WO2022176443A1 - 半導体素子の製造方法及び半導体素子 - Google Patents
半導体素子の製造方法及び半導体素子 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000005224 laser annealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 abstract description 27
- 238000005468 ion implantation Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 9
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 boron ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H01L29/7395—Vertical transistors, e.g. vertical IGBT
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- H01L29/7397—Vertical transistors, e.g. vertical IGBT with a non planar surface, e.g. with a non planar gate or with a trench or recess or pillar in the surface of the emitter, base or collector region for improving current density or short circuiting the emitter and base regions and a gate structure lying on a slanted or vertical surface or formed in a groove, e.g. trench gate IGBT
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- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/22—Diffusion of impurity materials, e.g. doping materials, electrode materials, into or out of a semiconductor body, or between semiconductor regions; Interactions between two or more impurities; Redistribution of impurities
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device and a semiconductor device.
- a power semiconductor device using a silicon pn junction such as an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is well known.
- IGBT insulated gate bipolar transistor
- tail current generated by carriers accumulated in the drift layer during turn-off causes an increase in switching loss.
- lifetime killers such as defects in the silicon layer and shortening the lifetime of carriers, the switching loss can be reduced.
- a technique for controlling the lifetime is known by implanting a light element such as protons or helium into a silicon layer to generate defects in the silicon layer (for example, Patent Document 1 below).
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device and a semiconductor device capable of generating lifetime killers without increasing the number of manufacturing steps.
- a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device with dislocation loops as lifetime killers is provided.
- a first layer disposed on a surface layer of a silicon substrate and implanted with a dopant of a first conductivity type; a second layer disposed in a region shallower than the first layer of the silicon substrate and implanted with a dopant of a second conductivity type;
- a semiconductor device having lifetime killers composed of ⁇ 311 ⁇ defects or dislocation loops formed in at least one of the first layer and the second layer.
- the lifetime killer is generated at the same time as the dopant is activated, so a dedicated step for generating the lifetime killer can be omitted.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a laser annealing apparatus used in a semiconductor device manufacturing method according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing the steps of the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the embodiment.
- 3A and 3B are cross-sectional views of the semiconductor device during the manufacturing process
- FIG. 3C is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device after the manufacturing process is completed.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining the movement of the beam spot during laser annealing.
- the right diagram of FIG. 5 is a graph showing an example of the distribution of dopant concentration in the depth direction
- the left diagram of FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the distribution of dislocation loops in the depth direction of the silicon substrate.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B are cross-sectional TEM images of the silicon substrate before and after laser annealing, respectively.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B show that annealing is performed at pulse energy densities of 90% and 97% of the minimum pulse energy density (hereinafter referred to as melting threshold) at which the surface of the silicon substrate melts due to the incidence of the pulsed laser beam, respectively.
- 10 is a cross-sectional TEM image of a silicon substrate in the case of .
- FIGS. 8A and 8B are cross-sectional TEM images after laser annealing of the samples fabricated under the conditions of phosphorus doses of 5 ⁇ 10 14 cm ⁇ 2 and 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 2 , respectively.
- 9A and 9B are graphs showing the relationship between pulse energy density and activation rate.
- FIGS. 1-10 A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device and a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a laser annealing apparatus used in the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to this embodiment.
- a movable stage 51 housed in a processing chamber 50 holds a silicon substrate 10 into which a dopant is ion-implanted.
- a laser light introduction window 55 is attached to the top surface of the processing chamber 50 .
- a laser light source 61 outputs a quasi-continuous wave (QCW) laser beam 70 with a wavelength of 808 nm, for example.
- QCW quasi-continuous wave
- a laser light source that outputs a laser beam in the infrared region with a wavelength of 800 nm or more and 950 nm or less may be used.
- a laser diode, for example, is used as the laser light source 61 .
- another laser oscillator for example, a solid-state laser oscillator such as an Nd:YAG laser may be used.
- a laser beam 70 output from a laser light source 61 passes through an attenuator 62 , a beam expander 63 and a homogenizer 64 and is reflected downward by a folding mirror 65 .
- the downwardly reflected laser beam 70 is introduced into the processing chamber 50 via the condenser lens 66 and the laser beam introduction window 55 .
- a laser beam 70 introduced into the processing chamber 50 is incident on the silicon substrate 10 .
- the beam expander 63 collimates the laser beam 70 and expands the beam diameter.
- the homogenizer 64 and the condenser lens 66 shape the beam spot on the surface of the workpiece 52 into a shape elongated in one direction and homogenize the light intensity distribution within the beam cross section. By moving the workpiece 52 in two directions perpendicular to the optical axis of the condenser lens 66 by the movable stage 51 , the laser beam 70 can be incident on almost the entire surface of the workpiece 52 .
- an insulated gate bipolar transistor is manufactured as a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing the procedure of the semiconductor device manufacturing method according to the present embodiment.
- 3A and 3B are cross-sectional views of the semiconductor device during the manufacturing process
- FIG. 3C is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device after the manufacturing process is completed.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining the movement of the beam spot during laser annealing.
- the element structure shown in FIG. 3A is formed on the first surface 10A, which is one surface of the n-type conductive silicon substrate 10 (step S1).
- the element structure formed on the first surface 10A will be described below.
- a p-type base region 11 , an n-type emitter region 12 , a gate electrode 13 , a gate insulating film 14 and an emitter electrode 15 are formed on the surface layer of the first surface 10 ⁇ /b>A of the silicon substrate 10 .
- This element structure can be formed using a known semiconductor process.
- the voltage between the gate and the emitter can control the on/off of the current.
- Aluminum, for example, is used for the emitter electrode 15 .
- the silicon substrate 10 is thinned by grinding the silicon substrate 10 from the second surface 10B opposite to the first surface (step S2).
- the thickness of the silicon substrate 10 is reduced to within the range of 50 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m.
- phosphorus (P) ions and boron (B) ions are implanted from the second surface 10B of the silicon substrate 10 (step S3).
- the first layer 21 implanted with phosphorus and the second layer 22 implanted with boron are formed in a region shallower than the first layer 21 .
- FIG. 3B is shown by reversing the cross-sectional view of FIG. 3A upside down.
- the ion implantation produces a plurality of point defects 25 in the first layer 21 and a plurality of point defects 26 in the second layer 22 as well.
- the point defects 25, 26 include vacancies or interstitial silicon atoms.
- activation annealing is performed by irradiating the second surface 10B of the silicon substrate 10 with a laser beam under the condition that lifetime killers are generated (step S4).
- a laser annealing for example, a pulsed laser beam having a wavelength of 600 nm to 1200 nm and a pulse width of 10 ⁇ s to 100 ⁇ s is used.
- a continuous wave (CW) laser may be used.
- the incident time of the laser beam can be controlled by adjusting the beam spot size and scanning speed.
- This activation annealing activates P in the first layer 21 and B in the second layer 22 .
- the second layer 22 functions as the collector layer of the IGBT.
- the first layer 21 is sometimes called a buffer layer.
- the n-type region of the silicon substrate 10 is sometimes called a drift layer.
- ⁇ 311 ⁇ defects grow from point defects 25, 26, and dislocation loops 27, 28 are generated due to ⁇ 311 ⁇ defects.
- a collector electrode 30 is formed on the surface of the second layer 22 (step S5).
- a ⁇ 311 ⁇ defect is a rod-like defect extending in the ⁇ 110> direction on the ⁇ 311 ⁇ plane, and is produced by the precipitation of excess interstitial silicon atoms generated by ion implantation in the very initial stage of heat treatment. This ⁇ 311 ⁇ defect serves as a primary reservoir of excess interstitial silicon atoms.
- Dislocation loops 27 and 28 grow by absorbing interstitial silicon atoms released by decomposition of ⁇ 311 ⁇ defects.
- a dislocation loop is a defect in which silicon atoms are clustered in a disk-like shape for one atomic layer on the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane. looks like a shape.
- additional laser annealing is performed to eliminate this dislocation loop.
- the wavelength of the pulsed laser beam used for the additional laser annealing is, for example, a green wavelength region, and the pulse width is 1/10 or less of the pulse width of the pulsed laser beam used for the laser annealing in step S4.
- This additional laser anneal nearly eliminates the dislocation loops and increases the activation rate.
- the dislocation loop is used as a lifetime killer without extinguishing the dislocation loop.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing how the beam spot 71 moves on the surface of the silicon substrate 10.
- the beam spot 71 has a shape elongated in one direction.
- the dimension of the beam spot 71 in the longitudinal direction is denoted by L, and the dimension in the width direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction is denoted by W.
- a pulsed laser beam is used for activation annealing.
- the overlapping width of the beam spots 71 of two adjacent shots on the time axis is denoted as Wov.
- the overlapping length when the beam spot 71 is shifted in the longitudinal direction is denoted by Lov.
- Wov/W is called the overlap ratio in the width direction
- Lov/L is called the overlap ratio in the longitudinal direction.
- the overlap ratio in the width direction is 67% and the overlap ratio in the longitudinal direction is 50%.
- the right diagram of FIG. 5 is a graph showing an example of the distribution of the dopant concentration in the depth direction.
- the vertical axis represents the depth in the unit of " ⁇ m”
- the horizontal axis represents the dopant concentration.
- Phosphorus is implanted in relatively deep regions and boron is implanted in shallow regions.
- the depth at which the boron concentration exhibits a maximum value is approximately 0.1 ⁇ m
- the depth at which the phosphorus concentration exhibits a maximum value is approximately 1 ⁇ m.
- the left diagram of FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the distribution of dislocation loops 27 and 28 in the depth direction of the silicon substrate 10 .
- the dislocation loops 27 in the first layer 21 are generated near the depth at which the phosphorus concentration is maximum, and the dislocation loops 28 in the second layer 22 are near the depth at which the boro-B concentration is maximum. generated. That is, the dislocation loops 27 and 28 are unevenly distributed in the depth region where the dopant concentration is highest in the depth direction of the silicon substrate 10 .
- the dislocation loops are distributed such that the difference between the depth of the region with the highest dopant concentration and the average depth of the dislocation loop distribution is less than or equal to three times the standard deviation of the dislocation loop distribution.
- 6A and 6B are cross-sectional TEM images of the silicon substrate before and after laser annealing, respectively.
- the sample was ion-implanted with boron under the condition that the concentration peaked at a depth of about 100 nm.
- An infrared pulsed laser beam with a wavelength of 808 nm was used for laser annealing.
- Fig. 6A Before laser annealing, no defects are observed in the TEM image (Fig. 6A). However, point defects such as vacancies and interstitial silicon atoms are generated. It can be seen that in the laser-annealed sample, many defects are generated in a depth range of 50 nm or more and 160 nm or less. These defects are dislocation loops. The depth of the region where many dislocation loops are generated is approximately equal to the depth at which the boron concentration peaks. As described above, when laser annealing is performed under appropriate conditions, a large number of dislocation loops can be generated in the depth region where the dopant concentration peaks.
- pulse energy density the energy density per pulse of the laser beam
- FIGS. 7A and 7B show that annealing is performed at pulse energy densities of 90% and 97% of the minimum pulse energy density (hereinafter referred to as melting threshold) at which the surface of the silicon substrate melts due to the incidence of the pulsed laser beam, respectively.
- 10 is a cross-sectional TEM image of a silicon substrate in the case of .
- the sample was implanted with boron ions under the condition that the concentration peaked at a depth of about 100 nm. Note that the dose of boron is 5 ⁇ 10 14 cm ⁇ 2 .
- FIGS. 8A and 8B are cross-sectional TEM images after laser annealing of the samples fabricated under the conditions of phosphorus doses of 5 ⁇ 10 14 cm ⁇ 2 and 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 2 , respectively.
- the depth at which the phosphorus concentration peaked was about 1 ⁇ m, and the pulse energy density was set at 97% of the melting threshold.
- the activation rate is 80% or more, and a sufficiently high activation rate is achieved.
- FIGS. 9A and 9B are graphs showing the relationship between pulse energy density and activation rate.
- the horizontal axis represents the ratio of the pulse energy density to the melting threshold in the unit of "%”
- the vertical axis represents the activation rate in the unit of "%”.
- FIGS. 9A and 9B show the activation rates of samples with boron doses of 5 ⁇ 10 14 cm ⁇ 2 and 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 2 , respectively.
- an activation rate of 80% or more is achieved by setting the pulse energy density to 97% or more of the melting threshold.
- an activation rate of 80% or more, or nearly 80% is achieved by increasing the pulse energy density to 90% or more of the melting threshold.
- ⁇ 311 ⁇ defects or dislocation loops generated by activation annealing are used as lifetime killers.
- annealing is performed by implanting light elements such as protons in order to generate lifetime killers.
- the lifetime killers since the lifetime killers are generated in the activation annealing process without injecting protons, the lifetime killers can be generated without increasing the number of steps.
- the pulse width of the pulsed laser beam used for activation annealing is set in the range of 10 ⁇ s to 100 ⁇ s. Even if the pulse width is changed, the pulse energy density is kept constant by changing the peak power according to the change of the pulse width. If the pulse width is shortened and the peak power is increased, a large laser energy is applied to an extremely shallow region of the silicon substrate in an extremely short time, so even if the pulse energy density is low, the surface of the silicon substrate may melt. That is, the melting threshold of pulse energy density varies with pulse width.
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Abstract
Description
ドーパントがイオン注入されて点欠陥が発生しているシリコン基板をレーザアニールすることにより、前記ドーパントを活性化させるとともに、前記点欠陥を{311}欠陥または転位ループに成長させ、{311}欠陥または転位ループをライフタイムキラーとする半導体素子の製造方法が提供される。
シリコン基板の表層部に配置され、第1導電型のドーパントが注入された第1層と、
前記シリコン基板の前記第1層より浅い領域に配置され、第2導電型のドーパントが注入された第2層と、
前記第1層及び前記第2層の少なくとも一方に形成されている{311}欠陥または転位ループで構成されたライフタイムキラーと
を有する半導体素子が提供される。
上記実施例では、活性化アニールによって生成される{311}欠陥または転位ループをライフタイムキラーとして利用している。従来は、ライフタイムキラーを生成するためにプロトン等の軽元素を注入してアニールを行っていた。上記実施例では、プロトンの注入を行うことなく、活性化アニールの工程でライフタイムキラーを生成するため、工程数を増加させることなくライフタイムキラーを生成することができる。
10A 第1面
10B 第2面
11 p型のベース領域
12 n型のエミッタ領域
13 ゲート電極
14 ゲート絶縁膜
15 エミッタ電極
21 第1層
22 第2層
25、26 点欠陥
27、28 転位ループ
30 コレクタ電極
50 処理室
51 可動ステージ
52 シリコン基板
55 レーザ光導入窓
61 レーザ光源
62 アッテネータ
63 ビームエキスパンダ
64 ホモジナイザ
65 折り返しミラー
66 集光レンズ
70 レーザビーム
71 ビームスポット
Claims (6)
- ドーパントがイオン注入されて点欠陥が発生しているシリコン基板をレーザアニールすることにより、前記ドーパントを活性化させるとともに、前記点欠陥を{311}欠陥または転位ループに成長させ、{311}欠陥または転位ループをライフタイムキラーとする半導体素子の製造方法。
- 前記レーザアニールに用いるレーザビームの波長が600nm以上1200nm以下である請求項1に記載の半導体素子の製造方法。
- 前記レーザアニールに用いるレーザビームはパルスレーザビームであり、前記シリコン基板の表面におけるパルスエネルギ密度が、パルスレーザビームの入射によって前記シリコン基板の表面を溶融させることができる最小のパルスエネルギ密度である溶融閾値未満の条件でパルスレーザビームを前記シリコン基板に入射させる請求項1または2に記載の半導体素子の製造方法。
- 前記シリコン基板の表面におけるパルスエネルギ密度が前記溶融閾値の97%以上の条件でパルスレーザビームを前記シリコン基板に入射させる請求項3に記載の半導体素子の製造方法。
- シリコン基板の表層部に配置され、第1導電型のドーパントが注入された第1層と、
前記シリコン基板の前記第1層より浅い領域に配置され、第2導電型のドーパントが注入された第2層と、
前記第1層及び前記第2層の少なくとも一方に形成されている{311}欠陥または転位ループで構成されたライフタイムキラーと
を有する半導体素子。 - 前記ライフタイムキラーは、前記シリコン基板の深さ方向に関して、前記第1導電型のドーパント及び前記第2導電型のドーパントの少なくとも一方の濃度が最も高い深さの領域に偏在している請求項5に記載の半導体素子。
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JP2015095534A (ja) * | 2013-11-12 | 2015-05-18 | 住友重機械工業株式会社 | 半導体装置の製造方法及び半導体製造装置 |
WO2020149354A1 (ja) * | 2019-01-18 | 2020-07-23 | 富士電機株式会社 | 半導体装置および半導体装置の製造方法 |
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JP2008004866A (ja) * | 2006-06-26 | 2008-01-10 | Denso Corp | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
JP2008085050A (ja) * | 2006-09-27 | 2008-04-10 | Renesas Technology Corp | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
JP2014072306A (ja) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-04-21 | Sanken Electric Co Ltd | 半導体装置及び半導体装置の製造方法 |
JP2014086600A (ja) * | 2012-10-24 | 2014-05-12 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | 半導体装置、半導体装置の製造方法および半導体装置の制御方法 |
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WO2020149354A1 (ja) * | 2019-01-18 | 2020-07-23 | 富士電機株式会社 | 半導体装置および半導体装置の製造方法 |
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