon of surface energy or surface tension is used.
- further layers for example a primer layer or a release layer, may be required for later removal.
- Corona treatment, plasma treatment or flame treatment of the film can also be helpful for sufficient adhesion.
- the carrier 90 mentioned is or comprises a suitable carrier film and, if appropriate, has been appropriately pretreated or provided with further layers in order to provide surface energy suitable for the respective method.
- a carrier 90 is first printed in the feature areas 40 by any method with an embossable formulation 42 that is hydrophilic after drying, which imprints the color or transparency desired in the feature areas 40. points.
- the formulation is a UV embossing varnish 42 which after printing has been embossed in the feature areas 40 with the associated embossing structure 44 and finally cured by UV crosslinking as shown in Figure 8(a).
- the feature areas 30 are initially uncoated and represent areas with a hydrophobic surface.
- the carrier film provided with the UV embossing varnish is then moistened with a dampening solution 92 in-line or in a separate process. Only the hydrophilic coated feature areas 40 accept the fountain solution 92, while the hydrophobic feature areas 30 remain fountain solution-free, as illustrated in FIG. 8(b).
- a second embossing lacquer layer of a thermoplastic embossing lacquer 32 is then applied to the carrier film, for which purpose a printing cylinder 94 is used in the exemplary embodiment, on which the embossing lacquer layer 32 is provided over the entire surface, as shown in FIG. 8(b).
- the surface of the printing cylinder 94 is equipped with a compressible element 96 in order to ensure that the embossing lacquer 32 is only applied in the interstices 30 between the areas 40 that have already been coated.
- the compressible element 96 deforms when the embossing lacquer layer 32 is printed on by the pressure peaks generated by the already cured UV lacquer layer 42, as shown in Fig. 8(c), so that the embossing lacquer 32 in the non-raised feature areas 30 is in contact with the Carrier 90 arrived and is transferred there without the already existing embossing structure 44 being damaged.
- the UV embossing lacquer 42 of the feature areas 40 is also in contact with the embossing lacquer Layer 32, but it is ink-repellent due to the previously applied dampening solution 92 and therefore does not accept the embossing lacquer 32.
- thermoplastic embossing varnish 32 is deposited only in the feature areas 30 in the overprinting step, as shown in Figure 8(d).
- the already embossed and hardened UV embossing varnish 42 is present in the feature areas 40 .
- the intermediate product obtained in this way can then be processed further, as described for example in connection with FIGS. 5 to 7, and the embossing lacquer layer 32 can also be provided with the desired embossing.
- a thermoplastic embossing varnish another UV embossing varnish can also be used which, since the first embossing varnish is already solidified when the further embossing varnish is printed, can also have the same solidifying properties as the first embossing varnish.
- a soft impression roller 98 with a Shore hardness of less than 90, in particular less than 85, is used in the printing cylinder instead of a compressible element.
- the initial situation shown in FIG. 9(a) essentially corresponds to the initial situation in FIG. 8 and shows a carrier 90 that has been coated in feature areas 40 with a UV embossing varnish 42 that is hydrophilic after curing.
- the UV embossing varnish 42 was embossed with the desired embossing structure 44 and cured by UV crosslinking.
- the carrier film coated in this way was then moistened with a dampening solution 92 inline or in a separate process, with only the hydrophilically coated feature areas 40 accepting the dampening solution 92, while the uncoated feature areas 30 remain free of dampening solution.
- a second embossing lacquer layer of a thermoplastic embossing lacquer 32 is then provided over the entire surface of a printing cylinder 94 .
- a soft impression roller 98 provides a counter-pressure for the imprinting step, but due to its low hardness of less than 90 or less than 85 Shore it can be locally deformed by pressure peaks.
- the embossing varnish layer 32 is printed on, the already cured UV embossing varnish areas 42 are pressed slightly by the printing cylinder 94 together with the carrier film 90 into the soft impression roller 98, so that the thermoplastic embossing varnish 32 in the marking areas 30 comes into contact with the carrier film 90 and is transferred there without the already existing embossing structure 44 being damaged.
- the UV embossing varnish areas 42 are also in contact with the embossing varnish layer 32, they are ink-repellent due to the applied dampening solution 92 and therefore do not accept the embossing varnish 32.
- the printing step therefore creates a design with unembossed thermoplastic embossing varnish 32 in the feature areas 30 and with embossed, hardened UV embossing varnish 42 in the feature areas 40, which can be further processed as described above.
- a thermoplastic embossing varnish another UV embossing varnish can also be used here which, since the first embossing varnish is already solidified when the further embossing varnish is printed, can also have the same solidifying properties as the first embossing varnish.
- the carrier film 90 must be sufficiently easily deformable under the printing conditions of the second embossing varnish 32 in order to achieve the position shown in Fig.
- a very thin carrier film 90 can be used (thickness preferably less than 23 gm, in particular 19 gm, in particular thickness between between 6 mih and 15 mhi) and/or a carrier foil 90 with a low glass transition temperature can be used, which exceeds the imprint conditions of the second embossing varnish, so that the and the foil becomes particularly easily deformable.
- a compensation layer 80 is arranged in the layer structure of the security element to be produced on the carrier film 22, which is flexible at least under the printing conditions of the embossing lacquer layer 32 and is preferably flexible has elastic properties.
- the initial situation shown in FIG. 10(a) corresponds to the initial situation in FIG UV embossing varnish 42 was coated.
- the leveling layer can also be provided with a thin covering layer in order to facilitate the subsequent application of the embossing lacquer layers 32, 42 and/or to provide a suitable surface energy.
- the UV embossing varnish 42 was embossed with the desired embossing structure 44 and cured by UV crosslinking.
- the carrier film coated in this way was then moistened in-line or in a separate process with a dampening solution 92, with only the hydrophilically coated feature areas 40 accepting the dampening solution 92, while the uncoated feature areas 30 remain free of dampening solution.
- a second embossing lacquer layer of a thermoplastic embossing lacquer 32 is then provided over the entire surface of a printing cylinder 94 .
- the leveling layer 80 is Conditions of the thermoplastic lacquer 32 are elastic, so that the already hardened UV embossing lacquer areas 42 are pressed locally into the leveling layer 80 by the pressure cylinder 94 . This prevents the embossing structure 44 from being deformed or damaged and enables the embossing lacquer layer 32 to be applied without any problems, precisely in the gaps 30 between the UV embossing lacquer regions 42 .
- the layer thickness of the leveling layer 80 should be slightly greater than the height difference to be compensated for, which is typically between 2 and 15 ⁇ m.
- UV embossing varnish areas 42 are also in contact with the embossing varnish layer 32, they are ink-repellent due to the applied dampening solution 92 and therefore do not accept the embossing varnish 32.
- the deformation of the elastic compensation layer 80 returns so that the desired design shown in Fig. 10(c) with unembossed thermoplastic embossing varnish 32 in the feature areas 30 and embossed, hardened UV embossing varnish 42 in the feature areas 40 arises, which can be further processed as described above.
- the embossing lacquer layer 42 can also be applied in a residue-free embossing process, as is basically the case in the publication EP 3 230795 B1 is described.
- the surface energies of the carrier, the embossing tool used and the surface tension of the embossing varnish must be coordinated.
- a UV embossing varnish 42 is first applied to the carrier 90 over the entire surface.
- a structured embossing tool 100 contains tool areas 102, 104 with different height levels, which correspond in shape and size to the feature areas 30 (protruding tool areas 102) and 40 (recessed tool areas 104).
- the desired embossing structure 44 of the feature areas 40 is arranged in the recessed tool areas 104, which are further away from the layer 42 to be embossed in the subsequent embossing step.
- the protruding areas 102 reduce the existing layer thickness of the embossing lacquer 42 due to their geometry by displacement Interfacial energy between carrier 90 and embossing lacquer 42 and between embossing lacquer 42 and structured embossing tool 100 is negative, so that embossing lacquer 42 withdraws from feature areas 30 below the protruding tool areas 102 into feature areas 40 below the recessed tool areas 104.
- the carrier film 90 thus contains the desired high-resolution structure with embossed, cured UV varnish areas 42 and intervening still uncoated feature areas 30, as shown in FIG. 11(b). Further processing can then take place, for example, as already described in connection with FIGS.
- a layer of a first embossing lacquer 32 is first printed onto a carrier 90 with reference to FIG. 12(a), which after drying or crosslinking has a particular has low surface energy.
- the printed first embossing varnish 32 is embossed and dried or cured.
- the first embossing varnish 32 is applied in a structured manner, so that feature regions 30 with this first embossing varnish and still uncoated feature regions 40 without embossing varnish are present. It has turned out to be advantageous if approximately half of the total area to be coated is provided with the first embossing lacquer 32 .
- a second embossing lacquer formulation 42 which has a low viscosity and a high surface tension, is then applied over the entire surface. This corresponds to the situation of the intermediate step shown in FIG. 12(a).
- the second embossing varnish formulation 42 can be a UV embossing varnish be, in particular a water-dilutable formulation that may need to be physically dried before embossing.
- the second formulation 42 dewets from the first low surface energy stamping varnish 32, as indicated by the arrows 110 in FIG. 12(a), so that after dewetting, that shown in FIG. 12(b) is obtained situation arises.
- the application of the second embossing lacquer formulation 42 can also be repeated several times, so that material with high surface tension is successively built up in the feature areas 40 until there is one for the desired second embossing sufficient amount of second embossing lacquer 42 is present.
- a first layer of a first thermoplastic embossing lacquer 42 with a desired first coloring is applied to a carrier film 22 in a structured manner and dried.
- the first embossing varnish 42 is applied in a structured manner in the pattern of the feature areas 40, but with a greater layer thickness di than the layer thickness do actually required at the end, as shown in FIG. 13(a).
- a second layer of a second thermoplasti's embossing varnish 32 with a desired second coloring is applied over the entire surface.
- the second embossing lacquer 32 is advantageously applied in a layer thickness d2>di, but in principle it is sufficient if the second embossing lacquer is applied in a layer thickness d2>do.
- the application of the second embossing varnish 32 can also be carried out in several steps and in each case connected with wiping or squeegee steps in order to keep the layer thickness of the second embossing varnish 32 on the first applied embossing varnish 42 low.
- the resulting structure is removed mechanically down to the desired layer thickness do, for example by milling 120 off the layer regions 122 that protrude beyond the layer thickness do. If the milling cutter 120 is set to the desired target layer thickness, be milled to this target layer thickness in the simplest case, in which both embossing lacquers 32, 42 are exposed arranged exactly next to one another in the feature regions 30, 40, as shown in FIG. 13(c).
- a fine adjustment and feedback of the milling step 120 can be carried out with the aid of the milling removal, ie the material removed from the layer regions 122 .
- the aid of the milling removal ie the material removed from the layer regions 122 .
- only material of the higher-lying second embossing lacquer 32 is initially removed during milling with a still small layer removal 124; material of the first embossing lacquer 42 is also removed only with larger layer removal.
- a desired removal depth can therefore be checked by means of a spectroscopic examination or, if necessary, simply by checking the color of the milling removal. It can thereby be ensured that the excess of the second embossing lacquer 32 present on the first embossing lacquer regions 42 is completely removed and the end position shown in FIG. 13(c) is reliably reached.
- two different embossing lacquers are used to produce the feature layer 24, one of which is soluble in an ablation medium and the other is insoluble.
- a UV embossing varnish 42 of a first color is applied to a carrier film 22, initially structured in feature regions 40.
- the UV embossing varnish 42 is typically embossed with the desired embossing structure 44 and cured.
- the feature areas 30 lying between the embossing lacquer areas 42 ideally remain completely uncoated.
- thermoplastic embossing varnish 32 is then provided for which a suitable removal medium exists that will remove the dried embossing varnish 32 at a well defined removal rate, but will not dissolve the UV embossing varnish 42 .
- embossing varnish 32 With this embossing varnish 32, a second layer is applied to the carrier film 22 over the entire surface, as shown in FIG. 14(b).
- the application can be done, for example, in flexographic printing, with the flexo sleeve already pressing a considerable part of the embossing varnish 32 into the depressions 130 between the already cured UV embossing varnish areas 42 and only relatively little ink to lie on the embossing varnish areas 42 under high pressure comes.
- the embossing lacquer 32 Immediately after the application of the embossing lacquer 32, it is still liquid, so that the excess can be wiped off or scraped off the printed foil and thus in particular can be removed from the already hardened embossing lacquer areas 42. After physical drying of the embossing varnish 32, the indentations 130 are between the already hardened ones UV embossing varnish areas 42 partially filled as shown in Figure 14(b).
- a thin toning film 132 of embossing lacquer material is also generally present on the embossing lacquer areas 42 .
- embossing varnish 32 and the removal of excess material are repeated until the cavities 130 are sufficiently filled or even overfilled, as illustrated in Figure 14(c).
- the repetition improves the relation between the degree of filling of the depressions 130 and the unwanted toning 132 of the embossing lacquer areas 42.
- thermoplastic embossing varnish 32 is physically dried, resulting in the situation shown in FIG. 14(c).
- a development step with the associated removal medium is then carried out for the embossing lacquer 32 .
- the removal medium can be watery, have a defined pH value or be solvent-based. It may be necessary to expose the embossing lacquer 32 before the removal.
- the removal process is stopped, for example by rinsing with another medium.
- the hardened UV embossing varnish 42 is removed by the removal medium of the embossing Lacks 32 not removed, so that the exposure is done with a high selectivity.
- the desired structure with feature areas 40 with the embossed UV embossing lacquer layer 42 of the first color and with intervening feature areas 30 with the still unembossed thermoplastic embossing lacquer layer 32 of the second color is present on the carrier film 22, as in Fig. 14 (d) shown. Further processing can, for example, follow the procedure already described.
- thermoplastic embossing varnish can also be used in the procedure of FIG.
- This can be insoluble in the removal medium of the embossing varnish 32 from the beginning or it can contain a crosslinking agent that makes it insoluble for the removal medium of the embossing varnish 32, but its crosslinking reaction has not progressed so far at the time of the first embossing that embossing is prevented would.
- a crosslinking agent can be an isocyanate, for example, with the use of aliphatic isocyanates leading to a slower reaction if the embossing is to be carried out with a certain time delay after the application step.
- the first embossing lacquer layer 42 can be applied in a structured manner by applying a desired motif to the feature regions 40 .
- a desired motif to the feature regions 40 .
- Advantageous options for this, in particular for high-resolution structuring of a UV embossing lacquer layer, have already been described above.
- a thermoplastic embossing varnish is used as the first embossing varnish layer applied, pressure at elevated temperature or from the melt may be required for successful fine structuring with a sufficient layer thickness.
- a further method step can be provided, with which the embossing lacquer is converted into a permanent and/or embossable form.
- This can be an exposure step or an annealing step, for example.
- a wet-chemical treatment in which the embossing lacquer is brought into contact with a liquid medium in order to bring about hardening or crosslinking, can also be provided.
- embossing tools 60 flexible embossing tool 62 deformation 64 transition areas 70 hard embossing tool 72 soft embossing roller 74 carrier foil 80 leveling layer 90 carrier 92 dampening solution 94 printing cylinder 96 compressible element 98 soft impression roller 100 structured embossing tool 102 protruding tool areas
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CN202280022310.6A CN116997472A (zh) | 2021-03-25 | 2022-01-12 | 光学可变的防伪元件、制造方法和压印组件 |
EP22700459.5A EP4313614A1 (de) | 2021-03-25 | 2022-01-12 | Optisch variables sicherheitselement, herstellungsverfahren und prägeanordnung |
US18/552,234 US20240165986A1 (en) | 2021-03-25 | 2022-01-12 | Optically variable security element, production process and embossing arrangement |
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DE102021001582.7 | 2021-03-25 | ||
DE102021001582.7A DE102021001582A1 (de) | 2021-03-25 | 2021-03-25 | Optisch variables Sicherheitselement, Herstellungsverfahren und Prägeanordnung |
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Citations (6)
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DE102009031386A1 (de) * | 2009-07-01 | 2011-01-05 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Sicherheitselement und Herstellungsverfahren dafür |
EP3230795B1 (de) | 2014-12-10 | 2019-06-05 | Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH | Prägelack sowie verfahren zum prägen |
WO2020011390A1 (de) | 2018-07-09 | 2020-01-16 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Optisch variables sicherheitselement mit reflektivem flächenbereich |
WO2020011392A1 (de) | 2018-07-09 | 2020-01-16 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Optisch variables sicherheitselement mit reflektivem flächenbereich |
WO2020011391A1 (de) | 2018-07-09 | 2020-01-16 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Optisch variables sicherheitselement mit reflektivem flächenbereich |
WO2020244806A1 (de) * | 2019-06-06 | 2020-12-10 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Verfahren zum herstellen eines optisch variablen sicherheitselements |
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CZ20041001A3 (cs) | 2002-04-03 | 2005-03-16 | De La Rue International Limited | Opticky proměnlivý ochranný prvek a způsob jeho výroby |
DE102016109044B3 (de) | 2016-05-17 | 2017-07-06 | Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg | Vorrichtung zur Oberflächenbehandlung eines Substrats |
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2021
- 2021-03-25 DE DE102021001582.7A patent/DE102021001582A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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2022
- 2022-01-12 WO PCT/EP2022/025010 patent/WO2022199884A1/de active Application Filing
- 2022-01-12 EP EP22700459.5A patent/EP4313614A1/de active Pending
- 2022-01-12 US US18/552,234 patent/US20240165986A1/en active Pending
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Patent Citations (6)
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DE102009031386A1 (de) * | 2009-07-01 | 2011-01-05 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Sicherheitselement und Herstellungsverfahren dafür |
EP3230795B1 (de) | 2014-12-10 | 2019-06-05 | Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH | Prägelack sowie verfahren zum prägen |
WO2020011390A1 (de) | 2018-07-09 | 2020-01-16 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Optisch variables sicherheitselement mit reflektivem flächenbereich |
WO2020011392A1 (de) | 2018-07-09 | 2020-01-16 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Optisch variables sicherheitselement mit reflektivem flächenbereich |
WO2020011391A1 (de) | 2018-07-09 | 2020-01-16 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Optisch variables sicherheitselement mit reflektivem flächenbereich |
WO2020244806A1 (de) * | 2019-06-06 | 2020-12-10 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Verfahren zum herstellen eines optisch variablen sicherheitselements |
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EP4313614A1 (de) | 2024-02-07 |
DE102021001582A1 (de) | 2022-09-29 |
US20240165986A1 (en) | 2024-05-23 |
CN116997472A (zh) | 2023-11-03 |
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