WO2022191193A1 - 溶血反応により誘発される腎障害の抑制 - Google Patents
溶血反応により誘発される腎障害の抑制 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022191193A1 WO2022191193A1 PCT/JP2022/010031 JP2022010031W WO2022191193A1 WO 2022191193 A1 WO2022191193 A1 WO 2022191193A1 JP 2022010031 W JP2022010031 W JP 2022010031W WO 2022191193 A1 WO2022191193 A1 WO 2022191193A1
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- Prior art keywords
- cilastatin
- renal
- megalin
- hemoglobin
- uptake
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- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/194—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having two or more carboxyl groups, e.g. succinic, maleic or phthalic acid
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
- A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
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- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to suppression of renal damage induced by hemolysis. Specifically, it relates to an inhibitor of renal damage induced by hemolytic reaction, containing cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present invention also relates to inhibitors of hemoglobin or heme uptake into renal tissue.
- hemoglobinaemia When a large amount of free hemoglobin is released into the blood due to hemolysis (hemoglobinaemia), hemoglobin passes through the glomerulus and is excreted in the urine (hemoglobinuria), and damage to renal tubular epithelial cells occurs. is known to lead to renal impairment.
- hemoglobin taken up by renal tubular epithelial cells generates reactive oxygen species via iron contained in heme, which causes cell damage. It is. Furthermore, it is known that heme released from hemoglobin is released into blood and urine, and free heme is also thought to cause damage to proximal renal tubules.
- CPB cardiopulmonary bypass
- ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- HD hemodialysis
- VAD ventricular assist device
- Renal injury induced by hemoglobin and heme derived from hemolysis develops as acute kidney injury (AKI).
- AKI acute kidney injury
- CPB CPB
- ECMO ECMO
- Haptoglobin (Hp) preparations are being clinically applied for the treatment of hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria.
- Hp a plasma glycoprotein
- Hp forms an Hp-hemoglobin complex in the blood, transports free hemoglobin to the liver without excreting it into the urine, leads to its processing, and is thought to prevent renal damage caused by free hemoglobin (non-patent literature). 1).
- Hp which is a raw material for pharmaceuticals
- the supply of Hp depends on blood donations, and there are concerns about securing a stable supply in the future, and at the same time, it is expensive.
- the price of the Hp preparation in Japan corresponding to a standard single dosage based on the package insert is 88,752 yen (at the time of filing).
- Non-Patent Document 1 Although measures against pathogen contamination have been taken in the formulation of Hp, which is a plasma fractionation product, the risk of infection with pathogens associated with administration cannot be completely denied (Non-Patent Document 1).
- Non-Patent Document 2 it has been reported that ⁇ 1 -microglobulin ( ⁇ 1M) and hemopexin (Hx), which are proteins produced in the liver, bind to free heme and prevent active oxygen production (Non-Patent Document 2).
- ⁇ 1M ⁇ 1 -microglobulin
- Hx hemopexin
- the use of recombinant hemopexin has also been reported for the purpose of reducing heme toxicity in diseases associated with hemolysis (Patent Document 1).
- the heme- ⁇ 1M complex may cause renal damage when excessively taken up by renal tissue.
- Non-Patent Document 3 Patent document 2.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a new means for suppressing renal injury induced by hemolytic reaction.
- an object of the present invention is to provide new means for suppressing hemoglobin or heme uptake into renal tissue.
- Cilastatin (Z)-7-[[(R)-2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl]thio]-2-[[ [(S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]carbonyl]amino]-2-heptenoic acid) was found to be effective in achieving the above objects.
- the present invention includes, but is not limited to, the following aspects.
- An agent for suppressing renal injury induced by hemolytic reaction comprising cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
- the inhibitor according to 1, which is in the form of an injection 3.
- An inhibitor of hemoglobin uptake into renal tissue comprising cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
- An inhibitor of heme uptake into renal tissue comprising cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
- the present invention can suppress renal damage induced by hemolytic reaction.
- the present inventors confirmed that ⁇ 1M and Hx, to which heme released from hemoglobin binds, bind to megalin, and that cilastatin suppresses the binding of ⁇ 1M and Hx to megalin. Therefore, it was confirmed that cilastatin inhibits the binding of ⁇ 1M or Hx to megalin, where heme is taken up into cells via megalin and causes renal damage. Therefore, cilastatin is thought to be able to suppress heme uptake into renal tissue. It is believed that the present invention can suppress not only disorders in which hemoglobin is liberated by hemolysis, but also disorders in which heme is produced.
- the present invention also has advantages in terms of safety and price.
- combination drugs of cilastatin and the antibiotic imipenem have been widely used safely throughout the world for many years. This supports the safety of cilastatin.
- the drug price (equivalent to a standard single dosage based on the package insert) of the combination drug (including the main drug) in Japan is 1,741 yen.
- the term "suppress” used in this specification with respect to renal disorders means not causing symptoms at all, alleviating the symptoms, and the like.
- the “alleviation” includes reducing the amount of manifestation of the symptoms, reducing the symptoms that have occurred, and completely eliminating the symptoms that have occurred.
- prevention refers to preventing the symptoms of a disease from occurring or reducing the amount of symptoms.
- the medicine for "inhibiting” is called an “inhibitor.”
- FIG. 1 shows the inhibitory effect of cilastatin on renal injury in hemolysis model mice by measuring renal injury markers (blood urea nitrogen and urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1: KIM-1).
- FIG. 2-1 shows the binding of megalin onto hemoglobin, Hx-immobilized quartz sensor, and the inhibitory effect of cilastatin using the quartz crystal microbalance method (QCM method).
- FIG. 2-2 shows the binding of ⁇ 1M onto a megalin-immobilized quartz sensor and the inhibitory effect of cilastatin using the QCM method.
- FIG. 3 shows a comparison of urinary protein ( ⁇ 1 microglobulin: ⁇ 1M) concentration between the cilastatin-administered group and the control group.
- FIG. 1 shows the inhibitory effect of cilastatin on renal injury in hemolysis model mice by measuring renal injury markers (blood urea nitrogen and urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1: KIM-1).
- FIG. 2-1 shows the binding
- FIG. 4 shows images comparing the amount of hemoglobin uptake into renal tissue in a hemolysis model using kidney-specific megalin KO mice and control mice (immunostaining with anti-hemoglobin antibody).
- FIG. 5 shows the inhibitory effect of cilastatin on hemoglobin uptake in hemolysis model mice (immunostaining with anti-hemoglobin antibody).
- FIG. 6 shows images comparing ⁇ 1M uptake into renal tissue in hemolysis models using kidney-specific megalin KO mice and control mice (immunostaining with anti- ⁇ 1M antibody).
- FIG. 7 shows the inhibitory effect of cilastatin on ⁇ 1M uptake in hemolysis model mice (immunostaining with anti- ⁇ 1M antibody).
- the present invention is an agent for suppressing renal damage induced by hemolytic reaction.
- the hemolytic reaction that causes kidney damage has both congenital and acquired causes.
- Congenital causes include genetic abnormalities associated with red blood cell membranes, genetic abnormalities associated with red blood cell enzymes, and genetic abnormalities of hemoglobin.
- Acquired causes include antibodies against red blood cells, including autoantibodies, maternal antibodies in neonates, and antibodies brought on by incompatible transfusions, protozoan and bacterial infections, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, liver disease, hypophosphatemia, and snake venom. and so on.
- cases in which the frequency of use of the present invention can be considered to be high include heart valve disease, valve replacement surgery, hemolytic uremic syndrome, march hemoglobinuria, burns and burns, massive blood transfusion, CPB, ECMO, VAD, or HD.
- hemolytic uremic syndrome a progressive hypertension syndrome
- march hemoglobinuria a progressive hypertension of a malignant neoplasm
- burns and burns massive blood transfusion
- CPB CPB
- ECMO ECMO
- VAD massive blood transfusion
- HD cerebral damage induced by hemolysis caused by physical destruction of red blood cells, such as blood purification therapy.
- the inhibitors of the present invention may be prescribed when hemolytic reactions have been diagnosed or suspected. For example, if laboratory tests show increased reticulocytes, increased serum indirect bilirubin, increased fecal/urinary urobilinogen, increased plasma free hemoglobin, decreased serum haptoglobin, or evidence of hemoglobinuria, hemolytic reaction can be diagnosed or suspected to be occurring.
- the onset of renal damage due to hemolytic reaction is expected, it can be prescribed as a preventive measure, especially for subjects with reduced renal function.
- Examples of suppression of renal damage induced by hemolytic reactions assumed in clinical practice include, as clinical tests, increased serum creatinine, decreased renal filtration function (GFR, eGFR), increased blood urea nitrogen, In addition to suppressing an increase in blood uric acid or abnormal ion concentrations in blood and urine, KIM-1, N-acetyl- ⁇ -D-glucosaminidase (NAG), ⁇ 1M, ⁇ 2 microglobulin ( ⁇ 2M), which is called a renal injury marker ), Liver-type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (L-type fatty acid binding protein: L-FABP), Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (N-GAL), albumin (ALB), type IV collagen, megalin, or urinary concentration of podocalyxin Abnormal suppression.
- KIM-1 N-acetyl- ⁇ -D-glucosaminidase
- ⁇ 1M ⁇ 1M
- ⁇ 2M microglobulin
- L-FABP Live
- examples of suppression of renal damage from the viewpoint of clinical symptoms include suppression of edema, hypertension, uremia symptoms (nausea, vomiting, disturbance of consciousness, etc.), suppression of jaundice, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, or appearance of proteinuria. suppression, or suppression of a decrease in urine output. Suppression of glomerular injury or vascular injury.
- the renal damage can be induced via megalin. Since megalin is mainly expressed in kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (mainly in the luminal membrane) in vivo, the present invention suppresses proximal tubular epithelial cell damage and renal injury derived therefrom. to (ie, as an inhibitor).
- Renal injury induced by hemolytic reaction includes nephropathy, nephropathy, nephritis, renal failure, renal disease, acute nephropathy, acute renal injury, acute nephritis, acute renal failure, acute kidney disease, chronic nephropathy, chronic renal Disorder, Chronic nephritis, Chronic renal failure, Chronic kidney disease, Tubular nephropathy, Tubular nephropathy, Tubular nephritis, Tubular renal failure, Tubular kidney disease, tubulointerstitial nephropathy, tubulointerstitial nephropathy, tubulointerstitial nephritis, tubulointerstitial renal failure, tubulointerstitial kidney disease , Obstructive nephropathy, Obstructive nephropathy, Obstructive nephritis, Obstructive renal failure, Obstructive renal disease, Acute nephritic syndrome, Rapidly progressive nephritic syndrome, Chronic nep
- Cilastatin Cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in the present invention.
- Cilastatin is (Z)-7-[[(R)-2-Amino-2-carboxyethyl]thio]-2-[[[(S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]carbonyl]amino]-2-heptenoic acid It's about.
- cilastatin forms a hydrate, the use of the hydrate is also within the scope of the present invention.
- Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of cilastatin include alkali metal salts such as lithium, sodium, potassium; alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium, calcium; zinc, aluminum; organic amine salts; Choline salts, ethanolamine salts, trimethylamine salts, triethylamine salts, dicyclohexylamine salts, dibenzylamine salts, phenethylbenzylamine salts, procaine salts, morpholine salts, pyridine salts, piperidine salts, piperazine salts, N-ethylpiperidine salts; ammonium salts; basic amino acid salts such as lysine salts, arginine salts; and the like.
- a particularly preferred salt is cilastatin sodium.
- the scope of pharmaceutically acceptable salts also includes salt hydrates.
- Cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be produced and obtained, for example, by using a commercially available product, or by a method known per se or a method according to a known method.
- Cilastatin binds to the extracellular domain of megalin. Cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can inhibit direct or indirect binding of hemoglobin and heme to megalin and cellular uptake.
- the inhibitor of the present invention contains cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount effective to inhibit renal damage induced by hemolytic reaction.
- an example daily dose of cilastatin or a salt thereof for adults is 0.01-100 mg, or 0.1-10 mg.
- the suppressing agent can be administered once or divided into several doses so that the dosage falls within this range.
- intermittent administration such as every other day administration and every other day administration can also be used.
- the present invention relates to an inhibitor of hemoglobin uptake into renal tissue, comprising cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
- Hemoglobin is a protein present in the red blood cells of vertebrates, including humans, and has a tetrameric structure composed of four subunits. Within each subunit are bound a polypeptide portion called globin and a prosthetic group, the heme portion. Hemoglobin has the property of binding to oxygen molecules and plays a role in carrying oxygen from the lungs to the whole body.
- cilastatin inhibits the binding of hemoglobin and megalin. This inhibitory effect is thought to lead to suppression of renal injury induced by hemolytic reaction.
- the inhibitor of the present invention contains an effective amount of cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the effective dose can be determined with reference to the doses and the like described above with respect to the agent for suppressing renal damage of the present invention.
- the present invention relates to an inhibitor of heme uptake into renal tissue, comprising cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
- Heme is a partial structure that constitutes hemoglobin, and can be released into the body through the decomposition of hemoglobin.
- Heme binds to ⁇ 1M or Hx, and the present inventors confirmed that ⁇ 1M and Hx bind to megalin, and that cilastatin inhibits the binding of them to megalin. This inhibitory effect is thought to lead to suppression of renal injury induced by hemolytic reaction.
- the inhibitor of the present invention contains an effective amount of cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the effective dose can be determined with reference to the doses and the like described above with respect to the agent for suppressing renal damage of the present invention.
- the form of the inhibitor of the present invention is not particularly limited. can do.
- a preferred form is an injection.
- the suppressing agent of the present invention may contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as necessary in terms of formulation.
- carriers include excipients and solvents.
- additional ingredients that may be included in the inhibitors of the present invention include binders, pH adjusters, disintegrants, chelating agents, solubilizers, suspending agents, emulsifiers, tonicity agents, stabilizers, Soothing agents, preservatives, antioxidants, lubricants, flavoring agents and coloring agents.
- excipients include sugars such as lactose, glucose and D-mannitol; starches; organic excipients such as celluloses such as crystalline cellulose; inorganic excipients such as dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and kaolin. etc.
- solvent include purified water, physiological saline, and the like. Binders include pregelatinized starch, gelatin, gum arabic, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, crystalline cellulose, D-mannitol, trehalose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol and the like.
- pH adjusters include hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
- disintegrants include low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, chemically modified cellulose and starches, alginic acid and the like.
- Chelating agents include calcium disodium edetate hydrate, calcium sodium edetate hydrate, and the like.
- solubilizing agents include polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trehalose, benzyl benzoate, ethanol, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, sodium salicylate, sodium acetate and the like.
- Suspending or emulsifying agents include sodium lauryl sulfate, gum arabic, gelatin, lecithin, glyceryl monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, celluloses such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose; polysorbates; polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil; mentioned.
- Tonicity agents include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sugars, glycerin, urea and the like.
- Stabilizers include polyethylene glycol, sodium dextran sulfate, and other amino acids. Examples of pain relievers include glucose, calcium gluconate, procaine hydrochloride and the like.
- Preservatives include paraoxybenzoic acid esters, chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, dehydroacetic acid, sorbic acid and the like.
- Antioxidants include sulfites, ascorbic acid, and the like.
- the inhibitor of the present invention does not contain imipenem.
- the suppressing agent of the present invention suppresses renal injury induced by hemolytic reaction of cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, suppresses hemoglobin uptake into renal tissue, or suppresses heme Use in inhibition of uptake.
- the inhibitor of the present invention is a method for suppressing renal injury induced by hemolytic reaction, suppressing hemoglobin uptake into renal tissue, or suppressing heme uptake into renal tissue. , which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- the effective amount of cilastatin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be determined based on the doses and the like described above for the inhibitor of the present invention.
- the methods and uses of the present invention do not include administration of imipenem.
- subjects in need of various suppression are preferably mammals such as humans; mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, monkeys, sheep, horses, cows, pigs, donkeys, dogs, Domestic animals such as cats; or other experimental animals, especially humans.
- Phenylhydrazine (97% phenylhydrazine, Sigma-Aldrich Inc.) was dissolved in PBS at a concentration of 5 mg/ml to prepare a PBS solution, which was applied to C57BL/6 (10-12 week old males). , phenylhydrazine was intraperitoneally administered at a dosage of 1 mg/10 g to prepare a hemolysis model.
- urine was collected in a 24-hour metabolism cage for a period of 24 hours after the administration of phenylhydrazine, and the resulting urine sample was collected. Also, 24 hours after the administration of phenylhydrazine, blood was collected from the inferior vena cava of each animal and centrifuged at 800 g for 30 minutes to separate and collect serum.
- Urine and serum were stored at -80°C until analysis, and urinary KIM-1 and blood urea nitrogen were measured. Measurement was requested to Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.
- hemoglobin LifeSpan Biosciences Inc., Rat Hemoglobin Native Protein, LS-G11201
- Hx Rat Hemopexin/HPX protein (His Tag 81025-R08H)
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- a crystal sensor immobilized with each ligand or BSA was installed in a measuring instrument AFFINIX (registered trademark) Q8 (manufactured by Initium Co., Ltd.), and after confirming that the frequency was stable, Sprague-Dawley rats ( SD rats) 8 ⁇ L of a 0.1 mg/mL solution of megalin purified from the kidney was injected, and the frequency was measured over time.
- AFFINIX registered trademark
- Q8 manufactured by Initium Co., Ltd.
- megalin solution was reacted with each ligand-immobilized crystal sensor placed in a chamber containing 200 ⁇ L of buffer, and the frequency was measured.
- Method-2 According to method-1, a crystal sensor was prepared by immobilizing rat-purified megalin or BSA. This quartz sensor was installed in a measuring device, and conditions were set in advance with and without injecting 1 mg/200 ⁇ L of cilastatin into the buffer. After confirming that the frequency was stable, ⁇ 1M (LifeSpan Biosciences, Inc., Rat AMBP Protein (Recombinant 6His, N-terminus) (aa20-202), LS-G11794) solution was injected into the 8 ⁇ L chamber, and the frequency was changed over time. measured accurately.
- ⁇ 1M LifeSpan Biosciences, Inc., Rat AMBP Protein (Recombinant 6His, N-terminus) (aa20-202), LS-G11794) solution was injected into the 8 ⁇ L chamber, and the frequency was changed over time. measured accurately.
- mice (12-week-old male C57BL/6) were given 400 mg/kg of cilastatin sodium (SIGMA-ALDRICH Japan LLC, C5743) (diluted in 100 ⁇ L of physiological saline, cilastatin administration group). After intraperitoneal administration, mice were placed in metabolic cages for 3 hours, urine was collected, and urine from 5 mice was combined. In addition, 100 ⁇ L of physiological saline (control group) was administered to another group of 5 mice, and the same experiment as described above was conducted.
- SIGMA-ALDRICH Japan LLC C5743
- proteins were separated by electrophoresis (SDS-polyacrylamide gel), reductively alkylated (with Dithiothereitol, Iodoacetamide), trypsin digested, the resulting peptides were extracted and the solids were isolated. Obtained.
- the analysis method was based on that described in Ohara et al., 2018, PLoS One, Vol. 13, 1, e0204160. The analysis method is shown below.
- AnaLyst registered trademark
- TF1.6 (AB SCIEX) is used as the LCMS/MS data acquisition and analysis software, and the obtained raw data is converted into a peak list file (mgf file format) and stored in Matrix Science's Mascot daemon.
- MS/MS Ion Search (MIS search) was performed using Mascot server 2.2.1. Uniprot and Swiss-Prot were used as sequence databases. The significance threshold was set to 0.05 (false discovery rate less than 5%), and proteins with 2 or more peptides exceeding the identification criteria were listed as identified proteins.
- HRP horseradish peroxidas
- Dako Polyclonal Goat Anti-Rabbit Immunoglobulin
- FIG. 3 shows Western blotting images of urinary ⁇ 1M in the cilastatin-administered group and the control group.
- ⁇ 1M is a ligand of megalin (Christensen et al., 2002, MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY, Vol. 3, pp. 258-268). was shown to be a possible ligand for It was also confirmed that cilastatin inhibited their uptake into renal tissue.
- proteins reported to be megalin ligands include albumin, transthyretin, clusterin, and vitamin D binding protein. was This study showed that binding of even megalin ligands may not be antagonized by cilastatin.
- Renal-specific megalin KO mice (Ndrg1-CreERT2/+ megalin lox/lox) and, as controls, their control mice (megalin (lox/lox); Cre( ⁇ )) (both male 12 weeks old) were treated with phenylhydrazine.
- the portion of the right kidney containing the renal pedicle was sliced into 3 mm thick slices and fixed with a phosphate buffer solution containing 4% paraformaldehyde.
- the fixed sample was sliced to a thickness of 4 ⁇ m with a microtome (REM-710, Yamato Kohki Industrial Co., Ltd.), immunostained with an anti-hemoglobin antibody (Abcam ab92492) (500-fold dilution), and observed under a microscope. .
- cilastatin Sigma-Aldrich Inc. 400 mg/kg (diluted to 100 ⁇ L of physiological saline), or b) physiological saline 100 uL was administered intraperitoneally.
- Method Test Example 4 a thinly sliced fixed sample of kidney was obtained and observed by immunohistochemical staining.
- another sliced fixed sample obtained from the rest of the right kidney of the same animal was subjected to immunostaining (500-fold dilution) using an anti- ⁇ 1M antibody (Gene Tex: GTX101068) and microscopic observation.
- Method Test Example 5 a thinly sliced fixed sample of kidney was obtained and observed by immunohistochemical staining.
- immunostaining 500-fold dilution
- the present invention can provide an inhibitor of renal damage induced by hemolysis, or an inhibitor of hemoglobin or heme uptake into renal tissue.
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Abstract
Description
1.有効成分としてシラスタチン又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含む、溶血反応によって誘発される腎障害の抑制剤。
2.注射剤の形態である、1に記載の抑制剤。
3.有効成分としてシラスタチン又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含む、腎組織へのヘモグロビン取り込みの抑制剤。
4.有効成分としてシラスタチン又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含む、腎組織へのヘム取り込みの抑制剤。
本発明は、一態様において、溶血反応によって誘発される腎障害の抑制剤である。
本発明においてはシラスタチン又はその薬学的に許容される塩を用いる。
本発明は、一態様において、有効成分としてシラスタチン又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含む、腎組織へのヘモグロビン取り込みの抑制剤に関する。
本発明は、一態様において、有効成分としてシラスタチン又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含む、腎組織へのヘム取り込みの抑制剤に関する。
本発明の抑制剤の形態は、特に限定されないが、散剤、顆粒剤、カプセル剤、錠剤、チュアブル剤等の固形剤、溶液剤、シロップ剤等の液剤、注射剤、又はスプレー剤等の形態とすることができる。好ましい形態は、注射剤である。
本発明の抑制剤は、製剤上の必要に応じて、薬学的に許容され得る担体を含んでもよい。担体としては、例えば、賦形剤、溶剤が挙げられる。本発明の抑制剤に含まれてもよいさらなる成分の例は、結合剤、pH調整剤、崩壊剤、キレート剤、溶解補助剤、懸濁化剤、乳化剤、等張化剤、安定化剤、無痛化剤、防腐剤、抗酸化剤、滑沢剤、矯味矯臭剤、着色剤である。
本発明の抑制剤は、別の側面では、シラスタチン又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩の、溶血反応によって誘発される腎障害の抑制、腎組織へのヘモグロビン取り込みの抑制、又は腎組織へのヘム取り込みの抑制における使用である。
明確化のために記載すると、本明細書において下限値と上限値によって表されている数値範囲、例えば「1.0~2.0g」は、それら下限値及び上限値を含む。
溶血モデルマウスで発症する腎障害がシラスタチン投与により抑制されるかどうかについて、腎障害の指標である血中尿素窒素、尿中Kidney Injury Molecule-1(KIM-1)測定により検証した。
フェニルヒドラジン(97%フェニルヒドラジン、Sigma-Aldrich Inc.)を5mg/mlの濃度でPBSに溶解してPBS溶液を調製し、それを、C57BL/6(雄性10-12週齢)に対して、フェニルヒドラジンの投与量が1mg/10gとなるよう腹腔内投与し、溶血モデルを作成した。
溶血モデルの腎障害を、血中尿素窒素および尿中KIM-1で評価した結果、いずれの測定値もシラスタチン(CS)投与群では対照群より低値であった(図1)。溶血反応により誘導される腎障害は、シラスタチン投与により抑制できることがわかった。
各リガンドとメガリンの直接結合性とシラスタチンによる結合阻害
メガリンと各リガンド(ヘモグロビン、α1M、Hx)との結合特異性、及びシラスタチンによる結合阻害の可能性を、特許文献2に記載された方法を参考にして、水晶振動子マイクロバランス法(QCM法)を用いて検証した。
検証対象とするリガンドとして、ヘモグロビン(LifeSpan Biosciences Inc.、Rat Hemoglobin Native Protein、LS-G11201)、Hx(Sino Biological Inc.、Rat Hemopexin/HPX protein (His Tag 81025-R08H))を用いた。
方法-1に準じ、ラット精製メガリン又はBSAを固定化した水晶センサーを作成した。この水晶センサーを測定装置に設置し、予めバッファーに1mg/200μLのシラスタチンを注入した条件と、しない条件を設定した。周波数が安定したことを確認後、α1M(LifeSpan Biosciences,Inc.、Rat AMBP Protein (Recombinant 6His、 N-terminus)(aa20-202)、LS-G11794)溶液を8μLチャンバー内に注入し、周波数を経時的に測定した。
ヘモグロビン、Hx固相化水晶センサーへメガリンを添加すると水晶のシグナルが大きく低下し、かつその反応はシラスタチンにより阻害された(図2-1)。ヘモグロビン、Hxはメガリンと直接結合し、シラスタチンはその結合を阻害することがわかった。
メガリン固相化水晶センサーへα1Mを添加すると水晶のシグナルが大きく低下し、かつその反応はシラスタチンによって阻害された(図2-2)。ヘモグロビン、Hxと同様に、α1Mはメガリンと直接結合し、シラスタチンはその結合を阻害することがわかった。
各リガンドの腎組織への取り込みとメガリン、シラスタチンとの関係
この試験例では、各リガンド(α1MとHx)の腎組織への取り込みがメガリンを介していること、およびそれをシラスタチンが抑制することを、検証した。
マウスにシラスタチンを投与し、それによる尿中の各リガンドの濃度の変化を観測した。
(LCのシステム)
Eksigent(登録商標) Exspert nano LC 400、 Exsigent TM Exspert cHiPLC(登録商標)
(カラム)
Trap column:Nano cHiPLC Trap column 200μm × 0.5mm ChromXP C18-CL 3μm 120Å(804-00006、SCIEX)
Analytical column:Nano cHiPLC column 75μm × 15cm ChromXP C18-CL 3μm 120Å(804-00001、SCIEX)
カラム温度 30℃
(サンプル導入)
注入量:3μL
サンプルを、Trap columnに保持した後、移動相のgradientを後述のように調整し、Analytical columnへ導入する。
A溶媒:0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸水溶液
B溶媒:アセトニトリル中0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸溶液
Flow rate:total 300nl/min
グラジェント条件:A溶媒98%、B溶媒2%で平衡化したAnalytical columnへのサンプル導入時を0分として、B溶媒割合を30分で32%まで直線的に上昇させ、測定対象物を分離溶出する。その後、5分でB溶媒割合を90%まで上昇させ、その後5分間90%のB溶媒割合を保ち、カラムを洗い、0.1分で2%まで当該割合を戻し、60分まで初期状態の2%のB溶媒割合を維持し、カラムを平衡化する。
AB Sciex Triple TOF 5600+をPositive ion modeで使用。
質量range:400-1250Da
(データの解析)
LCMSのデータを、配列データベースと照合して、複数のタンパク質の存在を確認した。そのうえで、シラスタチン投与群と対照群の両方で確認されたタンパク質について、シラスタチン投与群/対照群のピーク強度比に相当するSpC/L ratio(spectral abundance factor:SAF)を算出し、SpC/L ratioが2.0以上であるものを、シラスタチン投与群の尿により多く存在するタンパク質であると判断し、該当するタンパク質をとしてリストアップした。
上記で得られたシラスタチン投与群および対照群の尿について、4~15パーセントのグラディエントゲル(バイオ・ラッド ラボラトリーズ株式会社)を用いて還元条件のSDS-ポリアクリルアミド電気泳動を実施、展開物をpolyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)膜にトランスファーした。当該膜を、5%スキムミルク含有緩衝液でブロッキングした後、1次抗体として抗α1M抗体(LifeSpan Biosciences Inc.)1μg/mLと室温で2時間反応させた。2次抗体としてhorseradish peroxidas(HRP)標識されたPolyclonal Goat Anti-Rabbit Immunoglobulin(Dako社) 0.25μg/mLと室温で1時間反応させた。その後、ウェスタンブロット用化学発光基質(SuperSignalTM West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate、Thermo Scientific(登録商標))でバンドを検出した。
シラスタチン投与群、対照群の両方で同定されたタンパク質のうち、シラスタチン投与群/対照群のSpC/L ratioが2.0以上であるものを、対照群に比べてシラスタチン投与群で尿中濃度が高かったタンパク質として、63種を同定した。これらのタンパク質の尿中排泄量の変化には、シラスタチンによるメガリン拮抗作用が影響しているものと考えられる。そして、その中には、ヘムバインダーであることが報告されているα1MとHxが含まれていた。参考として、図3にはシラスタチン投与群と対象群の尿中α1Mのウェスタンブロット像を示した。
腎組織へのヘモグロビンの取り込みのメガリン依存性
腎組織中へのヘモグロビンの取り込みがメガリンに依存するかどうかを、腎特異的メガリンノックアウト(KO)マウスから作成した溶血モデルを用いて検証した。
腎特異的メガリンKOマウス(Ndrg1-CreERT2/+ megalin lox/lox)、および対照としてそのコントロールマウス(megalin (lox/lox);Cre(-))(ともに雄性12週齢)に対し、フェニルヒドラジン(97%フェニルヒドラジン、Sigma-Aldrich Inc.)の5mg/ml PBS溶液を調製し、そのフェニルヒドラジン1mg/10g相当量を腹腔内投与し、溶血モデルを作成した。
溶血モデルマウスの腎臓組織中へのヘモグロビン取り込み量は、対照マウスに比較してメガリンKOマウスでは少ないことが確認できた(図4)。したがって、腎へのヘモグロビンの取り込みはメガリンに依存していることがわかった。
腎組織へのヘモグロビン取り込みのシラスタチンによる抑制
腎組織へのヘモグロビンの取り込みがシラスタチン投与により抑制されるかどうかを、溶血モデルマウスを使って検証した。
試験例1に準じ、C57BL/6(雄性10-12週齢)に対してフェニルヒドラジン1mg/10gを投与し、溶血モデルマウスを作成した。
溶血モデルマウスの腎組織中へのヘモグロビン取り込み量は、シラスタチンの投与により減少することが確認できた(図5)。したがって、腎へのヘモグロビン取り込みはシラスタチンで抑制できることがわかった。
腎組織へのα1Mの取り込みのメガリン依存性
腎組織中へのα1Mの取り込みがメガリンに依存するかどうかを、腎特異的メガリンノックアウト(KO)マウスから作成した溶血モデルを用いて検証した。
試験例4においては、腎臓の薄切り固定試料を得て免疫組織染色観察を行った。本試験例では、同じ動物の右腎の残りから得られた別の薄切り固定試料について、抗α1M抗体(Gene Tex:GTX101068)を用いて免疫染色(500倍希釈)を行い、顕微鏡観察をした。
溶血モデルマウスの腎臓組織中へのα1M取り込み量は、対照マウスに比較してメガリンKOマウスでは少ないことが確認できた(図6)。したがって、腎へのα1Mの取り込みはメガリンに依存していることがわかった。
(試験例7) 作用機序の確認(6)
腎組織へのα1M取り込みのシラスタチンによる抑制
腎組織へのα1Mの取り込みがシラスタチン投与により抑制されるかどうかを、溶血モデルマウスを使って検証した。
試験例5においては、腎臓の薄切り固定試料を得て免疫組織染色観察を行った。本試験例では、同じ動物の右腎の残りから得られた薄切り固定試料について、抗α1M抗体(Gene Tex:GTX101068)を用いて免疫染色(500倍希釈)を行った。
溶血モデルマウスの腎組織中へのα1M取り込み量は、シラスタチンの投与により減少することが確認できた(図7)。したがって、腎へのα1M取り込みはシラスタチンで抑制できることがわかった。
Claims (4)
- 有効成分としてシラスタチン又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含む、溶血反応によって誘発される腎障害の抑制剤。
- 注射剤の形態である、請求項1に記載の抑制剤。
- 有効成分としてシラスタチン又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含む、腎組織へのヘモグロビン取り込みの抑制剤。
- 有効成分としてシラスタチン又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩を含む、腎組織へのヘム取り込みの抑制剤。
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