Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
  • A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
  • A61K33/34—Copper; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0048—Eye, e.g. artificial tears
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
  • A61P27/10—Ophthalmic agents for accommodation disorders, e.g. myopia

Definitions

• Myopia is a common cause of vision loss.
• the underlying defect of myopia is an overly steep cornea or a slightly elongated eyeball that causes the ocular lens to focus light from far objects in front of the retina.
• Uncorrected myopia is one of the leading causes of impaired distance vision in the world.
• the elongation of the eyeball can stretch and thin some of the inner parts of the eye, which can increase the risk of retinal detachment, cataracts, glaucoma, and blindness.
• Prevalence of myopia is increasing and is expected to impact half of the global population by 2050.
• the present invention relates to methods of treating myopia, comprising administering a composition comprising a copper-containing agent to an eye of a subject in need thereof.
• FIG. 1 A is a graph of peroxidase-coupled fluorometric lox activity in normal cornea stroma cells demonstrating dose response with copper perchlorate.
• FIG. IB is a graph showing that in keratoconic human cornea stroma cells copper perchlorate exhibited higher induction of LOX activity than copper sulfate at a concentration as low as 100 nM.
• LNL lysinonorleucine
• FIG. 3 is a chart showing that copper perchlorate treated sclera exhibited lower compliance (i.e, stiffer) than untreated sclera.
• FIGS A, C show mean changes and FIGS B, D show difference between copper perchlorate treated (OD) and control eyes (OS). Copper perchlorate treatment showed a trend of slowing AL and VCD elongation within 6 weeks of treatment. Error bars: SEM.
• FIG. 7 Average of Refractive error measurements for right (treated eye) and left
• control eye vs time in a genetic model of guinea pig myopia.
• FIG. 8 Peroxidase-coupled fluorometric LOX activity in normal sclera cells demonstrating dose response with copper perchlorate.
• Myopia can be a severely debilitating ocular condition.
• the underlying defect of myopia is an overly steep cornea or a slightly elongated eyeball that causes the ocular lens to focus light from far objects in front of the retina.
• myopia is often referred to as short-sightedness or near-sightedness.
• this elongation of the eyeball can stretch and thin some of the inner parts of the eye, which can increase the risk of retinal detachment, cataracts, glaucoma, and blindness.
• Myopia can thus be much more severe than short-sightedness.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating myopia, comprising administering a composition comprising a copper-containing agent to an eye of a subject in need thereof.
• an ophthalmic composition or dosage form comprising the copper-containing agent is used in the methods of the invention.
• the ophthalmic composition or dosage form can include an amount of a copper-containing agent effective to treat myopia.
• the composition or dosage form can further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the dosage form can be an ophthalmic composition formulated as a topical eye drop. Such compositions may be carried in a container adapted to dispense the composition in a drop-wise manner, e.g., at a drop volume of from about 5 pi to about 100 m ⁇ .
• the ophthalmic composition can be a sustained release composition that is formulated to release the copper-containing agent over a prolonged period of time.
• the methods of the invention can include administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition or dosage form, as described herein, during a treatment period.
• the copper-containing agent is a copper salt.
• the copper-containing agent is selected from: copper sulfate, copper carbonate, copper acetate, copper chloride, copper gluconate, copper bromide, copper fluoride, copper nitrate, copper iodide, copper perchlorate, copper periodate, copper perbromate, copper permanganate, hemocyanin, copper molybdate, copper thiocyanate, copper tartrate, copper tetrafluoroborate, copper selenide, copper pyrophosphate, GHK- copper, tetra-amine copper sulfate, copper-histidine, and copper-glycinate.
• the copper containing agent is selected from: copper perchlorate, copper perbromate, copper periodate, and copper permanganate, hydrates thereof, or combinations thereof.
• the copper-containing agent is copper perchlorate.
• the copper copper-containing agent that is used in the manufacture may be anhydrous or a hydrate (e.g., copper (II) perchlorate hexahydrate or copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate).
• Ophthalmologic compositions of a copper-containing agent can be characterized based upon the amount of copper in the composition, which may be conveyed by any suitable measure of concentration, e.g., molality, molarity, or as a wt% of the copper- containing agent in the composition.
• the weight percentages provided herein are calculated based on the percent weight of anhydrous copper (II) perchlorate in the ophthalmologic composition, e.g., as a way of normalizing copper content independent of the weight of any associated counterions, complexes, or ligands.
• the weight percentages can be converted accordingly based on the molecular weight of the copper agent.
• the copper-containing agent can be present in an amount from about 0.00001 wt% or about 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, 10 wt%, or 15 wt%.
• the the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, from about 0.0001 wt% to about 4 wt%, from about 0.0001 wt% to about 3 wt%, from about 0.0001 wt% to about 2 wt%, from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%,
• the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.0005 wt% to about 5 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 4 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 3 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 2 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 1 wt%, 0.0005 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.25 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.075 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.025 wt%, or from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.02 wt%.
• the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%, from about 0.001 wt% to about 4 wt%, from about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%, from about 0.001 wt% to about 2 wt%, from about 0.001 wt% to about 1 wt%, 0.001 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.25 wt%, from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.075 wt%, from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.025 wt%, or from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.02 wt%.
• the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.003 wt% to about 5 wt%, from about 0.003 wt% to about 4 wt%, from about 0.003 wt% to about 3 wt%, from about 0.003 wt% to about 2 wt%, from about 0.003 wt% to about 1 wt%, 0.003 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.25 wt%, from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.075 wt%, from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.025 wt%, or from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.02 wt%.
• the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.005 wt% to about 5 wt%, from about 0.005 wt% to about 4 wt%, from about 0.005 wt% to about 3 wt%, from about 0.005 wt% to about 2 wt%, from about 0.005 wt% to about 1 wt%, 0.005 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.25 wt%, from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.075 wt%, from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.025 wt%, or from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.02 wt%.
• the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.05 wt% to about 15 wt%, from about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt%, or from about 0.005 wt% to about 5 wt%. In other embodiments, the copper-containing agent can be present in an amount from about 0.00001 wt% to about 0.0001 wt%, from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.0005 wt%, from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.0002 wt%, from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.0003 wt%, or from about 0.0003 wt% to about 0.0004 wt%.
• the copper-containing agent can be present in an amount from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.01 wt% or about 0.003 wt% to about 0.008 wt%. In yet other embodiments, the copper- containing agent can be present in an amount from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, or from about 0.03 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.
• the amount of copper in the composition can alternatively be expressed as weight per volume (e.g., mg/mL).
• the weight per volume measurements provided herein are calculated based on the weight of total copper per volume unit in the ophthalmologic composition. For example, an amount of 0.0025 mg/ml of copper (II) perchlorate hexahydrate provides the composition with a copper content of about 0.000428 mg/ml copper. This is because the atomic weight of copper (II) perchlorate hexahydrate is about 370.54 g/mol, but only about 63.5 g/mol or about 17% of the agent is copper itself.
• an amount of 0.0018 mg/ml of copper (II) acetate, anhydrous provides the composition with a copper content of about 0.00063 mg/ml.
• the concentration of the copper-containing agent can be determined based on the total copper content provided by the copper-containing agent rather than the amount of copper-containing agent itself.
• the composition comprises the copper- containing agent in an amount from about 0.0001 mg/mL or about 0.0005 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL or about 50 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the composition comprises the copper-containing agent in an amount from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL, from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL, from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL, from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL, from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, 0.001 mg/mL to about 7.5 mg/mL, from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 2.5 mg/mL, from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 1 mg/mL, from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 0.75 mg/mL, from about 0.001 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL
• the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL, from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL, from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL, from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL, from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, 0.005 mg/mL to about 7.5 mg/mL, from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 2.5 mg/mL, from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 1 mg/mL, from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 0.75 mg/mL, from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL, from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 0.25 mg/mL, or from about 0.005 mg/mL to about 0.2 mg/mL.
• the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL, from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL, from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL, from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL, from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, 0.01 mg/mL to about 7.5 mg/mL, from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 2.5 mg/mL, from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 1 mg/mL, from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 0.75 mg/mL, from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL, from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 0.25 mg/mL, or from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 0.2 mg/mL.
• the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL, from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL, from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL, from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL, from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, 0.03 mg/mL to about 7.5 mg/mL, from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 2.5 mg/mL, from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 1 mg/mL, from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 0.75 mg/mL, from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL, from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 0.25 mg/mL, or from about 0.03 mg/mL to about 0.2 mg/mL.
• the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL to about 7.5 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 2.5 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 1 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 0.75 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 0.4 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 0.3 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 0.25 mg/mL, from about 0.05 mg/mL to about 0.4 mg/mL, from
• the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, 0.075 mg/mL to about 7.5 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 2.5 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 1 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 0.75 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 0.4 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 0.3 mg/mL, from about 0.075 mg/mL to about 0.25 mg/
• the copper-containing agent can be present from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 30 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL to about 7.5 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 2.5 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 1 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 0.75 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 0.4 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 0.3 mg/mL, from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 0.25 mg/mL, or from about 0.1 mg/mL to
• a particular amount of copper-containing agent in the composition does not necessarily mean that all of the copper content will be bioavailable upon administration or will become bioavailable at the same rate.
• the bioavailability of the copper can vary to some extent from one copper-containing component to another. Additionally, the bioavailability of the copper can be affected by pH, viscosity, solubility, and other compositional factors.
• an appropriate dose of the copper-containing agent can be determined based on the type of delivery vehicle, the type of copper- containing agent, the desired delivery duration, etc. Thus, the appropriate dose of a copper- containing agent can also be adjusted based on the bioavailability of copper with respect to a particular copper carrier, pH, formulation, or the like.
• the release rate of the copper content from a particular dosage form can be adjusted based on the particular copper-containing agent employed in the dosage form. For example, in some cases a less soluble copper-containing agent (e.g., copper fluoride, copper hydroxide, copper carbonate, for example) can be used to prolong the release of the copper-containing agent from the composition. In some further embodiments, the release rate can additionally or alternatively be controlled via a particular pharmaceutical carrier or formulation type.
• a less soluble copper-containing agent e.g., copper fluoride, copper hydroxide, copper carbonate, for example
• the release rate can additionally or alternatively be controlled via a particular pharmaceutical carrier or formulation type.
• the copper-containing agent can be administered with a second active or therapeutic agent, such as an additional crosslinking agent.
• a second active agent can operate through alternative mechanisms of action that work in concert with the crosslinking induced by the copper-containing agent and/or another crosslinking agent.
• second active agents can reduce axial elongation, reduce accommodation (i.e., the process by which the eye changes optical power to maintain a clear focus on an image as its distance varies), the like, or a combination thereof.
• Such additional agents can include riboflavin, rose bengal, hydroxy lysine, a calcium-containing agent, a magnesium- containing agent, a silver-containing agent, an aluminum-containing agent, a zinc- containing agent, iron-containing agent, acai extract, decorin, biglycan, keratocan, lumican, mimican, fibromodulin, type VI collagen, type X collagen, type XII collagen, type XIV collagen, atropine, homatropine, cyclopentolate, pirenzepine, 7-methylxanthanine, the like, or combinations thereof.
• the additional or second active agent can include atropine, homatropine, cyclopentolate, pirenzepine, 7-methylxanthanine, the like, or a combination thereof.
• the second active agent can include atropine.
• the second active agent can include homatropine.
• the second active agent can include cyclopentolate.
• the second active agent can include pirenzepine.
• the second active agent can include 7-methylxanthanine.
• the second active agent can generally be present in an amount from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%. In other embodiments, the second active agent can be present in an amount from about 0.005 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, or from about 0.007 wt% to about 0.02 wt%.
• the composition does not comprise an additional active ingredient, i.e., the copper-containing agent is the sole active ingredient of the composition.
• the composition does not comprise an anti-inflammatory agent, an antihistamine, a vasoconstrictor, an antibiotic, an analgesic, or a steroid.
• the composition does not comprise an amine. In some embodiments, the composition does not comprise an amine-copper complex, e.g., a coordination complex in which a copper cation is complexed to one or more amine ligands.
• the copper-containing agent can be provided in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be formulated in a variety of ways to deliver the copper-containing agent.
• Non-limiting examples can include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, hydrogels, thermo-responsive gels, formulation for subconjunctival injection, formulation for sub-tenon’s injection, depots, films, sustained- delivery matrixes, contact lenses, pledgets, punctal plugs, gellating suspensions, the like, or a combination thereof.
• the composition can be formulated for passive delivery to the eye.
• the composition can be formulated for active delivery to the eye, such as iontophoresis, electroporation, sonoporation, etc.
• the formulation can be an ophthalmic drop.
• the composition can be formulated as a copper-eluting contact lens, such as a soft lens, a toric lens, a hard lens, a scleral lens, the like, or combination thereof.
• the contact lens can be a daily disposable lens or extended use lens (e.g., from 2 days-use to 2 week-use lenses or longer).
• the composition can be formulated as a sustained-delivery or depot matrix or device for placement in contact with an ocular surface, such as in a cul-de-sac, conjunctiva, subconjunctiva, tenon’s capsule or sub-tenon’s space, etc., or is placed periorbitally.
• the composition can be formulated as a biodegradable device, such as a lens, film, capsule, punctal plug, the like, or a combination thereof.
• the biodegradable device can be configured to biodegrade at a rate of from about 1 week to about 6 months, or from about 2 weeks to about 4 months, or from about 1 month to about 2 months.
• composition comprising the copper-containing agent can further comprise an excipient selected from: a tonicity agent, a solubilizing agent, a thickener, a polymer, a buffer, a pH adjuster, a preservative, and water.
• an excipient selected from: a tonicity agent, a solubilizing agent, a thickener, a polymer, a buffer, a pH adjuster, a preservative, and water.
• the composition comprises two or more of said excipients.
• Non-limiting examples of solubilizing agents can include phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco’s PBS, Alsever’s solution, Tris-buffered saline (TBS), water, balanced salt solutions (BSS), such as Hank’s BSS, Earle’s BSS, Grey’s BSS, Puck’s BSS, Simm’s BSS, Tyrode’s BSS, BSS Plus, Ringer’s lactate solution, normal saline (i.e. 0.9% saline), 1 ⁇ 2 normal saline, the like, or combinations thereof. Solubilizing agents can be present in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in various amounts depending on the particular formulation, method of treatment, etc.
• Non-limiting examples of tonicity agents can include the solubilizing agents previously listed, as well as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, mannitol, sorbitol, dextrose, glycerin, propylene glycol, ethanol, trehalose, the like, or combinations thereof.
• the tonicity agent can be used to provide an appropriate tonicity of the formulation.
• the tonicity of the formulation is from about 200 to about 800 milliosmoles/liter (mOsm/L). In other embodiments, the tonicity of the formulation can be from about 200 mOsm/L to about 700 mOsm/L.
• the tonicity of the formulation can be from about 200 mOsm/L to about 650 mOsm/L. In yet other embodiments, the tonicity of the formulation can be from about 200 mOsm/L to about 600 mOsm/L. In other embodiments, the tonicity of the formulation can be from about 250 mOsm/L to about 700 mOsm/L.
• the tonicity of the formulation can be from about 250 mOsm/L to about 650 mOsm/L, from about 250 mOsm/L to about 600 mOsm/L, from about 270 mOsm/L to about 700 mOsm/L, from about 270 mOsm/L to about 650 mOsm/L, or from about 270 mOsm/L to about 600 mOsm/L.
• Tonicity agents can be present in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in various amounts depending on the particular formulation, method of treatment, etc.
• Non-limiting examples of pH adjusters can include a number of acids, bases, and combinations thereof, such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and the like.
• the pH adjusters can be used to provide an appropriate pH for the formulation.
• the pH of the composition can be from about 5.0 to about 8.5.
• the pH can be from about 5.0 to about 8.0.
• the pH can be about 5.2 to about 8.0, about 5.3 to about 8.0, about 5.4 to about 7.9, or about 5.5 to about 7.8.
• pH adjusters can be present in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in various amounts depending on the particular formulation, method of treatment, etc.
• Non-limiting examples of thickeners can include glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose derivatives (such as methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the like) ethylvinyl alcohol, hyaluronic acid, the like, or combinations thereof.
• Thickeners can be present in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in various amounts depending on the particular formulation, method of treatment, etc.
• Non-limiting examples of polymers that can be used to prepare a polymer matrix for a film, contact lens or the like can include biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymers.
• Non-limiting examples of polymers or polymer combinations can include poly(methylmethacrylate), polyorthoesters, hydroxyethylmethacrylate, polysiloxanes, poly(lactic-co-gly colic acid) (different ratios of lactic to glycolide content and end groups such as acid or ester termination), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyethylene glycol, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, croscarmellose, polycaprolactone, hyaluronic acid, albumin, sodium chloride block copolymers thereof, salts thereof, the like, or combinations thereof.
• polylactic- polyglycolic acid block copolymers PLGA
• polyglycolic acid-polyvinyl alcohol block copolymers PGA/PVA
• HPMC hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
• polycaprolactone- polyethylene glycol block copolymers croscarmellose, and the like
• PLGA polylactic- polyglycolic acid block copolymers
• PGA/PVA polyglycolic acid-polyvinyl alcohol block copolymers
• HPMC hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
• polycaprolactone- polyethylene glycol block copolymers croscarmellose, and the like
• biodegradable matrixes where desirable.
• the composition can include thermo-responsive polymers.
• thermo-responsive polymers can include poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), poly [2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate] , hydroxypropylcellulose, poly(vinyl caprolactam), polyvinyl methyl ether, polyethylene oxide, polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate, ABCBA-type pentablock polymers, chitosan, the like, or combinations thereof.
• thermo-responsive polymers can bind or can be functionalized to bind a particular copper-containing agent within a range of temperatures and release the copper-containing agent upon changing the temperature of the surrounding environment, such as placing the composition in contact with the eye, applying a heat source to the eye after administration of the composition, or the like.
• Non-limiting examples of preservatives can include benzalkonium chloride (BAK), cetrimonium, sodium perborate, ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA) and its various salt forms, chlorobutanol, and the like.
• Preservatives can be present in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in various amounts depending on the particular formulation, method of treatment, etc.
• compositions for topical administration to the eye include ophthalmic compositions.
• the composition for topical administration may be formulated as an ointment, gel, thin film or eye drop composition.
• the composition can be formulated as an eye drop, e.g., wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can include PBS, BSS, or other suitable solubility or tonicity agent.
• the composition can be formulated as an ophthalmic drop and the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can include artificial tears (e.g., Refresh Tears®, Genteal®, Oasis Tears®, or the like).
• the composition can be formulated as a thin film, ointment, gellating suspension, punctal plug, or contact lens.
• the ophthalmic composition can be used as an ophthalmic dosage form to administer a therapeutically effective dose of the copper-containing agent.
• an amount from about 1 pi to about 500 pi of the composition is administered per administration event.
• the ophthalmic composition can be formulated to biodegrade to otherwise provide controlled or sustained release of the copper-containing agent over a predetermined period of time.
• the ophthalmic dosage form can be formulated to release the copper-containing agent from a non-biodegradable matrix in a controlled or sustained manner.
• the dosage form can be formulated to release the copper-containing agent over a period of hours, days, or weeks, as desired.
• the composition can be formulated to deliver from about 0.005 meg of copper to about 250 meg of copper per week.
• the dosage form can be formulated to deliver from about 0.008 meg to about 200 meg per week, about 0.01 meg to about 150 meg per week, or about 0.1 meg to about 100 meg per week.
• the ophthalmic composition can be formulated to have zero-order drug release kinetics.
• the dosage form can be held in or stored in a container as a pre-mixed composition that is ready to administer without further dilution or preparation.
• a single container can hold a volume or amount of the composition that is adequate for a single dose, but less than an amount that is adequate for a plurality of doses. In yet other embodiments, a single container can hold a volume or amount of the composition that is adequate for multiple doses.
• the container can be, for example, an amber-colored container.
• the container can be made of glass, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyvinylchloride, the like, or a combination thereof.
• the container can have a volume of from about 0.5 ml to about 50 ml.
• the container can have a volume of from about 1 ml to about 30 ml, about 5 ml to about 20 ml, or about 3 ml to about 15 ml.
• the container can hold a single dose of the dosage form.
• the container can hold a plurality of doses of the dosage form.
• the container can be, for example, a vial, a bottle, a blister pack, a sachet, or the like.
• about 0.005 mg to about 10 mg of the copper-containing agent can be included in the container. In yet other embodiments, about 0.01 mg to about 5 mg of the copper-containing agent can be included in the container. In some embodiments, about 0.001 mg to about 5 mg of copper can be included in the container. In some embodiments, about 0.005 mg to about 2 mg of copper can be included in the container.
• the dosage form can be a topical ophthalmic dosage form that is formulated as an eye drop and carried in a container adapted to dispense the composition in a drop-wise manner at a drop volume of from about 5 pi to about 100 m ⁇ .
• the container can be adapted to dispense the ophthalmic composition at a drop volume of from about 1 m ⁇ to about 250 m ⁇ , about 1 m ⁇ to about 200 m ⁇ , about 1 m ⁇ to about 100 m ⁇ , about 2 m ⁇ to about 250 m ⁇ , about 2 m ⁇ to about 200 m ⁇ , about 2 m ⁇ to about 100 m ⁇ , about 3 m ⁇ to about 250 m ⁇ , about 3 m ⁇ to about 200 m ⁇ , about 3 m ⁇ to about 100 m ⁇ , about 4 m ⁇ to about 250 m ⁇ , about 4 m ⁇ to about 200 m ⁇ , about 4 m ⁇ to about 100 m ⁇ , or about 5 m ⁇ to about 250 m ⁇ , about 5 m ⁇ to about 200 m ⁇ , or about 5 m ⁇ to about 100 m ⁇ .
• the container can include a fitted nozzle or tip from which the composition can be dispensed.
• the container can typically be, at least partially, flexible or collapsible to dispense the composition.
• the nozzle or tip can include a valve mechanism, filter, the like, or combination thereof to prevent or minimize introduction of bacteria and other contaminants into the container.
• a container or dosage form can include or be accompanied by an administration mechanism, such as a syringe, a dropper, or other mechanism.
• packaging can be configured to provide the composition, container, and instructions for the use thereof, and optionally an administration mechanism, e.g., in a single integrated system.
• administration mechanism e.g., in a single integrated system.
• the composition may be delivered by air-gun delivery or ballistic air delivery.
• composition or dosage form can be administered at lease once per week per eye in need of treatment, at least once per day per eye in need of treatment, from 1 to 4 time points per day per eye in need of treatment, or two times per day per eye in need of treatment.
• the composition is administered in an amount from about 1 pi to about 250 m ⁇ , about 1 m ⁇ to about 200 m , about 1 m ⁇ to about 100 m , about 2 m ⁇ to about 250 m ⁇ , about 2 m ⁇ to about 200 m , about 2 m ⁇ to about 100 m , about 3 m ⁇ to about 250 m ⁇ , about 3 m ⁇ to about 200 m , about 3 m ⁇ to about 100 m ⁇ , about 4 m ⁇ to about 250 m ⁇ , about 4 m ⁇ to about 200 m ⁇ , about 4 m ⁇ to about 100 m ⁇ , or about 5 m ⁇ to about 250 m ⁇ , about 5 m ⁇ to about 200 m ⁇ , or about 5 m ⁇ to about 100 m ⁇ .
• the treatment period can depend on a number of factors, such as the severity of the condition, the age of the subject at diagnosis, or the like.
• the composition is administered for a treatment period of at least about 1 week, at least about 6 weeks, or at least about 6 months. In further embodiments, the composition is administered for a treatment period of from about 1 week to about 5 years, or about 6 months to about 5 years, or about 6 months to about 1 year.
• the ophthalmic composition can be administered as an ophthalmic drop.
• the ophthalmic composition can be administered as a subconjuntival injection.
• the ophthalmic composition can be administered as a sub-tenon’s injection.
• the ophthalmic composition can be administered in the form of a topical film, topical gel, contact lens, punctal plug, or the like.
• the topical film, topical gel, contact lens, punctal plug, or the like can be configured to biodegrade over time to provide controlled and sustained release of the copper-containing agent.
• the subject is a human having an age of at least about 3 years, at least about 5 years, at least about 10 years or at least about 25 years. In further embodiments, the subject is a human having an age of from about 3 years to about 60 years, from about 3 years to about 40 years, from about 3 years to about 25 years, from about 25 years to about 60 years, or from 25 years to about 40 years.
• the myopia is progressive myopia. In other embodiments, the myopia is non-progressive myopia.
• the methods disclosed herein are useful for treating myopia and its associated symptoms.
• the methods of the present invention can thus stabilize, improve, or correct a patient’s distorted or blurred vision, alleviate eye strain, diminish a patient’s squinting, diminish fatigue, and/or improve night vision.
• the methods of the present invention may slow the development of retinal detachment, cataracts, glaucoma, and/or vision loss.
• the methods of the invention may reduce or prevent headaches or migraines associated with myopia.
• the copper-containing agent used in the methods of the invention will be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition.
• the pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more copper-containing agents and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• compositions and methods of the present invention may be utilized to treat an individual in need thereof.
• the individual is a mammal such as a human, or a non-human mammal.
• the composition or the compound is preferably administered as a pharmaceutical composition comprising, for example, a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art and include, for example, aqueous solutions such as water or physiologically buffered saline or other solvents or vehicles such as glycols, glycerol, oils such as olive oil, or organic esters.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can contain physiologically acceptable agents that act, for example, to stabilize, increase solubility or to increase the absorption of a compound such as a compound of the invention.
• physiologically acceptable agents include, for example, carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose or dextrans, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weight proteins or other stabilizers or excipients.
• antioxidants include: (1) water- soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal-chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
• water- soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like
• oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT),
• phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as com starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, com oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydrox
• Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association an active compound, such as a compound of the invention, with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients.
• an active compound such as a compound of the invention
• the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association an active with one or more liquid carriers, .
• Suspensions in addition to the active compound(s), may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
• compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions.
• Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
• the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound or combination of compounds employed, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of clearance or excretion of the particular compound(s) being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound(s) employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
• a physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
• the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the pharmaceutical composition or compound at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
• therapeutically effective amount is meant the concentration of a compound that is sufficient to elicit the desired therapeutic effect. It is generally understood that the effective amount of the compound will vary according to the weight, sex, age, and medical history of the subject. Other factors which influence the effective amount may include, but are not limited to, the severity of the patient's condition, the disorder being treated, the stability of the compound, and, if desired, another type of therapeutic agent being administered with the compound of the invention.
• a larger total dose can be delivered by multiple administrations of the agent.
• Methods to determine efficacy and dosage are known to those skilled in the art (Isselbacher el al. (1996) Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 13 ed., 1814-1882, herein incorporated by reference).
• a suitable daily dose of an active compound used in the compositions and methods of the invention will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above.
• the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as one, two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms.
• the active compound may be administered two or three times daily. In certain embodiments, the active compound will be administered once daily.
• the patient receiving this treatment is any animal in need, including primates, in particular humans, and other mammals such as equines, cattle, swine and sheep; and poultry and pets in general.
• compounds of the invention may be used alone or conjointly administered with another type of therapeutic agent.
• the phrase “conjoint administration” refers to any form of administration of two or more different therapeutic compounds such that the second compound is administered while the previously administered therapeutic compound is still effective in the body (e.g., the two compounds are simultaneously effective in the patient, which may include synergistic effects of the two compounds).
• the different therapeutic compounds can be administered either in the same formulation or in a separate formulation, either concomitantly or sequentially.
• the different therapeutic compounds can be administered within one hour, 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, or a week of one another.
• an individual who receives such treatment can benefit from a combined effect of different therapeutic compounds.
• conjoint administration of compounds of the invention with one or more additional therapeutic agent(s) provides improved efficacy relative to each individual administration of the compound of the invention or the one or more additional therapeutic agent(s).
• the conjoint administration provides an additive effect, wherein an additive effect refers to the sum of each of the effects of individual administration of the compound of the invention and the one or more additional therapeutic agent(s).
• treating includes prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments.
• prophylactic or therapeutic treatment is art-recognized and includes administration to the host of one or more of the subject compositions. If it is administered prior to clinical manifestation of the unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other unwanted state of the host animal) then the treatment is prophylactic (i.e., it protects the host against developing the unwanted condition), whereas if it is administered after manifestation of the unwanted condition, the treatment is therapeutic, (i.e., it is intended to diminish, ameliorate, or stabilize the existing unwanted condition or side effects thereof). Treating may also encompass eliminating the unwanted condition or side effect.
• treating a disease, disorder, or condition includes treating complication(s) of the disease, disorder, or condition, such as by treating the underlying pathophysiology specific to the complication(s) of the disease, disorder, or condition.
• the subject to whom the therapeutic agent is administered may be asymptomatic or symptomatic.
• Example 1 Copper perchlorate increases lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity in human cornea cells
• copper perchlorate dramatically increased LOX enzyme activity in a dose response manner (Figure la).
• copper perchlorate increased LOX activity more than the same molar concentration of copper sulfate at concentrations as low as 100 nM.
• copper perchlorate provides enhanced activity due to the perchlorate anion releasing oxygen that increases oxidase activity of LOX beyond that produced by administration of copper ions in conjunction with an anion such as sulfate.
• Example 2 Copper perchlorate increases scleral Lysinonorleucine (LNL) in guinea pig pups.
• Lysyl oxidase converts lysine to allysine, and conjugates it to lysine or hydroxylysine spontaneously, becoming lysinonorleucine (LNL), an established biomarker of collagen crosslinking.
• LNL lysinonorleucine
• Example 3 Copper perchlorate increases scleral biomechanical stiffness in treated guinea pig pups.
• Example 4 Copper perchlorate was well tolerated and slowed spontaneous myopic progression in guinea pig pups.
• Spontaneous myopic albino guinea pigs were used as a model of pediatric myopia. Spontaneous myopia is potentially of high interest because this type of myopia may be very similar to human myopia.
• Example 5 Copper perchlorate reduces axial elongation, vitreous chamber elongation, and myopia in a genetic model of guinea pig myopia Copper perchlorate was administered at 0.35 mg/ml to guinea pigs. The results
• Example 6 Copper perchlorate at lower concentration lx/day reduces myopia in a genetic model of guinea pig myopia
• Example 7 Copper perchlorate increase scleral fibroblast lysyl oxidase activity
• Copper perchlorate increased LOX activity in sclera cells. It was found that copper perchlorate dramatically increased LOX enzyme activity in a dose response manner in a specific concentration comparable to the effective level in a topical eyedrop ( Figure 8). Incorporation by Reference

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