WO2022184956A1 - Proceso de electrodeposición de un metal y medio electrolítico para electrodeposición - Google Patents
Proceso de electrodeposición de un metal y medio electrolítico para electrodeposición Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022184956A1 WO2022184956A1 PCT/ES2022/070112 ES2022070112W WO2022184956A1 WO 2022184956 A1 WO2022184956 A1 WO 2022184956A1 ES 2022070112 W ES2022070112 W ES 2022070112W WO 2022184956 A1 WO2022184956 A1 WO 2022184956A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- electrodeposition
- solid particles
- electrolytic medium
- pole
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 90
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 90
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 title claims description 69
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000001457 metallic cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000001455 metallic ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 76
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- CHRJZRDFSQHIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C CHRJZRDFSQHIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 25
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen atom Chemical compound [H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003729 cation exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002343 gold Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003534 oscillatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver cyanide Chemical compound [Ag+].N#[C-] LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- KXZQYLBVMZGIKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-pyridin-2-yl-n-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)methanamine Chemical group C=1C=CC=NC=1CNCC1=CC=CC=N1 KXZQYLBVMZGIKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WOXFMYVTSLAQMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Pyridinemethanamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CC=N1 WOXFMYVTSLAQMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101710134784 Agnoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical class [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GSNUFIFRDBKVIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N DMF Natural products CC1=CC=C(C)O1 GSNUFIFRDBKVIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003771 Gold(I) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003803 Gold(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel(2+) Chemical class [Ni+2] VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical class [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical class [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940023913 cation exchange resins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SFZULDYEOVSIKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N chembl321317 Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=N)NO)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C(=N)NO)O1 SFZULDYEOVSIKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(6+) Chemical class [Cr+6] JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000416 exudates and transudate Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000005246 galvanizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- FDWREHZXQUYJFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M gold monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Au+] FDWREHZXQUYJFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RJHLTVSLYWWTEF-UHFFFAOYSA-K gold trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Au](Cl)Cl RJHLTVSLYWWTEF-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- IZLAVFWQHMDDGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold(1+);cyanide Chemical compound [Au+].N#[C-] IZLAVFWQHMDDGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBMIPXHVOVTTTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold(3+) Chemical class [Au+3] CBMIPXHVOVTTTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006193 liquid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KERTUBUCQCSNJU-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);disulfamate Chemical compound [Ni+2].NS([O-])(=O)=O.NS([O-])(=O)=O KERTUBUCQCSNJU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940098221 silver cyanide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010518 undesired secondary reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
- C25D15/02—Combined electrolytic and electrophoretic processes with charged materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/08—Electroplating with moving electrolyte e.g. jet electroplating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J39/00—Cation exchange; Use of material as cation exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties
- B01J39/04—Processes using organic exchangers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D21/00—Processes for servicing or operating cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D21/10—Agitating of electrolytes; Moving of racks
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/18—Electroplating using modulated, pulsed or reversing current
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Definitions
- the invention refers to a process of electrodeposition of a metal on a metal part by ionic transport by means of a set of free solid particles (4) that retain a conductive solution that comprises metallic ions of the metal to be deposited and the electrolytic medium for electrodeposition of a metal on a metal part, providing advantages and novelty characteristics that will be described in detail later and that represent a notable improvement compared to what is currently known in its field of application.
- the first object of the present invention falls, specifically, on an electrodeposition process of a metal on a metallic piece, based on ionic transport by means of a set of particles or free solid bodies of reduced size, which is distinguished, essentially because the particles they are electrically conductive and retain a conductive solution that includes metal ions of the metal to be deposited and are incorporated together in a non-conductive environment, the metal part to be treated being arranged in such a way that they are connected to the negative pole of an electrical power source, for example a direct current generator and, preferably, presenting relative movement with respect to the set of particles, and the set of particle bodies so that it contacts electrically with the positive pole of the power supply.
- an electrical power source for example a direct current generator and, preferably, presenting relative movement with respect to the set of particles, and the set of particle bodies so that it contacts electrically with the positive pole of the power supply.
- a second object of the invention is the electrolytic medium for electrodeposition of a metal on a metallic piece that comprises a set of free solid particles that retain a conductive solution that comprises metallic ions of the metal to be deposited.
- the field of application of the present invention falls within the sector of the industry dedicated to the treatment of metallic surfaces, especially encompassing electrodeposition processes.
- Electroplating also known as galvanizing or electroplating, is an electrochemical treatment of metal parts or metal surfaces to form a metal coating on a base part with the aim of modifying the surface properties of the part. Electroplating is used to improve part surface properties such as corrosion resistance, wear resistance, or aesthetic finish.
- Conventional electrodeposition is based on the reduction of metal cations in a liquid electrolytic medium on the surface of the piece caused by the passage of a direct electric current.
- the electrical current occurs between the piece to be coated connected to the negative pole or cathode, and the liquid electrolyte connected to the positive pole or anode.
- This electric current produces the reduction of the cations of the electrolyte solution in the form of a metallic coating on the surface of the part, which is the one in contact with the liquid electrolyte.
- the electrolytes associated with the conventional electrodeposition process are highly polluting because they include metal cations, often media such as strong acids, cyanides, etc. as well as others chemical reagents used to increase the quality of the coating.
- the liquids used to treat the piece in the process before and after electrodeposition also tend to be highly polluting. Consequently, handling these liquids poses a safety risk and environmental contamination. It would be desirable to have an electrolytic that poses a lower risk of safety and environmental contamination.
- the key parameters for the evaluation of the coating generated by an electrodeposition process are the thickness and the homogeneity of the coating.
- Electrodeposition processes usually generate coatings with thicknesses between 1 and 50 microns. However, this thickness is not constant throughout the piece since non-homogeneous distributions of the coating are usually observed, with unequal thicknesses in different areas. The most exposed parts, that is, the outermost parts of the piece, receive more electrical density and consequently the degree of material deposition in the electrodeposition process is more accentuated, thus generating a thicker coating. This defect is especially visible on the edges and vertices of the piece treated by conventional electrodeposition where dendrites grow as a result of the point effect. It would be interesting to have an electrodeposition process that generates a more homogeneous distribution of the coating.
- the rate of electrodeposition processes known to date is physically limited by the formation of the Nernst diffusion layer.
- This layer describes the ionic diffusion process between the part and the liquid electrolyte.
- the speed of the process is limited by the mobility of the ions in the liquid medium.
- the piece to be covered by electrodeposition is connected to the negative pole to produce the reduction of the metal cations of the electrolytic.
- the protons of the liquid electrolyte usually aqueous, compete with the cations of the liquid electrolyte in the reduction process in an undesired secondary reaction.
- These protons are reduced to atomic hydrogen, which tends to diffuse into the metal and accumulate in intergranular spaces and defects in the metal.
- atomic hydrogen can recombine to form dihydrogen gas, increasing the fragility of the material, creating cracks and causing the piece to break with almost no deformation.
- This process known as hydrogen embrittlement, is one of the major concerns in the industry, especially in steel, titanium and copper.
- the pieces are usually treated with long processes in the oven to eliminate the hydrogen formed during conventional electrodeposition. It would be interesting to have an electrodeposition process that avoids the generation of atomic hydrogen.
- the objective of the present invention is, therefore, to develop an improved process for electrodeposition of a metal on a metallic piece, as well as an electrolyte for said electrodeposition process that is effective and avoids the drawbacks and problems described above, it should be noted that, when except for the applicant, the existence of any other procedure of said type or similar invention that has the same characteristics, as claimed, is unknown.
- the process of electrodeposition of a metal on a metal part object of the invention comprises the following steps
- a piece to be coated is connected to the negative pole of a power supply and is immersed in a container containing an electrolyte medium made up of a set of solid electrolyte particles.
- the positive pole of the power supply is connected to an electrode (3) which is also in the container.
- the set of solid electrolyte particles contains ions of the metal to be deposited and/or the anode is of the metal to be deposited.
- the process requires a relative movement of the piece to be treated with respect to the particles of the electrolytic medium, either by displacement of the piece in the medium, by vibration, by projection or impulsion of the particles, etc., which continuously renews the particles in direct contact with the piece.
- An electric current is made to circulate between the part (1) and the electrode (3) through the electrolytic medium that causes redox reactions that result in the electrodeposition of metal on the part to be treated.
- This electrodeposition process using solid electrolyte presents some technical effects that clearly differentiate this process from conventional processes: —
- the electrolytic medium does not contact the entire surface as a liquid does, but only makes contact in a punctual manner when there is contact between a particle and the surface. This concentrates the electrical density at contact points with high electrodeposition efficiency.
- This invention avoids the kinetic limitations imposed by diffusion layers in the vicinity of the electrodes that occur in conventional processes that use a liquid medium. Diffusion layers represent a gradient of ion concentration in the liquid in the vicinity of the electrode. As the concentration of the cation to be deposited is lower in the vicinity of the anode with respect to that of the whole liquid, this in fact supposes a limitation to the electrodeposition speed. In the process presented by this invention, as the particles in direct contact are constantly renewed, there is no time for these diffusion layers to form.
- the process may also include a control stage of the electrodeposition process where the polarity of the current generator is reversed, that is, the metal part (1) to be treated is connected to the negative electrical pole of the current generator and the electrolytic medium is connected to the positive electrical pole of the current generator.
- the inclusion of this step contributes to a better homogeneity of the coating in cases where the coating metal has poor adhesion to the base metal. The times and voltages or current density of the process will determine the thickness of the coating layer.
- the applied electrical current can simply be a continuous electrical current defined by a constant voltage or current. Also, the use of more complex electrical currents, such as alternating current, pulsed currents, etc., is possible.
- a pulsed electrical current is used that can be divided into four sections, in which the voltages applied to the part are: negative, zero, positive, zero. Each section with adjustable and independent times between them. This freedom of selection of parameters and times allows you to play with the polarization times of the most exposed zones vs. the most internal zones.
- the outermost parts are often finished with a thicker coating. It is possible to obtain more homogeneous coatings by making use of these polarization times.
- the outermost zones polarize faster, so it is possible to oxidize or passivate the outermost zones partially during the process. positive time, which reduces activity during the negative stage, thus equalizing the activity of external parts vs. internal parts, obtaining homogeneous coatings.
- the metal to be deposited is in the form of metallic cations in the solid electrolyte and the cathode is made up of an inert material that is not affected (or very little) during the process. In this case, the cathode is not consumed during the process.
- the solid electrolyte reduces the concentration of metal cations as the process progresses, so the cations must be replenished or the electrolyte changed from time to time.
- the metal to be deposited is found in metallic form at the anode, although it can also be found in a complementary way in the form of metallic cations in the solid electrolyte.
- the metal of the anode is oxidized, to form metallic cations in the solid electrolyte that will be deposited on the cathode. In this case, the anode is consumed in the process to the same extent as the metal is deposited.
- the electrolytic medium for electrodeposition of a metal on a metal part object of the invention comprises:
- the set of particles should preferably behave as one among themselves and with respect to the surface to be polished. Therefore, preferably, the particles have a spheroidal or spherical shape. Of In this way, a fluid and uniform movement is achieved across the surfaces of the part to be treated.
- Other particle shapes that can also behave like a fluid are cylinders, rods, lenticular shapes, among others.
- the set of particles has a size distribution whose average diameter is between 0.1 and 1 mm. This range ensures optimum surface finishes and coatings. Although other sizes can be used, larger sizes will not reach the cavities and interior parts of angles. Smaller sizes have less fluidity, which can result in poorer finishes.
- the retention mechanism of the conductive solution in the particles can be in cavities, porosities, in the same structure of the material as, for example, in interlaminar spaces, or in a gel-like structure.
- the amount of liquid absorbed must be sufficient for the set of particles to present measurable electrical conductivity between them. This amount depends on the type and structure of the particulate material.
- the solid particles that retain a conductive solution comprising metal cations are not supersaturated and therefore do not have liquid.
- the ion exchange resin particles may have a porous structure or a gel structure.
- a porous structure is preferable, since exudates are favored, which increases the effective contact area.
- the use of ion exchange resins with a gel-like structure is preferable. As well as, for obtaining homogeneous thin layers.
- the material of the particles must be able to retain liquid inside. In addition, it must be stable to oxidation and reduction in the range of voltages and/or intensities of the electrochemical process. as the leading solution It usually contains aggressive reagents, such as strong acids or bases. The material must be chemically resistant. It must also have a certain mechanical stability, since during the process they are subjected to vibration and friction from the piece to be polished.
- the particles are made of ion exchange resin since in this way they have the ability to easily retain and transport metal ions.
- they are cation exchange resins, among these, those based on strong or weak acid groups, such as sulfonic acid/sulfonate, or carboxylic acid/carboxylate type groups, are preferably used. These functional groups have the ability to retain the metal ions that are going to be deposited, maintaining a certain equilibrium with the retained conductive solution.
- the ion exchange resins are based on polymers based on styrene/divinylbenzene, acrylate or methacrylate and derivatives.
- the particles are chelating ion exchange resins.
- These resins have the advantage of selectively retaining the different metal cations, which in certain cases helps to achieve a more controlled metal deposition.
- These resins are capable of retaining traces of other metals present in the conductive solution that do not want to be deposited, thus ensuring greater chemical homogeneity of the coating formed.
- the preferred functional groups of these resins are the iminodiacetic, aminophosphonic, polyamine, 2-picolylamine, thiourea, amidoxime, isothiouronium, bispicolylamine groups, since they have a high affinity for transition metals.
- solid electrolyte particles with ion exchange resins with amino groups, whether primary, secondary, tertiary, and even quaternary ammonium. These formulations are especially useful for metals that are sensitive to acidic pH and require work with neutral media or basic media, for example, to coat cobalt,
- the conductive solution retained in the particles comprises a solvent liquid and some metal ions of the metal to be deposited dissolved in the liquid, so that the solution has conductivity,
- the solvent liquid, the conductive solution is water (aqueous solution).
- Other liquids can be used, such as organic polar solvents like methanol, ethanol, DMSO, DMF; among others, ionic liquids, etc.
- the conductive liquid preferably includes, as metallic ions, cations of the metal that is to be deposited on the part. These cations can come from a salt dissolved in a liquid solvent. The presence of some additional salt, acid, or base is also usually convenient to provide greater electrical conductivity to the electrolytic medium.
- the electrolytic medium object of this non-invention is not a continuous medium since it is formed by a set of particles. Consequently, between the particles there is an interstitial space between them.
- This non-conductive medium (5) can be gaseous (air, nitrogen, argon, etc.) or liquid (hydrocarbons, silicone, solvents, etc.).
- a flow of the non-conductive medium comprising the interstitial space can be established to regulate the humidity and temperature of the electrodeposition process, resulting in greater control and stability of the process.
- the set of particles behaves like a granular material.
- the devices necessary to carry out a dry electrodeposition process using solid electrolyte particles have particular characteristics that differentiate them from liquid electrodeposition devices. They must provide a potential difference of a power source between the part and the opposite electrode, as well as ensure that during the process a relative movement of the particles is maintained with respect to the metallic surface of the part.
- the relative movement is necessary since, if the solid electrolyte particles are static on the surface, only metal deposition occurs at the contact points, resulting in non-homogeneous finishes.
- the set of particles behaves like a granular or fluid material, therefore the process obtains better finishes if the set of particles is fluidized by means of vibration or the injection of a fluid, such as gas or liquid. It is also possible to produce the relative movement by means of a displacement of the piece in the set of particles, among other possible ways.
- the device has means for providing electrical connectivity to the part or parts to be treated with a power source.
- a device for carrying out an electroplating process using a solid electrolyte comprises, at a minimum:
- connection means (2) to connect a part (1) to be treated to the power supply
- the power supply must be able to provide a significant potential difference between the part to be coated and the electrode.
- Power supply capable of producing positive and negative current pulses in which the deposition speed can be modified and maximum deposition on edges can be avoided, as well as the control of the chemical composition in the case of co-deposition of two or more metals. at once.
- the workpiece to be polished receives connection from the power source through a firm and fixed connection or a connection without workpiece clamping.
- a fixed connection can be achieved by, for example, the use of clamps or by hanging the part on a frame.
- a connection without clamping of the piece can be achieved, for example, by placing several pieces in a drum or on a tray, with an electrode that can be in contact with the set of pieces.
- the anode can be of the same metal as the coating to be formed.
- the oxidation of the anode produces the metal ions simultaneously with the deposition by reduction of the cations on the cathode. In this way the concentration of cations in the electrolytic medium is kept constant.
- the anode can be made of an inert material, such as carbon or an insoluble metal.
- Anode oxidation produces oxygen or other species.
- the metal cations of the coating must be present in the particle pool from the start in a sufficient concentration. Periodically more ions must be added to the medium, or the medium replaced with a new one.
- This device includes a system to produce a relative movement between the piece to be treated and the particles of the medium. This movement can have different magnitudes and/or be a combination of several of them.
- the device includes a system to fluidize the set of particles.
- this system includes vibration of the container of the set of particles. As the set of particles behaves like a granular material, it is very effective in dissipating energy and vibration, therefore, this system is preferably complemented with a vibration of the part to be treated. This vibration of the piece ensures that the residence time of the particles at the same point on the surface of the piece is limited.
- the device includes some air blowers in the electrolytic medium formed by the set of particles that help to fluidize and fluff up the system.
- the blown air can be used to maintain the system conditions, be it humidity, temperature, etc.
- the device has means for the piece to perform a centimetric or greater displacement in the particle medium.
- This movement can be circular, linear, vertical or horizontal oscillatory translation, among others.
- the applied movement corresponds to the geometry of the part.
- the movement of the piece in the tank is a circular translational movement in a horizontal plane, combined with an oscillatory movement in a vertical plane.
- the device is preferably capable of regulating the speed of the different movements independently.
- Figure number 1. Shows a schematic representation of the main elements involved in the metal electrodeposition process by ionic transport by means of free solid bodies, object of the invention
- Figure number 2. Shows a schematic representation of a particle that makes up the solid bodies presented by the process, according to the invention, showing its porous configuration and electrolyte liquid retention capacity that makes it electrically conductive
- Figure number 3. Shows a schematic representation of a portion of the surface of the part to be treated and various examples of the possible shapes that the particles used in the process may have
- figures number 4 and 5. They show two schemes similar to the one represented in figure 1, which draw respective moments of the process, being that of figure 4 the case in which a group of particles forms an electrical bridge of direct contact between the anode and the cathode, and figure 5 another
- the electrolytic medium is made up of 0.1 to 1 mm spheres of ion exchange resin that retain a conductive aqueous solution containing cations of the metal to be deposited.
- the ion exchange resin is a cation exchange resin.
- the metal concentration in the conductive solution retained in the particles is in a range from 0.1 g of metal in 1 L of solution to 500 g of metal in 1 L of solution. The following are examples of compositions of the aqueous solution retained by the ion exchange resin particles to deposit different metals,
- nickel (II) salts are used in an acidic medium.
- the nickel salts used are nickel (II) sulphate Ni(SO 4 ), nickel (II) chloride NiCl 2 or nickel (II) sulphamate Ni(SO 3 NH 2 )2.
- zinc (II) salts are used in an acidic medium.
- the zinc salts used are zinc(II) chloride ZnCl 2 .
- gold (III) salts are used in a cyanide medium.
- the gold salts used are gold (III) chloride AuCl 3 or gold cyanide AuCN 3 ,
- Silver (I) salts are used in a cyanide medium.
- the gold salts used are silver nitrate
- copper (II) salts are used in an acidic medium.
- the copper salts used are copper sulfate
- One of the most widely used electrodeposition processes is to form hard chrome coatings. This liquid process is very inefficient, more than 80% of the electrical energy is dedicated to producing hydrogen reduction.
- the use of a solid electrolyte concentrates the electrical density in a few points, which increases efficiency.
- Cr(VI) salts are used to obtain this type of coating
- the present invention uses Cr(lIl) salts
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
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EP22762661.1A EP4303344A1 (en) | 2021-03-03 | 2022-03-02 | Metal electrodeposition method and electrolytic medium for electrodeposition |
JP2023553256A JP2024510411A (ja) | 2021-03-03 | 2022-03-02 | 金属の電着のための電着方法および電着のための電解質媒体 |
CN202280019053.0A CN116917550A (zh) | 2021-03-03 | 2022-03-02 | 用于电沉积金属的电沉积工艺和用于电沉积的电解介质 |
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ES202130186A ES2860348B2 (es) | 2021-03-03 | 2021-03-03 | Proceso de electrodeposicion de un metal y medio electrolitico para electrodeposicion |
ESP202130186 | 2021-03-03 |
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EP (1) | EP4303344A1 (es) |
JP (1) | JP2024510411A (es) |
CN (1) | CN116917550A (es) |
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ES2904576B2 (es) * | 2021-10-20 | 2023-02-20 | Drylyte Sl | Medio electrolitico para electropulido y metodo de electropulido con dicho medio |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3637473A (en) * | 1969-07-03 | 1972-01-25 | Engelhard Min & Chem | Method for electroplating gold |
US3676308A (en) * | 1969-06-19 | 1972-07-11 | Udylite Corp | Electrolytic codeposition of polyvinylidene and copolymer particles with copper |
EP0339464A1 (en) * | 1988-04-25 | 1989-11-02 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Electroplating of fine particles with metal |
EP3372711A1 (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2018-09-12 | Drylyte, S.L. | Method for smoothing and polishing metals via ion transport by means of free solid bodies, and solid bodies for carrying out said method |
-
2021
- 2021-03-03 ES ES202130186A patent/ES2860348B2/es active Active
-
2022
- 2022-03-02 JP JP2023553256A patent/JP2024510411A/ja active Pending
- 2022-03-02 EP EP22762661.1A patent/EP4303344A1/en active Pending
- 2022-03-02 WO PCT/ES2022/070112 patent/WO2022184956A1/es active Application Filing
- 2022-03-02 CN CN202280019053.0A patent/CN116917550A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3676308A (en) * | 1969-06-19 | 1972-07-11 | Udylite Corp | Electrolytic codeposition of polyvinylidene and copolymer particles with copper |
US3637473A (en) * | 1969-07-03 | 1972-01-25 | Engelhard Min & Chem | Method for electroplating gold |
EP0339464A1 (en) * | 1988-04-25 | 1989-11-02 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Electroplating of fine particles with metal |
EP3372711A1 (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2018-09-12 | Drylyte, S.L. | Method for smoothing and polishing metals via ion transport by means of free solid bodies, and solid bodies for carrying out said method |
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CN116917550A (zh) | 2023-10-20 |
JP2024510411A (ja) | 2024-03-07 |
ES2860348A1 (es) | 2021-10-04 |
ES2860348B2 (es) | 2022-04-20 |
EP4303344A1 (en) | 2024-01-10 |
ES2860348A8 (es) | 2022-03-11 |
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